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09 Chinese.Pdf Meiji Gakuin Course No. 3505/3506 Minority and Marginal Groups of Contemporary Japan Tom Gill Lecture No. 11 Chinese 在日中国人 Japan’s biggest foreign minority China Korea Brazil Phils Peru … and by far the fastest growing one. Chinese in Japan by visa type (start of 2011) Tech/ TOTAL Apprentice Student Professional 687,156 75,888 78,324 134,483 Family Permanent Spouse 59,567 169,484 53,697 From where in China? To where in Japan? Start of Taiwan Liaoning Jilin Heilonjiang Shandong Fujian Shanghai Total 2011 台湾 遼寧 吉林 黒竜江 山東 福建 上海 Saitama 48,419 2,915 7,037 4,998 5,630 2,626 5,682 6,198 Chiba 45,427 3,274 7,627 3,857 4,749 3,794 4,635 4,292 Tokyo 164,201 15,208 21,805 12,760 14,707 5,838 23,445 23,380 Kana gawa 56,095 4,356 7,037 3,863 4,645 2,146 11,903 5,789 Aichi 47,454 1,926 8,519 4,634 6,968 4,965 1,503 3,239 Osaka 51,056 3,900 6,688 4,587 9,226 4,669 4,225 4,112 TOTAL 687,156 44,432 108,710 57,628 74,912 61,344 64,344 59,009 Notes These days, Japanese government statistics treat Taiwan as if it were part of China, not an independent state. It was not always so. Taiwan used to be counted separately from China, but nowadays Japan make more effort to please the PRC. (By the way, the total of 687,156 also includes 4,196 from Hong Kong) 75,000 58,000 109,000 61,000 43,000 58,000 65,000 44,000 East China Notes Most of the major sending provinces are in Manchuria (Northeast China): Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Shandong. The reasons for that are geographical and historical. 1. This part of China is closest to Japan. 2. This part of China was ruled by Japan, 1937-1945, under the puppet state of Manchuko. The Three Alls Policy 三光作戦, Sankō Sakusen; a Japanese policy adopted in China during World War II, the three "alls" being "kill all, burn all, loot all" General Yasuji Okamura The “Rape of Nanking” 1937 Japanese soldiers using Chinese prisoners for bayonet practice 200,000 dead? The “race to a hundred heads” That is just one part of the long and complicated history between China and Japan. It is still there in the mind of every Chinese person… Japanese people may not have been taught about it at school. Also on everyone’s mind … is the fact that China is an enormous country, with the world’s biggest population, armed to the teeth with a huge army and nuclear weapons, and a rapidly growing economy. It has been invaded by Japan within living memory, there are territorial disputes, and relations between the two countries remain poor. That also colours the way Japanese think about Chinese… it is a much bigger threat than Korea [even including North Korea], Brazil or the Philippines. 3rd world country, or superpower? “Japan has been providing H bomb- producing China with hundreds of billions (of yen) every year from your tax money, calling it official development assistance” Shintaro Ishihara stump speech, 2002 Overstay stats 2006 2009 2011 South Korea 40,203 24,198 19,271 China 31,074 18,385 10,337 Philippines 30,777 17,287 9,329 China [Taiwan] 6,696 4,950 4,774 TOTAL 193,745 113,072 78,488 Notice anything interesting here? 1. Far fewer overstayers than legal migrants – for Chinese and others. 2. Massive crackdown by Japanese immigration bureau has slashed the number of overstayers by about 60% in six years. 3. China and Taiwan count as one country in legal immigration stats, but as separate entities for illegal immigration stats. Calculating overstay rates PRC legal: 643,000 Taiwan legal: 44,000 PRC overstay: 10,337 Taiwan overstay: 4,774 PRC 1.5%, Taiwan 9.8% Chinatown, Yokohama The oldest and largest Chinese community in Japan. From feared ethnic ghetto it has risen to become Yokohama’s Number 1 tourist attraction. The others are in Kobe and Nagasaki. Note on illegal immigration stats In Japan the word “overstay” (オーバース ティー) is often used to describe illegal immigrants. That’s because, Japan being an island nation, with no land borders, it is very difficult to enter Japan illegally. So most immigrants are legal when they arrive – on tourist/student/etc visas. Later they become illegal by overstaying – remaining in Japan after their visa expires. “Jumping ship” But in Fujian （as in the Philippines）there is a long seafaring tradition. All over the world there are ships of different countries with sailors from Fujian. Some of the Fujian communities in Europe and America started from sailors who jumped ship before World War 2. These men never had a visa and so do not appear in “overstay” statistics. Seafaring 船乗りの仕事；海に生きる. Jump ship〈船員が〉船を去る, 脱船する • Since 1990, 80 percent of illegal entrants into Japan apprehended by Japan’s Coast Guard have been Chinese, and almost all were from Fujian. Since the mid-1990s, the number of apprehended clandestine entrants from China has exceeded 1,000 every year. A fifth of Fujian immigrants sampled in my survey entered without legal status, while no other region reported clandestine entrants (Liu- Farrer 2008). Apprehended 捕まった 1853-1867 The “Bakumatsu” (幕末) period, meaning “the end of the Shogunate. In 1853 commodore Matthew Perry arrived off the coast of Japan with his “black ships” and forced the shoguns to start opening Japan to foreign trade. 250 years of isolation came to an end, and foreign merchants started arriving. Many settled in Yokohama, which until then had been little more than a fishing village. Assistants to colonialists Merchants flooded into Yokohama from Britain, France, America – the “treaty powers.” China did not sign a treaty with Japan until 1871, but many Chinese arrived as assistants to Euro- Americans, useful because they could read kanji and communicate with the Japanese. (Chinese were viewed by Japanese as second-class foreigners, fellow Asiatics strictly subordinate to the white man. Their settlements were separate from those of the white races, though usually nearby/next door.) Chinese tea shop in Yokohama, 1885 Start of regular shipping between Yokohama and Hong Kong, Shanghai Chinese who had mastered a number of new skills, such as sewing, painting, printing, etc., came to Yokohama. Overseas Chinese merchants involved in exporting Hokkaido abalone, and sea cucumber and other foods used in Chinese cooking to Hong Kong and Shanghai, and in importing Taiwanese sugar into Japan, also arrived. Start of the Meiji era (1868) Now about 1,000 Chinese merchants living in Yokohama: they start to build Chinatown: Kuang Di Miao Temple, China Assembly Hall, theatre etc. Japan-China Treaty of Amity (日清修好条規) signed in 1871, Chinese Consulate opened. Kuang Di Miao Temple today 1894-5 Sino-Japanese War About one third of the Chinese merchants in Yokohama return to China, bringing hard times upon the town. Japan annexes Taiwan, replaces China as dominant power in Korea. For the first time in over 2,000 years, power in East Asia shifts from China to Japan. (And Japan has taken the fateful first step on the road that will lead to Pearl Harbour, Hiroshima, Nagasaki.) 1900-1923 After the war, Chinatown regains vitality. Exiled Chinese revolutionary Sun Yat-Sen is among the residents. New laws restrict Chinese to a few professions: barber, tailor, cook. Chinese Chamber of Commerce established. Also associations of Chinese people from the same town or province. Chinatown in 1912 (Meiji 45, last year of Meiji era) 1923: Disaster The Great Kanto Earthquake devastates Tokyo and Yokohama. Chinatown is especially badly hot because of its streets of densely crowded brick buildings. Brick is more vulnerable than wood to earthquakes, and crowded housing helps fires to spread. Many Thousands of Chinese killed, including some 600 lynched by Japanese mobs as rumors spread that foreigners are looting, raping, poisoning wells etc. The 1930s 1937: Japan invades China again By now there were several thousand Chinese merchants in Chinatown, but many left as anti-Chinese sentiment strengthened. Those who remained tried to maintain good relations, for instance by attending funerals for local Japanese soldiers killed in the fighting in China. But many Japanese boycotted Chinese shops. 1945: Bombed to a cinder On May 29, 1945, Chinatown was totally destroyed in a gigantic air-raid by American B-29s. Luckily Yamashita Park 山下公園 is nearby – a piece of open land where many took refuge from the blazing buildings. Post-war donuts One enduring memory of the early post- war period: people queuing for hours in Yamashita Park, waiting to get deep-fried Chinese donuts. The US occupation authorities included these donuts in their rations for the local people – and gave Chinatown a helping hand in the same year US bombers had destroyed it. About 1955… booming Korean War Boom From being America’s bitter enemy, Japan became the base from which the US sent its military forces to Korea to fight against North Korea under Kim Il-Sung and his Chinese allies. Bars sprang up to entertain American soldiers and sailors. A few of them are still in business today. Shot bars and hostess clubs mingle with the hundreds of Chinese restaurants. Late 1970s… comfortably wealthy 1972 “China Boom” Japanese prime minister Kakuei Tanaka 田中角 栄shakes hands with Chinese supremo Mao Tse- Tung (Mao Ze-dong, 毛沢東) and Japan and China re-open diplomatic relations. The result is a huge “China Boom” that turns Chinatown into the gigantic tourist attraction it is today.
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