The Second World War Memorial 1 the Second World War Memorial Hrabyně Guide 2 the Second World War Memorial the Second World War Memorial 3
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The Second World War Memorial 1 The Second World War Memorial Hrabyně Guide 2 The Second World War Memorial The Second World War Memorial 3 The Second World War Memorial The Second World War Memorial in the village of Hrabyně is one of the six exhibition premises of the Silesian Museum. It is located in the immedi- Museum complex and Memorial ate vicinity of the site of one of the most intense battles to have taken place on the territory of the modern-day Czech Republic during the Second World War. The Memorial aims chiefly to illustrate the history of the Second World War period, acquire thematically related exhibits and gather information on members of the Czechoslovak home and foreign resistance and on the victims of persecution by the Nazi regime. It also focuses on the study of and research into the wartime period. The foundation stone of the memorial building was laid in April 1970. Construction work was begun in 1976 according to plans drawn up by the architects of Stavoproject Ostrava, and the memorial was officially opened four years later, on 29th April 1980. At the time it was known as the Memorial to the Ostrava Offensive. The Memorial has been part of the Silesian Museum since 1992, and in 2000 the Czech government declared it a national monument to the Second World War on the territory of the Czech Republic. The com- plex includes a symbolic cemetery containing the names of more than 13,000 fallen Red Army soldiers, as well as those of inhabitants of Silesia and north Moravia who fell on all fronts during the War or who perished in concentration camps. For this reason the Memorial is an important venue for commemorative and formal events. Symbolic cemetery 4 The Second World War Memorial The Second World War Memorial 5 ‘A Time of Destruction and Hope’: exhibition Memorial Hall The main building in the Memorial contains the exhibi- the chosen theme of the respective exhibition season. tion A Time of Destruction and Hope, which relates the The aim of this is to allow visitors to experience the exhi- events of the Second World War from a military and bition based on authentic artefacts, many of which were political point of view, while not forgetting the experi- donated to the museum by witnesses to or direct partici- ences of the civilian population, culture or the economy. pants in the battle. It also tells the story of the participation of Czechoslovak Info kiosks and touchscreen terminals allow visi- fighters on all fronts during the Second World War and tors to search for information including period docu- of civilians involved in the home resistance movement. ments, photographs and texts. The museum also con- The exhibition is a dynamic one and constantly tains a historic film collage, created by director Evald changes; in practice, this means that every year its con- Schorm for the original memorial exhibition. tents are refreshed and supplemented depending on Memorial hall with relief and sarcophagus The centrally-located Memorial Hall contains authentic The relief on the end wall is entitled To You goes artefacts that symbolically commemorate all elements our Gratitude and Love and was created by the sculptor of the resistance that took part in the fight to liberate Stanislav Hanzík in 1979. Czechoslovakia. The central focus of the exhibition is Due to its symbolic nature, the Memorial Hall a sarcophagus containing samples of earth from 26 serves as a venue for Second World War commemorative places where Czechoslovak citizens fought and died events. between the years 1939-45. View of Exhibition 6 The Second World War Memorial The Second World War Memorial 7 C1 C2 C3 C5 C4 Signing of the Munich Agreement Ground floor A – Memorial Hall B – Battle scene C – Symbolic Cemetary Construction of border fortifications, the Munich Agreement and the occupation of Czechoslovakia Not long after Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 it be- duty structures, as well as 9 artilleries towers under con- Corridor in MOS 19 Alej fort with type-26 light machine-gun came clear that it was only a matter of time until Germa- struction. ny would seek to subjugate Europe, and many countries, Type-37 structures were fitted with one or two amongst them Czechoslovakia, started building perma- light or heavy machine-guns, placed in embrasures, nent fortification systems along their borders. one or two periscopes placed in the roof and a chute to Czechoslovakia, which had a very long border allow the release of defensive grenades. Bunkers were Group photograph of members of the 4th Border Regiment with Germany, began the construction of fortifications designed to be operated by a crew of five to seven and in 1936, with the completion of the entire system sched- constructed out of reinforced concrete, the walls and uled for 1946. The model of a type-37 LO bunker shows ceiling having a thickness of 80 cm, and sometimes 120 how, by 1938, there were already over 10,000 small for- cm (enhanced durability). Lighter fortification structures tresses (shown here at scale of 1:1) and over 200 heavy- were also covered in soil embankments for improved re- sistance to artillery. The end of the 1930s saw an increase in the sepa- ratist tendencies of the German inhabitants of Czecho- slovakia’s border regions. The Czechoslovak government responded to this in May 1938 by declaring partial, and on 23rd September 1938 full, mobilisation. However, this did not prevent the representatives of four of the Great Powers – Germany, Italy, Great Brit- ain and France (Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Neville Chamberlain and Édouard Daladier) – from signing the Munich Agreement on 30th September 1938. This re- sulted in the annexation of the Czechoslovak border ter- Side embrasure with machine-gun ritories, with an area of 28,643 km² and a population of 3.5 million, by Germany. Territorial claims were pressed, too, by Poland, which demanded the cession of the Těšín Model of fortifications contained in the exhibition and overall region, and Hungary, which sought to acquire the south Closing page of the Munich Agreement, with signatures view with “Czech hedgehog” anti-tank obstructions of Slovakia and part of Subcarpathian Ruthenia. 8 The Second World War Memorial The Second World War Memorial 9 Creation of Czechoslovak military units in the USSR (Cabinet 1) Stamped release document from Oranki internment camp for Czechoslovak soldiers (USSR) Cabinet 1 – corridor Gates to Fort Saint-Jean in Marseille, which belonged to the Foreign Legion Shortly after the occupation, which took place over the a Czechoslovak military unit in the town of Buzuluk in 14th and15th March, thousands of Czechs and Slovaks the USSR. Following an announcement on Soviet radio left the Protectorate in order to take an active part in and newspapers in January 1942, Czechoslovak citizens the fight to liberate their homeland. Fugitives went to started to gather here from all across the Soviet Union. Poland, where the so-called Czechoslovak Legion was Prisoners held in NKVD* camps were also released so th formed in Krakow in May 1939. With the consent of the that they could serve in the army. 15 July 1942 saw the Visa – transit permit issued by the Czechoslovak consulate in French government, many members of this body joined official creation of the Czechoslovak 1st Independent Krakow in 1939 the French Foreign Legion, while others went to the Mid- Field Battalion in the USSR. dle East and Palestine. The items displayed in the cabinet belonged to The remainder of the legion stayed on Polish terri- members of the Czechoslovak military unit that was cre- tory. Following the invasion of Poland by the Soviet Un- ated in the Soviet Union after 1941. ion on 17th September 1939, most of the legion, under the leadership of Lt.-Col. Ludvík Svoboda, found itself * Narodnyj komissariat vnutrennikh del – USSR govern- within the operational zone of the Soviet army, where ment body responsible for internal security and intel- its troops were sent to internment camps. After the out- ligence break of war and occupation of Poland by the German army, refugees from the Protectorate left via a different route, going through Slovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia to the Middle East and France. Ludvík Svoboda, commander of the Czechoslovak military unit After the Soviet Union was invaded by Germany in the USSR on 22nd June 1941, official contact was initiated between the USSR and the Czechoslovak government-in-exile in London. The signature of the Czechoslovak-Soviet Mili- Internment camp for Czechoslovak soldiers in Suzdal (USSR) tary Pact of 18th July 1941 allowed the organisation of ID document of member of Czechoslovak military unit, including the signature of commander L. Svoboda 10 The Second World War Memorial The Second World War Memorial 11 From Sokolovo to Dukla (The church in Sokolovo) Lt.-Col. Otakar Jaroš, Hero of the USSR Diorama – church Church in Sokolovo, which served as the Czechoslovakian command centre The centre of the Czechoslovakian defence in its battle Lt. Otakar Jaroš, who based his command in the with German forces trying to fight their way through church at Sokolovo, was also killed in the battle. He was to the city of Kharkov was the church in the village of the first foreigner to be awarded the title Hero of the Sokolovo. USSR. The battalion was then transferred to the town On 27th January 1943 the Czechoslovakian field of Novokhopersk, where it was reorganised to form the battalion received its battle flag and departed for the Czechoslovak 1st Independent Brigade in the USSR and front. On 1st March 1943 the unit arrived in Kharkov, placed on the front line in the battle of Kiev in November where they almost immediately entered a defined sector 1943.