DOCSLIB.ORG

1 Institutions

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
1 Institutions 1952—1955 Jean Monnet 1955—1957 René Mayer 1958—1959 Paul Finet 1959-1963 Piero Malvestiti 1963—1967 Rinaldo Del Do Table 1: Presidents of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community. Source: Spierenburg and Poidevin (1994). 1 Institutions European Parliament: 732 members; joint power to adopt legislation; • approves budget, international treaties, commission; power of inquiry Council of the European Union (ex Council of Ministers): ministers of • member state governments; joint power to adopt legislation — Committee of Permanent Representatives (COREPER) (of the member states), with formal status from the Merger Treaty European Commission: 24 Commissioners, of which one is President • Court of Justice of the European Communities • European Council: heads of government, meeting twice yearly, with • formal status from the Single European Act onward. Other • — European Court of Auditors — European Central Bank — European Investment Bank — Economic and Social Committee: 222 representatives of interest groups (unions, consumer groups, ecologists) 1 1958—1967 Walter Hallstein 1967—1970 Jean Rey 1970—1972 Franco Maria Malfatti 1973 Sicco Mansholt 1973—1977 François-Xavier Ortoli 1977—1981 Roy Jenkins 1981—1985 Gaston Thorn 1985—1995 Jacques Delors 1995—1999 Jacques Santer 1999—2004. Romano Prodi 2004— José Manuel Barroso Table 2: Presidents of the European Commission. Policies Agriculture: the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) Competition policy (à la U.S. antitrust policy, plus control of regional and business aid by the member states Energy policy Environmental policy Fisheries policy Internal market policy Labor market policies Monetary policy, monitoring adherence to Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) Regional policy, social cohesion Science and technology policy Trade policy Transportation policy It is remarkable that these 15 countries have set about and largely suc- ceeded in integrating what were distinct national economies, with every rea- son to think that the 10 new member states to the East will do so as well. Butitisalsoremarkablethatintegrationhasledtoamuchgreaterre- liance on the market, and a much more limited role for the public sector, than might have been predicted, given the size of the public sectors in the earliest Member States of what has become the European Union. 2 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 Belgium 334 854 1,729 2,897 4,112 4,526 France 410 2,915 9,167 15,544 23,089 33,280 Germany 469 5,856 11,089 18,876 33,838 42,869 Great Britain 2,390 9,797 14,603 21,558 25,060 27,828 Italy 20 620 2,404 6,429 9,290 13,629 Netherlands 17 176 335 1,419 1,841 2,610 United States 4,508 14,434 49,001 84,675 149,219 266,724 Table 3: Length of railroad line open, selected countries (kilometers). Sources: Mitchell (1975, Table G1; 1870 UK figure is for 1871); Historical Statistics of the United States (1975, Series Q321-328). 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 Belgium 7.38 18.87 38.20 64.0 90.85 100.0 France 1.23 8.76 27.55 46.71 69.38 100.0 Germany 1.09 13.67 25.87 44.03 78.93 100.0 Great Britain 8.59 35.21 52.48 77.47 90.05 100.0 Italy 0.15 4.55 17.64 47.17 68.16 100.0 Netherlands 0.65 6.74 12.84 54.37 70.54 100.0 United States 1.69 5.41 18.37 31.75 55.95 100.0 Table 4: Per cent of 1900 railroad line installed, selected countries (kilome- ters). Sources: from Mitchell (1975, Table G1; 1870 UK figure is for 1871); Historical Statistics of the United States (1975, Series Q321-328). To explain this aspect of EU development, we will review the economic situations of Germany, France, and the United Kingdom. 2 National Backgrounds One point is that industrialization began at different times in different Eu- ropean countries. The UK was the home of the industrial revolution. Railroad infrastructure is a crude but convenient index of the pace of industrialization. In absolute and in relative terms, the United Kingdom and Belgium were 3 Figure 1: The German Confederation in 1815, showing Prussian acquisitions. Source: Tipton (2003, Map 1). early leaders in developing railroad networks.1 France lagged behind Germany; both lagged behind the UK. 2.1 Germany Germancultureisancient. Germany is younger than the United States. 1 I have ended Tables 3 and 4 with 1890 largely because the available data for the United States suffers a break at that point, with later data not comparable to earlier data. 4 Figure 1 shows the hodgepodge of German principalities in 1815 (the year the Battle of Waterloo sent Napoleon into exile at St. Helena and fixed the map of Europe for some 50 years). 1834: Prussia established the Zollverein (customs union), collecting most German states behind a common external tariff. 1850s & 1860s: steam power, first used on barge canals, then railroads. Early on, the Prussian government was cautious about promoting the development of railroads: finance ministers feared budget deficits • suspicion railroads would enable social instability • 1860s & 1870s: investment in railroads rose at nearly 8 per cent per year Backward linkages to supplying industries: stone, bricks, cement, timber, iron, steel, machinery, coal. Forward linkages to the rest of the economy: more rapid and reliable delivery of intermediate and final products, at lower cost for transportation services; reduced inventory carrying costs. The railroad network made the Zollverein an integrated economic region, what would later be called a “single market.” SteampowerandrailroadnetworksaroundtheworldintegratedGermany into what were becoming world markets. German unification: 1864, a little war with Denmark (acquires Schleswig-Holstein) • 1866,alittlewarwithAustria(whichlostVenicetowhatwasbecoming • Italy) 1870, a short but not-so-little war with France (the fall of the Second • Empire and beginning of the Third French Republic, which governed until World War II; founding of the German Empire, German annexa- tion of Alsace Lorraine) Not the least important characteristic of these wars is that they were short: a few months (late 1863—early 1864), 7 weeks, and 10 months, respec- tively. 1870s: speculation-fed boom. 5 Figure 2: The unification of Germany, 1864—71. Source: Tipton (2003, Map 3). 6 May 1873: financial collapse in Vienna. This triggered what was for some time called the Great Depression. Real output grew, but at a slower rate, over the period 1873—1895. Some argue that the seeds of protectionism, nationalism, chauvinism, and fascism can be traced to the 1870s. But investment, particularly industrial investment (Figure 3) continued. Moving into the 20th century, Germany was equipped with modern, up- to-date capital equipment. Figure 4: German industry increasingly organized in large plants, able to take advantage of economies of large scale production (where these existed). 1890s: the second industrial revolution, chemistry, engineering, and electricity • – led by Germany, as the first industrial revolution had been led by England decline of the share of agriculture in the work force • widespread cartels; in contrast to the approach of U.S. antitrust, an • 1897 German court decision made cartel agreements legally enforceable contracts Going into World War I, the German economy was up-to-date technically • with a concentrated and fiscally conservative banking system • a concentrated and cartel-ridden industrial sector • a government limited in size by the unwillingness and inability to run • substantial budget deficits and, drawing the incorrect lessons from the three short wars of the period of German unification, the government expected World War I to be short. As events unfolded, it became clear that the appropriate model for World War I was the U.S. Civil War, trench warfare and stalemate, with the ability or inability of the armies on the front lines to hold on determined largely by the ability of the government to direct economic activity to the war effort. 7 Figure 3: Capital stock in Germany, 1850—1913 (billion 1913 marks). Source: Tipton (2003, Figure 5.4). 8 Figure 4: Thousands of German workers in manufacturing, 1882 and 1907, by size of establishment. Source: Tipton (2003, Figure 6.2). 9 Germany’s failure to plan for the right kind of war (if that is not an oxymoron) was not unique: France, England, and Russia had similar expec- tations. How did the German government react to the war-driven need to increase its control over the economy? “War raw materials corporations,” with stock owned by the government and the largest firmsineachindustry. By the end of the war, there were 200 of these, covering all German industry. In many cases, they were simply the cartels that had existed before, under anewname. Post-World War I: 1918—1933, the Weimar Republic attempts to pay unrealistic reparations imposed by the Treaty of Ver- • sailles led to massive inflation, collapse of the currency investment slowed, quality of capital fell, and productivity with it • as the Great Depression (of 1929) spread around the world, German • cartels resisted cutting prices, which might have ameliorated the impact of the economic downturn. active German participation in international cartels, notably steel. • From a modern perspective, it is difficult to find much good to say about the interwar cartels. The motivation, however, was not perverse. The feeling was that cartels could organize international trade and allo- cate existing markets, however small they were, among producers. Withoutsomesuchallocation,itwasthoughtthateachgovernmentwould impose protectionist measures, protecting its own small market for domestic producers. As the worldwide economic downturn continued, international cartels col- lapsed, protectionist measures were imposed, and international trade flows withered away, exacerbating the effect of the depression. 2.2 France France: economic policy reflects two fundamentally opposite tendencies 10 centralization: “L’Etat, c’est moi.” • liberalism (in the 19th-century sense of the word): laissez-faire:therole • of the government is to provide public goods, enforce property rights and the rules of the market, but otherwise stand aside from economic activity.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The European Social Dialogue the History of a Social Innovation (1985-2003) — Jean Lapeyre Foreword by Jacques Delors Afterword by Luca Visentini
    European Trade Union Institute Bd du Roi Albert II, 5 1210 Brussels Belgium +32 (0)2 224 04 70 [email protected] www.etui.org “Compared to other works on the European Social Dialogue, this book stands out because it is an insider’s story, told by someone who was for many years the linchpin, on the trade unions’ side, of this major accomplishment of social Europe.” The European social dialogue — Emilio Gabaglio, ETUC General Secretary (1991-2003) “The author, an ardent supporter of the European Social Dialogue, has put his heart and soul into this The history of a social meticulous work, which is enriched by his commitment as a trade unionist, his capacity for indignation, and his very French spirit. His book will become an essential reference work.” — Wilfried Beirnaert, innovation (1985-2003) Managing Director and Director General at the Federation of Belgian Enterprises (FEB) (1981-1998) — “This exhaustive appraisal, written by a central actor in the process, reminds us that constructing social Europe means constructing Europe itself and aiming for the creation of a European society; Jean Lapeyre something to reflect upon today in the face of extreme tendencies which are threatening the edifice.” — Claude Didry, Sociologist and Director of Research at the National Centre of Scientific Research (CNRS) Foreword by Jacques Delors (Maurice Halbwachs Centre, École Normale Supérieure) Afterword by Luca Visentini This book provides a history of the construction of the European Social Dialogue between 1985 and 2003, based on documents and interviews with trade union figures, employers and dialogue social European The The history of a social innovation (1985-2003) Jean Lapeyre European officials, as well as on the author’s own personal account as a central actor in this story.
    [Show full text]
  • The Transformation of Italian Democracy
    Bulletin of Italian Politics Vol. 1, No. 1, 2009, 29-47 The Transformation of Italian Democracy Sergio Fabbrini University of Trento Abstract: The history of post-Second World War Italy may be divided into two distinct periods corresponding to two different modes of democratic functioning. During the period from 1948 to 1993 (commonly referred to as the First Republic), Italy was a consensual democracy; whereas the system (commonly referred to as the Second Republic) that emerged from the dramatic changes brought about by the end of the Cold War functions according to the logic of competitive democracy. The transformation of Italy’s political system has thus been significant. However, there remain important hurdles on the road to a coherent institutionalisation of the competitive model. The article reconstructs the transformation of Italian democracy, highlighting the socio-economic and institutional barriers that continue to obstruct a competitive outcome. Keywords: Italian politics, Models of democracy, Parliamentary government, Party system, Interest groups, Political change. Introduction As a result of the parliamentary elections of 13-14 April 2008, the Italian party system now ranks amongst the least fragmented in Europe. Only four party groups are represented in the Senate and five in the Chamber of Deputies. In comparison, in Spain there are nine party groups in the Congreso de los Diputados and six in the Senado; in France, four in the Assemblée Nationale an d six in the Sénat; and in Germany, six in the Bundestag. Admittedly, as is the case for the United Kingdom, rather fewer parties matter in those democracies in terms of the formation of governments: generally not more than two or three.
    [Show full text]
  • The Luxembourgish EU Presidency and Financial Services – July-December 2015
    The Luxembourgish EU Presidency and Financial Services – July-December 2015 The Luxembourgish EU Presidency and Financial Services 1 July – 31 December 2015 Kreab Brussels 2 avenue de Tervueren, 1040 Brussels, Belgium www.kreab.com/brussels – @KreabEU 1 The Luxembourgish EU Presidency and Financial Services – July-December 2015 Contents Political Context of the Luxembourgish Presidency 3 Priorities of the Luxembourgish Presidency 4 Key Financial Services Initiatives and Legislative Dossiers 5 Organisation of the Luxembourgish Presidency 12 Annex I – Contact Information 13 Permanent Representation of Luxembourg to the European Union 13 Economy and Finance 14 Government of Luxembourg 16 Ministry of Finance of Luxembourg 17 Bank of Luxembourg 18 Financial Regulatory Body of Luxembourg 20 Annex II – CVs of Key Luxembourgish Ministers 21 Annex III – Provisional Calendar 23 Annex IV – Key Council Meetings 25 Annex V – Country Fact Sheet 26 Annex VI – The EU Presidency 28 2 The Luxembourgish EU Presidency and Financial Services – July-December 2015 Political Context of the Luxembourgish Presidency The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg will assume its twelfth Presidency of the Council of the European Union on 1 July 2015. Luxembourg is one of the smallest countries in the EU, but it is also the wealthiest per capita. Following Italy and Latvia, Luxembourg is the third in this Presidency Trio, and will be the second full Presidency to work with the new Commission headed by compatriot and former Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker. Luxembourg is the seat of several major institutions such as the European Court of Justice, the European Investment Bank, and the Court of Auditors. Attitude toward the EU Luxembourg is one of the six founding members of the European Union and has historically played a key role in its formation.
    [Show full text]
  • European Interview N°107 with Frédéric Mérand
    EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW WITH FRÉDÉRIC MÉRAND European interview n°107 «Engaging in politics is a source of th 13 July 2021 risk for the Commission. But it has become inevitable». Interview with Frédéric Mérand (PhD), scientific director of CÉRIUM and professor of political science at the University of Montreal. Author of “The Political Commissioner - A European Ethnography” The European Union is a unique system, neither about a ‘political Commission’, without necessarily an international organisation nor a federal giving it the same meaning. Ultimately, the book state. How did a Canadian sociologist become is about this experience of a political Commission interested in the inner workings of the European and, more broadly, about what I call ‘political work’, Commission? because I followed a Commissioner who, unlike many of his colleagues, was not at all embarrassed to say I did my thesis in the US on the European Union at a that he was doing politics and that he was a politician. time, at the turn century, when there was a great deal I wanted to see how this institution, which was not of excitement about Europe, when many people saw it programmed to do so, which in principle oscillates as the beginning of a federation or a superstate. Most of between its duty of independence, of guardian of the the leading political scientists writing about the Union treaties and of defence of the general interest, and were based in American universities. One of them, which moreover many Member States see as their George Ross, had written a few years earlier what Secretariat, could do politics in the most traditional has become a classic, “Jacques Delors and European sense of the word, namely take sides and make integration”, based on a one-year ethnographic choices according to values and ideology.
    [Show full text]
  • Il Movimento Giovanile Della Democrazia Cristiana Da De Gasperi a Fanfani (1943-1955)
    Università degli studi di Parma Dottorato di ricerca in Storia Ciclo XXVIII IL MOVIMENTO GIOVANILE DELLA DEMOCRAZIA CRISTIANA DA DE GASPERI A FANFANI (1943-1955) Coordinatore: Prof.ssa Elena Bonora Dottorando: Andrea Montanari Tutor: Prof. Giorgio Vecchio 1 2 3 INDICE Introduzione p.6 1. Tra fascismo e Repubblica (1943-1945) 1.1 La questione giovanile alla nascita del nuovo partito p.13 1.2 La Resistenza a Roma e la nascita de «La Punta» p.25 1.3 La formalizzazione organizzativa p.39 1.4 Le diverse realtà regionali p.60 1.5 I rapporti con il Fronte della Gioventù p.78 2. I primi passi nell'Italia repubblicana (1945-1948) 2.1 Il primo Convegno nazionale dei Gruppi giovanili Dc p.103 2.2 I rapporti internazionali p.113 2.3 Roma, Assisi, Firenze p.125 3. La parentesi dossettiana (1948-1952) 3.1 Le elezioni del 18 aprile; nuovi stimoli e nuove direttive p.141 3.2 Gestione e conseguenze del risultato elettorale p.152 3.3 Da Sorrento a Ostia p.191 3.4 Il Congresso di Ostia. Malfatti delegato nazionale p.204 3.5 L'esperienza del «San Marco» p.223 4. Verso sinistra. I Gruppi giovanili e la Base (1952-1955) 4.1 Dai «Gruppi giovanili» al «Movimento giovanile» p.244 4.2 La Base e il Movimento giovanile p.262 4.3 Da Colombaia a Helsinki p.279 4 Conclusioni p.297 Fonti archivistiche – abbreviazioni p.300 Fonti a stampa p.301 Bibliografia p.303 5 Introduzione All'indomani della fine della guerra il compito che attendeva la nuova classe dirigente era quanto mai impegnativo.
    [Show full text]
  • Eu Politics and Institutions
    Council of the European Union General Secretariat THINK TANK REVIEW December 2019 Council Library ISSUE 73 This Think Tank Review* covers articles and reports published in November relating to different political and policy topics. As the new leadership takes the helm, this month's section on EU politics and institutions includes a look at the geo-economic focus of von der Leyen's presidency and one article argues for a focus on fundamental values in the EU global strategy 2020. Under competitiveness, articles discuss renewing the industrial strategy and developing an EU approach to artificial intelligence. There are also articles covering the debate on internet governance. The ecofin section includes a discussion on the growth mechanism in Europe as well as an article covering the topic of crisis resolution in eurozone banks and another on eurozone reform. On environmental issues one article asks how to make the green deal work, while another highlights the importance of the circular economy in reaching the goal of climate neutrality. In justice and home affairs there is a call for the EU to act together to tackle antisemitism in Europe. The issue of repatriating foreign fighters and those associated with ISIS is discussed as is the issue of extremism online. The section on transport, telecommunications and energy deals with the question of 5G and the risks it entails. On foreign and security policy priorities for European security are set out and responses within EU foreign and security policy to climate-related security risks are analysed. There is a look at EU-NATO cooperation and there are recommendations for the civilian common security and defence policy, including for making it more gender-balanced.
    [Show full text]
  • 'An Institutional Dispute?' from Le Soir (10 January 1981)
    ‘An institutional dispute?' from Le Soir (10 January 1981) Caption: On 10 January 1981, in an article published in the Belgian daily newspaper Le Soir, Jean Rey, former President of the European Commission, speculates on the operation of the Community institutions and the real or perceived limits of their political authority over the Member States of the European Communities. Source: Le Soir. 10.01.1981, n° 8; 95e année. Bruxelles. "Une querelle institutionnelle?", auteur:Rey, Jean , p. 1;19. Copyright: (c) Translation CVCE.EU by UNI.LU All rights of reproduction, of public communication, of adaptation, of distribution or of dissemination via Internet, internal network or any other means are strictly reserved in all countries. Consult the legal notice and the terms and conditions of use regarding this site. URL: http://www.cvce.eu/obj/an_institutional_dispute_from_le_soir_10_january_1981- en-a60e4bb5-ee09-42f2-b9c2-4bae7b5f7b38.html Last updated: 05/07/2016 1/3 An institutional dispute? by Jean Rey (*) The European public is considering the conflict which has recently arisen between the Strasbourg Parliament and certain Member States of the European Community concerning budgetary provisions for the financial years 1980 and 1981. We shall not go into the details of that dispute. It will soon become the subject of either a compromise or a decision by the Court of Justice with which everyone will have to comply. What is interesting about this dispute is the institutional problem. Has Parliament acted ultra vires? Has the Council exercised its own powers properly? In addition, and above all, is there not a fundamental problem here, the problem of the authority which the European institutions have over the Member States? *** What we should draw attention to first of all is the malfunctioning of the Council of Ministers of the Community.
    [Show full text]
  • The European Commissioner for Trade in 2010-2014 (Barroso II Commission) Cecilia Malmström
    Торговельна політика ЄС Що Карел залишає Сесилії? Роберт Хорольський, к.ю.н., радник Юридичної фірми «ОМП» 24 вересня 2014 року, м. Київ Karel De Gucht • Born 1954, a Belgian politician • Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party (ALDE), liberal • In 2009-2010, European Commissioner for Development and Humanitarian Aid (Barroso I Commission) • The European Commissioner for Trade in 2010-2014 (Barroso II Commission) Cecilia Malmström • Born 1968, a Swedish politician • Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party (ALDE), liberal • In 2010-2014, European Commissioner for Home Affairs (Barroso II Commission) • The European Commissioner for Trade in 2014-2019 (Juncker Commission) European Commissioners for Trade since 1957 Jean Rey Belgium 1957–1962 Hallstein Commission I 1962–1967 Hallstein Commission II Jean-François Deniau France 1968–1970 Rey Commission Ralf Dahrendorf W.Germany 1970–1972 Malfatti Commission 1972–1973 Mansholt Commission Christopher Soames UK 1973–1977 Ortoli Commission Wilhelm Haferkamp W.Germany 1977–1981 Jenkins Commission 1981–1985 Thorn Commission Willy De Clercq Belgium 1985–1988 Delors Commission I Frans Andriessen Netherlands 1989–1992 Delors Commission II Leon Brittan UK 1993–1995 Delors Commission III 1995–1999 Santer Commission Pascal Lamy France 1999–2004 Prodi Commission Danuta Hübner Poland 2004 Prodi Commission Peter Mandelson UK 2004–2008 Barroso Commission I Catherine Ashton UK 2008–2009 Barroso Commission I Benita Ferrero-Waldner Austria 2009–2010 Barroso Commission I Karel De Gucht Belgium
    [Show full text]
  • Macroeconomic and Monetary Policy-Making at the European Commission, from the Rome Treaties to the Hague Summit
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Maes, Ivo Working Paper Macroeconomic and monetary policy-making at the European Commission, from the Rome Treaties to the Hague Summit NBB Working Paper, No. 58 Provided in Cooperation with: National Bank of Belgium, Brussels Suggested Citation: Maes, Ivo (2004) : Macroeconomic and monetary policy-making at the European Commission, from the Rome Treaties to the Hague Summit, NBB Working Paper, No. 58, National Bank of Belgium, Brussels This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/144272 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu NATIONAL BANK OF BELGIUM WORKING PAPERS - RESEARCH SERIES MACROECONOMIC AND MONETARY POLICY-MAKING AT THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION, FROM THE ROME TREATIES TO THE HAGUE SUMMIT _______________________________ Ivo Maes (*) The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bank of Belgium.
    [Show full text]
  • Address Delivered to the European Parliament by Mr. Piero MALVESTITI President of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community at Strasbourg
    EUROPEAN COAL AND STEEL COMMUNITY THE HIGH AUTHORITY Address delivered to The European Parliament by Mr. Piero MALVESTITI President of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community at Strasbourg MAY 7, 1962 NOTICE TO READERS This booklet is 'also available in Dutch, French, German and Italian Address delivered by Mr. Piero MALVESTITI President of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community to the European Parliament at Strasbourg on May 7, 1962 Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen, The day after tomorrow is the twelfth anni• versary of the Schuman Declaration. You will remember how assiduously French diplomats, backed by their colleagues in the other five countries, strove in May and June 1950 to induce the Government of the United Kingdom to accept the principles of the Decla• ration of May 9 and join in the negotiations for the Schuman Plan. You will remember also that Britain's entry into the Common Market for coal and steel was the highest hope of my predecessors, beginning with Jean Monnet, who devoted himself with special ardour to this aim, and succeeded in concluding with. Britain an Agreement of Association which, though modest in scope, was nevertheless to prove a valuable instrument for helping to maintain a steady and cordial relationship between the United King• dom and the Coal and Steel Community. Indeed, that Britain should become a member of our Communities has always been an objective of the highest importance to the makers of Euro• pean unity in our six countries. And on March 2 of this year, at the beginning of the negotiations with E.E.C., the United King• dom Government followed up its undertaking of last autumn by applying to the President of the Special Council of Ministers for the admis• sion of Great Britain to the European Coal and Steel Community.
    [Show full text]
  • Condecorados: Orden El Sol Del Peru
    CONDECORADOS: ORDEN EL SOL DEL PERU Nº Orden Nombre Nacionalidad Residencia Profesión Grado Nº Grado Fecha Resolución 6057 ANULADO 5914 ANULADO 5908 OSCAR DE LA PUENTE RAYGADA PERUANO PERU MINISTRO DE RELACIONES EXTERIORES Gran Cruz 1765 ANULADA 5903 ANULADO 5902 ANULADO 5890 MA. RUTH DE GOYACHEA ARGENTINA ARGENTINA EX-PRIMERA SECRETARIA EMBAJADA DE ARGENTINA Oficial 1149 5856 JOHANNES VON VACANO ALEMAN ALEMANA EMBAJADOR DE ALEMANIA Gran Cruz 1739 5830 QIAN QIEHEN CHINO CHINA CANCILLER Gran Cruz 1726 5811 MANUEL GRANIZO ECUATORIANO ECUADOR EX-EMBAJADOR DE ECUADOR Gran Oficial 1617 5806 JUAN JOSE FERNANDEZ CHILENO CHILE EX- EMBAJADOR DE CHILE EN PERU Gran Cruz 1708 5805 BARTOLOME MITRE ARGENTINO ARGENTINA DIRECTOR DIARIO LA NACION Gran Oficial 1616 5804 FELIX LUNA ARGENTINO ARGENTINA HISTORIADOR Gran Oficial 1615 5803 OSCAR ALENDE PRESIDENTE DEL PARTIDO INTRANSIGENTEARGENTINO ARGENTINA Gran Oficial 1614 5802 GMO. ESTEVEZ BUERO ARGENTINO ARGENTINA PRESIDENTE DEL PARTIDO SOCIALISTA Gran Oficial 1613 5801 JORGE RAYGADA PERUANO EMBAJADOR DEL PERU EN MEXICO Gran Cruz 1707 5800 ROBERTO LINARES SALVADOREÑO EL SALVADOR EX- EMBAJADOR DE EL SALVADOR Gran Cruz 1706 R.S. 0128 5796 UDO EHRLIECH-ADAM AUSTRIACO AUSTRIA EX-EMBAJADOR Gran Cruz 1705 5794 OSKAR SAIER ALEMAN ALEMANIA ARZOBISPO DE FRIBURGO Gran Cruz 1703 5792 MANUEL ROMERO CEVALLOS ECUATORIANO ECUADOR EX-EMBAJADOR DE ECUADOR Gran Oficial 1612 5791 FELIPE TREDINNIEK ABASTO BOLIVIANO BOLIVIA EX-EMBAJADOR DE BOLIVIA Gran Oficial 1611 5790 MERLE SIMMONS PROFESOR DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE INDIANA Gran
    [Show full text]
  • José Manuel Barroso's Leadership of the European Commission
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Kassim, Hussein Working Paper A new model presidency: José Manuel Barroso's leadership of the European Commission WZB Discussion Paper, No. SP IV 2013-502 Provided in Cooperation with: WZB Berlin Social Science Center Suggested Citation: Kassim, Hussein (2013) : A new model presidency: José Manuel Barroso's leadership of the European Commission, WZB Discussion Paper, No. SP IV 2013-502, Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (WZB), Berlin This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/103427 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence
    [Show full text]