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Cities As Sustainable Ecosystems

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Cities As Sustainable Ecosystems Newman URBAN AFFAIRS Peter Newman and Isabella Jennings Advance praise for Cities as Sustainable Ecosystems “Cities as Sustainable Ecosystems advances an important idea about the relevance of sys- | tems thinking to design at the community and urban scale. Scaling up is a critical aspect Jennings to how we all need to be thinking; this book is an excellent guidepost.” —William McDonough, William McDonough + Partners “Perhaps just in time, Newman and Jennings provide us with all the theory and practice we need to salvage urban civilization. Their excellent book is now the best available guide to the reinvention of cities as sustainable regional ecosystems, human settlements that Cities as Sustainable Ecosystems thrive on much-reduced eco-footprints.” —William E. Rees, professor, School of Community and Regional Planning, University of British Columbia CITIES AS SUSTAINABLE ECOSYSTEMS shows how cities and their residents can begin to reintegrate into their bioregional environment, and how cities themselves can be planned with nature’s organizing principles in mind. Taking cues from living systems for sustain- ability strategies and drawing from examples from all corners of the world, Newman and Cities as Jennings reassess urban design by exploring flows of energy, materials, and information, along with the interactions between human and nonhuman parts of the system. A pow- erful model for urban redevelopment, Cities as Sustainable Ecosystems describes aspects of Sustainable Ecosystems urban ecosystems from the visioning process to achieving economic security to fostering a sense of place. PETER NEWMAN is professor of city policy and director of the Institute for Sustainability Principles and Practices and Technology Policy at Murdoch University in Perth, Australia. He is the author of Sustainability and Cities (Island Press, 1999). ISABELLA JENNINGS is a graduate student in the School of Environmental Science at Murdoch University. Her past and current research is related to the cities as sustainable ecosystems idea. Cover design: Maureen Gately [insert] Cover photos from left to right: Parking for Bicycles by Auke Holwerda, iStock.com; Copenhagen by Jeff Kenworthy Washington • Covelo • London www.islandpress.org All Island Press books are printed on recycled, acid-free paper. About Island Press Island Press is the only nonprofit organization in the United States whose principal purpose is the publication of books on environmental issues and natural resource management. We provide solutions-oriented information to professionals, public officials, business and community leaders, and con- cerned citizens who are shaping responses to environmental problems. Since 1984, Island Press has been the leading provider of timely and practical books that take a multidisciplinary approach to critical environ- mental concerns. Our growing list of titles reflects our commitment to bringing the best of an expanding body of literature to the environmental community throughout North America and the world. Support for Island Press is provided by the Agua Fund, The Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation, Doris Duke Charitable Foundation, The Ford Foundation, The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, The Joyce Foundation, Kendeda Sustainability Fund of the Tides Foundation, The Forrest & Frances Lattner Foundation, The Henry Luce Foundation, The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, The Marisla Foundation, The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, The Curtis and Edith Munson Foundation, Oak Foundation, The Overbrook Foundation, The David and Lucile Packard Foundation, Wallace Global Fund, The Winslow Foundation, and other generous donors. The opinions expressed in this book are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of these foundations. CITIES as Sustainable Ecosystems CITIES as Sustainable Ecosystems Principles and Practices PETER NEWMAN ISABELLA JENNINGS WASHINGTON • COVELO • LONDON Copyright © 2008 Peter Newman and Isabella Jennings All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher: Island Press, 1718 Connecticut Ave., NW, Suite 300, Washington, D.C. 20009. ISLAND PRESS is a trademark of The Center for Resource Economics. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data. Newman, Peter, Dr. Cities as sustainable ecosystems : principles and practices / Peter Newman, Isabella Jennings. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-1-59726-187-6 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-1-59726-188-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Urban ecology. 2. Sustainable development. I. Jennings, Isabella. II. Title. HT241.N943 2008 307.76—dc22 2007026187 British Cataloguing-in-Publication data available. Printed on recycled, acid-free paper Design by Joan Wolbier Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Table of Contents Acknowledgments IX Introducing Cities as Sustainable Ecosystems 2 CHAPTER 1 Vision 8 CHAPTER 2 Economy and Society 32 CHAPTER 3 Biodiversity 64 CHAPTER 4 Ecological Footprints 80 CHAPTER 5 Modeling Cities on Ecosystems 92 CHAPTER 6 Sense of Place 144 CHAPTER 7 Empowerment and Participation 156 CHAPTER 8 Partnerships 168 CHAPTER 9 Sustainable Production and Consumption 188 CHAPTER 10 Governance and Hope 216 Conclusions 238 APPENDIX A: Extracts from the “Local Government Declaration to the World Summit on Sustainable Development,” 2002 242 APPENDIX B: The Carbon Cycle 244 APPENDIX C: The Nitrogen Cycle 246 APPENDIX D: The Phosphorus Cycle 248 APPENDIX E: The Hydrological Cycle 250 Notes 253 Glossary 259 Online Resources 265 References 269 Index 277 Acknowledgments he seed for this book was planted a few years ago with the emergence of the T UNEP/IETC Cities as Sustainable Ecosystems Initiative. While that program has been put aside by UNEP with their change of focus to disaster management, sustainable production and consumption, and water and sanitation, this book carries on the spirit of that original program to inspire long-term systemic change for urban sustainability. Thank you to Lilia G. C. Casanova, then-deputy director of UNEP/IETC, and Steve Halls, then-director of UNEP/IETC, for driving the original initiative. We value the work of the team at EPA Victoria and all of those people involved in the Melbourne charette and the production of the Melbourne Principles. The CASE ideas are being explored and practiced in programs through ICLEI in Australia and Canada. Thank you to Dr. Kuruvilla Mathew and the team at the Environmental Technology Centre at Murdoch University that hosted an experts’ meeting in 2002 in the aftermath of the Melbourne charette, which was for both of us our first involvement in the CASE initiative. Thank you to Dushko Bogunovich, associate professor, School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, Unitec Institute of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; and Robert Thayer, professor emeritus of landscape architecture, Department of Environmental Design, University of California–Davis for peer review of the first version and to Island Press reviewers for more recent feedback. The book has gone through a few reworkings. Thank you to June Hutchison, James Mueller, Peta Mulcahy, and Karen Green for earlier editorial assistance. Thank you to Gary James for his assistance with the diagrams. We appreciate the enthusiasm of Heather Boyer at Island Press to bring this book to a wider audience and the patience of their editorial staff to guide its evolution into a book to reach out to the world’s cities. We are grateful to those who have helped with photographs, particularly Jeff Kenworthy, Tim Beatley, Peter Dixon, Jan Scheurer, New Metro Rail, Gary Burke, and Bill McDonough. This work has been inspired by countless thinkers and practitioners in the sustain- X Cities as Sustainable Ecosystems ability field. We value the impact they have had on our thinking and lives. We applaud the efforts of the many people across the planet committed to bringing about positive change. We hope sincerely that this book goes some way to making their work known and inspires others to begin, or continue, to make changes in their communities, their workplaces, and their own lives. PETER NEWMAN ISABELLA JENNINGS CITIES as Sustainable Ecosystems Introducing Cities as Sustainable Ecosystems ur home city, Perth, situated on the ancient island continent of Australia, stretches O out along the Swan River that flows from the hills to the Indian Ocean, and up and down the Swan Coastal Plain. There is much to be grateful for here: clean running water and good sanitation systems, relatively clean air, abundant fresh food, clean beaches, and the wide blue Swan River winding its way to the sea at Fremantle where we both live. We also enjoy the benefits of a diverse community, including rich ethnic traditions and indige- nous culture. This place is home to the Nyungar, Aboriginal peoples who represent one of the oldest living cultures on Earth. It is located in one of the biodiversity hot spots of the world, where you can find hundreds of species in a small piece of remnant bush. Yet there are signs of strain: algal blooms in rivers and wetlands, concerns about water scarcity and climate change, urban decay, car dependence and the related issues of smog and traffic congestion, sprawling urbanization, declining affordability of housing, and health problems such as rising obesity rates and mental health condi- tions, especially among the young. These issues are not unique. This picture could be true of most cities in the world to some extent, and many bigger cities, especially those in the developing world, are struggling to an even greater degree. The impact from our urban ways of living is being felt not just here. In a globalizing economy, our patterns of living increasingly have repercussions well beyond our city bound- aries, reaching out across the planet. Cities are the defining ecological phenomenon of the twenty-first century. From a minor part of the global economy one hundred years ago, they have become the princi- pal engines of economic growth and the places where most of humanity dwells.
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