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The History of Christianity in Antiquity and the Middle Ages Major Trends in Scholarship of the Past Fifty Years Peter Gemeinhardt *

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The History of Christianity in Antiquity and the Middle Ages Major Trends in Scholarship of the Past Fifty Years Peter Gemeinhardt * Louvain Studies 42 (2019): 453-499 doi: 10.2143/LS.42.4.3287168 © 2019 by Louvain Studies, all rights reserved The History of Christianity in Antiquity and the Middle Ages Major Trends in Scholarship of the Past Fifty Years Peter Gemeinhardt * I. Introduction: Nice Places, Historical Questions, and Theological Sensibility Let us begin this reflection with a quick glance into a neighbouring country. Every four years, the world-wide community of Patristic schol- ars gathers at Oxford. Breaking off this tradition would seem inconceiv- able to anyone who earnestly participates in Patristic Studies. This is not only due to the fact that Oxford is a nice, medieval-looking city with a famous university – its urban appeal and academic flair is easily matched by other places, including Leuven. There is another reason: since I have been studying the field of Church History, ‘Oxford’ has been the hall- mark of a particular kind of doing research, in conversation with people from virtually all over the world (including many countries where Chris- tianity is not or has never been the dominant religion), across denomi- national divisions, employing methods from theology but also from religious studies, cultural studies, history, linguistics, and – last but not least – dealing with the broadest range of topics one can think of. To be sure, interdisciplinarity is not an invention of the past five decades: already the renewal of Patristic studies after World War II involved a multitude of disciplines and became, at least in principle but in many instances also in reality, the joint enterprise of a highly diverse international * This paper was presented on May 10th, 2019 at the Catholic University of Leuven, Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies, Lecture Series “50 Years of Interna- tional Programmes in Theology and Religious Studies.” In general, the spoken form has been retained, but some passages have been revised and enlarged, due to helpful sugges- tions from the discussion. I am grateful to Johan Leemans for his valuable comments on an earlier version of this paper and for improving my English phrasing, to Nicolas Anders for supplying research data, and to Vanessa Schäferjohann for formatting the bibliographical references and correcting the final version. 454 PETER GEMEINHARDT community of scholars.1 According to Charles Kannengiesser, the Oxford conferences are “the brain and the heart of the world-wide patristic community.”2 As it seems, this was true in 1989 and is, with certain qual- ifications to which we will return, still true thirty years later. In the same paper, however, the author felt obliged to “say a firm good-bye to the spectacular development of patristics in Europe during the past 50 years”: he observed that Patristics, “from being a theological discipline dedicated to the Fathers … had become in the meantime a secular enterprise.”3 This trend, as I would argue, has even accelerated since then. A similar case could be made for the annual International Medieval Congress at Leeds, even larger than the Oxford Conferences and with a significant difference: the Leeds conference series was and is not devoted to religious topics in an outspoken manner (while it is without doubt difficult to avoid encounter- ing religious practices, institutions, or thoughts when studying the Middle Ages).4 Therefore, matters which traditionally belong to the field of Church History are also investigated by scholars from other faculties and disciplines whose research interests and methods may be different from ours. This development opens up new possibilities, yet it also poses new challenges; below, I will return to both aspects. Obviously, looking back at the past fifty years indicates that both fields of study are in transition – and will continue to be so. After all, especially historians should be aware of the fluidity of historical developments and the preliminary character of any ‘trend’, and this affects of course also the history of our own discipline. Yet, the most pervasive trend in the History of Christianity during the last decades seems to me what Oxford, Leeds and other melting-pots of scholarship represent: the establishment of an international, interdisciplinary, non-hierarchical, and multi-perspective scholarly culture within our field.5 1. The French scholar André Mandouze reflected upon this in his opening lecture of the 3rd Oxford Conference in 1959: André Mandouze, “Mesure et démesure de la patristique,” Studia Patristica 3.1 (1961): 3-19. 2. Charles Kannengiesser, “Fifty Years of Patristics,” Theological Studies 50 (1989): 633-656, at 647. 3. Kannengiesser, “Fifty Years,” 655. One year later, in his presidential address to the North American Patristic Society’s meeting, he even pondered to choose the title “Good-bye, Patristics” and was only moved by “friendly mentors” to “avoid the para- doxical or even shocking overtones of that original title”; the address was finally delivered and published under a more positive heading: Charles Kannengiesser, “The Future of Patristics,” Theological Studies 52 (1991): 128-139, at 128. 4. https://www.imc.leeds.ac.uk/about/about-the-imc/ [accessed April 22th, 2019]. 5. Cf. also Martin Wallraff, “Whose Fathers? An Overview of Patristic Studies in Europe,” in Patristic Studies in the Twenty-First Century: Proceedings of an International Confer- ence to Mark the 50th Anniversary of the International Association of Patristic Studies, ed. B. Bit- ton-Ashkelony, T. de Bruyn, and C. Harrison (Turnhout: Brepols, 2015), 57-71, at 64. THE HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY IN ANTIQUITY AND THE MIDDLE AGES 455 Since the late 1960s, the high time of the Cold War, not only political bor- ders have been shattered. The opportunities to meet and engage in discussion have been multiplied, and English has eventually become the global lingua franca of scholarship – whether this is for the better or worse, is a matter of discussion. While not denying possible disadvantages of such a linguistic levelling, here I would like to highlight the obvious advantage: the results of research are accessible to a wider audience than ever. One might speak of a trend to non-discriminating scholarship, since cultural, social, and political borders no longer inhibit intellectual and personal encounter as they had done for centuries, and even the gender balance in the Humanities is con- tinuously equalising. In my account of scholarship during the five decades under consideration, a significant number of female authors appears who have substantially contributed to the trends to be outlined. I am confident that this increasing awareness of diversity with regard to agents and topics of research is irreversible. In other words, the Faculties of Theology in Central Europe are no longer made up only of “old white men” dominating Patristic and Medieval studies. However, to speak of an interdisciplinary, non-hierarchical, and anti-discriminating scholarly culture could seem to be a bold claim. We have not yet “left this life behind and dwell in a place which Holy Scrip- ture calls ‘paradise’, as it were, a place of erudition or, so to speak, a lecture hall for the souls”6 – thus Origen’s eschatological vision of a never-ending academia. Original sin has not been overcome by organ- izing Patristic and Medieval conferences here and there. Scholarship, as long as it is a human affair, will suffer from human shortcomings, mis- understandings, and even hostilities. But to whom am I speaking? After all, it was scholars at Leuven who have masterfully scrutinized Augus- tine’s doctrine of sin and grace, with results that may be considered as major steps of Augustinian scholarship, even if these results may carry with them disillusionment: how to optimistically return to daily work after having delved into the peculiarities of the Donatist controversy? It could seem more attractive to join the Pelagian camp and try to struggle hard for one’s eternal salvation; or one might turn to Jan van Ruusbroec and his teaching of the union of God and the Soul as an alternative, also a key undertaking here in Leuven. And if nothing else helps, there are still colourful insights in early Christian martyrdom on display which have been created right here. 6. Origen, De principiis 2.11.6: Puto enim quod sancti quique discedentes ex hac vita permanebunt in loco aliquo in terra posito, quem “paradisum” dicit scriptura divina, velut in quodam eruditionis loco et, ut ita dixerim, auditorio vel schola animarum. 456 PETER GEMEINHARDT I was asked to reflect upon major trends in scholarship in the last fifty years and, within this general framework, upon the specific contri- bution of Leuven scholars in Church History to these developments. I will try to do so in three steps: first by pondering the denomination of the academic discipline under consideration and the repercussions of naming a topic on the shape, contents, and aims of actual research (sec- tion II), then by depicting five such major trends (section III), and finally by highlighting where I see ground-breaking contributions of this Faculty (section IV). It goes without saying that my choice of topics in both respects will inevitably be as selective as subjective: it is to a certain extent biased by my own research interests and, more generally, by my personal knowledge and its limits (and by the space allotted to this arti- cle!). Readers may miss one or more of the points which they would have expected that I would touch upon. But since every writing of his- tory involves a personal point of view, this is also true for ‘Forschungs- geschichte’, all the more if the author is involved in current research and thus cannot claim to have a perspective from outer space. And even this would not warrant full objectivity, as everyone knows who participates, be it as author, editor, or reviewer, in ‘peer review’ processes which also have been set up in recent times for most scholarly journals and series in our field, but whose benefits and disadvantages do not belong to the subject-matter of this article.
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