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State Border As a Boundary Object in Cross-Border Cooperation Network: a Case of Latvia-Estonia-Russia Border

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State Border As a Boundary Object in Cross-Border Cooperation Network: a Case of Latvia-Estonia-Russia Border ISSN 2351-6712 (Online) Socialiniai tyrimai / Social Research. 2019, Vol. 42 (2), 17–29 State Border as a Boundary Object in Cross-border Cooperation Network: A Case of Latvia-Estonia-Russia Border Santa Usāne PhD Candidate, University of Latvia, Raina bulvaris 19, LV-1586, Riga, Latvia The article has been reviewed. Received on 5 November 2019, accepted on 16 December 2019 Abstract social goals (for example, culture exploration in The aim of the article is to reveal the functioning another country). It is clear that life in the border of the state border as a boundary object in a cross-border area differs from life in other rural areas, because cooperation network in the case of the internal and the of conditions created by the border and because external border of the EU. The author uses case study of several types of cross-border cooperation. The approach in the Latvian-Estonian-Russian border area, crucial question is whether and how these differences including both qualitative and quantitative data obtaining methods. The author uses S. L. Star and J. Griesemer’s are used to promote territorial development of rural boundary objects theory to analyze national border as areas. Whether and what potential is in promoting a boundary object which is involved in cross-border the development of rural areas through cross-border cooperation network as the main actor which has both cooperation? In this context the type of border – the unifying and separating features. internal or the external border of the EU – to which Keywords: boundary objects, cross-border coope- the territory adjoins is relevant. Thus, conditions for ration, actor-network, territorial development, border cross-border cooperation and territorial develop- area. ment created by different border crossing rules are also relevant. For example, Regional Development Introduction Guidelines 2013–2019 (2013) created by the Minis- Despite the development of regional policy try of Environmental Protection and Regional and efforts to ‘revitalize’ peripheral and rural areas, Development describe the development of areas indicators of development of peripheries (business of the external border of the EU as limited due to activity, population, accessibility of services, the proximity of the border and restrictions on its number of workplaces, development of innovations, crossing, as well as due to population density and low etc.) in Latvia still show too great disproportion purchasing power. Meanwhile, area of the internal both between planning regions and municipalities border of the EU is described as much more similar compared to other EU countries. This indicates to other territories in the periphery of the country. the need to search for new solutions to reduce The conditions for crossing the external border disproportion (VARAM, 2013). of the EU (Latvian-Russian or the Estonian-Russian Most border areas are also rural areas of border) are different from the internal border of the Latvia. Cross-border cooperation is almost inevitable EU (the Latvia-Estonia border). Since 2007, when when territories are adjacent to each other: regular both countries joined The Schengen Area, border or occasional cooperation; institutional or individual controls at the Latvian-Estonian border have been cooperation; communicating with inhabitants and lifted. Latvia and Estonia joined the EU in 2004, cooperation partners or visiting neighbour country, as well as Estonia in 2011 and Latvia joined the based on cross-border cooperation projects or on Eurozone in 2014, thus introducing the euro as the personal contacts; cooperation with economic or national currency. Concerning crossing the Russian Copyright © 2019 Šiauliai University Press 17 border – although border crossing conditions are Boundary objects theory and international eased for residents of the border area – they do not environment necessarily require a visa, still a special permit and Theoretical framework of the article consists border controls are required. of boundary object theory – further development of In this article the author discusses the actor-network theory – developed by S. L. Star and applicability of boundary objects concept in the J. Griesemer in their work “Institutional Ecology, analysis of the border as a social phenomenon, as ‘Translations’ and Boundary Objects: Amateurs and well as identifies the differences between the internal Professionals in Berkeley’s Museum of Vertebrate and the external border of the EU in the context of Zoology” (1989). In their work S. L. Star and J. cross-border cooperation. Boundary objects theory Griesemer develop actor-network theory used by was firstly developed by Susan Lei Star and James Michel Callon, Bruno Latour and John Law – they Griesemer (Star and Griesemer, 1989). Boundary analyze scientific work and its actors in the museum objects theory has been used mainly to analyze two of vertebrate zoology – professionals, amateurs, or more social groups in the context of scientific, administrative employees and other. S. L. Star and technological or organizational changes (e.g. J. Griesemer believed that actors with different boundary objects between different fields of science) views from different social worlds are involved in (e.g. Poehls, 2011; MacEachren, 2011; Schneider, this scientific work and that they must cooperate 2009; Henderson, 1998; Aibar and Bijker, 1997), to find solutions and conclusions. Authors describe while the theory has been little used in studies of two main factors that help actors from different border and border area (e.g. Häkli, 2015; Häkli, cultures and with different viewpoints to come to 2012; Häkli, 2009; Wilder, Scott, Pablos, Varady, an understanding – methods standardization and Garfin, and McEvoy, 2010; Grygar, 2009). Finnish boundary objects (Star and Griesemer, 1989). geographer Jouni Häkli has used border object theory The standardization of methods meant such in analysis of several objects – passports; the Tornio management system of scientific work where River as a boundary object between Finland and specialists from different fields can all participate Sweden; the Pyrenees as a boundary object between in museum’s development process and where France and Spain. Using description of history of interests of different actors are translated in the the passport and description of development of its best possible way (Star and Griesemer, 1989). meaning and functionality, J. Häkli has analyzed Author of this article is specifically interested in it as a boundary object in the context of border boundary objects concept – its adaptation for cross- crossing. Similarly J. Häkli has analyzed the region border cooperation studies in context of territories’ of Catalonia and the border in the Pyrenees between development. Boundary objects as a theoretical Spain and France as a boundary object (Häkli, 2012). In another study, using a cross-border cooperation concept was created based on interaction of different project documents, J. Häkli analyzed the Tornio social worlds and on point where different social River as a boundary object between Finland and worlds require a mutual translation (Worrall, 2010). Sweden (Häkli, 2009). However, in all these studies Boundary objects can be defined as objects that J. Häkli uses an anthropological approach based on cross borders of two or more social worlds and that an analysis of existing documents or historical facts, are being used and adapted in several social worlds as did S. L. Star and J. Griesemer in their study (Star simultaneously (Star and Griesemer, 1989). They and Griesemer, 1989). The author further develops are in between group of actors with different views this approach by proposing to use boundary objects (Star, 1989). Boundary objects involve diversity and theory as a basis for the analysis of data obtained cooperation. It is an analytical concept that describes through quantitative and qualitative sociological objects that overlap in different social worlds and data obtaining methods (interviews, surveys). that creates communication between them (Star, The aim of the article is to reveal the 1989). Boundary objects are flexible to adapt to functioning of the state border as a boundary object local needs and interests of different social worlds, in a cross-border cooperation network in the case of and robust enough to maintain unified identity in the internal and the external border of the EU. different social worlds at the same time (Star and The empirical research is based on two case Griesemer, 1989). It can be any specific or abstract studies in Latvia-Estonia-Russia border area – element that individuals can use as a reference point Aluksne Municipality in Latvia was selected as for interaction, it may have different understanding the main case and Voru County in Estonia as a depending on the social world, but the common complementary case. Both territories have direct structure allows them to be recognized. The creation access to the internal and the external border of the and management of boundary objects is the main EU. condition for development and maintenance of 18 link between intersecting social worlds (Star and wrote that every social world is also a cultural space Griesemer, 1989). Not every object can become an and its boundaries are not determined by territory actor within the actor network, but only those that or membership of a formal group. More important can be identified as boundary objects, that is – those is the structure and effective communication or who are recognized in more than one social world communication system whose symbols and assigned and form the basis for interaction between them. meanings reinforce the differences between the Boundaries of the boundary objects them- social world and the rest of the world. In every social selves may vary depending on their elasticity and world there are norms, a set of values and a unified permeability. They can be abstract, concrete, or view of the world (Shibutani, 1955). A. Strauss simultaneously abstract and concrete, and they can points out that in every social world, at least one be somewhere in between (Star and Griesemer, main activity is clearly visible, such as climbing, 1989).
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