Roman Cult Images Philip Kiernan Index More Information Www

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48734-4 — Roman Cult Images Philip Kiernan Index More Information

INDEX

Aalen, 229 Anglii, 41 Abydos Aniconic idols, 4, 17, 36, 42, 90–94, 174 Temple of Seth, 243 Greek, 37 Acculturation, 88 Aniconic theory Acroliths, 10, 32, 149, 260–61 of Iron Age religion, 37–39, 42, 47, 87, 89 Activation of cult images. See Animation Aniconism Adam of Bremen, 42 empty-space, 25 Adonis, 262 in early Rome, 26–28 Adversus Nationes, of Arnobius, 10 material, 25 aedes, 146 Animation of cult images, 17, 24, 188 aediculum, 122, 124, 131, 149, 164 Animism, 26, 45 Aesculapius, 34, 91, 147, 206, 210 Annona, 183, 202 Aesthetics of cult images, 17, 86, 293n.61 Anthropology and comparative religion, 14–19 Africa, 14–15, 18, 45 Antlers, 262–63 ágalma, 6, 9 Antony, Marc, 147 Agency of idols, 4, 15–18, 34, 196, 204, 223 Aphrodite of Paphos, 91 Agri Decumates, 21, 225–26, 229, 231, 247–49 Aplu, 28 abandonment of, 150, 224 Aprutino, sacellum of Dea Feronia, 307n.16 cult image destruction in, 247–50 Apollo, 92, 104, 109, 147, 170, 189, 197, 238, 250, Alamanni, 226 267, 278 Alba Fucens Citharoedus, 113, 135, 250, Fig 6.5, 6.6 Temple of Hercules, 149 Grannus, 86, 168, 192 Alci, 300n.4. See also Castor and Pollux Apollo of Sosius, 105 Alésia, Mt. Aussois (Côtes d’Or), 301n.28 Apollo of Veii, 29 Alexander, Martirius, and Sisinius, martyrs, 235 Apuleius, 129, 211, 215, 218 Alexandria, Egypt, 242, 268 Arbon (Arbonna), 240 All the gods and goddesses, dedications to, 187 Arcelin, Patrice, 58 Alpes, 183 Argentomagus (Saint-Marcel, Indre), 110–12,Fig3.15 idol, 202–3, 206, 275 Arminius, 45 Alps, mountains, 203, 235 Armorica. See Brittany Altar of Pergamon, 118 Armrings, 78 Alzey, Church of St. George, 255 in sculpture, 57, 108, 110 Amasis, 292n.40 Arnobius, of Sicca, 10–13, 16–17 Ambatiensis (Amboise, Indre-et-Loire), 235 Art Amberloup, 315n.20 Etruscan, 28 Ambracia, 9, 34 Greek, 28, 30, 58–59 Ambracians, 7, 9 Hellenistic, 149 Anaglypha Traiana, 305n.109 Iron Age, 36–39, 69, 80, 100, 136, 144 Anatomical votives, 95 Roman provincial, 86, 94, 127, 133 Ancestor cult Art and Agency, book, 15 and Romano-Celtic temples, 151, 155 Artemis of Ephesos, 294n.12 in Africa and Polynesia, 19 Artemis. See Diana Iron Age, 54, 59, 63, 82–83 Arval Brethren, 91, 201 andriás, 6 Arverni, 130 Angers, 236 Asclepius. See Aesculapius

347

348 INDEX

Asia, province, 30, 33 Beneﬁcarii, 186 Assos, Temple of Athena, 307n.14 Berecynthia, 235 Astronomy, 140, 142 Bierbach, 184 Athena, 29, 204 Biller, Frank, 124 Athens, 32, 244 Biographies Crossroads Shrine, Agora, 91 of idols, 19–20 Atilla the Hun, 239 of saints. See Hagiographies Attributes, in Iron Age art, 80 of things, 19–20 Augsburg, victory altar, 230 Binchester, 304n.91 Augustine of Hippo, 10, 13, 26, 277 Bitburg, 226 Aukamper Moor. See Braak Bliesbruck-Reinheim (Moselle/Saarland) 318n.148 Aulus Gellius, 258 Bobbio, 240 Aurelian, 225 Bodies Australia, 14 idols as having human, 201–7 autel souterrain, 155 Bonn, 123 Autun, 235 Temple of Matronae Aufaniae, 124, Fig 3.21 Temple of Janus, 157, 190 and 3.22 Avenches Temple of the Matronae Aufaniae, 209 capitolium, 260, Fig 6.9 Border stones, 296n.71 En Chaplix, 155 Boschung, Dietrich, 10, 307n12 bóthros, 258 Bad Bubendorf, 175 Bouray-sur-Juine, 63–64, 67, 102, Fig 2.15 Bad Kreuznach, 317n.120 Bourbonne-les-Bains (Haute-Marne), 95, 98 Bad Wimpfen, 248 Bozouls, 61, Fig 2.12 Bag of coins, in sculpture, 92, 108, 131–32 Braak, 70, 80, 82, Fig 2.18, 2.19 Baldachin, 149 Breasts, mutilation of, 244 Ballachulish (Scotland), 299n.138 Bregenz (Brigantium), 240 Ballereau, Leon, 263 Brennus, 44 Balteus, 133 brétas, 6 Bancroft, 155 Britain, 38, 69, 81, 122, 137, 230, 253 Baptism, of cult images, 243–44 mutilation of sculpture, 253 Barbarians Brittany, 59, 91 and aniconic worship, 37 Bull, 109 as destroyers of cult images, 224–32, 258, 276 idol in Trier Altbachtal, 164, Fig 4.9 Greek and Roman views of. See Ethnographers: Mithraic, 138, 140 Greek and Roman three-horned, 107, 164 Bard of Paule, 59, Fig 2.12 Burgundy, 94–95 Bark of trees, 119 Burial mound. See Tumulus Barzan (Moulin de Fâ) 311n.102 Burial of cult images, 83, 253, 257, See also Rituals Base of closure for a cult image, 56, 61, 181–88, 268 Buste-socles, 59–63, 79, 91, 110, Fig 2.12 for an idol, 148–95, 202, 207, 213, 274 Butterstadt, 117, Fig 3.18 for tauroctonies, 177–81 of a Jupiter column. See Viergötterstein Caduceus, 92, 109, 131–32 of a statue, in an artwork, 278 Caesar, Julius, 21, 40–42, 44–46, 78, 132, 136 Batavian Revolt, 44 Caesarea (Cappodocia), 312n.22 Batavians, 42, 216n79 Caesarea Maritima, 317n.101 Bathing of idols, 203–5, 213, 218, 278 Caldinius Celsus, Q., 124, 128, 209, Fig 3.22 Baths, 101, 152, 177, 233 Calès-Mézin (Lot-et-Garonne), 268 Bauchhenß, Gerhard, 119 Calonna, 236 Baudry, Ferdinand, 263 camillus, 209 Bavilliers (Territoire de Belfort), 175, 275 Camillus, M. Furius, 33 Baynes, Norman H., 10 Capital Beck, Roger, 142, 177 of a Jupiter column, 117, 176, 228 Beer, as an offering to Mercury, 316n.76 of a pillar monument, 115 Behm-Blancke, Günter, 299n.126 statues on a Jupiter column, 115, 117–19, 228 Belief, in divinity of idols, 9–14 Capitoline Triad, 27 Benedict, saint, 239, 241, 260 Capitolium, 147

INDEX 349

Capua, 7, 9, 34 Composite armor, 51, 55–58, 63, 79, 110 Carmona, 122 Comte, August, 45 Carnyx, 67 Concordia Carrawburgh, 258 idol of, Rome, 147 Carthage, 318n.134 Consecrated images, 8, 17, 145, 269 Cassandra, 147 Consecration Cassiodorus, 233 of cult images, 16–17, 83, 188, 193 Castellana, Civita, Celle Sanctuary, 294n.17 Conservativism, in Roman religion, 25, 32 Castor and Pollux, 107, 113 Constantius Chlorus, 226 Cato the Elder, 30, 84 Constitution, imperial (AD 415), 233 Cauldron, 73, 100, 197, 225, See also Gundestrup Coralli, tribe, 304n.82 Cauldron Cori, Temple of the Dioscurii, 149 Cautes and Cautopates, 140, 179, 247–48 Corinth, 34, 243 Cave, Mithraic, 177 Cornucopia, 108, 122 Celsus, 269 Corpus Signorum Imperium Romanum, 85 Celtic renaissance, 144 Couches, 207, 214 Celts, 21–22 in Mithraea, 138, 181 language, 21 Council of Arles, second, 309n.59 Celto-Ligurians, 297n.94 Council of Nantes, 316n.57 Cenn Cruiach, 42 Council of Tours, 309n.59 Ceres, 30, 147 Coventina’s Well, 258 Cernunnos, 69, 100, 107–12, 189, 197, 244, Crain (Yonne), 156–58, 184, 192, Fig 4.4 278 Creolization, 88 Chaining of idols, 8, 193, 278 Crêt-Châtelard (Loire), 99, Fig 3.7 Chainmail armor, 57–58 Crevans (Haute-Saône), 155 Chamalières (Puy-de-Dôme), 95, 98 Crosses, carved into pagan images, 243 Chares the Lindian, 305n.116 Cross-legged posture, 51, 64, 67, 108–12, 223 Charlemagne, 233 Croxford, Ben, 253, 259 Châteaubleau (Seine-Maritime), 130 Cult image, as a term, 4 Châtillon-sur-Colmont (Mayenne), 301n.28 Cult statue, as a term, 4 Christians Curtains, 191 as destroyers of cult images, 232–55 in Mithraea, 181, 310n.85 on pagan belief in idols. See Belief, in divinity around Nerthus, 41 of idols Cussy-la-Colonne (Côte d’Or), 175 re-using pagan cult images, 255–57 worship and art, 194–95 Dalkingen, 229 Chrocus, 226 damnatio memoriae, 222, 255 Chryselephantine statues, 146, 274 Damona, 98 Cicero, 5, 14, 147, 200, 277 Danube River, 137 Circumambulation, 151, 158, 165, 173, 189–90, 275 darshan, 18, 148, 220, 278–79 Cisterns, 258 decem pagi, 314n.10 Clarus, saint, 315n.44 Déchelette, Joseph, 38, 42, 45 Clement of Alexandria, 10 Delphi, 27, 188 Coins Demons, 237, 240–43, 253, 262 as offerings, 95, 151, 158, 175, 202, 234, 250 Dendara, 243 as offerings to an idol, 61, 75, 78–79, 211–12 Dendrochronology, 75, 78, 97, 99 debasement of, 225 Deneuvre (Meurthe-et-Moselle), 133, 174, 184, hoards of, 224, 237 Fig 3.27, Fig 4.22 in wells, 226 Derks, Ton, 124, 127 collegia, 106, 181 Destruction Cologne, 120, 123, 231, 262, Fig 3.19 of cult images by Christians. See Christians Church of St. Ursula, 255 of Iron Age statues, intentional, 83 Widdersdorf, 258 Diana, 92–93, 147, 238, 245 Colossal statues, 17, 32, 130, 132, 149, 158, 192, 199, from Thun-Allmendingen, 267 274, 278 of Segesta, 5, 201 in Pliny, 130 on Aventine Hill, 28 Columbanus and Gallus, 239–41, 243, 248 Diana of Oberdorla, 70, 74 Commonicus, 237 Dieburg Mithraeum, 249

350 INDEX

Dieu d’Euffigneix. See Euffigneix Essarois (Côte-d’Or), 95 Diodorus Siculus, 40, 44 Estienne, Sylvie, 5, 8, 17, 193 Dioscuri. See Castor and Pollux Esus, 107 dis deabusque omnibus, 187 Ethnographers Divine images, as a term, 4 Greek and Roman, 37, 43 Divinity of idols. See Belief modern, 4, 14 Dodonna Etruscans, 28 Temple of Zeus, 91 Eucharius, bishop, 257 Dog Euergetism, 152 as an attribute, 122, 128 Euffigneix, 62–63, Fig 2.14 Mithraic, 138 Evander, 36 remains of, 263–64 evocatio, 8, 33–35, 193 Domburg (Holland), 123 Execution of idols, 267 Domitian, 44 Externalist strategy, for granting agency, 16 Donohue, Alice, 6 Eyes Donon (Grandfontaine/Michelbrunn, mutilation of, 243, 267 Bas-Rhin), 184 of Holzidole, 78 Doors of temples, 28, 148, 157, 165, 170, 188, ritual opening of, 24 190–91, 213, 275 Dorsuale, 164 Fabius Maximus, 34 Druids, 38, 230 Faces Durkheim, Émile, 15, 17 fragments of, 253 Dust, idols reduced to, 247 mutilation of, 228, 243, 254, 257, 267 Dying Gaul, statue, 81 Falerii, 295n.39 favisae, 257 Eagle, 80, 115, 268 Feeding of idols, 207–12 Ears Feet mutilation of, 243 mutilation of, 243, 271 of grain, in Mithraic art, 138 Fellbach-Schmiden, 76–78, 80, 128, Fig 2.23 Eck, Diana, 17, 220 Fertility, 80, 108, 123 Edict of Theodosius in 392, 233 Fetishes, 19, 45 effigies, 5, 16 Fetishism, 6, 45 Egg, 104 Fibulae Egypt, 17, 24, 241–42, 255, 258 as offerings, 53, 64, 206 eidolon, 3, 26 Iron Age, 63 eíkon, 6 Fingers Elagabalus, 193 mutilation of, 271 Elbe River, 41, 43 Fingers of statues, 253 Elephants, 147 Folly Lane, 155 Eligius, saint, 309n.59, 316n.57 Fontes Sequanae (Source de la Seine, Côte d’Or), Elsner, Jás, 18, 148n11 95–96 Enclosure Forest, sacred. See Grove Iron Age, 51, 53–54, 70, 73, 81, 151, 155 Forts, Roman military, 128, 134, 178, 225, 227, 229, of Jupiter columns, 108, 113, 175 239 of Mithraea, 177 Fortuna, 74, 106, 113, 122n92, 167, 170, 187 of Romano-Celtic temples, 152, 165, 174, 182, Huisce Diei, 149, 273 184, 195, 201 in Forum Boarium, 28, 105, 205 Entrains-sur-Nohain (Interanum, Nièvre), 129 Muliebris, 204 Entremont, 54, 56–59, 80–82, 223 Foundation Epidaurus, 34 deposits, 143, 179 Epigrams, Greek, 18 for a monument or cult image, 108, 150, 158, 165, Epiphany, 197–99 175, 184, 187, 199, 277, See also Base, for Epona, 77, 101, 128–30, 175, 199, 209, 211, 248, an idol 278, Figs. 3.23, 3.24, 5.5 ritual of, 138 wooden images of, 101–2, Fig 3.8, 3.9 Foundations Eposium castrum (Carignan, Ardennes), 238 of Christian churches, 237, 255–56 Eschenz (Tasgetium, Switzerland), 97, Fig 3.4 of temples, 157, 161, 235, 241, 250 Espérandieu, Émile, 85 Fowler, William Warde, 26, 38

INDEX 351

Fragments of idols, 259 Gallic invasion of, 40 re-use of, 192, 268 Gregory of Tours, 216, 225–26, 235, 238, 242 Frankfurter Stadtwald, 81 Gregory the Great, 238, 260 Frankfurt-Heddernheim, 138, 140, 177, Grinario. See Köngen (Esslingen) 231, 247 Grove of Dea Dia, 91 Mithraeum 1, tauroctony, 138–40, Fig 3.29 Grove, sacred, 41–42, 260 Mithraeum 3, 178–81, Figs. 4.18, 4.19 Gué-de-Sciaux, Le (Antigny, Vienne), 93–94, 174, fratres arvales. See Arval Brethren 192 Frazer, James, 16, 200 Güglingen, 177 fulger conditum, 261 Guidizollo, calendar from, 129 Fulvius Nobilior, M., 7, 34 Gundershoffen (Bas-Rhin), 184 Funerary cult. See Ancestor cult Gundestrup Cauldron, 67–69, 81, 100, 108, 118, Furfo, Temple of Jupiter Liber, 8 Fig 2.17

Gaelic, language, 42 Hadrian, 147 Gaifman, Milette, 17, 37, 301n16 Hadrian’s Wall, 177, 258 Gallia Aquitania, 21, 225 Hagenbach Hoard, 229 Gallia Belgica, 21, 44, 160 Hagiographies, 232–33, 235, 237, 244 Gallia Lugdunensis, 21 veracity of, 241–43 Gallia Narbonensis, 21, 47 Hallstatt period, 47, 50, 53, 70, 83 Gallic Empire, 224 Hands Gallienus, 225 mutilation of, 243, 255, 271 Ganesh Chaturthi festival, 219 Hannibal, 7, 34 Gaza Hats, Celtic, 51, 79 Temple of Zeus Marnas, 242 Hausen an der Zaber (Baden-Württemberg), 119 Gell, Alfred, 4, 12, 15–19, 41, 192, 200, Head-hunting, 58, 80, 83 277 Hearth Geneva, 75, 79, 82, Fig 2.22 prehistoric, 192 Genitalia sacred, 35 mutilation of, 244 hédos, 6 Genius, 175, 248 Heidelberg, 47 as mind of divinity, 200 Celtic head from, 51, Fig 2.8 Loci, 187 Heiligenberg, 255 Germania Inferior, 21, 118, 123 Neuenheim, 113, 115–18, 247, 255, Fig 3.17 Germania Superior, 21 Heilbronn, 258 Germania, of Tacitus, 41–42 Hera, 274 Germanic Heraiskos, 9, 272 language, 21 Herbord of Bamberg, 299n.139 Germanicus, 230 Hercules, 92, 113, Fig 6.2 Germans, 21 at Trier Altbachtal, 245 Giants, 113, 118, 164 from Palazzo Pio, 261 symbolism of, 118 of Agrigentum, 200 Gigantomachies, 118 on Viergötterstein, 115, 228 Glanum, 54–58, 81–83, 223, Fig 2.11 Salutaris, 133, 174, 184, Fig 3.27 Glass transformed into St. Anthony, 257 beads, 206 Hercules Fictilis, 28, 30, 84 sherds, 203 Hercules Triumphalis, 36, 205 Glauberg, 50–53, 55, 58–59, 63, 79, 81, 83, 110, 151, Hermit, 238, 242 155, 324, Fig 2.7 Herms, 42, 233 Goats, 77, 124, 127 Hero cult. See Ancestor cult as attribute of Mercury, 159 Hieroglyphs, mutilation of, 243 God from Bouray. See Bouray-sur-Juine Hinduism God from Eufﬁgneix. See Eufﬁgneix compared to Roman religion, 18–19 Godramsteim, 317n.120 term, 17 Gollenstein (Bleiskastell, Saarland), 93 Hirschlanden, 47, 51, 53, 58, 79, Fig 2.6 Gose, Erich, 159, 250 Hirschlanden Warrior. See Hirschlanden Gournay-sur-Aronde, 151 Historia Francorum, 225, 235 Greece, 94, 188, 210, 224, 274 Histories, of Tacitus, 42

352 INDEX

Hochscheid, 104, 135, 152, 173–74, 204, 250–53, Jewelry Fig 6.5, Fig 6.6 as indicative of elite status, 81 Holmes, Thomas Rice, 46 as offerings, 151, 211–12, 221, 275 Holzgerlingen, 47, 51, 80, Fig 2.8 worn by idols, 17, 78, 204–6, 278 Holzidole, 69–74, 78 Jonas of Bobbio, 239 Hoogeloon(Netherlands), 174 Jouars-Ponchartrain (Yvellines), 108, 113, 175, 192, Hooves, as feet, 64 234, 275 Horn, Heinz-Günter, 124, 127 Juine River, 64 Horned god. See Cernunnos Jülich, 124 Hünsruck Mountains, 250 Julius Auctus, Q., 120 Hunt, Alisa, 28 Julius Priscus, Q., 120 Hüssen, Clauss-Michael, 258 Jullian, Camille, 38, 45, 155 Hygeia, 104, 135, 147, 210, See also Salus Juno, 92, 118, 147, 228, 261 by Vulca, 27 Iblio, 116 capitolina, 199, 203 Ibn Fadln, 42 on Viergötterstein, 115 Iconography Juno Regina, 8, 105, 147, 187, 196, 278 native and combined, 105–8 evocatio of, 33, 35 of ancient art, 2 Jupiter, 69, 86, 92, 106, 113, 147–48, 164, 268 of Iron Age cult images, 79–83, 108 by Vulca, 27, 30 of Mithraism and oriental cults, 137–43 Capitolinus, 199, 201 of Roman provincial cult images, 85–87 Dolichenus, 137 Roman conventional, 130–37 in Avenches, 260 Iconostasis, 142 Liber, 8 Icons, Byzantine, 18 Optimus Maximus, 27, 115, 175, 187 Idenheim (Bitburg, Rheinland-Pfalz), Sabazius, 137 310n.99 Taranis, 86, 93 Identity, ethnic, 21–22, 88–90, 144 Jupiter columns, 89–90, 105, 113–20, 124, 140, 144, Idol 147, 164, 191, 211–12, 234, 270, 273 as an English term, 17 as recipients of worship, 175–77 deﬁnition of, 4–5 destruction of, 226–31 idolum, 3, 316n65 in wells, 258, 262, 265 Ihn (Niedelaltdorf, Saarland), 174 mutilation of, 244 Image de culte, 4 re-use of, 255 Images of divinities, as a term, 4 Jupiter-Giant columns. See Jupiter columns imagines, Roman, 61 Jutland, 41, 67, 69 imago, 5 Juvenal, 129 Immovables, 41 India, 14 Kehlen (Luxembourg), 257 Initiation Kernuz, Château de. See Menhir of Kernuz into Mithras cult, 181, See Mithraists Kervadel. See Menhir of Kernuz Insubrii, 41 Kings of Rome, 25 Interactions with idols, 199–201 Klöckner, Anja, 143, 197 Internalist strategy, for granting agency, Koblenz (Conﬂuentes), 238 16, 192 Köln. See Cologne interpretatio Romana, 86 Köngen (Esslingen), 128, 175, 248,Fig3.24, Ireland, 37, 42, 69, 239 Fig 4.17 Isis, 41, 137, 204, 214–15, 218, 267 Königshofen Mithraeum, 247, 276, Fig 6.3 Iuthungi, 224 Konjic (Bosnia), 310n.86 Ivory, 25, 28, 34, 105, 201, 274 Kopytoff, Igor, 19 Kortüm, Klaus, 104 Jacobsthal, Paul, 38 Kottenheim (Rheinland-Pfalz), 192, 268 Jagannath Kouroi, 79 idols of, 219, 259, 268 Kousser, Rachel, 258–59 temple of, 16, 268 Krater of Vix, 53 Janus, 36 Krater, Mithraic, 138 Jenkyns, Richard, 147 Krüger, Emil, 104 Jerusalem, Great Temple in, 147, 230 Kultbild, 4

INDEX 353

La Devèse d’Ayrebesque. See Bozouls Maceria, 175 La Roche du Vieux-Garçon. See Triguères Macrobius, 33 La Tène period, 47, 50, 57, 59, 61, 64, 75, 78, 83, 94, Magic, 14, 19, 200, 269 155 contagious, 16 Ladenburg (Lopodunum), 231 sympathetic, 16 Jupiter column, 226–29, 231, 258, Fig 6.1 Magna Mater, 34, 137, 204–5, 213, Mithraeum, 247 215 Lake Geneva, 75 washing of idol, 203 Lamps, 140, 168 Mainz (Mogontiacum), 113, 124, 226, Langobardi, 41 231 Langres, 315n.44 Finthen, 265, 276, Fig 6.12 lararia, 5 Neronian Jupiter column, 115, Fig 3.16 Latium, 28–29, 149 Mamurius Verturius, 36 Latona, 147 Man from Rude Eskildstrup. See Rude Eskildstrup Lattes, 54, 58, 83 Manlius Torquatus, A., 295n.39 Lavinium, 29 Marble, 35, 86, 105, 144, 168, 183, 202, 233, 244, La-Vraie-Croix (Morbihan), 91, Fig 3.1 256, 260 Le Bernard (Vendée), 101, 122, 174, 262–65, 276, Marcellus, M. Claudius, 34, 230 Figs. 6.10, 6.11 Marcius Ralla, Q., 105 lectisternium, 207, 214 Marduel, 58 Legislation Mars, 92, 106, 116, 147, 189 against pagan art and temples, 233 Caturix, 86 Leprosus, 235 Lenus, 122, 165, 182 Lewis, M.J.T., 38 Ultor, 133, 135, Fig 3.28 Lezoux (Puy-de-Dôme), 132–33, 274, Fig 3.26 Marseille, 40–41, 47, 79 Liber Pater, 147 Martberg (Rheinland-Pflaz), 205, 211, Fig 4.1 Life of Benedict, book, 238, 260 Marsyas, 147 Life of Martin, book, 232 Martigny, 177 Light Martin of Tours, 174, 215, 219, 234–36, 239, in Mithraea, 139–40, 180, 212 241 in Romano-Celtic temples, 158, 190 Martin, Hanz Günther, 32 Lightning Martyrs, 232, 235 bolts, as an attribute, 115, 176 Mary, virgin, 194 striking a cult image, 196, 262, 265 Massalia. See Marseille Limes, 21, 133, 150, 177, 186, 224, 229 Matagne-la-Grande (Belgium), 191, 206, 211 abandonment of, 224 Maurilius, Bishop of Angers, 236, 241 Lingas. See Shiva lingas Mavilly (Côte-d’Or), 107 Lion, 203 Maximus, Bishop of Trier, 245 in Mithraic art, 140 Maximus, Bishop of Turin, 216, 237, 248 Lion skin, 92, 133 Mayans, 260 Lion-headed god, 140, 179 Mefitis, 29, Fig 2.2 Livy, 5, 7–8, 30, 33, 36, 146–47 Menerva, 29 locus horridus, 41 Ménez, Yves, 61, 300n152 Long-houses, Neolithic, 260 Menhir of Kernuz, 42, 91–93, 113, 120, 274, Fig 2.3 Lord of the Glauberg. See Glauberg and 2.4 Lucan, 40–42, 44–45, 70 Menhirs, 42, 174 Lugus, 132 in Roman period, 91–94, 274 Lullingstone Villa, 308n.33 Mercury, 42, 45, 86, 92, 109, 132–33n121, 136, Luna, 116, 140, 179 147–48, 159–60, 173, 184, 188–90, 197, 199, Lunate hairstyle, 124 244, 253, 255, 265, 274, 276, Figs. 3.26, 6.7 lustrum, 235 and Lugus, 132 Luxembourg, 315n.20 Arvernus, 130–31, 226, Fig 3.25 Luxeuil-les-Baines (Luxovium, Haute Saône), 95, Gallic, 40, 42, 44, 46, 136 98, 239, Fig 3.5 in Trier Altbachtal, 159–61, 270 Luxury, and cult images, 30 on Viergötterstein, 113, 115, 228 Lykosura, Temple of Despoina, 307n.14 Mercury and Rosmerta, 106, 267 Lyon (Lugdunum), 122 Merrifield, Ralph, 253 Lyre, 59, 109, 204 Mesnil-Voysin, Château de, 64

354 INDEX

Messius, 116 Neem trees, 16, 259 Metal cult images Nehalennia, 123, 205, 207, 211, Fig 5.3, 5.4 Iron Age, 63–69 Nemesis, 315n.44 Metz, 226 Neptune, 170 Mimesis, 16, 18 Nero, 115, 130 Minerva, 35, 41, 147, 197 Nerthus, 41, 44, 204, 215, 218 by Vulca, 27 Nettersheim, 123, 184, 190 capitolina, 199, 203 Neuenstadt am Kocher, 168, 189, 192, 212 on Viergötterstein, 113, 115, 228 Neupotz Hoard, 225, 229 Minerva of Avenches, 276 Neuvy-en-Sullias, 42, 216–19, 267, Fig 5.7 Minverva of Avenches, 260–62 Newel, 155 Minerva of Lavinium, 29, 294n.17, Fig 2.1 Ney, Wolfram, 297n.83 Misenum, Sacellum of the Augustales, 307n.16 Niches Missionaries, 42, 239 in pits and burials, 262, 264 Mistletoe, 51 in temples, 28, 58, 189 Mithraea, 138, 140, 142–43, 177–81, 190–91, 245 Nida. See Frankfurt-Heddernheim coin ﬁnds in, 212 Niederbieber, 225 late antique destruction of, 247–50, 259, 276 Niederzier (Düren, Nord Rhein-Westfalen), Mithraists, 137–38, 140, 142, 181 78 Mithras, 137–43, 181, 190, 212, 248, 276 Nijmegen, 107, 113 rock birth of, 247 Nimbus, 249 Mitra, 138, 141 Nîmes, 54, 82 Molesme, 61, 63, 91, 223 Grézan, 58 Mona, Island of, 230 Tour Magnes, 61, 63, 82, 91, Fig 2.13 Monasteries, 236–41, 260 Noelke, Peter, 119, 226, 230 Money box. See thesaurus North Africa, 21, 241, 317n91 Monks, 236–42, 260, 279 Notre-Dame Cathedral, Paris, 106 Monotheism, 45 Nouvel Espérandieu, 85 Montbouy (Loiret), 95, Fig 3.3 Novanius Augustus, 228 Monte Cassino (Italy), 238, 260 Numa, 26–27, 35–36, 38 Mosaics in temples, 93, 149 numina, 26 Mother goddesses, 101, 122–28, 165, 168, 182, 190, Nydam, 295n.39 209, 268, 276, Figs. 3.20, 4.12, 6.11 Nylander, Carl, 222 Matronae, 123–28, 168, 174, 184 Aufaniae, 122–24, Figs. 3.21, 3.22 Oberdorla, 70–73, 78–80, 82, 205, Fig 2.20 Vacallinehae, 123 Oberscheidenthal, 134 Mouths Oedenburg (Haut-Rhin), 98, Fig 3.6 mutilation of, 243 Öhringen, 199, 209, Fig 5.5 Mouzon (Ardennes), 157, 173, 192 Olympia, 32, 188, 274 Mummius, Lucius, 34 Temple of Hera, 274 Mundelsheim Mithraeum, 140, 179, Fig 3.30 Oppian Law, 30 Munich Reliefs, The, 118 Oppidum, 55, 57–58, 75, 79, 82, 99 murti, 4, 219–20 Orbiana, 147 Museum effect, 3 Origen, 10 Mutilation of cult images, 243–45, 250, 253–55, 267, ornamenta, 7–9, 17, 187, 193, 233 276 Ortelius, Abraham, 45, Fig 2.5 Mylonopoulos, Ioannis, 4, 9 Orvieto, Cannicella Sanctuary, 294n.17 Mystery religions, 137, 145, 231, 274 Osterburken (Baden-Württemberg) Mythology sanctuary of the beneﬁcarii, 183, 186 Celtic, 86, 90 tauroctony, 248, 276, Fig 6.4 Germanic, 86 Ostia, 138, 177 Indo-European, 19 Temple of Hercules, 149 Persian, 138 Outdoor and natural idols, 174–77 Roman, 27, 36 Paganism, 10, 256 Nabakalevara, 16, 259, 269 as a term, 2 Nationalism, European, 45 Palladium, 35, 193 Neckar River, 227 Patrick, Saint, 42

INDEX 355

Paule, 50, 59–63, 69, 81–82, 110 Postumus, 224, 230 Pausanias, 36–37, 91, 94, 210n54, 224, 267, 274 Potts, Charlotte, 28 pax deorum, 8, 278 Power-objects, in Africa and Polynesia, 18 Persians, 37 Priapi, 147, See also Herms Pesch, 123–27, 174 Primitive religion, 15, 39, 44–46 Pessinus, 34 Primitive society, 14 Petasos, 92, 131–32, 136 Principia, in Roman fort, 42, 229 Petrikovits, Harald von, 38 Prisciacus, hill near Calonna, 237 Pfalzfelder Column, 47, 51 Processions, 16, 51, 124, 164, 213–18, 221, 236, 278, Pforzheim (Portus, Baden-Württemberg), 102–5, Fig 5.6 Fig 3.10 in India, 220 Phallus, 47, 70, 75, 78–79 Prodigies, 34, 196, 207 mutilation of, 243 Provence, 55 as a symbol, 80 Prudentius, 233 Phidias, 32, 274 puja, 18, 218–21, 278 Phrygian cap, 138 pulvinaria. See couches Pilgrimage, 18, 250 Punic War, second, 34 Pilgrims, 153, 170, 186, 204 Puri, India, 16, 259, 268 clothing of, 95 Purse. See Bag of coins wooden images of, 94–99 Puy du Dôme, 131, 226 Pilier des nautes. See Pillar of the Sailors Puy Lautard (Creuse), 152, 170–74, 189, 191–93, Pillar monuments, 93, 105–8, 113, 120, 174–76, 212, 203, 211, Figs. 4.14,4.15, 4.16 234 Pythagoras, 26–27, 38 Pillar of Nijmegen, 107 Pythagorean philosophy, 27, 38, 44 Pillar of the Sailors, 105–8, 120, 164, Fig 3.11, and 3.12 Raetia, 21 Pits Rapin, André, 58, 323 containing cult images, 61, 99–104, 110, 223, 250, Raven, 199 253, 262–68 Raven, Mithraic, 138 containing Jupiter columns, 113, 226, 230–31 Rebild, 78, 205 containing sacred trees, 174 Regensburg-Harting, 230 for offerings, 53, 64, 94, 151, 155, 192 Reims Cernunnos, 110, 189, 244, 278, Fig 3.13 in Mithraea, 179 Reinach, Salomon, 38, 42, 45 Placement of idols, 189–92, See also Staging Relics Plague, 34 Christian, 194, 232 Platonism, 27 in idols, 16, 192 Platt, Verity, 18, 197 of St. Aurelia, 241 Pliny the Elder, 28, 30, 36 religio, 2 Pliny, the younger, 8 Religion Plobannalec. See Menhir of Kernuz Celtic, 15 Plutarch, 26–27, 36, 39, 44 deﬁnition of, 2 Po Valley, 41 evolutionary theories of, 15, 25, 45–46, 127 Podium temples, 148–50, 165, 177, 191 Germanic, 15 Polybius, 41 Greek, 2, 21 Polynesia, 14–15, 18, 268 naturalistic, 45 Polytheism, 5, 19, 45 polytheistic, 45 ancient, 2, 9 Roman, 15 Pompeii Reredos, 142 Temple of Apollo, 149 Resistance to Roman rule, 89, 144 Temple of Dionysos/Liber, Sant’Abbondio, 149 Rhine River, 21, 43, 120, 122–23, 127, 138, 150, Pompey, 147 224–25, 231, 247, 249 Pontiffs, College of, 7, 269 Rhône River, 75 Porphyry, philosopher, 269 Ribemont-sur-Ancre, 300n.148 Porphyry, saint, 242 Rituals of closure, 224, 257–70 Porticus sanctuary, Iron Age, 55–56, 59, 81 Rituals of termination. See Rituals of closure Portraiture, in Iron Age sculpture, 80 Rocca San Felice. See Valle d’Ansanto Possendorf, 73, 79, 82 Rolland, Henri, 55 Post-colonialism and Roman art, 89 Romanization. See Identity, ethnic

356 INDEX

Romano-Celtic temples, 150–73, 175, 182, 189–90, Salus, 113, 133, 135, 189, 249, Fig 3.28. 201, 213, 245, 250, 256, 277 See also Hygeia and continuity, 192 Salvianus of Marseille, 231 and idol bases, 194, 275 Samsø, Island of, 296n.70 Romanus, bishop of Rouen, 241 Samus and Severus, sculptors, 113, 120 Rome San Marino, Mithraeum, 138 Area Sacra di Largo Argentina, 149 Sanctuaire dolmenique, Alésia, 301n.28 Aventine Hill, 8, 28, 30, 105, 210 Sant’Abbondio. See Pompeii Barberini Mithraeum, 310n.86 Sanxay (Vienne), 152 Campus Martius 305n.117 Saône River, 75 Capitoline Hill, 35, 105 Saradi, Helen, 242 Capitoline Temple, 27, 35, 147, 199, 201, 203, Sargon, bust of, from Nineveh, 315n.20 258 Sarrebourg Mithraeum, 247 Ficus Ruminalis, 91 Saturn, 193, 201, 235, 278 Forum Boarium, 28, 36, 205 Saturnalia, 193 Palazzo Pio, 261 Sauer, Eberhard, 247 Sanctuary of the Syrian Gods, 262, 307n.16 Scales of Jupiter columns, 117, 119–20, 228 Santo Stefano Rotondo, Mithraeum, 139 Scandinavia, 37, 69, 75 Temple of Apollo, 105 Schierstein (Wiesbaden), 262, 264 Temple of Divus Augustus, 305n.117 Schnabelkanne, 51, 63 Temple of Ceres, Liber, and Libera, 30 Schneidershecke, 133–35, 189, 244, 249, Fig 3.28 Temple of Concordia, 147–48, 183 Schuppensäule. See Scales of Jupiter columns Temple of Diana, Aventine, 294n.12 Scipio Africanus, 200, 267 Temple of Fortuna Huisce Diei, 149, 273 Scrap metal, 81, 230 Temple of Janus, Forum Transitorium, 295n.39 Screens, 181, 191 Temple of Juno Regina, 8 Scythians, 37 Temple of Magna Mater, 34 Second Sophistic, 18 Temple of Sol Elagabal, 193 Securius Severus, 160 Temple of Venus and Roma, 307n.16 Sejanus, 294n.11 Temple of Venus Genetrix 307n.16 Seleucia, 105 Temple of Vesta, 35 Seleukia Pieria, 91 Temple of Victory, 34 Senate, 7, 34 Theatre of Marcellus, 105 Senilius Carantinus, 179 Tiber Island, 34 Sequana, goddess, 95 Rommerskirchen-Evinghoven, 231 Serapeum of Alexandria, 242 Romulus, 91, 322 Servilius Caepio, Q. 296n.59 Roos Carr (Britain), 318n.138 Servius Tullius, 28, 205 Roquepertuse, 55, 58, 80–81, 83, 223, Fig 2.10 Seurre, 75, 78 Rosmerta, 265, 267, 276, Fig 6.12 Severus, saint, 237 Rude Eskildstrup, 74, Fig 2.21 Shamans, 16, 259, 269 Rüger, Christoph, 124 Shenoute, abbot, 242 Rüpke, Jörg, 4 Ship of Isis, 215 Rutherford, Ian, 18 Ship of Nerthus, 41 Ships of Ganesh Chaturthi festival, 219 Sabinianus, saint, 315n.44 Shiva lingas, 17, 269 Sacriﬁces Sicily, 5, 21, 201 animal, 177, 197–98, 200, 207, 209 signum, 5, 7, 36, 187 human, 151, 235 simulacrum, 5, 7–9, 28, 30, 40–42, 44–46, 70, 96, 193, of cult images, 258 215, 235, 238 Saint Stephan, church of, 237 Sirona, 86, 107, 135, 173 Saint-Aubin-sur-Gaillon, 190–91, 203 Sirona of Hochscheid, 250, Fig 6.5 Saint-Louis, Basel, 78 Sirona of Pforzheim, 104, Fig 3.10 Saint-Marcel. See Argentomagus Skulls, 58, 70, 230, 263 Saint-Maur-en-Chaussée, 63–67, 82–83, 102, 216, Slaves, 34, 41, 200, 229, 237 223, 267, Fig 2.16 Smertrios, 107 Saint-Valérien (Yonne), 102, 128, 264, Fig 3.9 Snettisham (Norfolk), 300n.148 Saintes (Charente-Maritime), 101, 128, Fig 3.8 Sol, 140, 179 Salluvii, 57 Sosius, Gaius, 105

INDEX 357

Soulac-sur-Mer, 75 Tarquinius Superbus, 27, 35 Source de la Douix (Côte-d’Or), 95 Tarvos Trigaranos. See Bull, three-horned Source de la Seine. See Fontes Sequanae Tauroctonies, 138–43, 190, Figs. 3.29, 6.4 South America, 259, 269 mutilation of, 248, 254 Spain, 122 Tawern, 132, 253, 270, 276, Fig 6.6 Speaking statues, 179, 196 temenos. See Enclosure Spelaeum. See Cave, Mithraic Temple, Roman deﬁnition of, 146–47 Spes, 307n.6 Terminology of cult images Speusippus, Eleusippus and Meleuseppus, ancient, 5–9 martyrs, 315n.44 modern, 3–5 sphyrélaton, 102 Terminus, 35 Spickermann, Wolfgang, 89, 119, 124 Terracotta statues, 27–30, 90, 145 Spolia, 20, 115, 158, 232, 255 Tertullian, 1, 10, 27, 39 Spring sanctuaries, 94–99, 133, 135, 174, 186 Thasos, 267 Staging of idols, 149, 190, 195, 277–78 Theatres, 135, 148, 153, 159, 177, 245 Stahl, Peter, 259 Theodosius, 233 Standards, military Theophilus, bishop of Alexandria, 242 Celtic and Germanic, 41 thesaurus, 158, 184 military and processional, 41, 216 Thracians, 67 Standing Stones. See menhirs Thrones, 214 statua, 5 Thun-Allmendingen, 152, 182, 201–3, 206, 211, Steinsfurt (Baden-Württemberg), 117 250, 267, 275, Figs. 4.3, 5.2 Stelae Thunderbolts, 118, 175 Iron Age, 61, 94 Tiber River, 267 votive, 105, 174, 184–85, 197 Tiberius, 8, 61, 105, 107, 223, 267 Stetin, 299n.139 Tienen Mithraeum, 177, 179 Stewart, Peter, 5, 255 Titus, 230 Stirling, Lea, 233 Titus Tatius, 36 Stone of Magna Mater, 34, 91 To’o idols, 268 Stone sculpture toga praetexta, 28 Iron Age, 47–63 Torcs, 51, 53, 57, 59, 61–62, 64, 67, 69, 75, 78–79, Stones, sacred, 4, 17, 35, 91, 211 98, 107–8, 110, 206 Strasbourg Königshofen. See Königshofen erased from sculpture, 55, 244 Mithraeum meaning of, 81, 97–98 Structured deposits, 211, 259, 264 worn by cult images, 205 Style, of Roman provincial art, 86, See also Art, Totems, 15, 17 Roman provincial Toulouse, 296n.59 Succaria, 245 Tours, 234 Sucellus, 89 Tour de Vésone (Dordogne), 311n.102 Suebi, 41 Trajan, 8 Suetonius, 5, 8, 230 Trees, sacred, 4, 17, 42, 91, 94, 174 Sulis Minerva, 86 and Jupiter columns, 119 Sulpicius Scribonius, Publius, 115 and the Matronae cult, 127 Sulpicius Severus, 205, 232, 234–36, 241 in pits, 265 Sulz am Neckar, 267 Triads, Celtic, 189 Summanus, 261 Trichtingen, 78, 81, 205 Switzerland, 70, 75, 97–98, 155, 201 triclinium. See Couches Sword, 51, 53, 57, 61, 67, 75 Trier, 226, 231 Sybilline Books, 34 Altbachtal, 122, 128, 135, 152, 158–65, 181, 189, Symeon Stylites, 238 192, 219, 255, 274, 276, Figs. 3.20, 3.23, 4.2, Syncretism, 89 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 4.20, 6.2, Synod of Elvira, 232, 237 Image destruction in, 244–47 Church of St. Matthias, 256, Fig 6.8 Tables, for offerings, 157, 208 Church of St. Maximinus, 245, 255 Tacitus, 5, 39, 41, 43–45, 127, 204, 215–16 Mars Lenus Sanctuary, 122, 165–69, 192, 194, Tanfana, 230 244, 250, 276, Figs. 4.10, 4.11, 4.12, 4.13 Tarentum, 34 Triguères (Loiret), 93, 174, 274, Fig 3.2 Tarquinius Priscus, 27, 36 Triton, 29

358 INDEX

Troy, 35 von Hesberg, Henner, 149 Tuggen, 240, 243 Votive monuments Tumulus, 47, 51, 53–54, 63, 79, 81–82, 92, 155 placement of, 181–88 Turin, 237 Votum. See Vow, ritual of Tylor, Edmund, 45 Vow, ritual of, 6, 35, 38, 90, 105, 144, 187, 273 Tyche, 317n.101. See also Fortuna Vulca of Veii, 27–28 Vulcan, 107 Ubii, 123–24, 127 Vulfolaic, deacon, 238–39 Ulansey, David, 142 Unguentaria, 203, 275 Walafridus Strabo, 239 Uppsala, 42 Walbrook Mithraeum, 259 Warrior from Hirschlanden. See Hirschlanden Val di Non, 235 Warrior from Holzgerlingen. See Holzgerlingen Valentinian, 228 Warrior from Saint-Maur. See Saint-Maur- Valerian, 225 en-Chaussée Valle d’Ansanto, 29 Washing of idols. See Bathing of idols Varro, Marcus Terentius, 26–28, 36, 39, 44, Watchtower. See Schneidershecke 258 Weathering of Jupiter columns, 231 Vasso Galate, 226 Weight, divine, of idols, 193, 199 Védignat, 61, Fig 2.12 Weiler (Keltern-Weiler, Enzkreis, Baden- Veii, 8, 27–28, 33, 35, 147, 196, 278 Württemberg), 197–99, 278, Fig 5.1 Veiovis, 105 Wells. See Pits Venantius Fortunatus, 235 Welschbillig, 233 Veneralia, 203, 209 Wettinus Augiensis, 239 Venus, 183, 200, 203, 209, 241, 264 Wheel, 67, 69, 92, 118 bathing of, 204, 213 Winchester, 122 in Church of St. Matthias, Trier, 257 Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, 2, 36 Vercingetorix, 45 Windows in Romano-Celtic temples, 157–59, 161, Vermaseren, Maarten J., 141 190 Verteuil (Charente), 110, 249, Fig 3.14 Wittenmoor, 299n.139 Vertumnus, 30, 36, 204, 207, 210 Wooden cult images Vesta, 91, 147 in early Rome, 28–33 Vettius Severus, Q., 124, 128, Fig 3.21 Iron Age, 69–79 Victory, goddess, 133–34, 189, 249, Fig 3.28 Roman, 94–105 Vienne (Isère), 237 Woods, sacred. See Grove Viergötterstein, 92, 113, 115, 120, 228 Woolf, Greg, 89, 119 mutilation of, 226, 254, 262 re-use of, 158, 255–57 Xanten, 123 Vieux Poitiers (Cenon, Vienne), 93 xóanon, 6 Viewing and visuality, 18 Vikings, 42 Yorkshire, Iron Age chalk ﬁgurines, 318n.139 Villeneuve, Switzerland, 75, 78, 82, Fig 2.22 Yverdon-les-Bains, 75–76, 78, 82, 98, 277 Villefosse, Héron de, 298n.117 Vioménil (Vosges), 244, 250, 253 Zenodorus, 130, 226 Vitellius, 43 Zeus Vitruvius, 146–47 idol at Olypmia, 274 Vix, 57, 59, 80–82, 151 Kasios, 91 Les Herbues, 50, 53–54, 81, 155, 277, Fig 2.9 Marnas, 242 tumulus of the princess, 53 Zodiac, 140, 178, 248 Volga Bulgars, 42 Zoroastrianism, 141