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Political System and State Structure of

POST-INDEPENDENCE AND CONSTITUTION The 1973 Constitution declared Pakistan as a Federal Repub- Within the first few years of its’ birth, post-independence Paki- lic to be known as the of Pakistan, recognizing stan faced a number of challenges. The first of two significant Islam as the religion of the state. Pakistan was to be a Federa- deaths, first in 1948 of its first , tion of four federating Units, , , the NWFP and Ba- Ali Jinnah, and then the assassination in 1951 of its first lochistan. The Constitution was parliamentary in nature, with a Prime Minister, Liaqat Ali Khan, destabilized the new country, bicameral at the Center consisting of two Houses, and may have been the cause of the emergence of conflict- the National Assembly and the Senate. Although the 1973 ing visions of the ideological direction the country ought to Constitution has been held in abeyance during military rule in pursue. It took almost eight years (till 1956) to agree to a the late 1970s/early 1980s, and has to date, been amended final constitution, establishing Pakistan as a republic within the 19 times, it is currently the constitution governing the state. Commonwealth. Within two years, the new parliamentary sys- The 18th Amendment to the Constitution, which was passed tem was facing challenges, and in 1958, in April 2010, removed most of the constitutional changes launched Pakistan’s first military coup, declaring . introduced during military regimes, as well as formally chang- In 1960 Khan became President, and by 1962, Pakistan saw ing the name of the North West Frontier Province to Khyber its’ second constitution, with politics placed in the firm grip Pakhtunkhwa, and has granted provinces greater autonomy. of the military. At this point, the turmoil caused by the failure to win a second war with in 1965, mounting corruption and increasingly taxing relations with gradually The 1973 Constitution lay down that the President was to be undermined Khan’s authority, finally forcing his resignation in the Head of the State. The President was to act on the advice 1969. The first election on a nationally democratic basis was of the Prime Minister of Pakistan, and could be removed on conducted in 1970. The elections saw the primarily East-Pa- the grounds of physical or mental incapacity or impeached on kistan based , lead by Shaikh Mujibur Rahman, charges of violating the Constitution or gross misconduct by a gaining an overall majority. However, the results were not two-thirds vote of the members of the parliament. well-received in , and power was not transferred to elected leaders. This set the stage for a new constitutional The President crisis where, in the period following, relations between East The is chosen by a secret ballot through and West Pakistan further polarised. In Mujibur an Electoral College comprising the Members of the Senate, Rahman declared an independent People’s Republic of Bang- National Assembly and the Provincial Assemblies. A person who ladesh, setting the stage for a nine month long civil war. In is a Muslim and not less than 45 years of age and is qualified to , India interceded in support of East Pakistan, be elected as a Member of the National Assembly can contest and the ensuing Indo-Pak war resulted in a humiliating sur- the Presidential election. The President is elected for a term of render by Pakistani forces. The surrender also marked the 5 years and is authorized to appoint the Attorney General, Judg- emergence of the former East Pakistan as an independent es of and High Courts, and the Chief Election country, . Commissioners. In the Provincial Government, each province General resigned the presidency in the aftermath was to have a appointed by the President. He could be of the war, and handed over leadership to Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, re-elected but could not hold office for more than two terms. Ayub Khan’s former Foreign Minister, and the founder and leader of the Pakistan People’s Party, which had won the ma- The Prime Minister jority of seats from West Pakistan in the elections of 1970. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President from among Bhutto became President and also the first civilian Chief Mar- the members of the National Assembly, and has to demon- tial Law Administrator. The National Assembly approved the strate majority support in the House. The Prime Minister is 1973 Constitution on April 10, 1973, and it came into effect assisted by the Federal Cabinet, a council of ministers whose on August 14. Bhutto took over as the Prime Minister of Paki- members are appointed by the President on the advice of the stan from this date and FazalIlahi Chaudhry was appointed as Prime Minister. The Federal Cabinet comprises the ministers, the President of Pakistan. ministers of state, and advisers 1 2 CIDOB International Yearbook 2012 Pakistan: Country Profile **In 1956, Iskander , whowasthentheGovernorGeneral,automaticallyassumedofficeasPresident,sincepostofGeneralabolished. **In 1956,IskanderMirza, * From1947to1956,therewasnoofficeofthePresident.TheheadstateGovernorGeneral. and 1 Technocrat is elected from the Federal Capital by the by Capital Federal the from elected is Technocrat 1 and of National Assembly from these areas, 2 members, 1 woman Members (FATAs)the Areas Tribalby Administered Federally Assembly,Provincial each by ed from elected are members 8 has a total of 100 members, of whom 14 members are elect Senate, the presenting representatives have also tory Tribal(FATA)Administered Areas Terri Capital and time as a new President can be formally elected. The Federally such until and vacant become office the should President as man of the Senate, under the constitution, is next in line to act chair The assemblies. provincial respective their of members the by elected provinces, four the of each rep from equal resentation with body legislative permanent a is Senate The The Senate distribution ofseatsintheNationalAssembly. current the shows 1 Graph dissolved. is Assembly National the unless sooner, or resign or die they unless years, five is which term, parliamentary the for serve members Assembly Islamabad Capital Territory on the basis of population. National and Areas, Tribal Administered Federally the provinces, four of the directly elected seats. Seats are allocated to each of the proportional representation, to parties that win more than 5% of basis the on allocated, are they minorities; non-Muslim for ten and women for Of reserved are 60 seats, remainder 70 the Assembly. Provincial or National the of member elected nominated is constituency single a in votes of number major basis. first-past-the-post a on elected are which of 272 seats, 342 has Assembly National The Pakistan). in age of years eighteen (over suffrage adult universal by elected are Assembly National the of Members The NationalAssembly tional Assembly(lowerhouse). Na and house) (upper Senate the of consisting Advisers), of The bicameral federal legislature is the Majlis-i-Shoora (Council Legislature completion of first 3 years of the Senate, is determined by drawing oflotsby theChiefElectionCommissioner. isdetermined the Senate, of 3 years first of completion after retire shall who Senators, the of group first the of term However,years. 6 the is Senate the of members the of term Assembly.Provincial each of members the by elected are The Assembly,TechnocratsNational 4 of and Members women 4 1947-1948 Jinnah* MUSLIM LEAGUE Nazimuddin* 1948-1951 Khawaja 1 h cniae h gis the gains who candidate The

Muhammad* Malik Ghulam 1951-1955 2 which

- - - - - REPUBLICAN PARTY Iskaner Mirza** 1956-1958 failing whichsuch assentisdeemedtohavebeen given. and the President is required to give his assent within ten days; the of President the to majority presented is it voting, and present the members of vote by amendment, without or with again, passed is Bill the If sitting. joint a in Bill the reconsider to supposed is parliament The considered. be message the in that the Bill be reconsidered and that an amendment specified requesting message a with parliament the to Bill the return may President the Bill, Finance the except However,bills all in quired to assent to bills passed by both houses within ten days. re is President The assent. for President the to presented is it Houses, two the of members the of majority of votes the by amendments, without or with sitting, joint the in passed is Bill the If originated. Bill the which in House the of request the on President the by summoned be to parliament, of sitting joint a in considered is it rejected, is or days ninety within passed not is House, other the to transmitted Bill, the If assent. for President the to presented is it amendment, without it passes House other the If House. other the to transmitted is it vote, majority through Bill the passes House one If House. either in originate can List Legislative Federal the to relating Bills The matters, however, both the Houses work together to legislate. money to exception With bills. money all and budget federal the approve can Assembly National the Only matters. money on exclusively legislating Senate, the over edge an has sembly As National the where bills, money for except legislation pass and initiate can Assembly National the and Senate the Both Source: NationalAssemblySecretariat * FormerNWFP. TOTAL Non- Women General 183 148 1958-1969 35 Ayub Khan -

Punjab MILITARY 74 13 61 T - Sindh 1. able in the in 43 35 8 - * llocation of Allocation 1969-1971 National 18 14 Yahya Khan 4 - Balochistan MILITARY 12 12 0 - FATA Assembly 2 0 2 - Federal Capital Seats 342 272 10 60

TOTAL 1971-1973 Zulfikar Ali - - PAKISTAN

PEOPLES Bhutto PARTY

1973-1978 Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry

1978-1988 Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq MILITARY

1988-1993 INDEPENDENT Ishaq Khan Ghulam

1993-1997 PAKISTAN PEOPLES Leghari Fraooq PARTY

PAKISTAN MUSLIM 1997-1998 LEAGUE (N) PAKISTAN MUSLIM 1998-2001 LEAGUE (N) Presidents of Pakistanof Presidents

2001-2008 INDEPENDENT Musharraf MILITARY/ Pervez Pervez

(1947-2011) PAKISTAN PEOPLES Zardari Asif Ali Desde 2008 PARTY

Presidents of Pakistan (1947-2011)

1947-1948 1948-1951 1951-1955 1956-1958 1958-1969 1969-1971 1971-1973 1973-1978 1978-1988 1988-1993 1993-1997 1997-1998 1998-2001 2001-2008 Desde Mohammad Ali Khawaja Malik Ghulam Iskaner Mirza** Ayub Khan Yahya Khan Zulfikar Ali Fazal Ilahi Muhammad Ghulam Fraooq Wasim Sajjad Muhammad Pervez 2008 Jinnah* Nazimuddin* Muhammad* Bhutto Chaudhry Zia-ul-Haq Ishaq Khan Leghari Rafiq Tarar Musharraf

PAKISTAN PAKISTAN PAKISTAN PAKISTAN PAKISTAN MUSLIM PAKISTAN MUSLIM MILITARY/ MUSLIM LEAGUE MUSLIM LEAGUE REPUBLICAN PARTY MILITARY MILITARY PEOPLES PEOPLES MILITARY INDEPENDENT PEOPLES PEOPLES LEAGUE (N) LEAGUE (N) INDEPENDENT PARTY PARTY PARTY PARTY

* From 1947 to 1956, there was no office of the President. The head of state was the Governor General. **In 1956, , who was then the Governor General, automatically assumed office as the President, since the post of Governor General was abolished.

GRAPH I. Seats in the National Assembly Table II. Allocation of Seats in the Senate

Other parties 8 General Seats reserved for Total Independients 20 Seats Muttahida Majlis e Amal (MMA) 8 Administrative Unit (ANP) 13 Technocrats MuttahidaQaumi Movement (MQM) 25 Women and Ulema (PML-Q) Federal Capital 2 1 1 4 50 Pakistan Muslim Balochistan 14 4 4 22 League Nawaz Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 14 4 4 22 Pakistan Peoples (PML-N)

Punjab 14 4 4 22 Pakistan of Structure and State System (PPP) (PPP) 91 Sindh 14 4 4 22 127 FATA 8 - - 8 TOTAL 66 17 17 100

Source: Election Commission of Pakistan Source: Senate

Under the Constitution, the Parliament may also legislate for give in writing its intention to do so, to the Speaker of the Na- two or more provinces by consent if a request is made by tional Assembly, or, as the case may be, to the Chairman Sen- those provinces. If the Federal Government proclaims a State ate, for moving a resolution for the purpose. If, in a joint sitting of Emergency in any province, the power to legislate for that of the two Houses, convened for the purpose, the resolution province is vested in the Parliament. But the bills passed by the is passed by the votes of not less than two thirds of the total Parliament during the , cease to be in force membership of the Parliament, the President ceases to hold after the expiration of six months from the date the emergency office immediately. is lifted. Nevertheless, the steps already taken under these In case an emergency is proclaimed, the Parliament holds the Acts remain valid. authority to extend the term of the National Assembly. Under In exercises of its constitutional role, the Parliament also has the Constitution, the Parliament may also, on the request of the other important duties to perform. The President, who is the Federal Government, confer functions upon officers or authori- Head of State, is elected by members of both Houses of the ties subordinate to the Federal Government. Parliament and by the Provincial Assemblies. The Prime Minis- ter, who heads the Cabinet and is meant to aid and advise the Judiciary President in his functions, belongs to the National Assembly. The 1973 Constitution provided for a free and independent Ju- He enjoys the confidence of the majority of the members of the diciary. The Constitution guarantees a right to the citizens to be National Assembly. protected by law, and imposed two duties on them, loyalty to the There is a democratic procedure to remove the Prime Minis- Republic and obedience to the law. Any person who was found ter from his office if he loses the confidence of the majority of to abrogate or attempt or conspire to abrogate or subvert the the members of the National Assembly. In such a situation, a Constitution was to be treated guilty of high treason. The Con- resolution for a vote of no-confidence is moved by not less than stitution conferred several kinds of fundamental rights to the 20% of the total membership of the National Assembly. If the people such as the right to life, liberty, equality and freedom of resolution is passed by the majority of the total membership of speech, trade and association. The Constitution also declared the National Assembly, the Prime Minister immediately relin- any laws inconsistent with or derogatory to fundamental rights quishes powers. as null and void. Similarly, for the removal or impeachment of the President, not The judiciary includes the Supreme Court, provincial high less than one-half of the total membership of either House may courts, and other lesser courts exercising civil and criminal

3 4 CIDOB International Yearbook 2012 Pakistan: Country Profile March 2009, seven months 16 after the in resignation of General only reinstated was Chaudhry Justice members. ily fam his with along arrest house under put and offices their from removed again were judges other and He action. this against order interim an issued which bench seven-member emergenc of state a clared the suspended re-election, his against decision court impending an pre-empted in 2007 November Musharraf, General Parliament, the by term second for President as elected been having After same.” the holding so been have to deemed be always shall and office said the holding be to deemed be “shall he that ruled and statement rein the ordered thirteen the of ten and illegal, been had action Musharraf’s General that agreed justices sitting the of thirteen Ramday.All Rehman Khalilur Justice by headed Court Supreme the of bench thirteen-member the by ruling Chaudhry was reinstated to his position as Chief Justice in a Justice under any circumstances. On 20 July 2007, Justice Chief the suspend to power the had President the whether of question the on also but Justice, Chief the against tions centered around not only on the lack of validity of the allega protests The country. the in parties political all almost and society, civil community, legal the of part the on protests widespread by followed was suspension Justice’s Chief The challenge Chaudhry,Muhammad toIftikhar decided Justice, Chief the response, In lawyers. senior with misbehaving and favours seeking corruption, propriety, judicial of norms the violating including charges, of series a under removed der,”was he “or this op with comply to refusal the his upon but given resign, to tion was Justice Chief The power. of abuse of charges on government the by suspended was sitting Justice Chief the history, Pakistan’s in time first the for 2007, In have original andappellatejurisdiction. courts High made. being is appointment the to which court high the of justice chief the and province the of governor the as well as Court, Supreme the of justice chief courts the with high consultation after President the by provincial appointed are the of Judges jurisdiction. advisory and appellate, hasoriginal, Court Supreme The sixty-five. age until office in remain may Court Supreme the of judges andjustice chief The justice. chief the with consultation ter af President the by appointed are judges otherCourt Supreme the President; the by appointed is Court Supreme Court. Supreme the of Judge a as appointed be to eligible is Court High a of advocate an as experience years 15 or Court High a of experi Judge a years as ence 5 with person A President. the by pointed ap Judges other 16 than more not and Justice Chief a consists of Pakistan of Court Supreme The disputes. tutional sta The jurisdiction. elected government toreinstatetheChiefJustice. newly then the of reluctance apparent the on focused were protests 2008 August post the Musharraf, General of tion ac unconstitutional the on focused had protests of phase first the While groups. of number a of part the on protest protracted another after only and President, as Musharraf n ’s judicial hierarchy, the final arbiter of legal and consti

his suspensio urm Cour Supreme n

in the Supreme Court of Pakistan. y . Justice Chaudhry convened a convened Chaudhry Justice . t s h ae cut in court apex the is

The chief justice of the of justice chief The

constitutio n ,

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Paki

de ------try try terrorists. Appeals from special courts go to high tocourts, courts special also are There offenses. bank for courts special and tribunal, appellate tax income an tribunal, late cial courts, labour courts, traffic courts, an insurance appel deal to commer tribunals courts, drug as such cases, and of kinds specific with courts special are there addition, In outside marriage. intercourse sexual and theft, intoxication, as offenses such to the enforcement of hears relating laws also under courts of criminal court decisions from appeals The Islam. of injunctions the with formity con into law the bring to steps taking with charged law,is provincial a of case the in governor, the or law, federal a of law is deemed repugnant to Islam, the President, in the case a When Islam. of injunctions the to repugnant is law any er wheth decides court This jurisdiction. appellate and original has law.Court Islamic Shariat in Federal versed The well be are judges the of Three President. the by appointed justice chief the judiciary and consists of eight Muslim judges, including a of pillar key another constitutes Court Shariat Federal The litical leaders. In addition it has exerted strong behind the behind strong exerted has it addition In leaders. litical po between and actors, between state other mediator and a government as the acted occasion on has command high military The rule. civilian of times in even role tutional itsconsti beyond far extends military the of influence The of theyearscountry’s existence. half for power in been have regimes civilian orbacked military military total, In Musharraf. Pervez General 2008), to late 1970s and 1980s) General Zia-ul-Haq, and (from 1999 YahyaGeneral and AyubKhan General 1960s) the(in Khan, the(in by led were governments Military occasions. four on governmentscivilian from over taken having politics, stream The military in Pakistan has played an influential role in main Military powers. discretionary of misuse curb help to and procedures, and ministrator and citizen, to improve administrative processes ad between gap the bridge to designed is institution This relating matters to as foreign national affairs, defence, and the armed services. well as servant public a of matters ice serv or however,grievances jurisdiction, personal from are Excluded maladministration. of result a as damage or loss powered to award compensation to those who have suffered agency or a federal government official. The Mohtasib is em tice done to a person through maladministration by a federal injus any rectifying and investigating accountability, administrative through enforcing for system a institutionalize to is purpose Mohtasib’s The renewed. or extended be cannot President, the Mohtasib holds office for four years. The term the by Appointed officials. public against complaints register to which on forum a had citizens that ensure to states, lim Mus early many in for,established provided as is budsman Within the constitution, the office of to theSupremeCourt. go tribunals the from Appeals appeal. for forums own their have which courts, traffic and labour of exception the with ulema ta i, sai Shlr, n ae upsd to supposed are and Scholars, Islamic is, that , hudoo d laws that is, laws pertaining to Wafaqi Mohtasib or Om ------scenes influence on foreign policy, particularly with regard to relations with India and Afghanistan. The military also has Prior to 2001, the sub-provincial tier of government was economic interests in Pakistan which it seeks to protect. Ac- composed of 26 divisions, with two further tiers (districts cording to one analyst, the growth of the military’s business and tehsils) administered directly from the provincial level. interests encourages the top echelons of the armed forces Under the 2001 Local Government Ordinance (LGO), the di- to support “policy making environments” that will “multiply visions were abolished and a new three-tiered system of lo- their economic opportunities” and such actions are “both the cal government came into effect, comprising districts, teh- cause and effect of a feudal, authoritarian, non-democratic sils and union councils, with an elected body at each tier. political system” (Siddiqa, 2007). At present, Pakistan is still a two-tiered federal state, not incorporating the local governments as a constitutionally rec- Elections ognised third level of government. The 17th Constitutional Pakistan’s electoral history is characterised by the eternal Amendment offered the local government system six years tussle between the civilian and military regimes, with almost of protection (roughly from 2002 to 2009), during which half of its existence being characterized by outright military, the changes to the local government legislation could not be or military sponsored rule. Nevertheless, an analysis of elec- made by the provinces without the approval of the President tion trends since 1970 showing that there are four clusters (ADB et. al, 2004). The LGO, however, lapsed in the end of of voters in Pakistan, namely the PPP cluster, the Muslim 2009, existing local governments ceased to hold office, and League(s) cluster (i.e. the various factions of the party), the each provincial government is now supposed to finalize its Religious Parties Cluster and the Regional Parties cluster own local government plan, and get appropriate legislation (PILDAT 2008). It is estimated that roughly 60% to 75% of approved by its provincial assembly. This process is at vari- the votes are claimed by the first two clusters (PPP and MLs) ous stages across the four provinces. while the remaining gets distributed among the other clus- There are currently 113 districts in Pakistan-proper, each with ters as well as independents and miscellaneous. Frequently, several tehsils and union councils. The tribal areas comprise no single party holds a majority, and therefore parties must seven tribal agencies and six small frontier regions http:// Pakistan of Structure and State System Political form alliances during or after elections. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan - cite_note-94 detached from In terms of political stability, the past decade has been a neighbouring districts while Azad comprises of ten tumultuous one for the country. The 1990s were character- and Gilgit-Baltistan seven http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paki- ised by coalition politics dominated by the Pakistan Peoples stan - cite_note-96 districts respectively. Party and Muslim League. India’s nuclear test ‘Pokhran-II’ triggered Pakistan to conduct two nuclear tests in Balo- Regions chistan in May of 1998. The following year, the Kargil conflict Pakistan is divided into 4 provinces, Sindh, Balochistan, was followed by a coup d’état by General , Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (formerly known as the ousting Prime Minister . In 2001, Musharraf North West Frontier Province). Additionally, Pakistan also become the President and after the 2002 parliamentary has 3territories, the Federal Capital (known as the Islam- elections, Musharraf transferred executive powers to the abad Capital Territory), the Federally Administrated Tribal newly elected Prime Minister Jamali, who was succeeded in Areas (FATA) and the region ofGilgit-Baltistan.3 The disputed the 2004 prime-ministerial election by . territory of Azad Jammu and Kashmir legally has its own On 15 November 2007, the National Assembly, for the first government and constitution, although it is sometimes re- time in Pakistan’s history, completed its tenure and new elec- ferred to in international bodies as Pakistan Administered tions were called. The exiled political leaders Kashmir. and Nawaz Sharif were permitted to return to Pakistan. How- At the time of independence, the population count was 32.5 ever, the 2008 Pakistani election was dealt a great shock on million (Pakistan Economic Survey, 2010-1011). The last of- 27 December 2007 when Benazir Bhutto was assassinated ficial population census took place in 1998, although the while leaving a rally in , leading to nationwide ri- 2011 census is in process. In 1998, the population was ots. The Pakistani Election Commission announced after a estimated at 132.35 million (Population Census Organisa- meeting in Islamabad that the election would take place on tion, 1998). 18 February, after a five week delay. The PPP then decided In the inter-census period, the population for each year is es- to name Bhutto’s son, , the new party timated on the basis of demographic and fertility studies. Ac- leader with his father Asif Ali Zardari as co-chairman. cording to this estimate, Pakistan’s population in mid-2011 With 44% turnout, the 2008 election led to strong showings is estimated at 177.1 million, growing at an annual rate of for the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) and the Pakistan Mus- 2.07% (Pakistan Economic Survey, 2010-2011). However, lim League (Nawaz) (PML-N). Both parties initially formed many estimate the population to be as much as 10 million a coalition to lead the government, and signed an accord, more than the suggested figure. According to the United known as the Bhurban Accord, to lay out a course of ac- Nations Population Council, Pakistan will be one of the 9 tion. was appointed as Prime Minister. countries in the world accounting for over half of the global On 18 August 2008, Pervez Musharraf resigned from the population by 2050(UN Press release, 2009), with an esti- presidency when threatened with impeachment, and was re- mated population of 318 million, thereby ranking third after placed by Asif Ali Zardari in early September. India and China.

5 6 CIDOB International Yearbook 2012 Pakistan: Country Profile PML-Q is another centrist another is PML-Q Pakistan MuslimLeague(PML-Q) ofSindh. inKhyber Pakhtunkhwa, andinparts support has traditionally been in North and Central the was party instance able to complete neither its term. on Although the but bulk of its occasions, support two on Minister Prime elected been has party, the of leader the Sharif Nawaz Sharif.secondthePML-NParliament.biggestisin party Mian leader, Nawaz its for 1993 in label (N) or (Nawaz) the gained as a successor to the previously disbanded Muslim League, occasions two on power held The Pakistan Muslim League is a Pakistan MuslimLeagueNawaz(PML-N) claim thathasbeenborneoutinmostelections. which has support in all provinces and territories of Pakistan – a party only the being to claim laid consistently has Ba It lochistan. in extent, lesser a to and Pakhtunkhwa, Khyber of parts Sind estpolitical party of Pakistan. Although its heart land is in rural larg the is and formation, its since times four government held Ali Zardari as co-chairman and current President. The PPP has Bilawal ‘inheriting’ Chairmanship of the party, with his father Asif son Benazir’s with continues dynasty Bhutto The assassinated. was led by Bhutto’s daughter Benazir until 2007 when she was (PPPP)Partymainstream ais political Pakistan,inparty which lowthe original PPP to contest elections. The Pakistan Peoples with electoral rules governing Pakistani parties, which did not al a party formed in 2002 by the PPP for the purpose ofis (PPPP) Parliamentarians complying Party Peoples Pakistan The people. ing West Pakistan in the elections of1971 with its pledge of provid in seats of bulk the winning Bangladesh, with Pakistan’ssplit to AliBhutto. Theparty gained much popularity andsupport prior ered more centrist. was The founded party in 1967, by Zulfikar originally campaigned on a socialist platform, but is now consid a is Party Peoples Pakistan The Parliamentarians(PPPP) Pakistan PeoplesParty Political parties the provincialgovernments. by provided are example, for roads, and agriculture, cation, edu health, as such areas in services the of Most ernments. gov provincial and federal between responsibilities of division well-defined a now is there Constitution, the to Amendment 18 the of passage the After minorities. for seats reserved have also assemblies Provincial suffrage. adult universal by elected are assemblies provincial the of Members assembly. by a chief minister appointed by the governor, and a provincial headed Ministers of governor,Council a a has province Each Governments Provincial parliament after the PPPPandPML(N). in party biggest 3rd the is It 2007. to 2002 from coalition, a of member lead power,the in as was and Musharraf President Pervez former supported party The Musharraf. General by government Sharif Nawaz the of removal the on several factions into split League Muslim Pakistan the when 2001, “Roti, KapraaurMakaan” “Roti, h , it also has considerable support in southern Punjab in Punjabsouthern in considerablesupporthas also it , (food, clothing and shelter) to the the to shelter) and clothing (food, political part political . The party was founded in 1962 1962 in founded was party The . center-righ center-lef y t , and was and , Punja

t political part political party party which has also b , it also retains formed in formed y , which which , 4 and th ------

India. The party has had a checkered history, pre-partition in marked Party by Congress conflict the with affiliated were who ers names. The current leadership are descendants of Pakhtun lead party, with political a long secular history in leftist, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa a under different is (ANP) Party National Awami The Awami (ANP) NationalParty the federalgovernmentaswell intheSindhgovernment. in coalition ruling the of member a currently is It Assembly. rently highest holds number the of fourth seats in the National an attempt to widen its appeal outside urban Sindh. MQM cur in “United”), (meaning Muttahida with it replaced and name, its from Muslims) -speaking of roots party’s the denotes the MQM officially removed the term Mohajir (or refugee, which 1997, In issues. social and political many on stances secular of . The organization maintains liberal, progressive and University the from 1978 in organization student ethnic an as originated party The 1992. since London in exile self-imposed in lived has who Hussain, Altaf by led currently is and founded was It Hyderabad. and Karachi in based community Mohajir speaking Urdu the for formed party a as life began MQM The MuttahidaQaumi Movement(MQM) Balochistan Unit Administrative Source: PopulationCensusOrganisation Islamabad FATA GilgitBaltistan Sindh Punjab Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa Balochistan Provinces/Territories Source: PakistanCensusOrganisation(1998) P Gilgit-Baltistan) FATA, (Federal Capital, Territories Sindh Punjab Pakhtun-khwa Khyber AKISTAN TOTAL T able

III. ivisions and Divisions

T 796,096 347,190 140,914 205,345 able 28,126 74,521 Area Km 2 IV

ulation of Pakistanof Population . Population (millions) istricts in Pakistanin Districts 132.35 Divisions 4.15 30.4 73.6 17.7 1 1 1 3 5 9 7 6 6.5

55,6 13,4 100 4.9 3,1 23 % Districts Islamabad Provincial Provincial Karachi Capital Quetta N/A 10 23 36 24 30 1 7 7 - - with the federal government, but is currently part of the ruling Bibliographical References coalition in the center as well as in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK. Devolution in Pakistan: Overview of the ADB/DfID/ Study. Department for Interna- Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) tional Development, World Bank (2004). In 1997, former cricketer started a socio-political movement in Pakistan known as Movement for Justice (Urdu: HACKETT, J. (Eds.). The Military Balance 2010. International Tehreek-e-Insaaf). As the fastest growing political party in Pa- Institute for Strategic Studies. London, 2010. kistan, PTI is establishing itself as one of the country’s main- stream national parties, and is said to have made tremendous MEZZERA, M.; AFTAB, S.; YUSUF, S. Devolution Row: An as- strides in gaining support in the last two to three years. sessment of Pakistani’s 2001 Local Government Ordinance. Netherlands Institute for International Relations, Conflict -Re Other than the parties listed above, the religious parties, main- search Unit, Clingendael. The Hague, November 2010. ly the Jamaat-i-Islami and the Jamiat Ulema e Islam (Fazlur MEZZERA, M., AFTAB, S. Pakistan State–Society Analysis. Rehman group) have been represented in parliament, although Netherlands Institute for International Relations, Conflict -Re they have rarely garnered more than 5% of the vote. In the search Unit, Clingendael. The Hague, January 2009. elections of 2002, however, an alliance of religious political parties, the Muttahida Majlis e Amal or MMA, came to power PAKISTAN MINISTRY OF FINANCE, 2011.Economic Survey in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and also had a respect- 2010-2011. Pakistan Ministry of Finance, 2011. able showing in the National Assembly. PILDAT. The Calculus of Electoral Politics in Pakistan (1970- 2008). Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Notes Transparency, PILDAT. Islamabad, January 2008.

1. This refers to a system where the winner has the highest SIDDIQA, Ayesha. Military Inc: Inside Pakistan’s Military Econ- Pakistan of Structure and State System Political number of votes, not the majority. omy. Oxford University Press. 2007.

2. The administration of the territories of Azad Jammu and US LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.A Country Study: Pakistan. 1995 Kashmir and Gilgit-Balistan were entrusted to Pakistan under UN Security Council resolutions. They have since been treated Online References as administrative units of Pakistan and are subject to most of liabilities of a Province under the Pakistan constitution. They do ANP: http://www.awaminationalparty.org not have any of the constitutional rights and powers enjoyed by Balochistan Provincial Assembly: http://www.pabalochistan. the provinces. One of the many consequences of this situation gov.pk is that Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan do not have any seats Election Commission of Pakistan: http://www.elections.com. in the Pakistan Parliament or institutions established by the pk/index.php Constitution (PILDAT, 2011). Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Provincial Assembly: http://www.pakp. gov.pk 3. In August 2009, the had approved MQM: http://www.mqm.org a Self-Governance Reforms Package for the Northern Areas, National Assembly: http://www.na.gov.pk aimed at giving it full internal autonomy, but without the status National Reconstruction Bureau: http://www.nrb.gov.pk of a province, and changed its name to Gilgit-Baltistan. : www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk Pakistan Muslim League Nawaz: http://www.pmln.org 4. General Ayub Khan banned all political parties during his Pakistan Peoples Party: http://www.ppp.org.pk/ regime (1958-1969). Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf: http://www.insaf.pk/ Population Census Organisation: http://www.census.gov.pk/ Punjab Provincial Assembly: http://www.pap.gov.pk Sindh Provincial Assembly: http://www.pas.gov.pk Supreme Court: http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/ wpp2008/pressrelease.pdf http://dwb4.unl.edu/Chem/CHEM869A/CHEM869ALinks/ www.iiasa.ac.at/Research/LUC/Papers/gkh1/chap1.htm http://www.storyofpakistan.com/ http://www.pakistani.org

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