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Social Aspects of Western Zhou Ritual Paul Between Kin and King: Social Aspects of Western Zhou Ritual Paul Nicholas Vogt Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 ©2012 Paul Nicholas Vogt All rights reserved ABSTRACT Between Kin and King: Social Aspects of Western Zhou Ritual Paul Nicholas Vogt The Western Zhou period (ca. 1045-771 BCE) saw the dissemination of a particular style of ancestral ritual across North China, as the Zhou royal faction leveraged its familiarity with the ritual techniques of the conquered Shang culture to complement its project of state formation. Looking back on this era as the golden age of governance, Eastern Zhou and Han thinkers sought to codify its ritual in comprehensive textual treatments collectively known as the Sanli and, in particular, the Zhouli , or “Rites of Zhou.” Later scholarship has consistently drawn on the Sanli as a reference point and assumed standard for the characterization of Western Zhou rites. Current understandings of the formative era of early Chinese ritual are thus informed by the syncretic and classicizing tendencies of the early empires. To redress this issue, the present study explores the ritual practices of the Western Zhou based on their records on inscribed bronzes, the most extensive source of textual information on the period. It characterizes Western Zhou ancestral rites as fluid phenomena subject to continued redefinition, adoption, cooption, and abandonment as warranted by the different interests of Western Zhou elites. Separate discussions consider the role of ancestral rites and inscribed bronzes in materializing the royal presence within the interaction spheres of elite lineages; the evolution of ritual performances of Zhou kingship, and their relationship to the military and political circumstances of the royal house; the emergence of new ritual contexts of patronage, recognition, and reward that differentiated between members of expanding lineages and intensified royal control over key resources; and the combination of multiple ritual techniques with royal hospitality provision to create major ritual event assemblies. A final synthesis brings these discussions together into a sequential analysis of Western Zhou ritual, relating them to the evolving political situation of the Zhou royal house. TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS i LIST OF CHARTS, GRAPHS, AND ILLUSTRATIONS vii CONVENTIONS viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xi DEDICATION xv INTRODUCTION: RITUAL AND THE FORMATION OF THE WESTERN ZHOU STATE 1 0.1: Introduction 1 0.2: Background of the study of Zhou ritual 3 0.3: The “Zhou” in Zhou ritual 6 0.4: Theoretical approach to social aspects of ritual 11 0.4.1: “Social aspects” and the “sociology of associations” 11 0.4.2: The king as “obligatory passage point” 14 0.4.3: Regularized actions and the diagnosis of ritual 15 0.4.4: Material objects, social objects, and “rite names” 21 0.5: Ritual in the inscriptions: prior work and present standpoint 24 0.6: Source materials 25 0.7: Organization of the work 30 CHAPTER 1: LAYING THE FOUNDATIONS: KINSHIP, ANCESTORS, BRONZES, AND THE 34 BASIS OF ZHOU RITUAL 1.1: Introduction 34 1.2: Western Zhou kinship terminology and identity formation 36 1.2.1: Ancestral temples and ancestral lines (Zong 宗宗宗) 36 1.2.1.1: Zong 宗 as location in the Western Zhou inscriptions 37 1.2.1.2: Zong as a designation for people 42 1.2.1.3: Summary 47 1.2.2: Kinship-based military units (Zu 族族族) 48 i 1.2.3: Clans/surnames (xing 姓姓姓) 50 1.2.4: Shi 氏氏氏 54 1.2.4.1: Early Western Zhou cases of shi 氏 54 1.2.4.2: Middle Western Zhou cases of shi 氏 56 1.2.4.3: Late Western Zhou cases of shi 氏 58 1.2.4.4: Summary 61 1.2.5: The terminology of Western Zhou group identity 62 1.3: Feasting, edible sacrifices, inscribed bronze vessels, and ancestral ritual 63 1.3.1: The ethic of presence in bronze inscriptions and the “distributed personhood” of the king 63 1.3.2: Creating ancestors 67 1.3.3: Creating lineages 71 1.3.4: Reporting in the presence of the ancestors 73 1.3.5: Feasting and ritual participation 79 1.3.6: Sets of bronzes and sets of ancestors 83 1.4: Conclusion 87 CHAPTER 2: TAKING PART AND TAKING OVER: WESTERN ZHOU ANCESTRAL RITES AS 90 SOCIAL OBJECTS 2.1: Introduction 90 2.2: Shared rites 92 2.2.1: Livestock rites and royal patronage 93 2.2.1.1: Di/chi 禘/啻 93 2.2.1.1.1: Royal performances of di/chi 94 2.2.1.1.2: Non-royal performances of di/chi 97 2.2.1.1.3: Di 帝, di 禘, chi 啻, and the Bamboo Annals 100 2.2.1.1.4: Summary 102 2.2.1.2: Lao 牢/ Da lao 大牢 104 2.2.1.2.1: Royal instances of lao in the Western Zhou inscriptions (or the lack thereof) 104 ii 2.2.1.2.2: Non-royal instances of lao in Western Zhou inscriptions 105 2.2.1.2.3: Summary 109 2.2.2: Rites appearing mainly during the early Western Zhou 111 2.2.2.1: Liao 燎 (burnt offering) 111 2.2.2.2: Rong 115 2.2.2.3: Yu 禦 (exorcism/warding) 119 2.2.2.3.1: Non-royal instances of yu 禦 (early Western Zhou) 119 2.2.2.3.2: Royal instances of yu (late Western Zhou) 122 2.2.2.3.3: Yu in the Zhouyuan oracle bones 124 2.2.2.3.4: Summary 124 2.2.3: Terms forming the shared rubric of Western Zhou ritual 127 2.2.3.1: Hui Ο (entreaty) 127 2.2.3.1.1: Royal performances of hui recorded by high-ranking elites 128 2.2.3.1.2: Royal hui as an opportunity for subordinate elites 133 2.2.3.1.3: Non-royal sponsorship of hui : the Ze Ling bronzes 136 2.2.3.1.4: Hui as a declared vessel purpose 140 2.2.3.1.5: Hui in the Zhouyuan oracle bone inscriptions 143 2.2.3.1.6: Summary 145 2.2.3.2: Zheng 烝/蒸 (deng 登) 148 2.2.3.2.1: Cases of zheng in Western Zhou inscriptions: royal performances 148 2.2.3.2.2: Western Zhou vessels cast for the purpose of zheng : non-royal inscriptions 154 2.2.3.2.3: Zheng in received texts of possible Western Zhou date 156 2.2.3.2.4: Summary 160 2.2.3.3: Zhu 祝 (invocation) 161 2.2.3.3.1: Zhu in Western Zhou bronze inscriptions 161 2.2.3.3.3: Summary 164 2.3: Ancestral rituals performed only by Zhou kings 165 iii 2.3.1: Su () (AS glosses as 餗餗餗) 166 2.3.1.1: Su in inscriptions 166 2.3.1.2: Su in received texts of possible Western Zhou date 168 2.3.1.3: Summary 169 2.3.2: Yue 禴禴禴 171 2.3.2.1: Yue in the Western Zhou bronze inscriptions 171 2.3.2.2: Yue in received texts of possible Western Zhou date 172 2.3.2.3: Summary 174 2.4: Ancestral rites never performed by the Zhou king in the inscriptions 176 2.4.1: Chang 嘗嘗嘗 176 2.4.2: Sheng 升升升 178 2.4.3: Sui 歲歲歲 180 2.4.4: Yin 禋禋禋 182 2.3.5: Zhuo 酌酌酌 183 2.5: Conclusions 184 CHAPTER 3: FIGURING THE KING: MIMESIS, PRODUCTION, AND THE RITUAL 190 PORTRAYAL OF ZHOU KINGSHIP 3.1: Introduction 190 3.2: Rituals framing the Zhou king as mediator 191 3.2.1: Feng /li 豐豐豐/禮禮禮 192 3.2.1.1: The etymology of feng/li 193 3.2.1.2: Da feng 大豐/da li 大禮 (“the Great Rite”) 195 3.2.1.3: The Bo Tangfu ding event: an occurrence of the “Great Rite”? 200 3.2.1.4: Summary 205 3.2.2: Jitian/jinong 籍田/籍農 (“ploughing fields”) 206 3.2.2.1: Ritual ploughing in later texts 209 3.2.2.2: The coercive implications of ritual ploughing 212 iv 3.2.3: Zhiju 執駒 (“catching foals”) 214 3.2.3.1: The foal-catching rite in the Western Zhou inscriptions 214 3.2.3.1: The foal-catching rite and the management of horses in early China 221 3.3: Conclusion: figuring and refiguring the Zhou king 226 CHAPTER 4: ENROLLING ALLIES: REOGNITION, REWARD, AND THE RITUAL 232 INSTANTIATION OF PATRONAGE 4.1: Introduction 232 4.2: Mieli 蔑歷 (“recounting of merits”) 233 4.2.1: Mieli in the early Western Zhou inscriptions 235 4.2.2: Mieli in the middle Western Zhou inscriptions 237 4.2.3: Mieli in the late Western Zhou inscriptions 243 4.2.4: Summary and further discussion 244 4.3: She 射射射 (archery) 248 4.3.1: Royal archery as military metaphor 249 4.3.2: Archery as education vs. archery as diplomacy 253 4.3.3: Summary and further discussion 267 4.4: The official appointment ceremony 274 4.4.1: Physical orientation of ritual participants 278 4.4.2: The appointment ceremony and changing models of patronage 280 4.4.3: Written documents, the appointment ceremony, and the production of inscribed bronzes 281 4.5: Conclusion: evolving strategies of patronage and enrollment 284 CHAPTER 5: WESTERN ZHOU RITUAL: A SEQUENTIAL AND REINTEGRATIVE ANALYSIS 288 5.1: Introduction 288 5.2: Ancestors and the ethic of presence: early Western Zhou ritual 290 5.2.1: Separating from Shang: The formation of Zhou ritual in the period of expansion 292 5.2.2: Early Western Zhou ritual assemblies: the example of the Mai fangzun 295 v 5.2.3: Early Western Zhou royal ritual and political strategies 300 5.2.3.1: Lineage and the state in early Western Zhou ritual 303 5.2.3.2: Persuasive royal strategies of group formation 304 5.2.3.3: Materialized ideology and the relaying of royal rites through bronzes 307 5.3: The transformation of Western Zhou ritual 311 5.3.1: The crisis of Zhou royal power and the historical context of the transition 314 5.3.2: The peak of Western Zhou ritual diversity under King Mu 315 5.3.3: The rites of the post-King Mu period 318 5.4: The issue of the “ritual reform” or “ritual revolution” 321 5.4.1: The “ritual reform” argument and its correlation with the bronze inscriptions 323 5.4.2: Causes of the “ritual reform” 327 5.4.3: The political logic of the “ritual reform” and the post-King Mu changes in Zhou royal ritual 328 5.5: Conclusion 332 CONCLUSION 335 APPENDIX 1: ADDITIONAL TERMS 339 7.1: Introduction 339 7.2: The question of guan 祼祼祼 (libation/toasting) 339 7.3: Chai 髭髭髭/柴柴柴/祡祡祡 346 APPENDIX 2: TABLES AND FIGURES 351 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 372 BIBLIOGRAPHY 375 vi LIST OF CHARTS, GRAPHS, AND ILLUSTRATIONS Table 0.1: The chronology of the Western Zhou kings 351 Table 1.1: Frequency of xing 姓 names in dateable Shang and Western Zhou bronze 352 inscriptions (following the AS database) Table 1.2: Western Zhou tombs with bronze vessel assemblages from Zhangjiapo, 353 Gaojiabao, and the Yu state cemetery at Baoji Table 2.1: Vessels declaring hui ȼ as a purpose 355 Table 4.1: Instances of mieli 蔑曆 in early Western Zhou inscriptions 356 Table 4.2: Instances of mieli in middle Western Zhou inscriptions 358 Table 4:3: Datings of middle Western Zhou mieli inscriptions 363 Table 4.4: Instances of mieli in late Western Zhou inscriptions 365 Fig.
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