ComPLETE

.J Essentisls of MUSI( THEORY

e ANDREW SURMANI. KAREN FARNUM SunMANtr. MoR-roru MANUs 3

a Listening to music is one of the most popular pastimes, enjoyed by people all A over the world. Whether listening to recordings or attending live concerts, 4 music has the ability to inspire and give pleasure to almost everyone. a For many students and professionals, playing a musical instrument is an even more enjoyable experience. But understanding how music is constructed; how scales and chords are formed; t the relationship between major and minor keys; and how music is composed through rnelody, harmony and chord progressions can enhance the musical experience even further. There is also current scientific research which proves that studying music improves l.Q. scores-it actually makes students smarter"

Alfred's Essentials of Music Theory is designed for students of any age, whether listener or performer, who want to have a better understanding of the language of music.

BOOKS 1,2,3: This theory course is made up of three books of 40 pages each, with each book consists pages instructional material (including 4 containlng six units. A unit of four or five of written exercises), an Ear Training page and a Review page. 4 Each new term is capitalized the first time it is introduced (GRAND STAFF) and will also be listed 't in the Glossary & lndex of Terms and Symbols (along with the page number) at the end of each J book. As the Glossary only contains terms introduced within the book, it is a complete listing of d subjects included.

{ COMPLETE BOOK: Alfred's Essentials of Music Theory is also available in one complete book of d 120 pages that contains all the pages included in the separate books. An alto cief (viola) edition is also available in one complete or three separate books. d '( TEACHER"S ANSWER KEY A Complete Book with the answers for the exercises frorn the Lesson and Review pages and music for Ear Training pages. Also included is a reproducible sheet for 't the listing student names and grades for the Ear Training and Review pages. J d COMPACT DISCS: One of the difficulties in studying music theory is not being able to hear what is being learned. The two CDs available (CD 1 covers Books 'l and 2, CD 2 covers Book 3) not only .a allow the student to hear the musical elements discussed, but offers the student opportunities to a test their listening skills. Musical examples are played by a variety of instruments (piano, flute, clarinet, alto saxophone, trumpet, trombone, violin and cello)" 't { COMPUTER SOFTWARE: The use of computers in the music studio has become commonplace in many schools and universities. Alfred's Essentials of Music Theory offers companion software for both IBM- I compatible and Macintosh computers that will allow the instructor to test and drill students, keep .{ track of their students' progress, and make use of interactive instruction in the classroom. I .a { Thanks to: John O'Reillv, E. L. Lancaster. Matt McKaqan, Tocjd Helm -.t & especially Eruce Goldes. Alired Publishing Co,, Inc. Publishrng Co., Inc. '16320 O MCMXCVIII by Alfred - Roscoe BIvd., Suite 100 All riohts reserved. Printed in USA. F.O. Box 10003 . Van Nuys, CA 91410 l5BN 0-88284-897-6 (Book) a lfred. com lsBN 0-88284'951'4 (Book and 2 CDsi UNIT 1 Lesson 1:TheStaff, NotesandPitches.. " .. " ". "3 Lesson2: TrebleClef andStaff...... 4 CorureNTs Lesson 3: Bass Clef and Staff . . . . . 5 Book 1 Lesson 4: The Grand Staff and Ledger l-ines (the middle notes)...... 6 Lesson 5: Ledger Lines (low and high notes) ... "7 Table of EarTraining for Lessons 1-5 ...... "..8 Contents Reviewof Lessons 1-5...... 9 Book 2 UNIT 2 See page 42 Lesson 6: Note Values . . " 10 Table of LessonT:Measure, BarLineandDoubleBar ...... 11 Contents Lesson a: { lme Signature and Note Values. . . . 12 Book 3 Lesson 9: Whole, Half and Quarter Rests . , . . . . 13 See page 82 Ear Training for Lessons 6-9 ...... 14 Review of Lessons 6-9 " ...... 15

UNIT 3 Lesson t0: f time Signature " ". "'16 Lesson tl:ttime Signature ....17 Lesson 12: Dotted Half Note . . . . 18 Lesson 13: Ties and Slurs . 19 EarTrainingforLessons 10-13 " "..... "2O Reviewof Lessons 10-13 ...... 21 qi UNIT 4 Lesson 14: Repeat Sign, 1st and 2nd Endings . . .22 (- Lesson 15: Eighth Notes "",....23 i-esson 16: Eighth Rests " "...... 24 l-esson 17: Dotted Quarter Note...... 25 EarTi'aining for l-essons 14-17 ... ". "..26 ReviewofLessons14-17 . ...."27 ? UNIT 5 {i Lesson 18: DynamicSigns ...,..28 t Lesson 19: Tempo Marks ...... 29 l-esson20: Articulation. .."...30 Lesson 21:D.C., D.S., Coda and Fine " "..3'l EarTraining for Lessons 18-21 ...... 32 \t Reviewoflessons 18-21...... "33 it UNIT 6 Lesson 22: Flats ... .. ". "34 l-esson23: Sharps. ". -35 v Lesson24: Naturals.. ^...... "36 Lesson 25: Whole Steps, Half Steps and Enharmonic Notes .. ..37 EarTrainingforLessons22-25 ."" ...38 ReviewofLessons22-25 ...... 39 J a APPENDIX a Glossary & lndexof Terms &Symbols "..40

I Lessoru 1

The Stffi, Notes and Pitcltes

Music is written on a STAFF of five lines and the four spaces between.

The STAFF

Music NOTES are ovai-shaped symbols that are placed on the lines and in the spaces. They represent musical sounds, called PITCHES.

The lines of the staff are numbered 5=^ from bottom to too. -J

The spaces between the lines are also numbered from bottom to top.

if the notes appear higher on the staff, they sound higher in pitch. lf the notes appear lower on the staff, they sound lower in pitch.

4

a Higher Lower Lower Higher Lower Lawer I t Exercises t Draw a staff by connecting the dots. a a j o a I Use a ruler or straight edge. Number the o a iines, spaces I then the frorn low to high. o a !t a a

a a On the staff, ! { nnark an X ln the t foilowing locations: Line 3 Space 2 Line 1 Space 4 Line 5 Space 1 l-ine 4 Space J Line 2 e 't .a Write notes like this O on the t following lines spaces: e and Space 4 hne 1 Space 2 Lne 3 Space 1 Line 5 Space 3 Line 2 Lrne 4 a

& lndicate uvhether .t, the 2nd note is

'{t highen or iower than the 1st note t by using an t H (hiEher) or L (lower).

g Lrssoru 2

Treble CIef and Staff

Music notes are named after the first seven letters of the alphabet, from A to G. By their position on the staff, they can represent the entire range of musical sound.

CLEF signs help to organize the staff so notes can easily be read.

The TREBI-E CI-EF rs used for notes in the higher pitch ) into present + ranges. The treble (or G) clef has evolved tiom a A the Ih- stylized letter G: \-" -;.-

The curl of the treble clef circles the line on which The TREBLE STAFF the note G is placed. This G is above MIDDLE C (the C nearest the middle of the keyboard). il c IJI F

Line Notes All the notes of the TREBLE STAFF: In the treble staff, the names of the notes on the lines from bottom to top are E, G, B, D, F. Every Good Boy Does Fine

Space Notes The narnes of the notes in the spaces il rf from bottonn to top I c E F GIA B c DIE F speil FACE"

Exercises

The trebie clef is Motion l: A/lotion 2: written in two p;" Start here ,,&i-'Start here motions. Trace aiong the dotted lines as indicated, then draw four more.

Write the letter names of the following notes. Use capital letters"

Write the notes on the staff indicated by the letters. lf the notes can be written in two places, write one above the other. s Lessoru 3

Bass Clef and Staff

The BA55 CLEF (pronounced "basen') is used for notes in the lower pitch rn othe present ranges, The bass (or F) clef has T : evolved from a stylized lelter F: - I

,4 The BA55 STAFF 1 The two dots of the bass clef surround the line on

A which the note F is placed. This F is beiow middle C. F c 4

4

1 Line Notes All the notes of the BASS STAFF: 1 In the bass staff, the names of the A notes on the lines t, from bottorn to top !l ,l are G, B, D, t, A. Good Boys Do Fine Always GIA B c D E F GIA c 4 Space Notes 4 The narnes of the a notes in the spaces 4 from bottom to top A are A, C, E, G. Ail Cows Eat Grass 4 4 a Exgrcisgs " .-.,.,.. -. .,,..,.;:.;(:ird:..:'i::!.'::-'!-',';.,:r,..,!.;-&!i 4

q The bass clef is in four Mation 1: Mation 2: Motions 3 & 4: a written Dot on 4th line Curved line Dots surrounding 4th line motions. Trace along t\ -/_\. the dotted lines as tI --/ /-- A indicated, then draw a t t 4 four nrore" 4 A 4 Write the letter names ,l of the following notes. ^rq4 ,4 4 ,A J A Write the notes on .A the staff indicated , by the letters. lf the notes can be written 91 in two places, write A one above the other. tl It * Lessoru 4

Tlte Grand Stoff {

When the bass and I trebie staffs are t connected by a brace \I and a line, they Line combine to forrn Brace the I GRAND STAFF. ( Ledger Lines - rhe Middte Notes ledger LEDGER LrNES are short rines €! <- lrne which are added to extend the range of the staff when the notes are too row or too high to be written on the staff.

The notes in the middle range of the grand staff are B. C and D. They can be written on redger lines in both the bass and trebre staffs. ( -}#--=-*t@, ,n v------7A_-- \ iiGf @-@--- These notes are written differently but sound I the same. I Exercises

tf -Trace these three braces. Then, using - it the staffs provided, I T ! l draw the grand staff 1 I t) three times. Include the bnace, line and { both clef signs.

Write the letter names of the notes from the trebie staff.

Write the letter names of the notes from the bass staff. I I Write the notes I indicated by the I clefs and letter I names in two places on the grand staff. I Add ledger lines I where necessary. I 6' $' t Lessoru 5

Ledger Lines Low and High Notes

More than one ledger line may il be added to extend the iower I and upper ranges of the grand c u nle c staff. The next higher notes of the treble staff are G, A, B and C. j The next lower notes of the bass staff are F, E, D and C. j

I j All the notes on the Erand ! staff from bass clef Low C

.a to treble clef F{igh C; I B : a

s 51:' 0 o

a t Exercises

^ ,l Draw a treble clef ! and name the notes.

A

A ^ .^

)A Draw a bass clef .^ and name the notes. . a

I €A, ,^ Wnite each of the J indicated notes irr i four places on the A .J grand staff. -

^. G, U G A F, q

t Enn TRRrrurruG FoR Lessorus 1-5 9t Low and High

Track i ! You will hear low and high sounds. Circle low if you hear low sounds; circle high if you hear high sounds.

b. C. Lorw F{i$h Lorv ffit'lgt

d. a f. d T' i "{'1i. I i i sriir 1'-i l; t'i: s 'i'iii' ri.i,; ,;! Lorv Lorv Lorv I I Track 2 .l Listen to the examples and indicate whether the second note is lower (L) or higher (H). ':r:l a.- b. c. d" e" -:l Up and Down :l Track l -<6:I You will hear three sounds that go up or down. Circle the arrow pointing up if the sounds go up -t or circle the arrow pointing down if the sounds go down. :l a. b. c, :l :l ./\ ./\ '-I:f d. e. f. :r :1'l ,/\ ,/\ ./\ ?r :l Track 4 Listen to the notes in the :l treble clef. The notes will allf be playeci from low to jt high in ascending order.

Track 5 :l Listen to the notes in the al bass clef. The notes will be played from low to :l high in ascending order" :l

Irack 6 :l Listen to the following notes and indicate whether they sound like they should be notated in the ,f bass clef or treble clef (mark with a B or T). -l a. b. e. f. h. :l-l I l!

I Revrew oF LEssoNs 1-5

, How many lines are on a The note names of the five Which clef is also known as tr tr single staff? Irnes in the treble clet the F clef? : from bottom to top are: ,, The note names of the five How many spaces are on a lines in the bass clef :t single staff? frorn bottom to top are: The note names of the four d tr ls the 5th line at the bottom soaces in the treble cief t or top of the staff? from bottom to top are: The note names of the four L tll EI sDaces rn the bass clef 'l ! from bottom to top are: Which clef is also known as The line through middle C is .l the G clef? called a line.

Write the letter names of the notes.

Write the letter narnes of the notes.

Draw the grand staff and name the notes.

Spell the words to complete the sentences below.

_ took his lunch _ and went downtown in a _ _ _ to

the pigeons in the park. While eating his _ sandwich, a

decided to go home. - { 't

Lessoru 6 .., Note llalues t While the placement of notes on the staff indicates the pitch, the duration of the note (how long the note is heid) is deterrnined bv the note value.

A WHOLE NOTE is drawn Two HALF NOTES equal the Four QI-jARTER NOTES equaN the as an open oval. duration of one whole note" duration of one whole note. Whole Note Half Notes Quarter Notes I l<-- Stern - -d@*Noteheadtl

l ll iiil tl ()- oo=a ) J; d: .J i Whole 2 Half notes 4 Quarter notes 1 Half note 2 Quarter note noles

Sterns extend downward on the left side when the note appears on or above the 3rd line of the staff.

Stems extend upward on the right side when the note appears below the 3rd line of the staff"

The stem length should continue to the Stem extends to F above Stem extends to F below space or line with the same letter name, 0 , _*_F above or below. GrF Exercises

i "l I Fill in the bianks with the a. 4 J=o d. _d O

I correct number: i! I b._ d=d d a.aaiiii ii c. o= rlilil a a a + O= )d

Draw the stems in the correct direction with the correct length. \I Write the names of the notes between the staff. l (

Draw the treble clef and write the indicated notes. Use only notes within the staff. C whole A quarter E hatf F whole B quarter D quarter G half

Draw the bass clef and write the indicated notes. Use only notes within the staff. E hatf D quarter A whole C quarter F half hatf t .' I I Lessoru 7 I A . I t, Measure, Bar Line and Double Bar

I Music is divided into equal parts by BAR LINES. iA I The area between the two bar lines is called a I : MEASURE or BAR.

I : A DOUBLE BAR is written at the end of a piece of music. lt is made up one and I .:' of thin one thick line, :<-DoubreBar with the thick line always on the outside. t t I il t I t I On a grand staff, the bar lines and double bar il I pass through the entire staff. $ I H a U ! Exercises t : il ! Divide the staff below into 4 measures with a double bar at the end" t t A single staff does not begin with a bar line. d I H -| 6 i Draw a treble clef. Divide the staff below into 4 measures with a I H double bar at the end. Write any whole note in each measure. 6 A Name the notes on the lines below the staff. 6 i t a 0+r 6 a 6 A n Draw a bass Divide M cief. the staff below into 4 measures with a double bar at the end" Write any 4 quarter notes (alternate stem direction) in each measure. 4 w Name the notes on the lines below the staff. s )

tVil I t ,n ffi A

H Draw a grand staff. Divide the staff below into 4 measures with a doubie w ^ bar at the end" Wnite any two half notes in each rneasure (alternate stem .t dinection and staffs), Narne the notes on the lines below the staff. 6 Begin with a bar {ine (before the clef signs) when there is a grand staf,f. Wt .A s ^ M ,. t a Y# #il I wH t ffi , t I Lessoru 8

It Time Signature nnd Note Values

The TIN/lE SIGNATURE appears at the beginning of the music after the clef sign. It contains two numbers, one above the other.

,. The upper number tells how many beats (or counts) are in each rneasure. ln this case, 4" 4 i Th The lower nurnber indicateswhattype of note receives 1 beat. ln this case, a quarter note J.

,. 4 In { tirne: Iiittl quarter (rl) (or (1,2,3,4) A note is equal to one count beat)" Count and fi i | | | c|aptherhythmeven|y(onceperbeat).Thebeatnumbersarewrittenffi under the notes. Also, say "ta" and clap. ; * ; *

i

I A half note (J) is equal to two counts (or beats). Count and clap the rhythm evenly (holding your hands together for 2 beats). The beat 1234 numbers are written under the notes. Also, say "ta-ah" (in a continuous Ta-ah ta-ah sound) and clap. A dash means to sing in a continuous sound.

A whole note (o) is equai to four counts (or beats). Count and clap the rhythrn evenly (hands together for 4 beats). The beat numbers are 1234 written under the notes. Also, say "ta-ah-ah-ah" (in a continuous sound) Ta-ah-ah-ah and clap.

Exercises

I

I I I I I Add the following notes a d o a O ,l .i I -t- J-l .t- | to get the total number ?l I +l 'l 't I I of beats: J a d a z

Draw bar lines, a double bar at the end, and stems on the appropriate notes in the following example so that there are 4 beats in each measure. Count and clap; say (using "ta", etc.) and clap.

lr Write the 4 time signature and fill in the missing beats (if any) by adding only one note per measure. Count and clap; say and clap.

-( - - Lessoru 9

Whole, Half and Quarter Rests as"*.rsL.n";'-'-l Music is not only made up of sounds, but also the silence between sounds. The duration of musical silence is determined by the value of the REST.

A WHOLE REST means to rest A HALF REST is equal to A QUARTER REST is equal to for a whole measure. half of a whoie rest. one quarter of a whole rest.

It hanEs down from the 4th line" It sits on the 3rd line.

)l Notes Rests I - = _r_,-a = iiiilltl -r- = ia O= -f 12412 I I Whole rest Half rests Quarter rests Half rest Quarter rests d= _r_ ; i i I a=I tI I tn f, tir"' I T Quarter rests I are equal Haif rests r ilr€ equal Whole rests r are equai t beats. ry to 1 beat. to 2 to 4 beats. I t I F 1234 sil

Ft

t a il Fill in the correct nurnber: Fill in the correct number: t E E wil a.2 )=r., il t , t_i-a -r- -t_l tr (I H J F J ) =J))) cI --r 6 d ) $ I O =J,I JJ t =-r- ,u t ,ql Trace the 2nd quarter Fill in the 2nci half rest. Fill in the 2nd whole q 3 rest, then draw 4 more. then draw 4 more. rest, then draw 4 more. t e ,u 3 s ? ,{ a. Divide the staff below into 4 measures with a double bar at the end. ? tr b. Add a I trme signature" d ? a c. Fill in the 1st bar with a whole rest, the 2nd bar with 2 half rests, the 3rd bar with ,2 4 quarter rests, the 4th bar with t half rest and 2 quarter rests. G e ft 2 u 3 iil e Enn Tnnrrurruc FoR Lessolus 6-9

Track 7 Listen to the following notes and rests in t,'r"" You will hear a one measure COUNT-OFF (introduction) to indicate the TEMPO (

A whole note d" Quarter notes followed by sounds like this quarter rests sound like this:

b. Half notes e" A halt note followed by sound like this: a half rest sounds like thris; Ntll c. Quarter notes sound like this; 4 a whoie rest sounds like this:

Listen to the following example in t tir". There will be a 4-beat count-off.

Dreydl, Dreydl Traditional Ftanukkah song

Track 9 ror each exercise E 8::""fiHl:HJlJ; $:'r:d b.tlW c# tL )\

Track l0 You will hear two 1st or 2nd tr examples played for each exercise. Determine which rhythm played matches the one written. Circle the number to the lst or 2nd right of the staff. :il

Track i I :l Write the rhythm of the following two bar examples using the note A. 2l Each example will be played twice. zl .; 't 't'1 l. t": Rrvrew oF LEssoNs 6-9 t: Fitl in the correct number:

I t: I lt lii t: tt d=o Irl =O r d=a a t: i The duration of a J is (circle one) When the notes are written on or above t: tr the 3rd line of the staff, stems extend i lr longer or shorter than a j (circle one) upward or downward Ir on lr the left side of the notehead. ilr tr Music is divided into equal parts by lr lr z A is written at the end of a oiece of music. t: tr The upper number cf the time signature indicates how many _ are in each measure. lr t: The bottom number of the time signature indicates what type of note receives _ beat. lr ilr tr When a time signature contains a 4 as the top numbel it means beats in each measure. il: When a time signature contains a 4 as il: the bottom numbe[ it means a _ note receives beat. il) El --- is catled a . nttime, rest for !. T il2 is called a . nttirne, rest for _---beats. il? -beats. il2 I is calied a . nXtime, rest for il2 Draw 4 quaflcer rests Draw 2 half rests on the staff: t^il? on the staff: -beat"on the staff: in the example below, draw a treble clef and X ,ir. signature. tt^ Add the stems where necessarv and write the beats under the notes. il2 Au Claire de la Lune q- French Folk Song il? q) COC

!^r Add bar iines and a double bar to the example below. Count ancj clap; say and clap. It- Write the narnes of the notes below the staff. It^ Hatikvah lsraelir( National Anthem t^ f,^'1 J l^ 'J {,\ Fill in the missing beats with notes in the 2nd space by adding only one note In each measure. Uz TA d. :- { Fill in the missing ;! .r beats with rests by adding only one rest in each rneasure. *A b. i;ta m ; Lessoru 1O ffi n Time Signature ffi ffi " Z . 2 rneans there are 2 beats per measure. ffi in { rime: 7 + means the ouarter note J receives 1 beat. ffi

6)tei I and'i both have 4 as the bottorn nurnber, meaning a quarter note cl receives 1 beat. ffi The difference is that ftnas Z beats per measure while f has 4. ffi ffi ,i ffi tn frtime: J or i = 'l beat w ffi i I or -- = 2 beats* Count; 1 ffi "i $ *,; "A whole rest -r is used for a full measure of rest, even if there are only 2 beats in each rneasure. ffi ln writing music, a half rest and a whole note are never used in tirne. ffi t fll K Exercises

Complete the rneasures using notes and rests. - - - Count and clap.

Circle the measures with the incorrect number of beats.

Draw bar lines and a double bar in the correct places. Count and clap.

t Rewrite the Z music line , - in I on the staff below. Write the names of the notes below the staff. *

rt t: Ij Lessoru 11 t:)j t; f fi*t Signature )i means there are 3 beats p.er measure. rn ti'", li N 7, J: rneans the quarter note J receives 1 beat. T: l! J or I = lbeat l, I l-. d ortl = 2beats count;1 2 3 12 3 12 3 12 3

St A whole rest -r is used for a full measure of rest, even if there are only 3 beats in each measure. l! ln music, a rest and a are never used in time. tl writing half whole note fl , a t, I 'l t, 7, il and 71 all have 4 as the bottom numbe; meaning the quarter note J always receives beat. tt The difference is that: t, , t.Fr f nat 2 beats per measure. f nu, 3 beats per measure. rt nur4 beats per measure. 6t Exercises Ut Rest il2 Complete the measures t tf using one note or rest. il2 Count and clap. H) il. Circle the measures with il2 the incorrect number of il^o beats. ill .r places. ti ; E in the example below, draw bar lines and a double bar in the correct Count and clap U2 t)t? tr: In the exercise below: il^ a. Add the note stems, bar lines and a double bar. Add whole res'rs where appropnate H; b" Write the beats below the grand staff, then count and clap. t? c. Write the names of the notes below the beats. il? I t). \ il; { .l| ), 1 { ,F. J !i|2 ilt ilD- k Lessoru 12 ffi ffi Dotted Half Note

I i ffi I A dot after a note increases its duration by half the original value: d Qo ffi Count: 1 2 12 3 3r Say: Ta-ah ta-ah-ah ffi ln I and /r. a half note receives two beats. s I tli1 Because a dot following a half note increases its duration by 1 beat. d' - o+a ffi a dotted half note has a value of 3 beats, 3 zl s ffi dF1 Count and clap the rhythm -_ ru Say and clap the rhythrn: ffi 12 3 12 3 4j s .l ffi

t\ ffi 34 X234 234 1234 ffi tl ffi

Exercises {t H

Write one note equal in vaiue Write the number of beats A s to the sum of the notes or rests. remaining for each example. g A

a.J. o-I a"d.-d= fl i- ll b. ). + a- b"d. - i = t til I I c"i = C"o-d= n d. I t- d, ,o n fr Rest Note Complete the measures I using one note or rest. t Count and clap. t I I I I ]l In the example below: I a. Draw the grand staff. - I b. Add the note stems, bar lines and a double bar. c. Write the names of the notes below the grand staff. I I I I I I I I vl I |'. : t:l_n l: Lessoru 13 t: Ties and Slurs : i : i,*:. .,:ri' , ni;ui' . l: ATlEioinstwo notes of thesame pitch by a curved line over or underthe notes. t: Each note joined by a tie is held for its full value but only the first note is played or sung. t: The tied note's value is added to the value of the first note. l: )t t: 12 3 12 3 It The TIE should always be written on the opposite side from the note stems. fg A SLUR smoothly connects two or more notes of different pitches by a curved te line over or under the notes. There is no break in sound between pitches. ;e This is also referred to as I-EGATO playing or singing. AUfa Leg American FolkFnllz Song(nr te ^marirrn il:) 6t tt t't On wind instruments, oniy the On string instruments, a slur ilt first note of a group of slurred indicates a group of notes to be On keyboard instruments, slurs ilt notes should be tonqued. piayed in one bow. indicate when to lift the hands. 6* 6i ilt il2 When all of the stems are in the same direction, the slur is written on the side opposite from that of the t, sterns. When stem direction is mixed. the siur is written above the notes" 6i tao $t Ercercxses - 6? Write the note that #3 equals the tied notes. j_j ),:) #^- $^* tG J-J )_) WA %!, We Write the numben of H? beats in each example. J.--o = ),,_.). = o_J = )._) = I lffia c. d" ;J In each example, a. b" ffi? mark an "5" or "T" la wat. to indicate whether - He the rnusical passage il6 is made tip of tied t.wd or slurred notes. Write a slur or tie in fr; each example and $i mark an '5" or "T" $." below. qD. ;! Enn TnnlrurruG ;$ FoR Lrssorus 10-13 ;$ Listen to the foilowinq examples in ? tir". You will hear a one measure count-off. a$ ifl a. Quarter notes b. Quarter notes followed by c. Half notes 'r sound like this: quarter rests sound like this: sound like this: ,$ ; lfi i) ') , :$: Listen and follow the rhythm of the example below. -E:$ ;ft 3, -ffi^. ^ 3'1 what is the curved line in rneasures 'tr and 2 called?_ In rneasures 4-5, 5-G, 6-7? ;F Tra:k id ^3-ge ln the measures below, listen to the rhythm pattern, Write the missing rhythm in the 3rd measure using the note F. Each example will be played twice. ipt!, a. :&; :& :gl :$_ b. ;$i&l Track i 5 Listen to the examples in ? tirn" You will hear a one measure count-off. {h' a. Quarter notes b. Half notes followed by c. Dotted half notes ;$ sound like this: quarter rests sound like this; sound like this: ;Ei lll ;ffi alii | I nll .l -,i i J l. I j. _j 4 4 ;s ;ffi Listen and follow the rhythm of the example below. "49 Tilzer (1873-1956) Take Me Out to the Ball Game Albert von 'rK A ll-l '; $ n -rf,n What is the curved line in measures 3-4 called? In measures 7-8? ';f Track l7 ;t Write the rhythm of the following two bar examples using the note A. Each example will be played twice. :1 :1 ll s! t,): Review of Lessons 10-13 Fill in the blanks: t: , t: m?,t the ln fitime, a whole rest A siur occurs when 2 ^nattime, tt note receives beats. or more notes of t: receives one beat. 3 (circle one) in 4 time, a whole resi the same or different le receives beats. tn ?ti*u, there are pitch(es) are joined by a lu beats per measure. It lr In 4 time, a whole rest curved line. receives beats. tl tn?ti*", there are A tie occurs when 2 notes beats per measure. Legato singrng or playing of (circle one) means to play the music ilir 3 the same or different In 4 time, a ciotted half note t!' pitch(es) are joined by a receives beats. il, On wind instruments, only curved line. &,r 1l the first note of a group of $t In 4 trme, a ootted hatf note notes should tf necelves beats. be tongued" #t Mt Draw an X above the note where you would change direction of the bow on a string instrument. $t Write the names of the notes below the staff. gt ---, I $t #t ile il) Draw an X above the notes where you would tongue on a wind instrument. 6. Write the names of the notes below the staff. #e Me 62 62 Draw an X before the notes where you would lift the hand on a keyboard instrument. 6* Write the names of the notes below the staff. #tM,.r #? tU -r $'n tr Write the nurnber of beats in each example on the line. H:"ta )*) ) P1H. -"___) *.--J )_) J"--- o tt&J t- fr: Write the correct time signature in the appropriate place and the beats below the staff. U2 E fi2 tG fr; rt * a Lessoru 'l4 t, s a Repeat Sign, I st and 2nd Endings ffi tf tll ffi Two dots placed beforethe double Our indicates a REPEAT SIGN. s It means to go back to the beginning and play or sing the music again. &i Go back to the 3#:, beginning and d:: repeat. F $ tll Repeat signs sometirnes appear in pairs withina piece o+ *uri.. ll: d"l The first repeat sign will then have the two dots placed afterthe double bar. b, When this occurs, return to the first repeat sign at the beginning of the section.

44,;; i c" or.r. to li: s Bi and repeat. e', E ru Another way of indicating a repeat is with lst and 2nd endings" Play or sing through the 1st ending to e the repeat sign, then go back to the beginning. When repeating, skip the 1st ending and play the 2nd. H I I' co back ta the beginningll 2. &, E

KJ 'On the repeat, skip to the 2nd ending-" Fe, Exercises s Fr' Rewrite the following example using a repeat sign, Ht fn tr, E Lai & rail E, g*hs s ta t*^ ru ffi 5 6 ffi n ffi ir ffi $ a ffi H Rewrite the following example using 1st and 2nd endings. n Stephen Foster (1 826-1 864) Camptown Races f; i' i-51 tr g n m IT r r2 l.t? Lessoru 15 -J t-?E [] Eighth Notes t,3J When you add a flag to the stem of a I Two or more 8th notes n; quarter note, it becomes an EIGHTFI NOTE a are connected by a beam n t? ,67tt il? tn 1, il and Z time: Two 8th notes equal Four 8th notes equal Eight Sth notes equal g? 8th notes are equal 1 quafter note. t half note. 1 whole note. to one-half count. .t H? For two 8th notes, tl $2 count "1 &" or say d d= ) rTn=) J-:-l: JTll =o tD 'ti 1& I 1&2 & 12 1&2&3&4& 1234 ti." ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ri ti ti ti He ta Eighth notes can be drawn: tr\ 1. As a singie quarter note with a or with a beam, flag attached to tne stem, in pairs or in fours. t;,il? HD

"U2 Write eight single 8th notes de (4 with stems up, Write two sets of beamed Sth notes (1 with stems up, 1 with stems down), UQ 4 with sterns down). in Bairs and in fours. tD ,u? H. t).s- t? ffi? Add stems with flags or beams to make 8th il):"" 4 notes as indicated. u? 2 sets in pairs Flags I set in four ti t) U7) ":t I {} a. \i I Fill in the correct l'=d Write one note a. o -1- H,, number: equal to the value of the notes q:*€ hl I a'=d preceding it. dr- l{ ,6a il) n l :-v t 1i i qt c.- ) =J. c. ao i a= 4

i f-2t I I d.- ) =o n-I t) t d.a+ il> qG4 q) tr Conrplete the rneasures below using beamed 8th notes. qDt .qD a {D &2&3&4& 1&2&3&4& 1&2&3&4& 1& 2&3&4& 1&2&3&4& E. a J p tt' Lrssoru 16 A a' A' J' Eighth Rests A. ,2 t t An EIGHTH nesr Y is equal to half the value of a quarter rest l. tnV,il and Z time: - Two 8th rests equal Four 8th rests equal Eight 8th rests equal .,t. 1 quarter rest. t half rest. 1 whole rest. ql n ) iIt 1111=E ii1111171-T 1& 1 1&2& 12 1&2&3&4& 123 4."

r II cccc|))) 111',| 111 1 Whole rest 2 Half rests 4 Quarter rests 8 Eighth nests .

Trace along the dotted lines to draw an 8th rest, then draw 8 more.

Notes or rests on beats 1,2,3 or 4 \ e4a4'44 i1 i'\ rt are considered on the beat. When aa tiat CI tapping your toe evenly, the beat is Count: 'l & 2&3& 4& when your toe touches the floor. Notes or rests on the "&" are Sf F>{F n.'g F}f considered off the beat or up-beat. on the off the /i beat beat A

Exercises

Clap the following rhythm, counting aloud.

Fill in the correct number: a. rests = r b.- l.' ,'ests = | -1 rests = - (Xtime) d.-i-rests=-* ] E::il?T;;:"0;.T';:.",,-1 , then add Bth rests tt | | | | u between them.

Writethebeats(1 &2&)underthenotes. Onthelinebelow, writewhetherthe8threstoccurs "on" or "off" the beat.

Complete the measures below by adding only one rest per measure.

Write the beats (1 & 2 & 3 & 4 &) under the notes and rests, then clap the rhythm. A!

a!\

al

l!l Lessoru 17

D o tt e d Qu arte r No te'i;;ti4i;'" !&t:i.i#'b':ji:-';:'s!;*-';u

I

I Remember: a dot after a note increases ) ) li its duration by half the original value. 12 12 3

. 4Irye .'tfi in 4,4 and 4, a quarter note receives one beat. Because a t: i \ l) t: dot folf owing a quarter note increases its duration by llbeat, a. a = J-r[ t, a dotted quarter note has a value of 1% beats. 1 & 2 & 1&2& t\ th R i" it usually followed by an J) ti i, Clap and count the rhythrn. t3 ti t)ili ti ti 't t-' &2&3& 1& 2 & 3 & 1& 2 & 3 & Ytt. H-* fi: E Write the beats under the following example. Count and clap. Alouette French-Canadian Folk Sonq H:

Hi E ini.:ij.iHh:I^ a _j =J\j\J\ b _ ) = )J ) c _j = i,\ ryiffi: ry? E Add bar lines to the examples below" fi{ffiA sffit 5rt ffi?-

! b" a

Complete the measures using oniy one note or rest-alternate notes and rests. H1 tr ffiz ;3 Enn Tnnrrurruc Fon Lessorus 14-17 Track l8 ,..o In each time signature, there are natural strong beats. In" 4 time, the strong beat is on beat one" Listen to the example below in fr time. El Capltan John Fhiiip Sousa ('1854-'i932)

Track | 9 tn f time, the strong beat is on beat one" Listen to the example below in fr time" Symphony No. 8, op" 93 Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827)

Track ?0 , lt .. In { time, the strong beat is on beat one, with a secondary ernphasis on beat three. Listen to the example below in I time. Trumpet Voluntary .iererniah Clarke (c. 1673-1707)

Track 2 | In the two examples below, listen for the J. .D rhythm. Hallelujah Chorus (from "Messiah") George Frideric Handel (1685-1759)

All Through the Night Welsh Folk Song

Track 2? Listen to the 2 measure example and write the rhythm. The example will be played twice.

Track 23 Listen to the 4 measure example and write the rhythm. The example will be played twice. l-lr =.a? Revrew oF LEssoNs 14-17 :4l- Repeat signs are two dots before or after a Ili E t: E How many total measures would a musician play in the following example? __ Giuseppe Verdi (1 81 3-1901) (from It Anvil Chorus "ll Trovatore") ll----_l f2------__l t: lr !2 Fill in the \ \i i\ i j- |\ ilr correct number; a. O'= A b. a = d. ,[ = d. a =rO il2 Complete the notes by adding stems to the first t2 measure and beamed notes (in pairs) to the ilt second measure. Be sure the stems are pointing $2 in the correct direction. tt Fill in the d* a. .l t F2 correct number: = 6? - t2 Connplete the nneasures by adding one rest above each arrow. ile Hallelujah Chorus (from "Messiah") George Frideric Handel (1685-1759) d.$e il. I ) ,e f. 6* j. beats in $i E = _ \,land Itrme. il. E Rewrite the example using 1st and 2nd endings in the staff below. #3 .lohann Sebastian Bach (1 685-1750) il3 Minuet sl , H. a qA -;t di : Lel {} il,.P- { il: 3 f€ .) :: !t gF nr $3 il-':- { t.5

H.is{ ilc t-id' d fib'a- { ile,E _t Lessoru 18

Dynamic Signs

DYNAMIC SIGNS indicate the volume, or how soft or loud the music shotrld be played. Most musical terms are written in ltalian since ltalian composers were among the first to write such instructions in their rnanuscripts. The word piano in ltalian means soft; the word f,orte nneans loud. The most commonly used dynamic signs are:

ITALIAN SIGN ENGLISH piano p soft t forte f loud t, tnezzo piano mp rnoderately soft 1 l- mezzo forte mf moderately loud a- pianissimo pp very soft I fortissimo "tr very loud t' t Mezza means moderately; issimo means very" & Dynamic signs arranged in order frorn very soft to very loud" are: pp, p,'rnp, 'mf , "f,, "ff A Gradual Change in Dynamics Terms used to indicate a gradual change in volurne, frorn soft ta loud or loud to soft are:

ITALIAN SIGN ENGLiSI.I crescendo or cresc. diminuendo ar dim. -- or decresce ndo or decresc. qraduailv softer

Exercises Write the ltalian word for f pp the following dynamic signs: tnp "trnf p ---:------E Clap the following line, observing the dynamic signs indicated"

g { H $ Use every dynamic sign learned above at least once to mark the appropriate dynamic signs on the $ lines beneath the following story. - "Wake upl" whispered Ron to his brother Steven. The boys walked softly out the door. They heard $ a. b. $ the moderately soft sound of a distant airplane, which became gradually louder and roared very loudly as it $ L. e $ fiew over head, then faded away gradually. Steven said, "Let's play basketball"" in a

f $ moderately loud voice. They shouted a loud "Yes!" as they ran to the park. tr 9.- h ff n trf,l f't Lessoru 19 t't ilt Tbmpo Marks t, TEMPO is an ltalian word meaning "rate of speed." Tempo marks tell how fast or slow the music !t should be played. Tempo marks are also written in ltalian. ,l t. ITALIAN ENGLISH tt' Largo Very slow #tt Adagio Slow 614 Andante Moving along (walking speed) I*, Moderato Moderately t{t Allegro Quickly, cheerfully 6t, Vivace Lively and fast Mtt

ti, Moderato may be combined with other words: /.1 il Allegro moderato slightly slower than Allegro but quicker than Moderato $!: = d! il A Gradual Change of Tempo p Terms used to indicate a change In tempo are. 6!: Eradual

$ ': ITALIAN TERM ENGLISH #e ritardando ritard. or rit. graduaily siower ilt accelerando accel. gradually faster Hrt $ry $! Sr Exercises Ht E In writing music, tempo marks teil the

2 E A verv slow temoo marking rs ,t

E"t A liveiy and fast tempo marking is se E S,3 6u tr Match the ltalian term to its English meaning by writing the correct letter in each blank. H3 Quickly, cheerfully a. Moderato I Gradually siower b. Vivace q2 Lively and fast c. Adagio lilz Moderately d. Ritardando !te Moving along (walking speed) e. Accelerando He Very slow f. Largo {,t Gradually faster g' Andante q,2 Siow h. AIIegro ta m Lessoru 20 a $ ! s I Articulation "ffi-' t l-sqs r 'rffqrwer-r.1ff$r::9firjrrilr)tw?*ir"{rc}'ly-lirirr:;.#rrf.ffssllps,{rrf,.rrl s

Pages 28 and 29 introduced the words and signs that indicate what speed (slow to fast) and volume (soft to s loud) a rnusical selection is to be played. In addition, notes may be performed in different ways. The manner ffi in which a note is performed is called ARTICULATION. Legato (see page 19) is one form of articulation. - ITALIAN SYMBOL ENGLISH a Plav note sfaccato i i the short and detached. l ? | The ltalian word means "detached.'" : accent J 7 Play the note louden with a special emphasis. ) (English) > ,. sforzando tf or tf" A sudden, strong accent. , ia The ltalian word means "forcing." tenuto I i Hold the note for its full value. (or ten.) The ltalian word means "held."

fermata i ? Hold the note longer than its normal value . i (approximately twice the normal duration). : - Exercises

Name the articulation symbols below: g

I I a dI or ten" -, tf" d "r !t 3

aa Say the following examples using the syllables "ti" for 8th notes, "ta" for quarter notes, "ta-ah" for half notes, "ta-ah-ah" for dotted half notes and "ta-ah-ah-ah" for whole notes. Observe all aa tempo markings, dynamics and other musical symbols. J Allegro A t - - gt

It

tnf

Moderato

d"

v ti It Lessoru 21 t.. t: D.C., D.S., Coda and Fine ,:.-.*"''. .d,*,',N, r'.' t: To reduce the amount of music needed to notate a piece, several additional ltalian words and symbols t:!: are used by composers to indicate repeats. t, ITALIANJ SIGN ENGLISH t: Da Capo D"C. Repeat from the beginning t: Dal Segno D.S" Repeat from the sign X t: Fine Fine The end il: Coda" S An added ending [: *When the Coda siEn appears in the music, it means to skip directly to the Coda, which is an added ending usually marked with the same sign. il^il: il: t'" The ltalian words and symbols for repeating are frequently combined. E? SIGN ENGLISH tt (Fine). il, D.C. al Fine Repeat from the beginning and play to the end 1" Play thraugh to the end 2. Return to the beginninE 3" Play to Fine ti D.C. al Fine t- il; il', il tsd D.S. at Fine Repeat from the sign X and play to the end (Fine). H-. t 1" Ftay through to the end 2. Return b% 3. Fiay ta Fine I D.S. al Fine t' il il #: D.C" al Coda Repeat from the beginning and play to S, then skip to the S Coda. il: ffi: 1. Flay to D.C. aI Coda 2. Return ta the beginning 3. Play ta $ 4. Skip to 0 Coda anci play to the end. D.C. al Cads $ coan Y{t{ f;l> W-3\', :{ -{tsF D.5. al Coda Repeat frorn X and play to S, then skip to the S Coda ffi: 1- Ptay to D.S. al Coda 2. Return tu* 3. Ptay to & 4. Skip to # Coda and play to the end. I-9 D.S.,t atCadaat Coda Coan gB S( O+ # ;ryG Y{t: ;rtt- I t:1,!3 . Enn TnnrrulruG FoR Lessorvs 18-21

Track ?4 Listen to the example and place the following dynamic markings where applicable: f,mf, ff Symphony No. 9 ("From the New World'"), Op. 95 Antonin Dvoi6k (1 841-1 904)

E In the example above, circle the appropriate tempo marking: Largo Allegro Andante

h'ack 25 Listen to the example and notate where the ritardando (rit.) and accelera ndo (accet.) occur.

;_

L

Track 26 Listen to the example and place the following markings in the appropriate places: Ferrnata (a) Sforzando {sfz) $

Track 27 Listen to the example and mark accents ( = ) under the notes that are played accented. (from Rondo Af fa Turca "sonata in A Major, K. 331") Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756_1791)

tr In the example above, circle the appropriate tempo marking: Vivace Adagio Moderato

Track ?8 Listen to the example and write staccato (") marks under the appropriate quarter notes. Shepherd's Hey English Folk Song

Track 29 Listen to the example and place the following two markings in the appropriate places: sfz

- -

p : A ft Revrew or LrssoNs 18.21 ,r Arrange the following dynamics in order from softest to loudest to softest, mf , pp, f , mp, p, .ff. tb E p'p *9 :

14, Mezzo ('l/l) means tsstmo meanS Gl a a, Crescendo (cresc.) means I]l 'l at H Diminuendo (dim.) or decrescendo (deqesc.) means 2 Arrange the following tempo marks in order from slowest to fastest: t,a tr ,t Andante, Vivace, Adagio, Allegro, Moderato, Largo. i1l /l fl Allegro moderato means slightly slower than but quicker than :) Z it Ritardando (ritard. or rit.) means {,| tr .s tr Acceierando (acce!.i i'neans I Staccato means Tenuto means to ,tta @ I fn The sign that means to hold a note for longer than its normal value is ,a E l|r lEl Write the word for each sYmbol: 5! I ..* -i b.> C- ,i I .fr c. s.fz s.a

1| 5 The sign that indicates to repeat from the beginning and play to the end is .+ !t .t * The sign that indicates to repeat from ar," ff and play to the end is I tr .4D What is the term used to identify a separate section that ends a piece of music? rd tr .t - musical exampie as it would actually be played without the D"C. al Fine or Fine. \' E Write the followinE { E D.c. aI Fine d rt \d tr .a 4

& "d { rl '$ Lessoru 22 'I Flats I 'l The FLAT sign (b ) before a note lowers 'l the pitch of that note" On the keyboard. ,l play the next key to the left, whether black or white. I rl I I When speaking of flatted notes, To draw a flat sign, first then add the heavier the word "flat" cornes after A flat draw a vertical line: curved line: I the letter name" as in A flat. I However, in written music. the flat sign comes before the note. I ! When a flat sign is attached to a line note, I the flat is centered on the line. Add flat signs to the line notes below, I

When a flat sign is attached to a space note, the flat is centered in the space" Add flat signs to the space notes below"

d E Exercises $ r ln the example, write * flat signs before each ; note. then name the i $ notes. $ a $ a Write the names of the E piano keys in the boxes. ryryryurJ J I u I3 J I I lll lll J I tt I tt I Write a treble clef - and the notes I indicated on the staff t I using half notes. J I t I Write a bass cief and the notes I indicated on the staff I using quarter notes. I I t s l,:, ,!t' l2 Lessoru 23 If le tc The SHARP sign ( f, ) before a note raises te the pitch of that note. On the keyboard, It play the next key to the right, whether te black or white. ile tll When speaking of sharped notes, To draw a sharp sign, first then add the heavier the word "sharp" comes after the C sharp draw two vertical lines: siantinq lines: tte letter name, as in C sharp. il.j However, in written mrrsic, the sharp sign comes before the note. d#- tir c\ ilr When a sharp sign is attached to a line note, ,i) il the sharp is centered on the line. Add sharp signs to the line notes below. t.t Mt L il't c- t,3 H:: When a sharp sign is attached to a space note, il2 the sharp is centered in the space. Add sharp signs to the space notes below. H3 il'2 H2 il3 s,3 In the exampie, write sharp signs before each $2 note, then name the ffi3 noles. Ht il"t Write the names of the il., piano keys in the boxes. 4| , [J q4u; ffi,^ flrtl ti!q4 ffi.3 Write a treble cief and !fr; the notes indicated on il4,)a .t the staff using single it .* 8th notes. q? illflt, Write a bass clef f,_) and the notes indicated on the staff flt3 usinE dotted haif notes. il2 Lrssoru 24 Naturals

The NATURAL sign ( [ ) before a note cancels a previous sharp or flat. On the keyboard, a note after a natural is always a white key.

When speaking of naturai notes, To draw a natural sign" then draw the the word "natural" comes after B natural first draw the lefc half: right half: the letter name, as in B natural. However, in wnitten rnusic, the natural sign comes before the note. - D When a natural sign is attached to a line note. the natural is centered on the line" Add natural signs to the line notes below. : D

When a natural sign is attached to a space note" the natural is centered in the space. Add natural signs to the space notes below.

tt]l When b, ft orl signs appearwithin a musical piece, they are called ACCIDENTALS. An accidental sign affects the notes written on the sarne line or space following it for that measure only. (Ab) (Eb) Eh Fq (Fh) l-

A bar line cancels all accidentals in the previous measure, except if a note is tied across the bar line.

(cq) (Bb) Bq

-

Exercises a ln the example, write natural signs before each note. then name € the notes.

Write the names of the notes on the lines below the staff. Circus March (from "Entry of the Gladiators") Julius Fuiik (1 872-191 6)

O t;T Lessotu 25 1t,t ,.{ Iir I .{r, : Whole Steps, Half Steps and Enharmonic Notes ti2i The distance from any keY ili on the keyboard to the verY The key a half step uP from C t3 next key above or below, The distance from anY keY to is cil. This key is also a half also [* whether black or white, ls a two keys above or below is a step down from D" and is $e HALF STEP (l-i). WHOLE STEP (W). known as Dlr. Fe H H HH H H H W /\./\ te II te III I te I --II I Hv $,, clD E F clnle c Fe Many notes sound the same tn but are written differentlY. #e These notes are called 6y ENHARMONIC [\OTES. 6": t4. Exercises ffie enharmonic note for Ef, is il'b tr The enharmonic note for Fb is --. The ffi; The enharmonic note for Cb is The enharmonic note for B{ is #? __-. il*-a "tf,. Ms jl Write the 2 indicated enharmonic notes on the staff and name the notes in the spaces below: E one half step above G Ms a. A b. one half step below F c" one half step beiow E H: d. one haif step above D ryg b"-- c.-- d.-- t^rE-: .t iF{ *:iffi Ps t, Write the indicated notes on the staff and the name of the note in the spaces below. q.J notes, write both. dD lf there are enharmonic a. one whole step above G$ fi: b. one whole step below F c. one whole step below A ili E d. one whole step above a.-- b.- c.- d"- ffi: - - ffi-

Name the notes and Hirsd indicate whether the G? distance between each r-!t f pair of notes is a whole fy r ffi6Ll\ 6 il6G step (W) or a half steP (H). -W E; ;$ Enn TnnrrulruG FoR Lrssorus 22-25 ffi 'ffi Track 30 ;, In each example, you will hear two notes. '", ffi lf the 2nd note is a half step below, draw a flat (b ) in front of it" ffi a.b"r ';, ?ffiffi '-$ Track I I "-ffi ln each example, you will hear a short musical phrase" Circle the phrase you that hear" '*ffi b. s n* A€! tr - fiffi "roF t-d. E ?ffitr

ru Track l2 --ffi in each example, you will hear two notes. lf the 2nd note is a half step above, ru draw a sharp (fi) in front of it. :ffi ?$ Track l3 You will hear a half step thrat moves up or down. ?ffi lf the 2nd note rnoves up a half step, draw a sharp ( # ) in front of it. affi lf the 2nd note moves down a half step, draw a flat ( b ) in front of it" 1F+ affitr 2ffi e$ o$ a$ Irack J4 You will hear a whole step .$ that moves up or down. an Draw the 2nd note on the 5n staff using a half note. an Track 15 am ln the following example, draw the missing notes in the boxes. March Slav rn Moderato Peter llyich Tchaikovsky (1840-1 893) =ron tn __llL 'n h. -1 'r=1 =1 :1 | (.! ) ,.t |,t Revrrw or Lessorus 22-25 ),2 It Circie one: The flat sign (b) raises or lowers tr The note F is half step(s) above E. le E the pitch. The note D is _ whole step(s) above C. It Circle one: The sharp sign (fi) raises or lowers z - l3 E the pitch. The note F is _ whole step(s) below G. t,3 tr t! E A natural sign a previous sharp or flat. tr Name 2 notes that are a half step tt An accidental is in effect for measure(s) away from A. A only - tt The enharmonic note for: - E l'! Write the following notes on the staff below. It tr Write the notes in two places, one above the Efi is other. te sf is tt _. ilt Fb-i, rs ilt Cb is tt tt tt Music Crossanord ,' . !', :,iis!q!:*&',:!',*bi:: .,, .ei,il,i t2 Fill in the boxes with the correct answers. Do not leave a space between words. 6t t2 ilt ffi;e t?t, ilt il2 il? d2 ffi:2 ileflffi tA il2 il2 ile il2 ACROSS DOWN Smoothly connected Treble and Bass staffs together t,a,J 2. 1. 7. The name of the staff used for higher pitches 3" Flat, Sharp or Natural ila 4. What receives one beat in time TA 10, 2,3,!, N - 12. This symbol increases the value of the 5. Lines added to a staff to extend the range 2 note by half 6. Lowers the pitch by a half step lI 2 13" Musical silence 8" Curved line connecting 2 or more notes of the same pitch 14. On a keyboard, the disiance from one 9. 5 lines and the spaces between s2 key to the next key (either left) 11. Curved line connecting 2 or more notes of different pitches ile right or q ;,,:4A Glossnny & lruorx or Tenus & SyMeols ! Inciudes all the terms and symbols used in Book 'l and the page on which they are first introduced.

ilN tr ACCELERANDO (accel.) Gradually faster (p. 29). D,5. al FINE Repeat from the sign X' and play to NOTES o d i l' Theoval-shapedsynrbolsthat the end (Fine) (p.31). are placed on the lines and [n the spaces of the ACCENT > Piay the note louder, with a special staff. They represent musical sounds called emphasis (p. 30). DYNAMIC SIGNS Indicate the volume" or how pitches (p. 3). soft or /oud the music should be piayed (p. 28). ACCIDENTAL b f, h A flat. sharp or natural sign fr l-'] PIANISSIMO W Very soft (p. 28). that appears within a piece of music. An EfGHTH NOTE a' a a ln time signatures with 4 accidental sign affed(s the notes written on the as the bottom number, it receives X beat (p. 23). PIANo P soft (p. 28). same line or space following it for that measure only (p" 36). EIGHTH REST 7 In time signatures with 4 as the PITCH A musical sound (p. 3). bottom numbe; it receives % beat of silence QUARTER NOTE In time signatures with 4 as ADAGIO Slow (p. 29) (p.24j. .j the bottom nurnber, it r€ceives 1 beat (p. '10)" ALLEGRO cheerfully (p ENHARMONIC NOTES Two notes Quickly; 29). #-[-]_ RESI tn time signatures with 4 as that sound the same but are :W QUARTER I e) the bottom number, it receives 1 beat of silence AI{DANTF (walking (p.29) written differently (p. 37). Moving along speed) tp. 13). FERMATA ra Hold the note for lonoer than its IT ARTICULATION The manner in which a note is REPEAT Sl6N :ll Rerurn ro the begrnning or (p. normal value (p. 30). performed 30) previous repeafsign ll: rt tnu beginnrng o{ the section (p. 22) b FINE The end (p.31). BAR LINF The lines which cross the L= l, -----l staff and divide it into rneasures or bars (p. i 1). !l RITARDANDO (ritard. or ril) Gradually slower 1st and znd ENDINGS -T-- ,n- #l- (p. 2e)" Play or sing through ffi BASS (or F) CLEF The clef used for notes in 2: the 1st ending to the repeat sign, then go back the lower pitch ranges (p. 5). SFORZANDO tfor tf,u A sudden, strong arcent to the beginning. When repeating, skip the 1st (p. 30). ending and play the znd (p.22). BASS STAFF The staff on which the z)i-'. SHARP Raises the pitch by one half step (p. 35). bass clef is placed. The two dots of z.- I f FLAT b Lowers the pitch by one half step (p" 34) the cle{ surround the line on which 5LUR-...-4 ----.l___H-] Smoothly connects two placed (p. _---t- the note F is 5). FoRTE I Loud (p.28). pitches by a curved line over or under the notes CLEF A sign that helps organize the (p. FORTlsSlMo ff Very loud 28). --a- (p. 1 e). staff so notes can be easily read (p. * 4) , tt : I $t' I\V GRAND STAFF The bass staff and i STACCATO J elay the note short and detached CODA An added ending (p" 3'l). lc\ (p. 30). S treble staff connected by a brace ) I and a line (p. 6). I El:- COUNT-OFF The introduction given before a t( : STAFF The five lines and the four piece of music is perforrned to indicate the HALF NOTE J In time signatures with 4 as the spaces berween them on which tempo of the beat (p. 14). bottom numbeq it receives 2 beats (p. 10). nrusic notes and other symbols are written-- (p, 3).

(cresc.) TEMPO A word meaning "rate of speed". it tells CRESCENDO < Gradually louder HALF REST In time signatures with 4 as the (p. -. how fast or slow to play the music (p. 29). 28). bottom number, it receives 2 beats of silence (p x3). i TENUTO g/ Hold the note for its full value (p. 30). D,C" (DA CAPO) Repeat frorn the begtnning (p 31) I-IALF STEP The distance from any key on the ! TIE Two nores of the same prtch keyboard to the very next key above or beloq : T--- :- joined by a curvecj iine over t D.C. al CODA Repeat from the beginning and whether black or white (p. 37). -T- or under the note. Each note;oined by a tie is play to then skip to the Coda (p. 31). $, $ held for its full value but only the first note is aU LARGO Very slow (p. 29). played or sung (p. '19). D.C. al FINE Repeat from the beginning and play (Fine) (p. LEDGER LINE Short lines which are 4'J Z to the end 31). t Tf ME SIGNATURE 4 4 4 Appears at the added to extend the range of the staff beginning of the rnusic after the clef sign" it v when the notes are too low or too high DECRESCENDO (decresc.i = contains two numbers. The upper number tells to be written on the staff (p. 6). rt softer (p. 28). - how many beats are in each measure; the lower number indicates what type of note receives 1 LEGATO To play or sing 2 or rnore notes t DfMfNUENDO (dim.) Gradually softer (p. =7 (p. beat 12). (p. 28). smoothly connected i9). TREBLE (or G) CLEF The clef used for - MEASURE (or BAR) The area DOT AFTER A NOTE J. ,n.r."r", the note's notes in the higher pitch ranges (p. 4). tt' between two bar lines (p. 11) 6 duration by half the original value (p. 18). TREBLE STAFF The staff on which t | 3 .t, MEZZO moderately (p. 28). DOTTED HALF NOTE J. In 7r uno ,t.,." the treble clef is placed. The curl of signatures, it receives 3 beats (p. 18)" the clef circles the line on which the MEZZO FORTE nlf Moderately loud (p. 28). note G is placed (p.4). I DOTTED QUARTER NOTE .r" In time signatures nlp - MEZZO PIANO Moderately soft (p. 28). VIVACE Lively and fast (p" 29). with 4 as the bottom numbet it receives 1X beats (p. 2s). MIDDLE C The note in the lt- WHOLE NOTE o ln time signatures with 4 as the g II mrddle of the grand staff and botom number, it receives 4 beats (p. 10). DOUBTE prece \ ffi BAR ll Is writren ai rhe end of a the C nearest the middle of the 1l of rnusic (p. 1'l). kevboard (p.4). /tF WHOLE REST - Means to resr for a whole rneasure. In ? it receives 3 beats; in { it receives 4 D=5. (DAL SEGNO) Repeat frorn the sign ff (n. 31). MODERATO Moderately (p. 29). beats. in I it-receives 2 beats (p. 131 3 D.5. al CODA Repeat from the sign f$ and play NATURAL S|GN q The natural sign before a note WHOLE STEP The distance from any key on the to S, then skip to the S CoUa (p. :t). cancels a previous flat or sharp (p. 36). keyboard to two kevs above or below (p. 37). - J