Reading Music Notes US V2

RREADINGEADING MMUSICUSIC NNOTESOTES With Ease For the Earliest Beginner E A P D C G Middle C u B f F

BETTY WAGNER Associate Trinity College London, Associate Music Australia READING MUSIC NOTES WAITH Nova EASE Book CompanyPage 1 Publicationhttp://www.music-with-ease.com READING MUSIC NOTES WITH EASE: For the Earliest Beginner

by Betty Wagner ATCL, A Mus A

Edited and Illustrated by Anne Dollin Music Clips by John Wagner

For Alex and James

Published in 2004 by NOVA BOOK COMPANY PO Box 746, Potts Point NSW 1335, Australia

Additional copies may be purchased from: http://www.musicwithease.com

READING MUSIC NOTES WITH EASE Page 2 http://www.musicwithease.com Sound and Music Clips in this Booklet Sound and music clips have been embedded throughout this booklet to illustrate the material covered. To hear these clips you need to view this pdf with Adobe Reader 6 or 7. These programs are available as free downloads from http://www.adobe.com System Requirements for Adobe Reader 6.0.1: System Requirements for Adobe Reader 7.0: Windows Windows Intel® Pentium® processor or compatible Intel® Pentium® processor or compatible Microsoft® Windows 98 Second Edition, Windows Microsoft® Windows 2000 with Service Pack 2, Windows Millennium Edition, Windows NT® 4.0 with Service Pack 6, XP Professional or Home Edition, or Windows XP Tablet PC Windows 2000 with Service Pack 2, Windows XP Professional Edition or Home Edition, Windows XP Tablet PC Edition 128MB of RAM 32MB of RAM (64MB recommended) Up to 90MB of available hard-disk space 60MB of available hard-disk space Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.5 or higher Internet Explorer 5.01, 5.5, 6.0, or 6.1 Macintosh Macintosh PowerPC® G3 processor PowerPC® G3 processor Mac OS X v.10.2.8 or 10.3 Mac OS X v.10.2.2-10.3 Up to 35MB of RAM 32MB of RAM with virtual memory on (64MB recommended) Up to 125MB of available hard-disk space 70MB of available hard-disk space

A QuickTime player must also be added to Windows systems in order to play the embedded QuickTime music clips. QuickTime players are available as free downloads from http://www.apple.com

For further tips about installing Adobe Reader and QuickTime on your computer, please visit: http://www.musicwithease.com/mwe-ebooks-faq.html

If you have Acrobat Reader 5, you will still be able to read and print out this pdf booklet. However, you will not be able to play the embedded sound and music clips.

Sound clips have been embedded behind faces of the Gang of Seven members. Music clips have been embedded behind featured notes in the keyboard and staff diagrams, too. For example: Click here to Click here to hear hear Fritz speak the piano notes

To play a clip, simply click on these parts of the page with your mouse. See how many clips you can find! Sometimes the Gang of Seven members say different things. Can you find these places?

READING MUSIC NOTES WITH EASE Page 3 http://www.musicwithease.com CONTENTS

Chapter 1 The Piano Keyboard and the Musical Alphabet ...... 5

Chapter 2 The Great Staff ...... 14

Chapter 3 The First Eleven Notes ...... 15

Chapter 4 The Next Six Notes ...... 23

Chapter 5 The Final Four Notes ...... 28

Summary Chart The Great Staff – A Musical Map ...... 32

READING MUSIC NOTES WITH EASE Page 4 http://www.musicwithease.com Chapter 1 THE PIANO KEYBOARD AND THE MUSICAL ALPHABET A B C D E F G DID YOU KNOW that all the beautiful music we hear day after day is written and played on only seven notes of different letter names: A, B, C, D, E, F and G? Where are these notes found on a piano keyboard?

To make it easy to remember where each note is found, let’s read the story of the Gang of Seven. This story will help you find these seven notes with ease.

First, take a look at a piano keyboard. You will see that all the black notes are in groups of either two or three. Let’s pretend that each group of two black notes is a Dog’s Kennel, and each group of three black notes is a House with Three Chimneys:

Dog’s House Kennel with Three Chimneys

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A Tip! There are NINE music clips embedded in this diagram. Can you find them all?

MIDDLE C C DEF GBA

The white notes near the Dog’s Kennel and the House with Three Chimneys are C, D, E, F, G, A and B. These are the first seven notes we need to learn.

Now, turn the page to read the story of the Gang of Seven, which will tell you how to use the Dog’s Kennel and the House with Three Chimneys to find all seven notes in the musical alphabet!

READING MUSIC NOTES WITH EASE Page 5 http://www.musicwithease.com Middle C MIDDLE C

Dog’s Kennel

{

First let’s meet Middle C with his party hat on! He loves to eat honey cake so he’s very chubby. He owns the dog so you’ll find him right beside the dog’s kennel.

DID YOU KNOW… Middle C is found at about the middle of the standard piano keyboard.

READING MUSIC NOTES WITH EASE Page 6 http://www.musicwithease.com Middle C DEE THE DOG

Dog’s Kennel

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Here is Dee, the fuzzy little Dog that belongs to Middle C. Dee sleeps inside her warm cosy kennel.

READING MUSIC NOTES WITH EASE Page 7 http://www.musicwithease.com Middle C EVIE

Dog’s Kennel

{

Pretty Evie loves dogs. She sits close beside the kennel so that she can pat Dee, the dog. Evie’s boyfriend, Fritz, is right beside her on the next note…

READING MUSIC NOTES WITH EASE Page 8 http://www.musicwithease.com Middle C FRITZ

House with Three Chimneys

{

This is Fritz with his spiky hair. Fritz is on guard at the Front of the House with Three Chimneys. Fritz likes it here because he is right beside his girlfriend, Evie.

READING MUSIC NOTES WITH EASE Page 9 http://www.musicwithease.com GOODY

Middle C and ANDY

House with Three Chimneys

{

Two brothers, Goody and Andy, live inside the House with Three Chimneys.

Goody has curly hair. Andy has a red bow tie.

READING MUSIC NOTES WITH EASE Page 10 http://www.musicwithease.com BUZZ THE BEE

Middle C

House with Three Chimneys

{

Finally let’s meet Buzz the Bee. She has a big sting and she guards the Back of the House with Three Chimneys.

READING MUSIC NOTES WITH EASE Page 11 http://www.musicwithease.com Now we have met all the members of the Gang of Seven: Middle C, Dee the Dog, Evie, Fritz, Goody, Andy and Buzz the Bee. They stand for the seven letters of the musical alphabet: C, D, E, F, G, A and B.

The little stories we have given you linked each member of the Gang of Seven to the ‘Dog’s Kennel’ or to the ‘House with Three Chimneys’. If you remember these little stories you will easily be able to find each letter of the musical alphabet on your keyboard.

Now take a look at your keyboard. How many different ‘Dog’s Kennels’ can you find?……… How many different ‘Houses with Three Chimneys’ can you find?………

The same Gang of Seven members are found with them all. For example, Dee the Dog is inside every Dog’s Kennel, and Goody and Andy are inside every House with Three Chimneys.

How many times can you find the following members of the Gang of Seven on your keyboard? Dee the Dog……… Goody…………… Evie……………… Buzz the Bee………… Fritz…………… Andy……………

Middle C is a very special note. There is actually only one Middle C. It is usually near the middle of your keyboard. Your teacher will show you where it is. The other notes that are found just to the left of each Dog’s Kennel are just called ‘C’. Do you remember that chubby Middle C likes to eat honey cake? The C notes are right beside the Bees on the keyboard too! The Bees provide the C notes with honey for their cakes. Can you find Middle C on your keyboard? How many other C notes can you find on your keyboard?

READING MUSIC NOTES WITH EASE Page 12 http://www.musicwithease.com In this booklet we are particularly interested in learning the twenty one notes that are found near the middle of the keyboard – ten notes on either side of Middle C.

House with House with House with Three Dog’s Three Dog’s Three Dog’s Chimneys Kennel Chimneys Kennel Chimneys Kennel

{ {

{ { {

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MIDDLE C GAB C D E F GAB DE FGABC DE F

These notes covered in Chapter 3

These notes covered in Chapter 4

These notes covered in Chapter 5

There are three ‘Dog’s Kennels’ and three ‘Houses with Three Chimneys’ in these twenty one notes.

You will also find three full sets of the Gang of Seven in these notes.

Have a look at your keyboard and see if you can find these twenty one notes on your keyboard.

Can you name all of the Gang of Seven members on these notes on your keyboard?

In the following chapters, the Gang of Seven will help you find these notes on the musical staff, which is known as the Great Staff or the Great Stave.

READING MUSIC NOTES WITH EASE Page 13 http://www.musicwithease.com Chapter 2 THE GREAT STAFF When you open a book containing musical tunes you will notice that there are what looks a bit like two little fences going across the page, each with five railings. Each of these two little fences is called a Staff or Stave. Treble clef Treble staff

ò & ÷ >

Bracket Bass clef Bass staff Bar line Double or brace bar line

The staffs are joined at the beginning with a bracket and a bar line, and at the very end of the tune they are finished with a double bar line. The tune is divided into small sections called bars (or measures). The bars are separated by single bar lines. At the beginning of the first fence or staff will be the sign &. This is called the Treble Clef or G Clef. The fence with the treble clef is used for the higher notes of the piano. It is called the Treble Staff.

At the beginning of the second fence or staff will be the sign >. This is called the Bass Clef or F Clef. The fence with the bass clef is used for the lower notes of the piano. It is called the Bass Staff. The treble staff and the bass staff together make up the Great Staff. On each staff you will also see oval shapes which often have a stem on one side, and can also have a hook or flag. These stand for the notes on the keyboard. Here are some of these notes toG begin with: P C u f o b

On the following pages our old friends, the Gang of Seven, are going to help us learn to read these notes on the Great Staff! The little stories will help you easily find the Gang of Seven members on both the treble staff and the bass staff.

READING MUSIC NOTES WITH EASE Page 14 http://www.musicwithease.com Chapter 3 THE FIRST ELEVEN NOTES The first member of the Gang of Seven that we will find on the Great Staff is Middle C. Middle C is a very special note because he is right in the middle between the two staffs! Here are the two different ways of writing Middle C: You will find Middle C in two places… ò & u • first line below the treble staff, u and ÷ • first line above the bass staff. >

DID YOU KNOW… Middle C sits on a little short line all of his own that makes him look like he has a hat on. The little line is called a Ledger Line.

Here is a little poem to sum up everything we have learned so far about staffs…

OVE The Treble Staff is UP AB D OWN B The Bass Staff is ELOW And in the MIDDLE is MIDDLE C.

First line B the Treble Staff ELOW

First line ABOVE the Bass Staff too. He’s as MAGIC as can be! And he wears his HAT to tea.

READING MUSIC NOTES WITH EASE Page 15 http://www.musicwithease.com ò u u u & u u u MIDDLE C u u u ÷ u u u > ò & MIDDLE C MIDDLE ÷ C >

Remember Middle C with his party hat on? He loves to eat cake so he’s very chubby.

Middle C is in two very special places between the treble staff and the bass staff.

READING MUSIC NOTES WITH EASE Page 16 http://www.musicwithease.com ò u u u & u u u BUZZ THE BEE u u u ÷ u u u and > DEE THE DOG ò & MIDDLE D C MIDDLE ÷ B C >

Buzz the Bee is flying back and forth along the top of the bass staff just below Middle C, watching out for burglars.

Middle C also has his little dog, Dee, just above him. Here is Dee the Dog poking her nose underneath the treble staff.

READING MUSIC NOTES WITH EASE Page 17 http://www.musicwithease.com INTRODUCING TWO IMPORTANT LINES ò & G G LINE Goody

÷ F F LINE > Here are two very important lines which will help us Fritz remember the notes on the bass and treble staffs:

Fritz is on the F Line, which is the second line DOWN on the bass staff. Goody is on the G Line, which is the second line UP on the treble staff. They match don’t they!

READING MUSIC NOTES WITH EASE Page 18 http://www.musicwithease.com ò u u u & u u u FRITZ – u u ÷ u u u u the Boss of > the Bass Staff > F F LINE

Fritz has the boss job on the BASS staff. Fritz is in charge of the F clef (or bass clef). So he is on the line called the F Line that goes between the two dots of the bass clef. Fritz has a round smooth head that looks like the bass clef.

The Bass Clef sign came from the letter ‘F’ > written in an old fashioned way:

READING MUSIC NOTES WITH EASE Page 19 http://www.musicwithease.com ò u u u & u u u EVIE and FRITZ, u u u ÷ u u u > GOODY and ANDY (LAST FOUR NOTES ON THE BASS STAFF)

A G F > E

Here are Evie and Fritz Here are the brothers, Goody on the bass staff. and Andy, on the bass staff. Fritz is easy to find, They love to climb on his special line so you will find them just above in charge of the bass clef. their great friend, Fritz. Fritz’s girlfriend Evie is Andy (with his red bow tie) is the in the space just below Fritz. better climber so he is always just above his brother, Goody.

READING MUSIC NOTES WITH EASE Page 20 http://www.musicwithease.com ò u u u & u u u GOODY – u u u ÷ u u u the Boss of > the Treble Staff

& G G LINE

Goody has the boss job on the TREBLE staff. Goody is in charge of the G clef (or treble clef). So he is on the line, called the G Line, that goes right through the central curl of the treble clef. His curly hair looks like the curly treble clef.

The Treble Clef sign came from the letter ‘G’ & written in an old fashioned way:

READING MUSIC NOTES WITH EASE Page 21 http://www.musicwithease.com ò u u u & u u u EVIE and FRITZ, u u u ÷ u u u > GOODY and ANDY (FIRST FOUR NOTES ON THE TREBLE STAFF)

A G F & E

Here are Evie and Fritz again Here are the brothers, Goody on the treble staff. and Andy, on the treble staff. Evie likes to pat Dee the Dog, Goody is easy to find, so she sits just above Dee on on his special line the first line of the treble staff. in charge of the treble clef. Evie’s boyfriend Fritz is Andy (with his red bow tie) is the in the space just above her. better climber so he is always just above his brother, Goody.

READING MUSIC NOTES WITH EASE Page 22 http://www.musicwithease.com Chapter 4 THE NEXT SIX NOTES The eleven notes we have learned to read in Chapter 3 on the Great Staff go as follows:

Evie and Fritz, Goody and Andy; The last four notes on the bass staff:

Buzz the Bee, Middle C, and Dee the Dog;

Then in between the staffs:

Evie and Fritz, Goody and Andy; Then the first four notes on the treble staff:

If you practise these notes using the Music With Ease Flashcards until you can remember them quickly, you will find that all of the music you learn in the future will be much easier to read!

Now the Gang of Seven will help us learn the next six notes on the Great Staff…

READING MUSIC NOTES WITH EASE Page 23 http://www.musicwithease.com u u u ò u u u & u u u LOW C and u u u ÷ u u u >u u u HIGH C

ò & HIGH C ÷ > LOW C The first C note below Middle C is located eight notes (one octave) below Middle C on the bass staff. We shall call this special note ‘Low C’. The first C note above Middle C is located one octave above Middle C on the treble staff. We shall call this special note ‘High C’. Low C and High C are easy to find! Low C is in the second space UP on the bass staff. And High C is in the second space DOWN on the treble staff. They match don’t they!

READING MUSIC NOTES WITH EASE Page 24 http://www.musicwithease.com u u u ò u u u & u u u BUZZ THE BEE u u u u and ÷ u u u >u u DEE THE DOG (Bass staff)

D LOW C > B

Low C has a Bee named Buzz, and a Dog named Dee, one on either side of him, just as Middle C does.

READING MUSIC NOTES WITH EASE Page 25 http://www.musicwithease.com u u u ò u u u & u u u BUZZ THE BEE u u u u and ÷ u u u >u u DEE THE DOG (Treble staff)

D HIGH C & B

High C also has a Bee named Buzz, and a Dog named Dee, one on either side of him, just as Middle C does.

READING MUSIC NOTES WITH EASE Page 26 http://www.musicwithease.com SUMMARY CHART OF THE MOST IMPORTANT NOTES Here are the most important notes we have learnt. They set the position of all the other notes on the Great Staff so far.

HIGH C ò & GOODY ON THE G LINE

MIDDLE C ÷ FRITZ ON THE F LINE > LOW C These pairs of notes all match, don’t they!

READING MUSIC NOTES WITH EASE Page 27 http://www.musicwithease.com Chapter 5 THE FINAL FOUR NOTES We have now learned to read 17 notes on and between the bass and treble staffs. There are only four more notes to go of the 21 notes we are learning to read in this booklet. This will complete all the notes on the Great Staff.

There will be three complete groups of the Gang of Seven in these 21 notes.

We have already seen three C notes, each with his Bee named Buzz, and his Dog named Dee.

However, so far we have only seen two each of the Evie and Fritz pair, and two each of the Goody and Andy pair.

So, as Goody and Andy are the last two notes on the bass staff, let’s make them the first two notes on the bass staff too!

And, as Evie and Fritz are the first two notes on the treble staff, let’s make them the last two notes on the treble staff too!

READING MUSIC NOTES WITH EASE Page 28 http://www.musicwithease.com u u u u u ò u u u & u u u GOODY u u ÷ u u u u u u > u u u and ANDY (Bass Staff)

A G

A >G

Goody and Andy are the last two notes on the bass staff.

So we will make Goody and Andy the first two notes on the bass staff too!

READING MUSIC NOTES WITH EASE Page 29 http://www.musicwithease.com u u u u u ò u u u & u u u EVIE u u u u u ÷ u u u > u u u and FRITZ (Treble staff)

F E

F & E

Evie and Fritz are the first two notes on the treble staff.

So we will make Evie and Fritz the last two notes on the treble staff too!

READING MUSIC NOTES WITH EASE Page 30 http://www.musicwithease.com Now we have learned to read twenty one notes from the very Bottom line of the Bass staff to the very Top line of the Treble staff – the whole of the Great Staff. We have got to know the Gang of Seven very well and have found three complete sets of the Gang of Seven members on the Great Staff!

Practise these notes using the Music With Ease Flash Cards (included as a free bonus with this booklet) until you can recognise them all instantly.

We hope the Gang of Seven have helped you to learn to read music notes with ease!

For a fun way to learn to read all the notes on the ledger lines, below, between and above the treble and bass staffs, using just two simple poems, read our next booklet, Reading Ledger Line Notes With Ease – available from the Music With Ease website. Read more details....

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ò QUESTION ANSWER Published in 2004 by Music With Ease NOVA BOOK COMPANY PO Box 746, Potts Point NSW 1335, FFLASHLASH CCARDSARDS Australia

Additional copies may be purchased from: http://www.musicwithease.com

.music-with-ease.com Copyright © 2004 Betty Dawn Wagner BETTY WAGNER All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing Associate Trinity College London, for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part of

Associate Music Australia http://www Wagner Betty this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval © system, or transmitted in any form or by any means A Nova Book Company Publication electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or http://www.musicwithease.com otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher.

How to Use Your QUESTIONThese Music With Ease Flash Cards cover ANSWERMusic With Ease Flash Cards There are two complete flash cards on every page of this pdf the 21 notes from the bottom of the bass document, each with a Question side and an Answer side. staff to the top of the treble staff. 1. Print out one copy of every page.

2. Cut along the dotted lines on each page to separate and They are designed to be used with the trim the flash cards. booklet, Reading Music Notes With Ease 3. Purchase a small photo album which holds at least 44 by Betty Wagner. With the stories of the 10 x 15 cm photographs, and displays just one photograph per Gang of Seven characters told in this page. Slip the QUESTION side of the first flash card into the first booklet, students can learn to read these pocket and the ANSWER side of that flash card into the reverse fundamental 21 notes on the Great Staff, side of the same pocket. Continue until all the flash cards are set up in the album in no time at all!

Reading Music Notes With Ease (in two

versions: for the Earliest Beginner or for .music-with-ease.com the Adult Beginner) and other unique booklets on learning music are available from the Music With Ease website: 4. Flip through the album regularly, identifying the notes http://www.musicwithease.com on the Question side of each card and then checking your Betty Wagner http://www Wagner Betty answers. Before you know it you will be able to read all the

Middle C can be written one line below the treble staff, or one line above the bass staff. This important note is right in & the centre of the Great Staff. ò & u u u

Betty Wagner http://www.musicwithease.com ÷ © >

QUESTION ANSWER u 2 MIDDLE C 2

Middle C can be written one line below the treble staff, or one line above the bass staff. This important note is right in the centre of the Great Staff. > ò & u u ÷

Betty Wagner http://www.musicwithease.com © > QUESTION ANSWER u 3 B 3

Buzz the Bee is flying back and forth along the top of the bass staff just below Middle C, > watching out for burglars. u u

Betty Wagner http://www.musicwithease.com

Here is Dee the Dog poking her nose underneath the treble staff. Dee the Dog is & u always just above Middle C. & u u

Betty Wagner http://www.musicwithease.com

Fritz is the boss of the F clef (or bass clef). So he is on the F line > that goes between the two dots of the bass clef.u

Betty Wagner http://www.musicwithease.com

Betty Wagner http://www.musicwithease.com © E F GA QUESTION ANSWER 7 7 u G

Goody and his brother, Andy, love to climb so you will find them just above their great friend, Fritz. > (Fritz is easy to find on the F line of the bass staff.)u u u u

Betty Wagner http://www.musicwithease.com

QUESTION 8 ANSWER 8 u A

Andy, (with his red bow tie) is a better climber than his brother, Goody. So Andy is always just > above Goody on the staff. u u u u >

Betty Wagner http://www.musicwithease.com © EFG A QUESTION ANSWER 9 G 9

u Goody is the boss of the G clef (or treble clef). So he is on the & G line that goes right through the central curl of the treble clef. u

Betty Wagner http://www.musicwithease.com & © G QUESTION 10 ANSWER E 10

Evie likes to pat Dee the Dog, so she sits near Dee, on the first line of the treble staff. Evie’s boyfriend Fritz is & u in the space just above her. & u u u u u

Betty Wagner http://www.musicwithease.com © D E F G A QUESTION ANSWER 11 F 11

Fritz is in the space just above his girlfriend, Evie. u Fritz is also just below & Goody (on the G line) and his climbing brother, Andy. u u Betty Wagner http://www.musicwithease.com & u u

Andy (with his red bow tie) is a better u climber than his brother, Goody, so he is always just above Goody on the staff. (Goody is easy to find & on the G line of the treble staff.) & u u u u

Betty Wagner http://www.musicwithease.com © EFG A QUESTION ANSWER 13 13 LOW C

Low C is in the second space UP on the bass staff. And High C is in the second space u DOWN on the treble staff. They match don’t they! > u ò & ÷

Betty Wagner http://www.musicwithease.com u © > Low C High C QUESTION 14 ANSWER B 14

Low C has a Bee named Buzz, u just below him, > the same as Middle C does. > u u

Betty Wagner http://www.musicwithease.com © B C QUESTION ANSWER 15 D 15 u Low C has a Dog named Dee, just above him, > the same as Middle C does. u > u

Betty Wagner http://www.musicwithease.com © C D

QUESTION ANSWER 16 HIGH C 16

High C is in the second space DOWN on the treble staff. u And Low C is in the second space UP on the bass staff. They match don’t they! u & ò & ÷ u

Betty Wagner http://www.musicwithease.com > © Low C High C QUESTION ANSWER 17 B 17 u High C has a Bee named Buzz, just below him, & the same as Middle C does. u & u

Betty Wagner http://www.musicwithease.com © B C

QUESTION 18 ANSWER D 18 u

High C has a Dog named Dee, just above him, & the same as Middle C does. u u &

Betty Wagner http://www.musicwithease.com © C D QUESTION ANSWER 19 G 19

Goody and Andy are the last two notes on the bass staff. So we will make Goody and Andy > u the first two notes on the bass staff too! u u > u u

Betty Wagner http://www.musicwithease.com © G A G A QUESTION 20 ANSWER A 20

Goody and Andy are the last two notes on the bass staff. So we will make Goody and Andy u the first two notes on the bass > staff too! u u > u u

Betty Wagner http://www.musicwithease.com © G A G A QUESTION ANSWER 21 21 u E

Evie and Fritz are the first two notes on the treble staff. So we will make Evie and Fritz & the last two notes on the treble staff too! u u & u u

Betty Wagner http://www.musicwithease.com © E F E F

QUESTION 22 ANSWER 22 u F

Evie and Fritz are the first two notes on the treble staff. So we will make Evie and Fritz the last two notes on the treble & staff too! u u & u u

Betty Wagner http://www.musicwithease.com © E F E F Rhythm in Music– Note Lengths and Time Signatures

By Betty Wagner, ATCL, AMusA

OUR everyday lives throb with rhythms!

• Sunrise and sunset,

• The crashing of the waves,

• The pounding of a jogger’s feet; and

• The beating of our hearts.

Our speech also is filled with the rhythms of words and syllables, especially in the beautiful form of poetry. However, it is in music that rhythm has probably reached its most systematic form.

A regular pulse or beat is found in all modern music and the notes form rhythmic patterns of infinite variety. Our system of writing down the rhythms of music is to use:

• Various note shapes to indicate note lengths; and

• Time signatures to indicate the beat of the music.

Time Signature 2 ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ & 4 ¿ ¿. ¿ ¿ ¿ „

Different Note Shapes

A MUSIC WITH EASE BONUS ARTICLE: RHYTHM IN MUSIC: NOTE LENGTHS AND TIME SIGNATURES http://www.musicwithease.com Page 1 Note Lengths Back in the thirteenth century, only four symbols for note Some 16th Century Notes lengths had been developed. One was a black diamond equivalent to our semibreve. The other notes were even longer: Maxima Minim the Breve, the Longa and the Double Longa (or Maxima)! Longa Semiminum

The development of our modern set of note symbols from Breve Fusa these early beginnings took hundreds of years, as we Semibreve h progressed from writing music down on animal skin manuscripts to the printing presses of today.

An easy way of understanding modern note lengths is shown in the chart on the next page. Musical rests follow the same patterns as the notes so they are also included in this chart.

A NOTE indicates a musical sound. Its shape indicates its length. A REST indicates silence. Its shape indicates its length, which is the same as the length of its corresponding note.

Notes may have three distinct parts:

• An oval note head. This can be either black or white; A Tip! Remember this by saying, • A stem. This is drawn on the left if it goes downwards, “Raise your right hand to swear or on the right if it goes upwards; an oath in court”!

• A Hook or Flag. This is always drawn on the right side of the stem.

Stem Hook or flag Note Head b

In general, when notes are written on a staff, the stems of the notes:

• Go UP if the note head is below the third line, and o P • Go DOWN if the note head is above the third line.

On the third line they go UP or DOWN depending on the notes around them.

A MUSIC WITH EASE BONUS ARTICLE: RHYTHM IN MUSIC: NOTE LENGTHS AND TIME SIGNATURES http://www.musicwithease.com Page 2 CHART OF COMMONLY USED NOTES AND RESTS Notes Rests Memory Aids Comments

Semibreve From the semibreve note (or Whole Note) “Sammy” hangs onwards, every time some- from the 4th line. thing is added to a note, it (He is more adven- becomes half as long! Ÿ turous than his sister, u “Minnie”) A semibreve rest may be used to fill a complete bar in any kind of time. In this Minim case, it is called a Whole (or Half Note) Bar Rest. G “Minnie” Ÿ sits on The stems on notes are f the 3rd drawn on the left if they go line. downwards, and on the right if they go upwards.

Crotchet The crotchet (or Quarter Note) note looks like a A dot after a note or a rest P crotchety makes it half as long again. old man, ø f . o and the crotchet rest eg represents one and a looks like a zigzag half minims. followed by a “C”. Quaver (or Eighth Note) The rests from the quaver C rest onwards look like œ One Word (Quaver) – ‘sevens’! b One Hook!

Semiquaver From the quaver rest onwards, every time some- (or Sixteenth Note) thing is added to a rest, it becomes half as long! W œ Two Words œ (Semi-quaver) – v Two Hooks! In the quaver, semiquaver Demisemiquaver and demisemiquaver notes, (or Thirty-second Note) the hook is always on the Q right side of the stem. œœ Three Words œ (Demi-semi-quaver) – p Three Hooks!

A MUSIC WITH EASE BONUS ARTICLE: RHYTHM IN MUSIC: NOTE LENGTHS AND TIME SIGNATURES http://www.musicwithease.com Page 3 Time Signatures A Time Signature is a set of two numbers written at the beginning of a piece of music to describe the beat of the music. A Tip! The Time Signature is always written after the Key Signature To remember this, think of an (if there is one), or otherwise immediately after the Clef. old-fashioned clock — you must turn the key before it keeps the time. The Top Number gives the number of beats in a bar (or a measure). So the Key Signature comes before the Time Signature! The Bottom Number gives the value of each beat: 2 = minim (or half note) 4 = crotchet (or quarter note) 8 = quaver (or eighth note) 2 For example, a 2 time signature indicates that there are two minim beats in every bar.

Important note: Shorter notes such as crotchets and quavers can also be used, as long as the combination of notes in every bar makes up the correct number of beats. GG P P G P C C C C P e.g. or or

Counting Time When you prepare to play a piece of music, you should look at the Time Signature and work out how the melody fits into that rhythm. An easy way to do this is to count out the beats in each bar as you play it. 2 For example in a2 melody, you would count out two beats in the bar at an even pace, with a slight stress on the first beat in each bar: 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2…

If the melody contains short notes such as crotchets or quavers, you may add the word “and” between the main beats, to help you keep these short notes in time. However, the overall speed and rhythm must stay the same: 1 and 2 and 1 and 2 and 1 and 2 and…

Let’s take a look at some time signatures and the way they are counted:

A MUSIC WITH EASE BONUS ARTICLE: RHYTHM IN MUSIC: NOTE LENGTHS AND TIME SIGNATURES http://www.musicwithease.com Page 4 2 2 Time Signature Two Minim Beats in the Bar Often used for marches Pattern of beats: Strong Weak | Strong Weak |

(Click icon to Lavender Blue hear song played) Fingering 2 1 25 4/5 4 1 5 2 ø P C P ø 2 o A f B o A f. G oF o G & f o E o o C C 1 and 2 and 1 and 2 - oo a- and 1 and 2 and 1 and 2 and

Lav- en- der blue dil-ly, dil-ly, Lav- en- der green.

2 4 Time Signature Two Crotchet Beats in the Bar Often used for marches or polkas Pattern of beats: Strong Weak | Strong Weak |

Little Brown Jug

1 3 1 3 21 5 P E 2 P P D oo o o o B o o B C 4 o G o o A A & o E F

1 and 2 and 1 and 2 and 1- andand 2 and 1 and 2 and

Hah, ha, ha, you and me, Li-ttle brown jug don’t I love thee!

A MUSIC WITH EASE BONUS ARTICLE: RHYTHM IN MUSIC: NOTE LENGTHS AND TIME SIGNATURES http://www.musicwithease.com Page 5 3 4 Time Signature Three Crotchet Beats in the Bar Often used for waltzes Pattern of beats: Strong Medium Weak | Strong Medium Weak |

(Click icon to Daisy, Daisy hear song played) Fingering 3 13 5 4135234 _ o _ 4 o A f o A o o A B & f F G f F G o C o C 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

But you’ll look sweet, up- on the seat of a

5 3 1 5 1 3 _ P C o A f o F G f F f & . ) o C 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2

bi- cy- cle built for two!

4 4 Time Signature Four Crotchet Beats in the Bar Pattern of beats: Strong Weak Medium Weak | Strong Weak Medium Weak |

Good King Wenceslas 4 4 54 1 21 4 _ 4 o & o F o o G o F o o f F f F f o D o o D E C C 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Good King Wen-ces- las looked outon the feast of Ste- ven.

A MUSIC WITH EASE BONUS ARTICLE: RHYTHM IN MUSIC: NOTE LENGTHS AND TIME SIGNATURES http://www.musicwithease.com Page 6 6 8 Time Signature Six Quaver Beats in the Bar (or more correctly, two dotted crotchet beats in the bar – see page 9) Often used for fast waltzes or marches Pattern of beats: Strong Medium Weak Strong Medium Weak | Strong Medium Weak Strong Medium Weak | Drink to Me Only 6 35251 4 1 œ

8 o G o G

o ) o b ) o o & o E oo F o o F F o E E oD o bD o. o C) C ) C 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6

Drink to me on- lywi- th thine ey- esand I — will pledge with mine —

Two Common Abbreviations3 Back in the Middle Ages, 4 time (or meter) was thought to be a perfect time signature related to the Holy Trinity. So this time signature was indicated by a circle representing perfection. 4 4 On the other hand, the time signature2 was considered to be imperfect and was indicated by a half circle; and the time signature 2 was indicated by a half circle with a line though it.

Today, similar versions of these latter two abbreviations are still in use: 4 The time signature4 may be written as `; and 2 The time signature2 may be written as B.

A Classification of Time Signatures Time Signatures may be grouped in two different ways:

(a) According to the number of beats in the bar: Duple – two beats in each bar Triple – three beats in each bar Quadruple – four beats in each bar

(b) According to the type of note beats: Simple Time – notes are grouped according to simple note beats Compound Time – notes are grouped according to dotted note beats.

On the following page we present a summary chart of the Simple and Compound Time Signatures.

A MUSIC WITH EASE BONUS ARTICLE: RHYTHM IN MUSIC: NOTE LENGTHS AND TIME SIGNATURES http://www.musicwithease.com Page 7 SIMPLE TIME SIGNATURES Duple Triple Quadruple 2 3 4

248 2 4 8 2 4 8 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 2 4 8 2 4 8 2 4 8 G G P P C C G G G PPPCCC GGGG PPPP C CCC

COMPOUND TIME SIGNATURES Duple Triple Quadruple 6 9 12

4 8 16 4816 4 8 16 6 6 6 9 9 9 12 12 12 4 8 16 4 8 16 4 8 16 GG. . PP. . C..C G...GG P..PP .C...C C G..GGG. .P..P PP. . C..C CC. .

Notes on Time Signatures Chart Simple •Top Numbers are 2, 3 and 4. • The bottom numbers in each case are 2, 4 and 8. • The notes are grouped according to simple note beats. Compound • The top numbers (6, 9 and 12) are three times those in the Simple Time Signatures. • The bottom numbers (4, 8 and 16) are two times those in the Simple Time Signatures. • The notes are grouped according to dotted note beats.

A MUSIC WITH EASE BONUS ARTICLE: RHYTHM IN MUSIC: NOTE LENGTHS AND TIME SIGNATURES http://www.musicwithease.com Page 8 Simple and Dotted Note Beats As shown in the chart on page 8:

In every time signature, the notes are grouped together according to either: SIMPLE minim, crotchet or quaver beats; or DOTTED minim, crotchet or quaver beats.

Compound Time Signatures 6always have dotted note beats. For instance, although music in the Compound Duple time of 8 has six quavers 6in the bar, these are considered to be grouped together into dotted crotchets. So we say that 8 music has two dotted crotchet beats in the bar. 12 Similarly, although the Compound Quadruple time 16 means twelve semiquavers in the bar, these notes are grouped together into four dotted quaver beat groups that are equivalent to the twelve semiquavers. 3 6 The Simple Triple time, 4 , and the Compound Duple time, 8 , can both have six quaver notes in a bar. However, these two time signatures produce quite different rhythms because the notes are grouped together in different ways:

Simple Triple Compound Duple Three simple note beats Two dotted note beats 3 PPPPPP 6 PPPPPP 4 8 P PP P ..P

Asymmetric Time Signatures A variety of other time signatures occur in the folk music of central5 5 and7 eastern 7Europe. Often there is an uneven number of beats in each bar. Examples include 4 , 8 , 4 and 8 . These asymmetric time signatures are also used by modern composers to enrich today’s music.

Conclusion The rich tapestry of rhythm in music is captured and conveyed to others by using note symbols and time signatures. These systems, developed over many centuries, offer access to the immense variety of written music available today!

Copyright © 2004 Betty Dawn Wagner All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher. A MUSIC WITH EASE BONUS ARTICLE: RHYTHM IN MUSIC: NOTE LENGTHS AND TIME SIGNATURES http://www.musicwithease.com Page 9 Try Your Hand at These Gang of Seven Games! (Answers on Page 6)

By Guest Author, Anne Dollin, PhD Help Buzz the Bee pick the flowers with the best honey!

u u > & u u > > & u & u & u u u & > The best flowers are u marked with a B note. > u & u Colour them orange! >

Help Dee the Dog pick the tastiest bones for her dinner! The tastiest bones are marked with a D note. Colour them brown! & u u u > u > > u & & u & u u u & > & u u u > &

MUSIC WITH EASE BONUS GAMES http://www.musicwithease.com Page 1 Help Middle C reach his cake!

Middle C must walk across this path, one paving stone at a time. He can ONLY step on paving stones that are marked with a Middle C note, a High C note or a Low C note. Colour these paving stones red and find Middle C’s track!

u FINISH START u & u > & u > u u u & u > > & > u u u u u > u & > & & u u u u > & u > & u > &

Help Goody and Andy reach u POT the Pot of Gold on the other > OF side of the river! GOLD > u & u FINISH u & u > Goody can ONLY u step on stepping > u stones that are & marked with a > u G note. u Colour Goody’s & > u stones pale green START > u and find his track! u > u > u & & u Andy can ONLY step on stones that are marked u u with an A note. & > Colour Andy’s stones START u u dark green and find his track! > &

MUSIC WITH EASE BONUS GAMES http://www.musicwithease.comhttp://www.musicwithease.com Page 2 Help Evie and Fritz choose their balloons! u > u u & > & u u & u & u > u > u u u & > & u u Evie’s balloons are all > > marked with E notes. u u u & & Colour Evie’s balloons > u u pale blue. & & u Fritz’s balloons are all > marked with F notes. Colour Fritz’s balloons dark blue!

Middle C says, “Join with a straight line all the pairs of stars which have notes of the same name inside them. Which star is left over?” u u > > u & u > u & u & > u & u u >

& u u u > & & u

MUSIC WITH EASE BONUS GAMES http://www.musicwithease.com Page 3 Gang of Seven to the Rescue! Decode the missing words and read this Gang of Seven story! f G f climbed out of &f one > f and went for a long y f f & f in the forest. He found a & f f hole with r m l r k f G G something glittering > inside. p

G G G G > they are sweets,” thought . “I could & f f them m y G G f G to my > f of & f k s G and have a lovely > f . t

G G & f f f in, and then suddenly fell and jammed r h G f G G > f -first in the & f hole! h p

G G G and > f to wonder where could n G G G G & . So they set out to > f for him. s r h G G G G & f f the ground and > f f s n i t r k G ’s footsteps. At last she found the & f f hole where was trapped. p Continued next page… MUSIC WITH EASE BONUS GAMES http://www.musicwithease.com Page 4 took one look, then flew home as & f f as she could and s t G G G & f f f , , and to come and G G > . s v

G f G G G They & f f to the rescue because > f the r l r y G f daylight was & f f f . They> f and dug until they i n u G G G GG & f f f ’s > . Then they all pulled r h t G together. Suddenly, with a loud > f f , burst from the hole and n G G G G G G > f on the ground at their feet! l n s l y

G G G G G His > f was & f f with dirt but he G k G G G G > f at them all with & f f . m l f G “What & f you all are”, shouted, “to do such a s G G G G & f f f !” r v

MUSIC WITH EASE BONUS GAMES http://www.musicwithease.com Page 5 Answers Page

Buzz the Bee’s Best Flowers Dee the Dog’s Tastiest Bones Middle C’s Track to his Cake

Goody’s Trip Across the River Andy’s Trip Across the River Evie’s Balloons

Fritz’s Balloons Middle C’s Star Pairs. (Left over star is coloured black.)

Gang of Seven to the Rescue!

Middle C climbed out of bed one day and went for a Buzz the Bee took one look, then flew home as fast as she could long ramble in the forest. He found a dark hole with and begged Goody, Andy, Evie and Fritz to come and save something glittering deep inside. Middle C.

“Maybe they are sweets,” thought Middle C. “I could They raced to the rescue because already the daylight was add them to my bag of cakes and have a lovely tea!” fading. They dug and dug until they reached Middle C’s feet. Then they all pulled together. Suddenly, with a loud bang, Middle C reached in, and then suddenly fell and Middle C burst from the hole and landed safely on the ground jammed head-first in the deep hole! at their feet!

Dee the Dog and Buzz the Bee began to wonder where His face was caked with dirt but he beamed at them all with Middle C could be. So they set out to search for him. glee. “What aces you all are”, Middle C shouted, “to do such a brave deed!” Dee the Dog sniffed the ground and tracked Middle C’s footsteps. At last she found the deep hole where Middle C was trapped.

Copyright © 2004 Anne Elizabeth Dollin All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher.

MUSIC WITH EASE BONUS GAMES http://www.musicwithease.com Page 6 Navigation Tips for Music With Ease Ebooks

How to Jump to a Particular Booklet or Bonus C Each booklet and bonus in your PDF package is listed as a Bookmark in the left hand panel (A) which appears when you first open this ebook. Simply click on the booklet or bonus of A your choice and the first page of this document will appear on the screen.

The width of the Bookmark panel may be B adjusted by dragging the dividing line (B).

If the Bookmark list disappears at any stage, reopen it by clicking on the Bookmarks tab (C) D How to Jump to a Specific Page of the Ebook Where another specific page or topic in this ebook is discussed, it may be written in blue and underlined. For example: ... see page 14. Finally on pages 26-28, ...... is given in Appendix 1.

If you click on the words written in blue, that page of the ebook will open on the screen.

How to Jump Back to the Previous Page Beside the page navigation arrows, you will see another navigation icon (D) called Previous View.

In Adobe Reader 6 and 7 it is at the bottom of the screen and looks like this: In Acrobat Reader 5 it is a black arrow located in the top toolbar.

Click on this icon and the previous page that you were viewing of the ebook will be shown on the screen.

How to Rotate the View of a Page on the Screen A few pages of the Music With Ease ebooks have been written in landscape format. Of course, if you print out these pages, you can easily turn them to read them in the correct orientation. However, there is also a way in which you can rotate these pages for easier viewing on the screen.

From the View menu in your Reader program, select Rotate View and then choose Clockwise. Simply repeat this process, but this time choosing Counterclockwise, to return the screen view to the original orientation. Landscape format http://www.musicwithease.com Tips for Viewing Music With Ease Ebooks With Adobe Reader 8

All the Music With Ease ebooks are fully functional with Adobe Reader 8. The sound clips, links, bookmarks, printing and all other features can be used just as they were in previous versions of Adobe Reader. Adobe Reader 8 does differ from previous versions, though, in the following ways:

New Interface D A few of the common features used with the Music With Ease ebooks are in different C positions in the new Adobe Reader 8 interface. These are shown in the following diagram: A – Bookmarks B – Movable Dividing Line C – Bookmarks Tab A D – Navigation Icons B

ʻPrevious Viewʼ Navigation Button is Missing from Toolbar The new interface of Adobe Reader 8 also lacks an important navigation button that is extremely useful when viewing a Music With Ease ebook:

Previous View.

However, this important navigation button can be easily added back into the Adobe Reader 8 toolbar. This is how to do it:

Instructions for PC Users Right-Click Here to See Menu On a PC, right-click with your mouse on one of the two navigation arrows in the top toolbar. From the menu that pops up, click on the ʻPrevious Viewʼ tool.

The ʻPrevious Viewʼ tool should now appear in the top toolbar as shown in the illustration on the next page.

http://www.musicwithease.com Instructions for Mac Users 1. From the Adobe Reader 8 ʻToolsʼ menu at the top of the screen, select the ʻCustomize Toolbars...ʼ option. A window called ʻMore Toolsʼ will open up.

2. Scroll through the long list of additional tools in the ʻMore Toolsʼ window until you ﬁnd the set of tools under the heading ʻPage Navigation Toolbarʼ.

3. Click on the check box beside the ʻPrevious Viewʼ tool, making an arrow appear in this check box.

4. Click the ʻOKʼ button to conﬁrm the changes and close the window. The ʻPrevious Viewʼ tool should now appear in the top toolbar as shown below.

Added ʻPrevious Viewʼ Tool

http://www.musicwithease.com CONTINUE YOUR MUSIC LEARNING THE MUSIC WITH EASE WAY! Now that you have mastered reading your music notes using the Music With Ease method, why not continue your music learning with the aid of the other unique ebooks in the Music With Ease series? Reading Ledger Line Notes With Ease After you learn to read the notes of the bass and treble staves (or staffs), you will suddenly ﬁnd yourself face to face with a whole new problem! To start playing really nice piano pieces, you must learn to read “Ledger Line Notes” (the notes above, between and below the staves).

The ebook, Reading Ledger Line Notes With Ease • Makes reading ledger line notes fun -- instead of a chore • Actually shows you how to read, simply and easily, all the ledger line notes on a standard 88 white note piano Reading Ledger Line Notes With Ease comes with two great new bonuses: • Musical Symbols, Terms, and Ornaments, a glossary that will help you play with correct timing and expression, and add attractive ornamentation to your music. • And a free bonus copy of another Music With Ease ebook, Playing Music Scales With Ease (see below)!

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Playing Music Scales With Ease: • Covers all 61 fundamental music scales (major, minor, contrary motion, chomatic) • Includes 22 pages of scale tips and memory games to help you blitz scales exams • Also includes a free bonus copy of Reading Ledger Line Notes With Ease (see above)! What people are saying about Playing Music Scales With Ease: “You make it fun and very easy to understand. Thanks a million!” -- Ronald Gibbs, Springﬁeld Gardens, NY “Playing Music Scales with Ease has really helped me to understand and play music scales. I was amazed at how fast I learned to play them.” -- Marc Johann, West Palm Beach, FL

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OTHER EBOOKS IN THE MUSIC WITH EASE SERIES http://www.musicwithease.com And Last But Not Least... Playing Popular Music With Ease Once you have learned to read your music notes and ledger lines with ease, why not launch into playing popular music with ease? Our latest and largest ebook, Playing Popular Music With Ease, will show you how to do it!

This invaluable ebook will teach you all the chords you have to play with your left hand to make your music sound fantastic: • We start you off with just single note accompaniments in the left hand and step-by-step we build it up until you can play quite proﬁciently with the correct chords and impress your friends... • Lea rn to play happy chords for happy music; and sad chords for sad music. • Donʼt just play chords that you think are OK. The result will not sound at all good. Instead study this ebook, and learn how to play b eautiful popular music, the Music With Ease way!

Playing Popular Music With Ease: • Teaches easy-to-learn accompaniments. Progress at your own pace through a series of graded levels right up to advanced accompaniments. • Explains all the chords - With this comprehensive ebook, learn how to play all the common types of chords you will ﬁnd in popular music books: * Major Chords * Minor Chords * Seventh and Minor Seventh Chords * Sixth and Minor Sixth Chords * Diminished and Diminished Seventh Chords * Augmented Chords * Suspended Chords * Add Chords * Higher Order Chords; and * Slash Chords. • Makes learning easy - Read every music example easily with the help of note names written beside the notes on the bass or treble staff. • Includes music clips so you can HEAR the chords and embellishments - Play embedded music clips that give clear illustrations for every chord type and embellishment technique.

Playing Popular Music With Ease also includes two great new bonuses: • How to Use the Pedal in Piano Playing. Correct pedalling can make or mar your music. Learn how to use the sustain pedal correctly with this Music With Ease article. All techniques are illustrated with embedded sound clips. • Musical Symbols, Terms, and Ornaments. This free bonus glossary is a fascinating and essential resource for any musician - whether they play classical or popular music!

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OTHER EBOOKS IN THE MUSIC WITH EASE SERIES http://www.musicwithease.com