Welcome, WHAP! Have out some paper (a Chinese invention) and something to write with, and be ready to begin when the bell rings! WHAP Homework ● Finish reading and taking notes over the rest of Ch. 8 by tomorrow ● Finish taking notes over the rest of today’s presentation (anything we do not get to) Where did the name ‘Japan’ come from?

The name ‘japan’ comes from the chinese word ri-ben, which means “origin of the sun” or “land of the rising sun” Japan’s geography

How does japan’s geography make it unique?

What are the effects of japan’s geography?

Japan’s geography

● Archipelago (about 4,000 islands) ● 4 main islands: hokkaido, honshu, shikoku, and kyushu ● Mostly mild climate, plenty of rainfall ● Mountainous (only 12% suitable for farming) ● Natural resources in short supply ● Subject to earthquakes, tsunamis ● Close yet far enough away from korea and china Early japan (100 bce-400 ce)

● Not unified ● Hundreds of clans controlled their own territories ● Shintoism: japan’s earliest religion- worshipped nature gods and goddesses, respected nature and ancestors; believed in kami (spirits in nature)

Early japanese political development (400-700 ce)

● By the 5th century, the yamato clan had established itself as the leading clan ● By the 7th century, yamato chiefs called themselves emperors ● Yamato emperor prince shotoku began building a centralized state- introduced a constitution in 604 that asserted the authority of the emperor over the nobility; buddhism was made the state religion ● 646: all land brought under state ownership; centralized taxation Early japanese political development (400-700 ce)

● In practice, the emperor had little power; it was the ruling family behind the emperor that had most of the power ● Still not a strong unified central government ● This would be the political model in japan until the 12th century Early japanese political development (400-700 ce) Japanese emperors would claim to be descended from the sun goddess amaterasu. Contact with mainland asia (400-900 CE)

● Large chinese influence (through korean travelers and later missions to tang china) ● Buddhism spread to japan- zen buddhism took hold ● Some mixing between buddhism and shintoism took place ● Japan adopted: the chinese system of writing, art, cooking, gardening, drinking tea, and hairdressing ● Attempted to establish a strong central government with a civil service examination system- this failed- in japan, noble birth remained the key to getting a powerful position (only a few great families held power)

Buddha in China

Buddha in Japan Chinese Writing Japanese Writing Chinese Art Japanese Art THE HEIAN PERIOD (794-1185) ● Former capital was heijo- buddhist monks were too involved in court politics ● New capital established at heian (kyoto today) ● Japan’s noble families formed a refined court society ● Emphasis on poetry and painting ● Lady murasaki’s 11th century work the tale of genji is considered the world’s first novel

Beginning of japanese feudalism (1050-1192) ● The fujiwara family held most of the power during the heian period ● Central government declined in the mid-11th century ● Landowners set up private armies ● Farmers and small landowners gave their land to warlords in exchange for protection ● Each lord had a group of loyal warriors called samurai, who lived according to the bushido code (expected to be loyal, generous, and honorable)

Early shogunates (1192-1467) ● In the late 1100s, the minamoto family emerged victorious ● Yorimoto, a minamoto leader, was given the title of shogun (military dictator) ● From 1192-1868, japan would have an emperor, but the shogun would have the real power ● Shoguns controlled the provinces through shugo (military constables) ● In the 1200s, the kamakura shogunate was able to repel the mongol invasions; however, this depleted japan’s funds- samurai turned their loyalty to local lords ● 1300s: weak shogunates, unstable government FUN fact! “Shogun” literally means “barbarian-conquering great general”

Sengoku: japan’s warring states period (1467-1600) ● Centralized rule ended ● Powerful samurai seized control of old feudal estates, offered protection in return for loyalty- were called daimyo (feudal warlords) ● Emperor was still a figurehead (no real power) ● Resembled european feudalism ● Disorder, chaos

Korea What are some of Korea’s geographic features?

How do you think geography affected Korea? ● Mountainous peninsula ● Only part of land is arable ● Developed in semi-isolation from its neighbors, but had more direct contact from China (and times of occupation by China) ● Not as isolated as Japan

Korea

● Like japan, korea adapted chinese cultural elements and adapted them as they saw fit ● Early history: different clans ● 108 bce: han dynasty conquered much of korea- set up a military government there

Korea

● From china, received: ○ Centralized government ○ Confucianism ○ Buddhism ○ writing

Korea

● Later in korea: 3 rival kingdoms ● Kingdom of silla defeated the others and drove out the chinese ● Under silla rule, buddhism spread (monasteries built)

Korea

● 935: silla rule weakened- koryu dynasty took control ● Centralized govt, civil service system (modeled after china) ○ Did not provide social mobility for koreans as it did for chinese- population sharply divided (landed aristocracy at the top) - nobles received the best positions Korea

● 1231: the mongols came to korea, demanded huge tribute ● Mongol rule lasted until the 1360s ● 1392: choson dynasty established- would rule korea for 518 years.

VIETNAM

VIETNAM

● Of SE Asian societies, Vietnam was least influenced by India and most influenced by China ● Northern vietnam taken over by han and tang dynasties ● After the tang declined in the early 900s, vietnam became an independent kingdom, dai viet.

VIETNAM

● Of SE Asian societies, Vietnam was least influenced by India and most influenced by China ● Northern vietnam taken over by han and tang dynasties ● After the tang declined in the early 900s, vietnam became an independent kingdom, dai viet.

VIETNAM

● From china, vietnam received: ○ Buddhism ○ Ideas about education, government, and agriculture

● Vietnamese women had more freedom than chinese women VIETNAM

● Ly dynasty (1009-1225)- capital was at hanoi, had centralized government, encouraged trade ● Resisted the mongols ● Tran dynasty (1225-1400) ● Conquered by ming china in 1407; drove ming out in 1428 Southeast Asia

-Mainland -Islands

Southeast Asia ● Several powerful kingdoms and empires emerged during this time ● Strong cultural influence from india- hinduism and especially buddhism spread there (largely replaced hinduism) ● China was less influential (mainly in vietnam)- often demanded tribute from local rulers ● Islam eventually overtook hinduism in indonesia ● Large trading presence Southeast Asia

● Cambodia: dominated during this time by the khmer people ● Khmer state of chen-la was originally a vassal state to funan, but later took over funan ● Temple complex at angkor wat created- originally a hindu temple, later buddhist

Angkor

Wat Southeast Asia

Thailand

● Thai people begin to build states (such as Nan chao, and, later, sukhothai and ayutthaya, which became the most powerful kingdom in the region by 1400. These kingdoms competed with others in the region ● Initially absorbed some hindu culture from khmer, later became strongly buddhist

Southeast Asia Island SE Asia

● Srivijaya became powerful through its control of trade passing through the strait of malacca ● Srivijaya’s power was eroded by the 13th century by the expansionist kingdom of sinhasari, which was destroyed by mongol china and followed by a new state, majapahit. ● Majapahit, a hindu kingdom, eventually declined as islam came to the region

Along with Angkor Wat, the Borobudur temple on the island of Java was established as a Buddhist temple by the kingdom of Sailendra