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Exploring Northern Ohio's Religious Borderlands

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Exploring Northern Ohio's Religious Borderlands VATOS SAGRADOS: EXPLORING NORTHERN OHIO’S RELIGIOUS BORDERLANDS Adrian Anthony Bautista A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December 2013 Committee: Dr. Susana Peña, Advisor Dr. Madeline Duntley Dr. Vikki Krane Graduate Faculty Representative Dr. Pablo Mitchell © 2013 Adrian Anthony Bautista All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Susana Peña, Ph.D., Advisor Latinos are transforming the religious landscape of the United States, especially the Catholic Church, due to their rising numbers and distinct forms of religiosity. However, this “browning” of the Catholic Church has not translated into an enhanced ecclesial leadership infrastructure. Perhaps one exception to this pattern has been the emergence of Latino permanent deacons, a relatively unfamiliar story in the life of the U.S. Catholic Church today. This dissertation seeks to examine and develop the border narratives of a group of Latino permanent deacons from the Toledo, Ohio and Cleveland, Ohio dioceses who trace their family histories to Texas, Puerto Rico, and Mexico. Their stories encompass a complex interweaving of ethnicity, gender, migration, and religion that reveal paradoxical lives across and between structural (socioeconomic/political), discursive (racial, gender/sexual, and religious), and geopolitical boundaries that help advance a Midwestern borderlands framework. The lack of a border narrative in the heartland is consistent with a lack of insufficient research on the Midwestern Latino experience. The participants in this study were examined using qualitative research methods grounded within a feminist borderlands paradigm, and data collection involved semi-structured interviews with and observations of each participating deacon. Additionally, archival materials were examined and utilized to trace the historical development of a Midwestern borderlands Catholicism in the Cleveland Diocese and Toledo Diocese. iv This is dedicated to my parents, Deacon José Francisco Bautista (April 25, 1939 - May 13, 2001) and Alícia Bautista, whose love, commitment to education, and faith inspire me daily. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are many people for whose assistance, encouragement, and/or faith in me, before and during my doctoral education, I am incredibly grateful. I am indebted to the eighteen permanent deacons in this study for sharing their inspiring personal stories. Susana Peña, my dissertation advisor, and with whom I first took a class even before applying to the American Culture Studies Program. You opened the door to my doctoral education and have helped me develop as a scholar, while encouraging me to write and believe in my own “voice.” The members of my dissertation committee—Madeline Duntley, Vikki Krane, and Pablo Mitchell—for their support, a great defense experience, and for all of your suggestions along the way. Amy Craft Ahrens, I might have remained a disillusioned seminary/college student dropout had it not been for you. Thanks for motivating me to return to school to finish my B.A. Carney Strange (HESA), my Master’s thesis advisor at BGSU, you pushed me to finish my first graduate school experience, even through my dad’s passing, and you were the first person to encourage me when I had the idea of exploring the Latino deacon experience. Pete Ueberroth from the Toledo Diocese Archives, thanks so much for helping me access some incredible documents, as well as for facilitating my discovery of Michael’s Café & Bakery for lunch breaks. Christine Krosel, Archivist for the Catholic Diocese of Cleveland. Chris met with me on several occasions in February and March of 2010, and passed away in April 2010. She possessed a wealth of knowledge and I won’t forget our all too few conversations. vi Elizabeth C. Martinez from the Center for Latino Research at DePaul University, and Peter J. Casarella, formerly at DePaul and now the University of Notre Dame, for your assistance in the development of the section on Cursillo. Luis D. León (University of Denver) and Theresa Delgadillo (The Ohio State University), for your scholarly insights and encouragement. Oberlin College faculty and staff—Beth Blissman, Janet Fiskio, Linda Gates, Gina Pérez, Greggor Mattson, Pablo Mitchell, and colleagues in the Dean of Students Office and Residential Education—for all of your encouragement and support. Others in my educational journey at BGSU: Rolando Andrade (Ethnic Studies), David C. Andersen (ACS), Ellen Berry (English/ACS), Stephen Ortiz (History), Vicki Patraka (English/ACS), Andrew M. Schocket (History/ACS); and, my ACS Ph.D. Cohort, especially fellow “Brown Mafia” members Phillip L. Cunningham and Aisha McGriff. My Bautista family--Mom, Josie, Nora, Percy, Natalia-- my fellow deacon siblings, you all inspire me more than you know; and my Figueroa family, especially Esther and Paco. Finally, Julia Figueroa Bautista and my children Jaden and Skyla—dad has finally finished his “flipperfation.” Thanks for all of your love, support and understanding. I could not have done it without you! vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 1 Purpose and Significance of the Study ...................................................................... 6 The Permanent Deacon .............................................................................................. 9 The Second Vatican Council & Restoration of the Diaconate .................................. 10 Latinos and the Diaconate .......................................................................................... 13 Theoretical Framework & Methodology ................................................................... 16 Sample ............................................................................................................ 19 Organization of the Study .......................................................................................... 24 CHAPTER II. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................. 26 The Devil in the Heartland ......................................................................................... 26 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 27 Historical Overview ................................................................................................... 28 Frontier Historicisms ..................................................................................... 29 Migration Studies ........................................................................................... 33 Borderland Theory ......................................................................................... 38 Border Writing and Literary Studies .............................................................. 40 Latino Men in a Gendered Borderlands ..................................................................... 43 Colonialism and Resistance ........................................................................... 44 Latino Masculinity & Sexuality ..................................................................... 47 Latino/Borderlands Catholicism ................................................................................ 50 viii Hispanic/Latino Theology ............................................................................. 55 Latina Spirituality & Mujerista Theology ...................................................... 56 Summary of Literature ............................................................................................... 57 CHAPTER III. FACTORIES, FIELDS, AND FAITH IN OHIO: A NEW BORDERLANDS CATHOLICISM ........................................................................ 60 The Religious Borderlands of Northern Ohio ............................................................ 63 The Devil Dances North: Latina/o Migration to Ohio ................................... 63 Early Missions and Migrant Work ................................................................. 66 Brown Souls and Denominational Boundaries .............................................. 72 Ministering to the Migrant ............................................................................. 78 Lay Activism & the Migrant FLOC ........................................................................... 82 Faith, Fordism, and Masculinity ................................................................................ 88 CHAPTER IV. THE LATINO DEACON MIGRANT IMAGINARY ................................ 95 The Serpent’s Forked-Tongue ................................................................................... 95 A Midwestern Devil Dance ....................................................................................... 96 Characteristics of the Northern Ohio Latino Deacon ................................................ 98 Narratives of Migration .............................................................................................. 102 The Texas Migrant Stream ............................................................................. 102 Crossing the U.S.-Mexican Border ................................................................ 105 Caribbean Transnational Crossings ............................................................... 111 Summary .......................................................................................................
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