EFFECT OF HERBAL EXTRACT (MORINGA & ECHINACEA) AND/OR ESSENTIAL OIL (LINSEED &FENNEL OIL) SUPPLEMENTATION TO THE BROILER DIET AND DRINKING WATER ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY IN DIFFERENT POULTRY GROUPS

1FATHALLA, 2S. I, SHAWKY S. M, 3GAAFAR K. M., 4HUSSEIN M. K., 5ZAHRAN I.S.

1Dept. Phsiol., Fac. Vet. Med., Univ. Sadat City, Egypt; 2Dept. Animal nutrition, Fac. Vet. Med., Univ. Sadat City; 3Dept.Meat hygiene. Fac. Vet. Med., Aswan Univ., Egypt.

Abstract- After the ban in 2006 of the use of antibiotic growth promoter, the search of an alternative led to the utilization of plants like Moringa oleifera. So the present study was carried out to determine the effect of herbal mixture (Moringa & Echinacea) and/or Essential oil (linseed &Fennel oil) supplementation to the broiler diet and drinking water on growth performance and antioxidant. two hundred and fifty (250) one day old, white broilers (Cobb – strain) obtained from El- Arabia for Poultry Company from the period ( August to September 2017). Chicks were weighed at arrival time and the average weight was 45.0 ± 2.0g. were randomly allotted to five experimental groups G1= Basic diet (Control group), G2 =Basic diet + Watering of Echinacea herbal extract, G3= Basic diet + Watering of Moringa herbal extract, G4=Linseed oil mixture diet, G5=Fennel oil mixture diet. The body weights and feed consumption was recorded at weekly intervals. Body weight gains and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated. On 42nd day birds were slaughtered and then take blood sample to measure MDA, RGSH and NO to determine antioxidant activity The study revealed that the herbal mixture group (G3= Basic diet + Watering of Moringa herbal extract, then G2 =Basic diet + Watering of Echinacea herbal extract, significantly (P<0.05) improved the growth performance and antioxidant activity compared to the control one. This study revealed that replacing antibiotic growth promoters with herbal supplements has beneficial effects on the growth performance and anti-oxidant activity.

Keywords- Moringa oleifera leaves, Broiler, Linseed oil, Fennel oil, Echinacea purpurea, Growth Performance, Antioxidant activity

I. INTRODUCTION Echinacea spp. are herbaceous perennials of the Asteraceae family and are native to North America. Antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) have been used The root and subterranean stems of Echinacea were as a feed additive in poultry industry to enhance gut used by early Native Americans to treat trauma and to health and to control sub-clinical diseases. With alleviate the symptoms of infection and inflammation increasing public concerns about bacterial resistance (Percival, S. S. 2000). Pharmacological research has to antibiotics, the use of antibiotics in therapeutic or shown that the active ingredient in Echinacea is sub- therapeutic doses in poultry feed has been secondary metabolites that stimulate T cells to severely limited or eliminated in many countries. promote phagocytosis and to enhance lymphocyte European Union has preventively banned the use of activity (Matthias, A., et al., 2008). Recently, we antibiotics as growth promoters since 1st January reported that the antioxidant activity of EP extracts is 2006 (Catala-Gregori et al., 2008). Therefore, similar to that of ascorbic acid, and we, demonstrated alternatives to AGP need to be proposed to livestock that EP extracts did not inhibit the viability of producers in order to maintain animal health, peripheral blood mononuclear cells in broiler productivity and carcass quality. Moringa is the sole chickens (Lee, T. T., et al., 2009). In broilers, EOs genus in the flowering plant family Moringaceae. enhance the secretion of trypsin, amylase and jejunal This genus comprises 13 species, all of which are chyme (Jang et al., 2007), and reduce the adherence trees that grow in tropical and sub-tropical climates. of pathogens (for example, E. coli and Cl. Every part of the Moringa oleifera tree, from the roots perfringens) with intestinal wall (Jamroz et al., 2006). to the leaves has beneficial properties. It is a Craig (1999) reported that the herbs and its EOs have multipurpose tree, various parts of which are used as a role in cholesterol lowering activity and by doing so fodder, herbal medicine, spices, food, natural they provide protection against cancer. The coagulants, nectar for bees, fuel and fertilizer. hypocholestero-lemic effect of lemongrass oil is due Moringa contains very high antioxidants and anti- to the inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl- inflammatory compounds (Yang, et al., 2006). coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity which The antioxidant effect of Moringa oleifera leaf acts as a key regulatory enzyme in the cholesterol extract and fruit was explained by (Luqman et al., synthesis process (Elson et al., 1989; Cooke et al., 2012) who noticed that it was due to the presence of 1998; Crowell, 1999). polyphenols, tannins, anthocyanin, glycosides, and II. MATERIALS AND METHODS thiocarbamates, which remove free radicals, activate The birds were divided into 5 groups (n= 50) from antioxidant enzymes, and inhibit oxidases. the 1st day of the experiment. All birds were

Proceedings of Academicsera 24th International Conference, Bangkok, Thailand, 5th-6th July 2018 19 Effect of Herbal Extract (Moringa & Echinacea) and/or Essential Oil (Linseed &Fennel Oil) Supplementation to The Broiler Diet and Drinking Water on Growth Performance and Antioxidant Activity in Different Poultry Groups vaccinated against Newcastle (ND) and infectious considered significant (using the statistical analysis bronchitis (IB) strains HIB120 at the 9th day age and system, SPSS, 1996). against infectious bursal disease (Gumboro) at the 2.6.Determination of Antioxidant status:- 13th day age. The period from 16 to 32 day was not A-Malondialdehyde: Serum malondialdehyde levels vaccinated against any disease. Chicks were were determined spectrophotometric ally using randomly assigned to the following experimental commercial kits of Bio diagnostics (Egypt) according groups: to method described by Satoh (1978) . Group 1 (Control group) Chicks fed only basic diet B-Reduced glutathione (GSH) was determined plus clear water spectrophotometric ally using commercial kits Group 2 (Basic diet + Watering of Echinacea herbal according to Beutler et al. (1963) extract) Birds received basic ration with watering of C- Nitric oxide Echinacea herbal extract 1ml/l at the morning for 12 hours daily and clear water the rest of the day II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Group 3 (Basic diet + Watering of Moringa herbal extract) Birds received basic ration plus Moringa Growth Performance Parameters: herbal extract in water 1ml/l daily at the morning for Along the same line, of medicinal plants components 12 hours mechanism may include improving the physical Group 4 (Linseed oil mixture diet) Birds received conditions of gut ecosystem and enhancing function ration mixed with Linseed plus clear water of immune system of chickens (Guo, 2003) Group 5 (Fennel oil mixture diet) Birds received A- Live body weight ration mixed with Fennel oil plus clear water The present study declared that live body weight has Feed and water additives: significant difference A-water additive: (P < 0.05) in G3 (Basic diet + Watering of Moringa Moringa Oleifera and Echinacea were brought from herbal extract) then G2 =Basic diet + Watering of farm in Sadat city in green form. We made extract to Echinacea herbal extract, when compared with other them leaves using Ethanol extract that collected then groups through the experiment. dried under shade and ground into powder .The It may be due to Moringa herbal extract stimulate powder (500 g) was macerated in 70% Ethanol at secretion of digestive enzymes (lipase and amylase) room temperature for 24 hours then filtered using and intestinal mucous in broilers, to stimulate feed filter paper (Whitman size no.1) and the filtrate digestion, to impair adhesion of pathogens and to evaporated to dryness in water path at 60C. Brownish stabilize microbial balance in the gut (Lee et al. residue waiting 30.5 g was obtained this was kept in 2003). Niaziridin and niazarin were also isolated from air tight bottle in refrigerator until used. This volume leaves of M. oleifera by Shankar et al. (2007). These of the extract was freshly prepared and added 1 ml/l investigators demonstrated that niaziridin enhanced to the consumed drinking water daily up to the end of the bioactivity of a number of antibiotics and also the experimental period (45day). facilitated the gastrointestinal absorption of vitamins B- Feed additive: and other nutrients. Linseed and Fennel That were bought in essential oil Also Echinacea improve performance of birds by form .We made extract to them using 100cm of stimulating secretion of digestive enzymes leading to Ethanol then waiting period at atmospheric air until enhanced nutrient digestion and absorption (GEIER evaporated. Then put 0.2 and 0.3 ml / kg of ration and OSTER, 2001; RECOQUILLAY, 2006). respectively. The findings of the present study were in harmony Growth Performance parameters: with Yang, et al. (2006), reported that the dehydrated Feed intake (FI), body weight (BW), body weight leaves of M. oleifera in the diets of broiler chicken gain (BWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR, g feed/ g significantly enhanced immune responses and gain) were recorded weekly for each group. reduced E. coli and increased Collection of samples: On days 45, randomly 10 birds Lactobacillus counts in ileum. Hence, Moringa has a per group were sampled. The birds were weighed to great potential in improving intestinal health may obtain live body weight and then slaughtered by a lead to more protein deposition in body tissues. and sharp knife for complete bleeding (the blood was strengthening immune functions of broiler chicken. collected in heparinized and non-heparinized tubes). This might be due to the improvement in the The birds were reweighted after removal of blood, digestibility of feed ingredient by the inclusion of skin, head and shanks. After that, viscera were herbal dietary supplements Moringa leaves have been removed, then reweight to obtain the all viscera characterized to contain a desirable nutritional weight and ready to Results are expressed as mean ± balance, containing vitamins, minerals, amino acids, standard error (SE). Differences between means in and fatty acids (Moyo et al., 2011; Teixeira et al., different groups were tested for significance using a 2014; Razis et al., 2014). one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by B- Body weight gain (BWG)The present Duncan’s test and P value of 0.05 or less was study revealed that G3 is the highest value and was differed significantly (p < 0.05) from other groups at

Proceedings of Academicsera 24th International Conference, Bangkok, Thailand, 5th-6th July 2018 20 Effect of Herbal Extract (Moringa & Echinacea) and/or Essential Oil (Linseed &Fennel Oil) Supplementation to The Broiler Diet and Drinking Water on Growth Performance and Antioxidant Activity in Different Poultry Groups total body weight gain, However G2 has the higher It may be due to herbal extract include Major classes significant value (p < 0.05) when compared with of compounds phenolic acids, glucosinolates, and other groups at 4th week. This finding revealed that a flavonoids. The flavonol quercetin is present in growth promoter effect was exerted by the herbal concentrations as high as 100mg/100 g of the leaves, feed additives similar to the antibiotic growth which exists primarily as the glucoside. Other promoter. prominent ingredients include chlorogenic acid, This result was in line with the finding of Kakengi et rutin,kaempferol rhamnoglucoside, myricetin, al., (2003); Olugbemi et al.,(2010) and Banjo benzylamine(moringinine), and the glycosides (2012) who mentioned that the inclusion of MOL niaziminin and niazininThe active ingredients of a meal in the diet of the broilers significantly (P<0.05) medicinal plant are mainly its phenolic compound enhanced their weight gain at 1% level which was that is also an important antioxidant (M.Khanavi, significantly higher than the control. and N.Huda-Faujan, 2009). The present data were Several research findings reported that herbal extracts matching the conclusion of Luqman et al. (2012) who could increase the broiler performance by improving noticed that the antioxidant effect of Moringa oleifera live weight gain (Jamroz et al., 2003; Al-Kassie leaf extract was due to the presence of polyphenols, and Jameel, 2009). tannins, anthocyanin, glycosides, and thiocarbamates, C-Feed conversion ratio which remove free radicals, activate antioxidant The present study revealed that G1= Basic diet enzymes, and inhibit oxidases. In contrast to our (Control group), was differed significantly (p < 0.05) result the data by Sidney J. Stohs and Michael J. from other groups at the end of experiment. This Hartman (2015) revealed that Moringa herbal exract result matched with Abdulla et al. (2010) reports, has significant decreases in malondialdehyde who stated that the broiler chickens fed with diets ingredients of a medicinal plant are mainly its containing the commercial herbal product, recorded phenolic compound that is also an important the lowest FCR during total period antioxidant (M.Khanavi, and N.Huda-Faujan, 2009). In contrast these results dis agree with the The present data were matching the conclusion of finding of El-Gendi et al. (1994) and Jamroz and Luqman et al. (2012) who noticed that the antioxidant Kamel, 2002 who indicated that there was an effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extract was due to the improvement in feed conversion with feeding herbal presence of polyphenols, tannins, anthocyanin, products as feed additives that could be attributed to glycosides, and thiocarbamates, which remove free their effect on improving the digestibility of dietary radicals, activate antioxidant enzymes, and inhibit protein in the small intestine. oxidases. 2-Anti-oxidant activity: In contrast to our result the data by Sidney J. Stohs The result of our study indicate that herbal mixture and Michael J. Hartman (2015) revealed that Moringa extract groups have higher significance difference herbal exract has significant decreases in (p<0.05) than control one in MDA, RGSH and Nitric malondialdehyde oxide

Proceedings of Academicsera 24th International Conference, Bangkok, Thailand, 5th-6th July 2018 21 Effect of Herbal Extract (Moringa & Echinacea) and/or Essential Oil (Linseed &Fennel Oil) Supplementation to The Broiler Diet and Drinking Water on Growth Performance and Antioxidant Activity in Different Poultry Groups

Proceedings of Academicsera 24th International Conference, Bangkok, Thailand, 5th-6th July 2018 22 Effect of Herbal Extract (Moringa & Echinacea) and/or Essential Oil (Linseed &Fennel Oil) Supplementation to The Broiler Diet and Drinking Water on Growth Performance and Antioxidant Activity in Different Poultry Groups Table (5):- Effect of herbal extract (Moringa & Echinacea) and Essential oil (linseed &Fennel oil) supplementation to the broiler diet and drinking water on Antioxidant enzymes.

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