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Licorice Glycyrrhiza Glabra L

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Licorice Glycyrrhiza Glabra L ON THE CovER Licorice Glycyrrhiza glabra L. G. uralensis Fisch. ex DC. and G. inflata Batalin (Chinese licorice ), G. echinata L. (East European licorice), and other species of Glycyrrhiza Family: Fabaceae INTRODUCTION Most of the natural licorice imported to the United States today is used to flavor tobacco products.1 Licorice root extract is used i cori~e is nativ~ to ~he Mediterranean, central-to-southern Russta, and Asta Mmor to Iran, and it is now widely culti­ in cough drops, syrups, laxatives, and nicotine lozenges, and it is Lvated throughout Europe, the Middle East, and Asia.! It added to foods to sweeten them. The root is added to teas and is a perennial with aggressive laterally spreading roots and loose can be purchased dried, sliced, or powdered} The root is also sold spikes of pale blue to violet pea flowers in summer.2 The roots or in capsules, tablets, tinctures, and other dietary supplements for stolons (underground horizontal stems) are the most commonly traditional uses or as a flavoring.5 Licorice preparations are added used plant parts and can be harvested after 3 to 4 years of to candy, cakes, ice cream, and packaged desserts, but most of the growth. I candy sold in the United States today as licorice is flavored with a synthetic licorice or flavorings made from anise (Pimpinella HISTORY AND CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE anisum L., Apiaceae).3 Dioscorides, a first-century Greek physician, coined a name MODERN RESEARCH that was later developed into the genus name Glycyrrhiza, which is derived from a combination of the Greek words, glukos (sweet) Licorice is one of the most extensively researched medicinal and 1 and riza (root) .1 One of the main constituents of the root is food planrs. Studies on licorice have demonstrated positive effects glycyrrhizin (also known as glycyrrhizic acid or glycyrrhizinic for treatment of various types of ulcers and chemoprevention.G acid), which is about 50 times sweeter than sucrose (common Other studies indicate the following: (I) dietary consumption sugar).1 The Roman name, gliquiricia, of licorice root extract may help to lower which became liquiritia, evolved over the cholesterol and act as an antioxidant,6,7 years into licorice} (2) compounds in licorice inhibit sero­ Ancient Arabs used licorice to treat tonin re-uprake and may be useful in the coughs and to relieve constipation.! treatment of mild to moderate depres­ Theophrastus, an ancient Greek physi­ sion in women,S and (3) licorice may help cian and botanist (circa 371 - 286 BCE), reduce body far mass.9 One study suggests documented the use of licorice to assist that topical application of licorice extract with coughs and asthma. Since 25 CE, may be effective in treating the itching the Chinese have used the herb exten­ and inflammation associated with derma­ sively to relieve and prevent cough and titis.10 as an expectorant, as well as an adj u­ Persons with cholestatic liver disorders, vant in many herbal formulas. It also liver cirrhosis, hypertension, hypokalemia relieves spasms of the smooth (involun­ (low levels of potassium in blood), severe tary) muscles and exhibits a cortisone­ kidney insufficiency, and possibly diabe­ like action. Licorice has a long history as tes (unconfirmed contraindication) should a common remedy in Ayurvedic medicine consult a healthcare provider before using 6 for its expectorant, ami-inflammatory, licorice. Licorice is not recommended and laxative properties. The German during pregnancy, as heavy exposure to Commission E approved licorice root for glycyrrhizin may double the risk of birth 11 inflammations of the upper respiratory before 38 weeks. tract and stomach ulcers. I No adverse effects have been associ­ Until around 1000 CE, licorice was ated with licorice root preparations when collected mainly in the wild, which is still used appropriately. Prolonged use (longer a common practice in China.1 Cultivation was recorded in Bolo­ than 6 weeks) and higher doses (generally greater than 50 g gna, Italy, in the 13th century, in Bavaria in the 16th century, and per day) may lead to sodium retention, water retention, and in Northern England by the end of the 16th cenrury.4 potassium loss, all of which may be accompanied by hyperten- Continues on page 4 Photo by Steven Foster. ©2006 stevenfoster.com www.herbalgram.org 2006 HerbaiGram 70 I 1 There's not one reason to join ABC, there are hundreds - front Aloe to Witch Hazel oin thousands of individuals, organizations, and businesses around the Jworld who provide critical support for ABC's educational programs through annual Membership, and in exchange, you'll receive tremendous value through a variety of benefits. You'll have access to extensive resources offering scientific information from an independent source on hundreds of herbs and medicinal plants through a variety of printed and online formats. Personal Memberships offer a range of benefits designed to meet your needs whether you are an herbalist, researcher, scholar or newcomer to the world of herbal medicine. $50-$150 per year. Organizational Membership offers libraries and nonprofit institutions special benefits, including additional subscriptions to HerbalGram and online access for multiple users. $250 per year. Retailer Membership offers independent natural products stores expanded benefits, including in-store reference books and educational pamphlets on common herbs for resale or for complimentary gifts to customers. $250 per year. Corporate Membership offers small business expanded benefits including networking and advertising discounts. $500 per year. Sponsor Membership is available for companies in the natural products industry, and offers additional value and opportunity. Please contact Wayne Silverman, PhD, for more information. 512-926-4900 or [email protected] 2006 Benefits include: • A subscription to HerbalGram • Monthly news and updates from ABC's enewsletter • Access to ABC's password protected website, www.herbalgram.org • Free research from ABCs Education Department • Discounts on books and monographs • Many other benefits depending on membership level. ABC - Your Source for Herbal Education Join Online at www.herbalgram.org Arv1ERICAN or call 800-373-7105 or 512-926-4900 BOTfoNICAL COUNCIL ©2006 American Botanical Council • Photos ©2006 Jesse Sommerlatt ECHINAMIDE® Clinically proven effective Seed-to-Shelf 10 Full spectrum Echinacea purpurea extract 10 Triple standardized 10 Certified organic farming 10 Good La boratory Practices (GLP) 10 Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) ... guarantees ECHINAMIDE®'s purity, potency and effectiveness batch-to-batch. ECHINAM IDE® is indicated when the immune system becomes compromised or as a preventative treatment to provide year round immune system support.* It is the only patented triple-standardized phytomedicinal that has com­ pleted two Phase II clinical trials with statistically significant and reproducible evidence of effectiveness as an immune system stimulant.'·' ) l 1 Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 29:75-83, 2004 "l!I 'M@hd* 2 International Immunopharmacology 2002; 2 :381-387 3 ECHINAMIDE. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 2002; 13: 487-492 CUNICAUY PltOVlH . \ctil'l' f)c(cml' UflCTIVl" 1/nllt'\ l oi/Oif \\Ill/' • I'!Vp'WtoryHt<rl!GIFornt~~la ECHINAMIDE. "ECHJNAMID~ exerts an immunostimulatory effect via its patent­ • ,.._I"W>U1fltHoftr,l­ ( ' " '" ll f \/11 11 ,111 " ed and standardized formulation of Echinacea purpurea's three key • Ctrtl(;wJOrf}arlkfcltlrtOCtoJ active compounds-alkylamide, polysaccharide and cichoric acid. "The Phase II clinical trials demonstrated that ECHINAMID enhances the innate immune response leading to a faster recovery from upper respiratory infections. The ECHJNAMIDE" treatment groups showed sustained elevated levels of natural killer cells and neutrophils, which contributed, on average, to the 23% reduction in symp­ tom severity and a 27% reduction in the duration of the cold. " -Dr. Richard Barton, Clinical Trial Investigator Departme11t of Biochemistry a11d Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medidne, U11iversity of British Columbia ~"-..--~ .... ~., ® www.naturalfactors.com *These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat cure or prevent any disease. LICORICE advisory board Continued from page 1 Each issue of Herba/Gram is peer reviewed by members of our Advisory Board and other qualified experts before publication. sion, edema (swelling), hypokalemia, and in rare cases, myoglobinuria (excretion of Cindy K. Angerhofer, PhD Steven Dentali, PhD the m uscle's oxygen-tra nsporting protein, Director of Botanical Research, Aveda Institute, Vice President of Scientific and Technical Affairs, myoglobin, in the urine) .6 Side effects are less Minneapolis, Minnesota American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, likely with aqueous licorice root extract than John Thor Arnason, PhD Maryland with isolated glycyrrh izin d ue to the lower Professor of Biology, Department of Biology, Hardy Eshbaugh, PhD intestinal absorption when consumed as part University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Professor of Botany & Assistant Curator, Willard of the total extract.1 2 Dennis V. C. Awang, PhD, FCIC Sherman Turrell Herbarium, Miami University, In 2 separate cases, pulmonary edema and MediPiant Natural Products Consulting Services, Oxford, Ohio life-th reatening ventricular tachycardia (rapid White Rock, B.C., Canada Trish Flaster, MS heart beat) due to hypokalemia occurred as a Bruce Barrett, MD, PhD Executive
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