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Mineralogy, Mineral Chemistry and SWIR Spectral Reflectance Of minerals Article Mineralogy, Mineral Chemistry and SWIR Spectral Reflectance of Chlorite and White Mica Jonathan Cloutier 1,*, Stephen J. Piercey 2 and Jonathan Huntington 3 1 Centre for Ore Deposits and Earth Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 79, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia 2 Department of Earth Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John’s, NL A1B 3X5, Canada; [email protected] 3 CSIRO Mineral Resources, PO Box 218, Lindfield, NSW 2070, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Hyperspectral reflectance has the potential to provide rapid and low-cost mineralogical and chemical information that can be used to vector in mineral systems. However, the spectral signature of white mica and chlorite, despite numerous studies, is not fully understood. In this study, we review the mineralogy and chemistry of different white mica and chlorite types and investigate what mineralogical and chemical changes are responsible for the apparent shifts in the shortwave infrared (SWIR) spectroscopic absorption features. We demonstrate that the spectral signature of white mica is more complex than previously documented and is influenced by the Tschermak substitution, as well as the sum of interlayer cations. We show that an increase in the interlayer deficiencies towards illite is associated with a change from steep to shallow slopes between the wavelength position of the 2200 nm feature (2200 W) and Mg, Al(VI) and Si. These changes in slope imply that white micas with different elemental chemistry may be associated with the same 2200 W values and vice versa, contrary to traditional interpretation. We recommend that traditional interpretations should only be used in true white mica with sum interlayer cations (I) > 0.95. The spectral signature of trioctahedral chlorite (clinochlore, sheridanite, chamosite and ripidolite) record similar spectral relationships to Citation: Cloutier, J.; Piercey, S.J.; Huntington, J. Mineralogy, Mineral those observed in previous studies. However, dioctahedral Al-rich chlorite (sudoite, cookeite and Chemistry and SWIR Spectral donbassite) has a different spectral response with Mg increasing with 2250 W, which is the opposite of Reflectance of Chlorite and White traditional trioctahedral chlorite spectral interpretation. In addition, it was shown that dioctahedral Mica. Minerals 2021, 11, 471. https:// chlorite has a 2200 W absorption feature that may introduce erroneous spectral interpretations of doi.org/10.3390/min11050471 white mica and chlorite mixtures. Therefore, care should be used when interpreting the spectral signature of chlorite. We recommend that spectral studies should be complemented with electron Academic Editor: Bernard Hubbard microprobe analyses on a subset of at least 30 samples to identify the type of muscovite and chlorite. This will allow the sum I of white mica to be obtained, as well as estimate the slope of 2200 W Received: 17 March 2021 absorption trends with Mg, Al(vi), and Si. Preliminary probe data will allow more accurate spectral Accepted: 27 April 2021 interpretations and allow the user to understand the limitations in their hyperspectral datasets. Published: 30 April 2021 Keywords: mineralogy; mineral chemistry; SWIR; white mica; chlorite; hyperspectral reflectance Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations. 1. Introduction Hydrothermal ore deposits are commonly associated with phyllosilicate alteration haloes that contain variable mineralogical, geochemical, geophysical and spectral charac- teristics depending on the deposit type [1,2]. Of these, hyperspectral reflectance has the Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. potential to provide rapid and low cost mineralogical and chemical information that can This article is an open access article be used to vector towards and within mineralized zones [3]. The spectral characteristics distributed under the terms and of white mica and chlorite are widely used in exploration, as they have been the focus of conditions of the Creative Commons several studies (e.g., [4–11]) and are thought to be well understood. The spectral signature Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// of white mica is strongly influenced by the Tschermak substitution between the octahedral creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ (Al(VI), Mg, Fe) and tetrahedral (Si, Al(VI)) sites, whereas the spectral signature of chlorite is 4.0/). influence by Mg and Fe substitutions in the octahedral site [5–8]. The correlation between Minerals 2021, 11, 471. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11050471 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/minerals Minerals 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 16 of white mica is strongly influenced by the Tschermak substitution between the octahe- dral (Al(VI), Mg, Fe) and tetrahedral (Si, Al(VI)) sites, whereas the spectral signature of chlo- Minerals 2021, 11, 471 2 of 16 rite is influence by Mg and Fe substitutions in the octahedral site [5–8]. The correlation between white mica and chlorite chemistry and spectral response is generally high for each specific area studied (e.g., [7,8]), but greatly decreases when data from different areas whiteare combined mica and and chlorite compared, chemistry suggesting and spectral that unknown response mineralogical is generally high or chemical for each specificparam- areaeters studied also control (e.g., [the7,8 ]),spectral but greatly signature decreases of white when mica data and from chlorite different. Understanding areas are combined these andparameters compared, is critical, suggesting as there that are unknown often specif mineralogicalic mica and or chlorite chemical species parameters associated also with con- trolmineralization the spectral (e.g., signature [10,11]), of such white that mica improved and chlorite. interpretation Understanding of spectral these data parameters may lead isto critical,the identification as there are of oftennew exploration specific mica target ands chlorite that may species have associatedbeen missed with in historical mineral- izationdatasets. (e.g., [10,11]), such that improved interpretation of spectral data may lead to the identificationThis study of aims new explorationto review the targets mineralogy that may and have chemistry been missed of different in historical white mica datasets. and chloriteThis types study to aims investigate to review what the mineralogical mineralogy and and chemistry chemical ofchanges different are white responsible mica and for chloriteshifts in typesthe shortwave to investigate infrared what (SWIR) mineralogical spectroscopic and chemical absorption changes features. are responsibleIt uses original for shiftsand publicly in the shortwave available databases infrared (SWIR) to demonstrate spectroscopic that absorptionthe spectral features. signature It of uses white original mica andand publiclychlorite is available more complex databases than to previously demonstrate documented. that the spectral signature of white mica and chlorite is more complex than previously documented. 2. Mineralogy Background 2. Mineralogy Background 2.1.2.1. White Mica Group WhiteWhite micasmicas areare phyllosilicatesphyllosilicates inin whichwhich thethe unitunit structurestructure consistsconsists ofof oneone octahedraloctahedral sheetsheet betweenbetween twotwo opposingopposing tetrahedraltetrahedral sheets.sheets. TheseThese areare separatedseparated fromfrom adjacentadjacent layerslayers byby planes of of non-hydrated non-hydrated interlayer interlayer cations cations with with no no less less than than 0.6 0.6cations cations per performula formula unit unit[12]. [If12 the]. If interlayer the interlayer cations cations are arebetween between 0.6 0.6and and 0.85, 0.85, the the white white mica mica is characterized is characterized as asan aninterlayer-deficient interlayer-deficient mica. mica. If Ifthe the interlayer interlayer cations cations are are greater greater than than 0.95, they are ofof thethe muscovite-celadonitemuscovite-celadonite series,series, andand ifif thethe interlayerinterlayer cationscations areare nearnear 0.650.65 theythey areare ofof thethe illiteillite series.series. TheThe simplifiedsimplified formulaformula isis writtenwritten asas II0.6–1.00.6–1.0 MM2–32–3 ❏ 1–0 T41–0O T104 OA102, A where:2, where: I: interlayered cation that is K, Na and Ca, and less commonly Cs, NH4, Rb and Ba I: interlayered cation that is K, Na and Ca, and less commonly Cs, NH4, Rb and Ba M: octahedral cation that is Fe (di- or trivalent), Mg, Al, Ti and Li, and less commonly M: octahedral cation that is Fe (di- or trivalent), Mg, Al, Ti and Li, and less commonly Mn (di- or trivalent), Zn, Cr and V Mn (di- or trivalent), Zn, Cr and V : vacancy in the octahedral sheet ❏: vacancy in the octahedral sheet T: tetrahedral cation that is Si, Al and Fe (trivalent), and less commonly Be and B T: tetrahedral cation that is Si, Al and Fe (trivalent), and less commonly Be and B A: anion that is OH, F and Cl, and less commonly O (oxy-micas) and S. A: anion that is OH, F and Cl, and less commonly O (oxy-micas) and S. White micas can be divided into true micas if more than 50% of I cations are mono- valent,White and micas brittle can micas be divided if more into than true 50% micas of I if cations more than are divalent. 50% of I cations White micasare mono- are dioctahedralvalent, and brittle if the Mmicas site containsif more than less than50% of 2.5 I cationscations andare trioctahedraldivalent.
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