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09612 NASM Space Hanger Layout 1 Layout 1 EXPLORE THE SPACE HANGAR DISCOVER SPACECRAFT in the James S. McDonnell Space Hangar at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center CHOOSE your favorite space exploration vehicle when you finish. USE the map on page 10 to find them. Goddard 1935 A Series rocket A B C D LOOK FOR: A The nose cone. How does the shape of the nose cone on the A Series rocket compare to nose cones on nearby rockets? Top: Goddard A Series rocket; insets of Goddard holding rocket and Goddard Is it sharper, blunter, or the same? postage stamp B The window on the rocket near the nose cone. What can you see inside? ■ liquid fuel tank ■ parachute ■ computer C The vanes. The vanes/tail fins help to stabilize the rocket in flight. How many vanes are on the Goddard A Series rocket? ■ 2 ■ 3 ■ 4 ■ 6 D The nozzle(s). The exhaust nozzles squeeze gases out producing a force/thrust that pushes the rocket forward. The Goddard A Series rocket had a thrust of 900 newtons, N, (200 lbs.). Each of the three Space Shuttle engines has a thrust of 2,000,000 N (418,000 lbs.). How many nozzles are there on the Goddard A Series rocket? ■ 1 ■ 2 ■ 3 ■ 5 A Series launch COMPARE: Rockets from the 1940s and 1950s near the Goddard A Series rocket The Corporal is three times as tall as the Goddard A Series rocket with a thrust of ~90,000 N (20,000 lbs.) and a range of 120 km (75 miles). The Regulus Cruise missile is twice as tall as the Goddard A Series rocket with a thrust of ~20,000 N (4,600 lbs.) and a range of 8000 km (5000 miles). The whole Nike-Ajax missile is about twice as tall as the Goddard A Series rocket. The main part of the rocket, the sustainer, is about the same size as the A Series rocket with a thrust of 11,500 N (2,600 lbs.) and a range of 40 km (25 miles). The Poseidon missile, built by Lockheed Martin, was launched from Poseidon Missile submarines and carried a 50 kiloton nuclear warhead. It is three times the size of the Goddard A Series rocket with a range of 5280 km (3280 miles). 2 GODDARD A SERIES ROCKET ACHIEVEMENT: the first successful rocket to travel at the speed of sound — ~1000 km/h (700 mph) — and to ascend over a mile high. Fourteen launch attempts from 1934 to 1935 HOW TALL ARE THEY? The Goddard A Series rocket, the Redstone rocket, and the Shuttle orbiter are all full-size artifacts in the Museum, 1 : 1 scale. Look at the Shuttle models under the wing of Discovery. Many are 1 : 200 scale. How tall would you be in 1 : 200 scale? Divide your height in cm (or inches) by 200. Rocket Height 350 ft 300 ft 250 ft 200 ft 150 ft 100 ft 50 ft Goddard Redstone- Atlas LV- Saturn V- Space Shuttle Design your own rocket. Name it! 1935 rocket Mercury 3A/Agena B Apollo 54 m high 3.7 m high 25.5 m high 20.7 m (68 ft)/ 112 m high (175 ft) (12 ft) (83 ft) 7.1 m (23 ft) (364 ft) READY? Find the thrust of each rocket. (write in pounds, lb; newtons, N) Stand near Space Shuttle ________ lb ________ lb ________440,000 lb 7,500,000________ lb ________ 7,000,000 lb Discovery. Picture it ready for lift off, as on the ________ N ________ N ________ N ________ N ________ N front cover. Shut your eyes and imagine the rumbling thunder and shock HINT = waves of a shuttle 1 pound, lb 4.4 newtons, N launch. 3 ACHIEVEMENT: The longest- Space Shuttle Discovery serving reusable spacecraft. Discovery flew 39 times from 1984 through 2011 — spending altogether 365 days in space. D C E B A Inset photos left: Space Shuttle Discovery on top of its carrier aircraft, a Boeing 747, on the ground and in atmospheric flight. LOOK FOR: A The wings. Wings provide lift, so an orbiting Space Shuttle can glide to Earth. Thick wings, and special maneuvers, reduce the orbiter’s speed from 28,000 km/h (17,200 mph) at reentry to 354 km/h (220 mph) at touchdown. How are orbiter wings and airplane wings similar? How are they different? B The black tiles. Black tiles have a coating that reflects 90% of the heat. They can resist temperatures up to 1,260°C (2,300°F). White tiles resist temperatures to 649°C (1,200°F). Which areas of the orbiter are exposed to the greatest heat during reentry? C The OMS pods. The two pods are located at the base of the vertical stabilizer (tail). They contain the Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS) engines and the aft thrusters. The small OMS engines are used in space to control altitude and speed, unlike the three main engines that are used during launch. The thrusters control roll, pitch, yaw, and lateral movements. Can you find the forward thrusters on the nose of the orbiter? D The payload-bay doors. When open, the payload-bay doors reveal a large cargo space. Look behind the Shuttle orbiter at the Spacelab. Look above the orbiter at the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite. Both of these were carried into orbit by the Space Shuttle. What is the best shape for a large Shuttle cargo? ■ rectangular block ■ cylinder ■ sphere FACT The term“Space Shuttle” E The Hatch. Astronauts use the crew hatch to enter Discovery before a launch and to leave after landing. It opens refers to a whole system made up of the into the middeck cabin, the crew’s living area. The hatch is orbiter, two solid rocket never opened in space. How do the astronauts leave and return for an EVA (spacewalk)? boosters, and the external fuel 4 tank. ACHIEVEMENT: Vega Solar System Vega Solar System Probe and Probe was the first Soviet mission Pathfinder/Sojourner to have international participation from nine nations. Pathfinder was the first planetary probe to take a rover to another planet. VEGA PATHFINDER/SOJOURNER SOLAR A SYSTEM LOOK FOR: F B VEGA SOLAR SYSTEM D PROBE BUS AND LANDING APPARATUS, SOVIET-LAUNCHED MISSION TO EXPLORE C VENUS (1985) AND E COMET HALLEY (1986) A French atmospherics package. A balloon carries an instrument package that measures the winds and weather in the atmosphere of the planet Venus. B Spherical atmospheric entry shield for lander. Protects lander as it falls to the surface of the planet Venus. C Spacecraft Bus. Ridge structure of the Vega Probe that holds science instruments and other equipment. LOOK FOR: PATHFINDER/SOJOURNER LANDED ON MARS ON JULY 4, 1997 Image taken from Sojourner just after landing on Mars D Pathfinder. The planetary probe landed and opened to reveal the Sojourner rover: more than 16,500 images were sent back to Earth from the lander. FIND E The deflated landing airbags. Like the landing of the OUT MORE rovers Spirit and Opportunity that later traversed the ma- Martian surface, Pathfinder used inflatable spheres to See the Space Science infor cushion the impact of its landing. tion panels and the Applications Satellites display case. Look at F The Sojourner rover. The rover sent 550 images from the Russian Vega Solar System Mars, as well as more than 15 chemical analyses of rocks probe from 1984 that and soil along with extensive data on winds and other traveled through Halley’s weather factors. Comet on its way to Venus. 5 Exploring the Solar System Sun: Mars: Saturn: Neptune: Genesis, Mars Science Cassini-Hugyens, Voyager 2, 2004 Laboratory, 2012 2004 1989 Earth Mercury: Venus: Jupiter: Uranus: Pluto: Messenger, Magellan, Galileo, 1989 Voyager 2, New Horizons, 2004 1989 1989 2015 TIMELINE OF PLANETARY PROBES AND EARLY SATELLITES 2006 New Horizon 2012 Mars 1965 to 1971 Mariner series 1989 Magellan to Venus and 1989 Galileo to Spacecraft Science Laboratory 1958 Explorer 1: to Mars, Mariner 10 to Jupiter, both launched from Space Shuttles launched to Pluto Rover (Curiosity), First US satellite Mercury and Venus 1989 Voyager 2 reached Uranus and Neptune —will arrive 2015 landed 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1957 Sputnik: First USSR satellite 1973-79 Pioneer 10 to Jupiter, 1997 Pathfinder/ 2004 Mars Exploration Pioneer 11 to Jupiter and Saturn Sojourner rover Rovers (Spirit, to Mars Opportunity ), landed DESIGN YOUR OWN PLANETARY PROBE Which planets would you visit on a tour of the solar system? Draw a picture of your probe. Look around for inspiration with your design from antennas, satellite dishes, solar panels, engines, cameras, grinding tools, etc. on the artifacts. What would you call your probe? FIND OUT MORE Investigate how the Moon was observed, including lunar probes that were launched from Earth. http://www.nasa.gov/ home/index.html 6 Design your own probe. Name it! ACHIEVEMENT: The spacesuit Apollo Spacesuit allowed astronauts to survive on the surface of the Moon. Apollo 15 spacesuit, 1971 LOOK FOR: A A The Apollo 15 spacesuit. The spacesuit displayed is one that was worn on the Moon. What is visible all over the surface of the spacesuit? B Spacesuit helmet. The extravehicular helmet retains the correct air pressure for B survival, although it is lower than on Earth. Would the astronaut be restricted in his vision by the extravehicular helmet? What percentage of C normal view is blocked by parts of the helmet? C Apollo gloves. They have D special tips to let the astronaut feel more when holding objects. What do you think these tips are made of? D Apollo boots.
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