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Home , JATO, Manned Maneuvering Unit, Redstone (rocket family), Saturn V instrument unit, Splashdown

EXPLORE THE SPACE HANGAR

DISCOVER SPACECRAFT in the James S. McDonnell Space Hangar at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center

CHOOSE your favorite space exploration vehicle when you finish. USE the map on page 10 to find them. Goddard 1935 A Series

A B C D

LOOK FOR: A The nose cone. How does the shape of the nose cone on the A Series rocket compare to nose cones on nearby ? Top: Goddard A Series rocket; insets of Goddard holding rocket and Goddard Is it sharper, blunter, or the same? postage stamp

B The window on the rocket near the nose cone. What can you see inside? ■ liquid fuel tank ■ parachute ■ computer

C The vanes. The vanes/tail fins help to stabilize the rocket in flight. How many vanes are on the Goddard A Series rocket? ■ 2 ■ 3 ■ 4 ■ 6

D The nozzle(s). The exhaust nozzles squeeze gases out producing a force/thrust that pushes the rocket forward. The Goddard A Series rocket had a thrust of 900 newtons, N, (200 lbs.). Each of the three engines has a thrust of 2,000,000 N (418,000 lbs.). How many nozzles are there on the Goddard A Series rocket? ■ 1 ■ 2 ■ 3 ■ 5 A Series launch COMPARE: Rockets from the 1940s and 1950s near the Goddard A Series rocket The Corporal is three times as tall as the Goddard A Series rocket with a thrust of ~90,000 N (20,000 lbs.) and a range of 120 km (75 miles). The Regulus Cruise missile is twice as tall as the Goddard A Series rocket with a thrust of ~20,000 N (4,600 lbs.) and a range of 8000 km (5000 miles). The whole Nike-Ajax missile is about twice as tall as the Goddard A Series rocket. The main part of the rocket, the sustainer, is about the same size as the A Series rocket with a thrust of 11,500 N (2,600 lbs.) and a range of 40 km (25 miles). The Poseidon missile, built by Lockheed Martin, was launched from Poseidon Missile submarines and carried a 50 kiloton nuclear warhead. It is three times the size of the Goddard A Series rocket with a range of 5280 km (3280 miles). 2 GODDARD A SERIES ROCKET ACHIEVEMENT: the first successful rocket to travel at the speed of sound — ~1000 km/h (700 mph) — and to ascend over a mile high. Fourteen launch attempts from 1934 to 1935 HOW TALL ARE THEY? The Goddard A Series rocket, the Redstone rocket, and the Shuttle orbiter are all full-size artifacts in the Museum, 1 : 1 scale. Look at the Shuttle models under the wing of Discovery. Many are 1 : 200 scale. How tall would you be in 1 : 200 scale? Divide your height in cm (or inches) by 200.

Rocket Height

350 ft

300 ft

250 ft

200 ft

150 ft

100 ft

50 ft

Goddard Redstone- LV- V- Space Shuttle Design your own rocket. Name it! 1935 rocket Mercury 3A/Agena B 54 m high 3.7 m high 25.5 m high 20.7 m (68 ft)/ 112 m high (175 ft) (12 ft) (83 ft) 7.1 m (23 ft) (364 ft) READY? Find the thrust of each rocket. (write in pounds, lb; newtons, N) Stand near Space Shuttle ______lb ______lb ______440,000 lb 7,500,000______lb ______7,000,000 lb Discovery. Picture it ready for lift off, as on the ______N ______N ______N ______N ______N front cover. Shut your eyes and imagine the rumbling thunder and shock HINT = waves of a shuttle 1 pound, lb 4.4 newtons, N launch. 3 ACHIEVEMENT: The longest- Space Shuttle Discovery serving reusable spacecraft. Discovery flew 39 times from 1984 through 2011 — spending altogether 365 days in space.

D C E B A

Inset photos left: Space Shuttle Discovery on top of its carrier , a Boeing 747, on the ground and in atmospheric flight. LOOK FOR:

A The wings. Wings provide lift, so an orbiting Space Shuttle can glide to Earth. Thick wings, and special maneuvers, reduce the orbiter’s speed from 28,000 km/h (17,200 mph) at reentry to 354 km/h (220 mph) at touchdown. How are orbiter wings and wings similar? How are they different?

B The black tiles. Black tiles have a coating that reflects 90% of the heat. They can resist temperatures up to 1,260°C (2,300°F). White tiles resist temperatures to 649°C (1,200°F). Which areas of the orbiter are exposed to the greatest heat during reentry?

C The OMS pods. The two pods are located at the base of the vertical stabilizer (tail). They contain the Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS) engines and the aft thrusters. The small OMS engines are used in space to control altitude and speed, unlike the three main engines that are used during launch. The thrusters control roll, pitch, yaw, and lateral movements. Can you find the forward thrusters on the nose of the orbiter?

D The payload-bay doors. When open, the payload-bay doors reveal a large cargo space. Look behind the Shuttle orbiter at the Spacelab. Look above the orbiter at the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite. Both of these were carried into orbit by the Space Shuttle. What is the best shape for a large Shuttle cargo? ■ rectangular block ■ cylinder ■ sphere FACT The term“Space Shuttle” E The Hatch. use the crew hatch to enter Discovery before a launch and to leave after . It opens refers to a whole system made up of the into the middeck cabin, the crew’s living area. The hatch is orbiter, two solid rocket never opened in space. How do the astronauts leave and return for an EVA (spacewalk)? boosters, and the external fuel 4 tank. ACHIEVEMENT: Solar System Vega Solar System Probe and Probe was the first Soviet mission Pathfinder/Sojourner to have international participation from nine nations. Pathfinder was the first planetary probe to take a rover to another planet.

VEGA PATHFINDER/SOJOURNER SOLAR A SYSTEM LOOK FOR: F B VEGA SOLAR SYSTEM D PROBE BUS AND LANDING APPARATUS, SOVIET-LAUNCHED MISSION TO EXPLORE C VENUS (1985) AND E COMET HALLEY (1986)

A French atmospherics package. A balloon carries an instrument package that measures the winds and weather in the atmosphere of the planet Venus.

B Spherical shield for lander. Protects lander as it falls to the surface of the planet Venus.

C Spacecraft Bus. Ridge structure of the Vega Probe that holds science instruments and other equipment.

LOOK FOR:

PATHFINDER/SOJOURNER LANDED ON MARS ON JULY 4, 1997 Image taken from Sojourner just after landing on Mars

D Pathfinder. The planetary probe landed and opened to reveal the Sojourner rover: more than 16,500 images were sent back to Earth from the lander. FIND E The deflated landing airbags. Like the landing of the OUT MORE rovers Spirit and Opportunity that later traversed the ma- Martian surface, Pathfinder used inflatable spheres to See the Space Science infor cushion the impact of its landing. tion panels and the Applications Satellites display case. Look at F The Sojourner rover. The rover sent 550 images from the Russian Vega Solar System Mars, as well as more than 15 chemical analyses of rocks probe from 1984 that and soil along with extensive data on winds and other traveled through Halley’s weather factors. Comet on its way to Venus. 5 Exploring the Solar System

Sun: Mars: Saturn: Neptune: Genesis, Mars Science Cassini-Hugyens, Voyager 2, 2004 Laboratory, 2012 2004 1989

Earth

Mercury: Venus: Jupiter: Uranus: Pluto: Messenger, Magellan, Galileo, 1989 Voyager 2, New Horizons, 2004 1989 1989 2015

TIMELINE OF PLANETARY PROBES AND EARLY SATELLITES 2006 New Horizon 2012 Mars 1965 to 1971 Mariner series 1989 Magellan to Venus and 1989 Galileo to Spacecraft Science Laboratory 1958 : to Mars, Mariner 10 to Jupiter, both launched from Space Shuttles launched to Pluto Rover (Curiosity), First US satellite Mercury and Venus 1989 Voyager 2 reached Uranus and Neptune —will arrive 2015 landed

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

1957 Sputnik: First USSR satellite 1973-79 Pioneer 10 to Jupiter, 1997 Pathfinder/ 2004 Mars Exploration Pioneer 11 to Jupiter and Saturn Sojourner rover Rovers (Spirit, to Mars Opportunity ), landed DESIGN YOUR OWN PLANETARY PROBE

Which planets would you visit on a tour of the solar system? Draw a picture of your probe. Look around for inspiration with your design from antennas, satellite dishes, solar panels, engines, cameras, grinding tools, etc. on the artifacts. What would you call your probe?

FIND OUT MORE Investigate how the Moon was observed, including lunar probes that were launched from Earth. http://www.nasa.gov/ home/index.html 6 Design your own probe. Name it! ACHIEVEMENT: The spacesuit Apollo Spacesuit allowed astronauts to survive on the surface of the Moon. spacesuit, 1971

LOOK FOR: A

A The Apollo 15 spacesuit. The spacesuit displayed is one that was worn on the Moon. What is visible all over the surface of the spacesuit?

B Spacesuit helmet. The extravehicular helmet retains the correct air pressure for B survival, although it is lower than on Earth. Would the be restricted in his vision by the extravehicular helmet? What percentage of C normal view is blocked by parts of the helmet?

C Apollo gloves. They have D special tips to let the astronaut feel more when holding objects. What do you think these tips are made of?

D Apollo boots. The Apollo extravehicular boots look different from Mercury and Gemini boots. What is the difference between the Apollo missions compared to earlier space exploration that required a different boot style? LOOK ABOVE: Apollo Astronaut on the Moon.

Look above Discovery at the astronaut model flying outside the Shuttle in the MMU (Manned Maneuvering Unit). Can you see differences in the Shuttle-era spacesuit and the one worn on the Moon?

Look above the Apollo 15 spacesuit to view the instrument unit. Located more than 3/4 of the way up the Saturn V rocket above the third of three rocket stages, the instrument unit contains the computers and other control devices to maintain the trajectory (course) of the rocket. Above the instrument unit was the command module, lunar lander, and Apollo capsule. FACT The Apollo missions were launched on Saturn rockets. 7 ACHIEVEMENT: The first spacecraft Mercury and to put US astronauts in orbit. Gemini capsules Six piloted Mercury flights from May 1961 to May 1963. 10 Gemini flights from March 1965 to November 1966.

LOOK FOR: A A The Mercury capsule. This is Freedom 7 II. In May 1961, the first Mercury capsule, Freedom B 7, launched as the first American in space. The tall Redstone rocket near the exit of the Space Hangar was modified to launch the first Mercury capsules, including Freedom 7.

B The . The Museum’s Mercury capsule Freedom 7 II was planned to be the last of the Mercury series. Because of the success of the Mercury program, NASA decided that it had learned all it could from this program and decided to concentrate on its follow-on Gemini and Apollo programs. The retrorockets on the back of Freedom 7 II would be used to slow the spacecraft down C for reentry into the Earth’s atmosphere.

C The Gemini capsule. The Gemini VII capsule on display took two astronauts, and James Lovell, Jr., into orbit for nearly two weeks. An earlier Gemini mission crew, Gemini IV, performed the first US space walk. Imagine spending two weeks in a capsule the size of a compact car! LOOK AT: Look at the Gemini test capsule that has landing gear for landing on an airfield. This was not used because the actual Gemini missions finished with at sea, as did FIND the Mercury missions that preceded them and the Apollo OUT MORE missions that followed. Also look above and to the left Look at Big Joe, one of the of the Gemini capsule to see the paraglider. The hang- unpiloted Mercury capsules type wings were used in tests to land the used for testing systems spacecraft. before the first human Mercury flight. 8 ACHIEVEMENT: Righted Apollo Flotation devices the capsule after in the Pacific July 24, 1969

LOOK FOR:

A The righting spheres. These A righted the capsule, if it landed upside down. Apollo 11 needed to deploy the righting spheres because it turned upside down in the ocean after splashdown.

B The Apollo 11 flotation collar. The flotation collar was placed B around the base of the Apollo capsule by the rescuers to allow the capsule to float until it was recovered onto the U.S.S. Hornet. The astronauts were transferred to the Mobile Quarantine Facility that you can see behind the Apollo capsule (the Airstream trailer).

C The Apollo boilerplate capsule. The Apollo capsule seen here C is a boilerplate—a training capsule that was never launched. It enabled the astronauts to practice recovery as well as in-flight activities.

FIND OUT MORE See the human display and plan a meal that you would like to eat in space from the U.S. and Russian splashdown in the Pacific December 24, 1969 space food. 9 James S. McDonnell Space Hangar Map and Ballot

Mercury capsule Gemini capsule Page 8 Apollo flotation Page 8 devices Page 9

MARY BAK VISITOR OVERLOOK RESTORATIO SS-1-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 SS-5-5 Close Encounters Mother Ship Model Saturn V Instrument Unit Saturn V Gemini Paraglider Gemini Mercury Couch Model Research Vehicle 1-A Heat Shields Capsule Mercury Mobile Quarantine Big Joe Capsule 15B Facility Freedom 7 II Redstone Missile Apollo Gemini Gemini VII Paraglider Propulsion System Apollo Boilerplate Wing Command Module START YOUR 20 MMU TOUR HERE!

BOEING TDRSS AVIATION HANGAR Discovery Satellite

Canadarm SRTM Remote Manipulator 23 System AGM-86B Little Styx Mars Pathfinder and John Sojourner Rover Model AGM-86A Goddard HOE Planetary probe: Rocket Pathfinder/Sojourner Matador Regulus 1 ASAT Page 5 Corporal Nike- Pegasus XL Poseidon C-3 Ajax S-1S1S-1 S-2S-2 V-2 SS-3-3 Navaho S-4S-4 H-1 1 S-5S-5 Combustion Redstone Engine Engine Jupiter Engine Engine Engine Ruhrstahl Engine Hs 298 PAC-2 X-4 V-2 Turbopump Navaho Model Leap KKV BMW Rocket Engine

Hagelkorn Gorgon IV Bat Gargoyle Gorgon IIC XKD5G-1 Lark

Gorgon IIA SAM-7 Miss Nike Far Loki- Fritz X Hs 117 Hs 293 Rheintochter RI F-23 Launch RI 502 Cajun Side Dart JATO

Goddard 1935 A Series rocket Page 2 FIND OUT MORE: 10 Use this map to find the spacecraft

Apollo spacesuit mentioned in Page 7 this guide.

Circle your favorite when you finish. Why did you

ER ENGEN ON HANGAR VISITOR OVERLOOK choose it? S-6S- S-7S-7 S-8S-8 S-9 R2D2 Mercury Airborne Mailbox Phone Booth IR Telescope Caltech IR Vega Telescope Vega Balloon Littrow Spectrograph IUE Spartan Console Satellites 201 AOSO Ritchey Mirror Grinder Observatory Planetary probe: Vega 21 Page 5 Spacelab Spacelab Instrument Igloo Pointing System New Horizons Spacelab Transfer Tunnel Spacelab Restrooms

Stairs

You Are Here

Rocket Models Emergency Exits

Echo 1 22

Relay 1 MLT 1540 Midas III Light Table Sensor Snark RIM-8J Talos S-6S--66 S-7SS7-7 ATS-1 S-8S-8 S-9 Falcon IDEX II SM-3 AGM-76A Corona Space Shuttle Subroc Capsule Atlas-Agena Launch Discovery Console Katydid RTV-N-15 Page 4 KD2C-2 Skeet Target Drone Agena-B sile and UNIVAC CDC Tube Aerobee Nosecones Upper Stage MPPMPP CDC

First Level Space Artifacts 20 22 Applications Satellites S E W Hanging Space Artifacts 21 Space Science 23 Rockets and Missiles N 11 Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center START YOUR EXPLORATION OF SPACE HERE! BOEING AVIATION HANGAR

· EMIL BUEHLER Conservation Laboratory · Collections Processing Unit MARY BAKER ENGEN · Collections Storage Facility · Archives RESTORATION HANGAR VISITOR OVERLOOK First Level Aircraft W SN E Second Level Aircraft

Third Level Aircraft A-1 A-2 A-3 A-4 A-5 A-6 A-7 A-8 A-9 A-10 A-11 A-12 A-13 A-14 A-15 A-16 A-17 A-18 A-19 A-20

AVIATIONSPORT HTS

GENERAL ULTRALIG AVIATION GERMAN 1 Vertical Flight WORLDAVIATION WAR II KOREA AND VIETNAM 2 Sport Aviation Lockheed COMMERCIAL SR-71A 3 General Aviation AVI Blackbird VERTICAL A FLIGHT TION 4 Business Aviation Boeing B-29 Superfortress Enola Gay 5 Commercial Aviation C Boeing 367-80 OL AVIATION Pre-1920 Aviation Lockheed 1049F Concorde “Dash 80” D WAR 6 Super Constellation MODERN MILITARY AVIATION 7 World War II Aviation INTERWARWORLD AVIATION WAR II 8 Korea and Vietnam AVIATION

Cold War Aviation ATION 9 BUSINESS AVI AEROBATICAVIATION

10 Modern Military Aviation A-1 A-2 A-3 A-4 A-5 J. RenReneeneee BBalloo Balloonon A-6 A-7 A-8 A-9 A-10 A-11 A-12 A-13 A-14 A-15 A-16 A-17 A-18 A-19 A-20 11 Aerobatics CLAUDE MOORE PRE-1920 EDUCATION AVIATION ATM Simulators CENTER 12 German World War II Aviation LOWER LEVEL SUSAN M. CARGILL CLASSROOM 13 Ultralights Elevator Stairs LOWER LEVEL Interwar Military Aviation 14 AIRBUS ® 1920-1940 Food Service R Theater IMAX THEATER Gift Shop Tickets Restrooms Tower Go to the Visitor Services desk to have your booklet Welcome Center Emergency FOR MORE Sponsored by BOMBARDIER Exits online activities, stamped with an official museum seal. publications, and Tour Desk / Information Sponsored by the JOAN AND HERB KELLEHER information about CHARITABLE FOUNDATION educational programming PHOTO CREDITS: at the National Air and All photos from NASM unless credited otherwise below: Space Museum, please visit Poseidon Missile, page 2: Lockheed Martin Missiles and Space Goddard Stamp, page 2: Smithsonian Postal Museum airandspace.si.edu/education