A Formação Do Estado E Seus Reflexos Na Desigualdade Da Cidadania Dos Palestinos Cidadãos De Israel

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A Formação Do Estado E Seus Reflexos Na Desigualdade Da Cidadania Dos Palestinos Cidadãos De Israel UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARANÁ CLAUDIA STEPHAN A FORMAÇÃO DO ESTADO E SEUS REFLEXOS NA DESIGUALDADE DA CIDADANIA DOS PALESTINOS CIDADÃOS DE ISRAEL CURITIBA 2020 CLAUDIA STEPHAN A FORMAÇÃO DO ESTADO E SEUS REFLEXOS NA DESIGUALDADE DA CIDADANIA DOS PALESTINOS CIDADÃOS DE ISRAEL Tese apresentada à banca de defesa do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Política, Departamento de Ciência Política, Setor de Ciências Humanas da Universidade Federal do Paraná, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Doutora em Ciência Política. Linha de Pesquisa: Instituições e Processos Decisórios. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Alexsandro Eugênio Pereira. CURITIBA 2020 AGRADECIMENTOS Ao meu orientador, Prof. Dr. Alexsandro Eugênio Pereira, pela disponibilidade, dedicação e (muita) paciência em mais uma aventura acadêmica na UFPR. À CAPES, pelo apoio financeiro, viabilizando minha dedicação integral ao doutorado. Aos colegas do NEPRI que contribuíram para o aperfeiçoamento do projeto de pesquisa nas reuniões do grupo, em especial ao Prof. Dr. Ramon Blanco de Freitas que contribuiu imensamente para a definição do projeto e do coração da tese – a teoria de Charles Tilly. Ao Prof. Dr. Renato Perissinotto pela disciplina de Política Comparada/Método Histórico Comparativo (CPOL7119 – 1/2019), na qual tratou da metodologia qualitativa de process tracing, fundamental para a área das Relações Internacionais e estudos de caso. Às amigas acadêmicas Silvana Simon, Fabiane Mesquita e a internacionalíssima Natália Zampieri, e também à amiga de uma vida toda, Cleide Stocco, que me apoiaram incondicionalmente nos momentos mais difíceis e, por isso, consegui reequilibrar as forças para terminar a tese. À minha mãe e ao meu pai, pela torcida à distância, incentivo e compreensão nos momentos mais difíceis. E, especialmente, ao meu amor, companheiro e amigo, Allan Aks Abade, pelo interesse em meu universo acadêmico, pela (imensa) paciência, pelas risadas e loucuras necessárias e pelo suporte incondicional nesses longos cinco anos, sem os quais eu certamente não conseguiria a façanha de terminar essa tese aos 45 do segundo tempo (risos). Obrigada!!! “The colonization of Palestine proceeded always as a fact of repetition: the Jews were not supplanting, destroying, breaking up a native society. That society was itself the oddity that had broken the pattern of a sixty- year Jewish sovereignty over Palestine which had lapsed for two millennia. In Jewish hearts, however, Israel had always been there, an actuality difficult for the natives to perceive. Zionism therefore reclaimed, redeemed, repeated, replanted, realized Palestine, and Jewish hegemony over it. Israel was a return to a previous state of affairs, even if the new facts bore a far greater resemblance to the methods and successes of nineteenth century European colonialism than to some mysterious first-century forebears.” “A colonização da Palestina procedeu sempre como um fato de repetição: os judeus não estavam suplantando, destruindo, acabando com uma sociedade nativa. Essa sociedade era ela mesma a singularidade que havia quebrado o padrão de uma soberania judaica de sessenta anos sobre a Palestina, após um lapso de dois milênios. Nos corações judaicos, no entanto, Israel sempre esteve lá, uma realidade difícil para os nativos perceberem. Portanto, o sionismo recuperou, redimiu, repetiu, replantou, realizou a Palestina e a hegemonia judaica sobre ela. Israel foi um retorno a uma situação anterior, mesmo que os novos fatos tivessem uma semelhança muito maior com os métodos e sucessos do colonialismo europeu do século XIX do que com alguns antepassados misteriosos do primeiro século.” Edward Said (The Question of Palestine, 1979, p. 87) RESUMO Israel é um Estado fundamentado nas leis judaicas com um regime político democrático permeado por elementos controversos, como a disputa territorial com a Palestina, a consequente insegurança interna e regional e as disputas étnicas e religiosas entre seus cidadãos. Esses elementos são peças fundamentais para a compreensão dos processos políticos e da cidadania, uma vez que aspectos históricos étnicos e religiosos regram a política israelense, confrontando-se com certos princípios democráticos, como a igualdade de direitos, a participação e a contestação política e a liberdade de expressão. Há seletividade na cidadania israelense, uma vez que os princípios que regem o sistema político priorizam a maioria judaica e discriminam os árabes palestinos cidadãos de Israel (PCI). Nesse sentido, o propósito da pesquisa é compreender como o processo de formação do Estado de Israel contribuiu para a desigualdade da cidadania dos árabes PCI. Quais as instituições e os mecanismos que foram responsáveis pela conquista e pela manutenção da maioria étnica judaica em detrimento da igualdade da cidadania dos árabes palestinos nativos, os quais habitavam o território disputado e dominado pelo movimento nacionalista judaico sionista para o estabelecimento de um Estado judaico? Argumenta-se que a reprodução de um modelo colonial europeu possibilitou ao movimento sionista a organização de instituições fundamentais no período pré-Estado que garantiram a supremacia judaica na Palestina e um regime democrático que privilegia a maioria judaica. O objetivo da tese é apresentar uma narrativa histórica interpretativa macropolítica institucional que revele o processo causal (e seus mecanismos) que explica a relação entre a variável independente (formação do Estado nacional) e a variável dependente (desigualdade da cidadania), a partir da análise das variáveis do modelo militarista de formação do Estado de Charles Tilly. A operacionalização das variáveis foi realizada por meio do delineamento de processos (case-centric explaining outcome process-tracing) para identificar as entidades (instituições), as atividades (ações/eventos) e os mecanismos (evidências) que explicam a discriminação dos árabes PCI – e também dos árabes palestinos de modo geral. Destacaram-se, fundamentalmente, o papel do modus operandi settler colonialist na construção do exclusivismo e da desigualdade da cidadania dos árabes PCI e a diferença entre o caso israelense e o modelo europeu, na medida em que o Estado de Israel é um projeto colonial e não um ‘efeito não intencional’ da organização e centralização da violência e da guerra. A solução de dois Estados permanece na retórica da comunidade internacional, contudo sua viabilidade está cada dia mais distante devido à falta de vontade política por parte do Estado de Israel. A manutenção de práticas coloniais e settler-colonialists apenas contribuem para a deterioração do status democrático de Israel e para o aprofundamento da discriminação e da violação dos direitos fundamentais dos árabes PCI e dos árabes palestinos que aguardam há décadas o retorno ao seu território de origem. Palavras-chave: Israel; Formação do Estado; Nacionalismo; Colonialismo; Cidadania Democrática; Direitos Fundamentais; Discriminação de Minorias Étnicas; Árabes Palestinos Cidadãos de Israel. ABSTRACT Israel is a State based on Jewish laws with a democratic political regime permeated by controversial elements, such as the territorial dispute with Palestine, the resulting internal and regional insecurity and the ethnic and religious disputes among its citizens. These elements are the key to understand the political processes and citizenship, since historical ethnic and religious aspects rule Israeli politics, confronting certain democratic principles, such as equal rights, political participation and contestation and freedom of expression. There is selectivity in Israeli citizenship, since the principles that govern the political system prioritize the Jewish majority and discriminate against Arab Palestinian citizens of Israel (PCI). In this respect, the purpose of this research is to understand how the Israel process of State formation contributed to the inequality of citizenship among the Arab PCI. What institutions and mechanisms were responsible for the conquest and maintenance of the Jewish ethnic majority at the expense of the equality of citizenship of the native Arab Palestinians, who inhabited the disputed territory dominated by the Jewish Zionist nationalist movement for the establishment of a Jewish State? It is argued that the reproduction of a European colonial model made it possible for the Zionist movement to organize fundamental institutions in the pre-state period that guaranteed Jewish supremacy in Palestine and a democratic regime that privileges the Jewish majority. The objective of the thesis is to present an institutional macro-political interpretative historical narrative that reveals the causal process (and its mechanisms) that explains the relationship between the independent variable (formation of the national State) and the dependent variable (inequality of citizenship), through the analysis of Charles Tilly's variables of militaristic model of State formation. The operationalization of the variables was carried out by tracing the processes (case-centric explaining outcome process-tracing) to identify the entities (institutions), the activities (actions/events) and the mechanisms (evidence) that explain the discrimination of the Arabs PCI - and also of Arab Palestinians in general. It was highlighted, fundamentally, the role of the settler colonialist modus operandi in the construction of the Jewish exclusivism and the inequality of citizenship of Arab PCI, and the difference between the Israeli case and the European model, insofar as the State of Israel is a colonial project and
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