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Las Familias Toledano En El Reino De Valencia Durante La Edad Media

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Las Familias Toledano En El Reino De Valencia Durante La Edad Media José HINOJOSA MONTALVO Université d’Alicante LAS FAMILIAS TOLEDANO EN EL REINO DE VALENCIA DURANTE LA EDAD MEDIA RÉSUMÉ Les juifs nommés Toledano constituent une des familles sépharades les plus tradi- tionelles. Cependant, nous ne savions rien de sa présence dans le royaume de Valence au Moyen Âge. Après consultation d’une abondante documentation, nous sommes en mesure d’affirmer que sa présence dans le royaume de Valence fut faible. On ne peut préciser ni quand ni d’où ils sont venus s’installer dans le royaume de Valence, même si l’on peut supposer qu’ils sont venus de Tolède ou de Castille. Toutefois, il existait aussi en Aragon des familles de ce nom, notamment à Teruel ou à Mora de Rubielos. Il semble que la plupart des juifs Toledano installés dans le nouveau royaume de Valence étaient originaires du royaume d’Aragon, en particu- lier des communautés établies le long de la route qui mène de Teruel à la Méditer- ranée: Jérica, Segorbe et Sagonte, qui entretenaient des liens familiaux avec les juifs de Teruel. Comme le reste de leurs correligionaires, ils étaient marchands, loueurs ou prêteurs. SUMMARY The Toledano Jews are one of the most traditional families in Sefarad history. How- ever we knew little of their presence in the Kingdom of Valencia during the Middle Age. Having consulted a vast documentation we can assert that their presence in the Kingdom of Valencia was scarce. When and where they came from to settle in the Valencian kingdom cannot be ascertained even when we can presume that they came from Toledo or the Kingdom of Castilla, but we must not forget that families of this name also existed in Aragon, more specifically in Teruel or in Mora de Rubielos. It seems that most of the Toledano Jews that came to the new Kingdom of Valencia came from the Kingdom of Aragon, specially from the Jewish quarters settled along the road from Teruel to the Mediteranean sea: Jerica, Segorbe and Sagunto, keeping family bonds with the Turolense Jews. Like the rest of their coreligionists they were traders, tenants or pawnbrokers. Si en el judaísmo hispano hay algún apellido conocido, famoso y difun- dido por todo el orbe, hasta nuestros días, este no es otro que el de “Tole- Revue des études juives, 169 (3-4), juillet-décembre 2010, pp. 439-460. doi: 10.2143/REJ.169.3.2061165 993578_REJ_3-4_2010_07_.indd3578_REJ_3-4_2010_07_.indd 443939 117/01/117/01/11 009:559:55 440 LAS FAMILIAS TOLEDANO EN EL REINO DE VALENCIA dano”, y miles de judíos de origen sefardí siguen llevando con justo orgullo el apellido que muestra sus raíces originarias en la imperial ciudad de Toledo. Y, sin embargo, a pesar de la raigambre y antigüedad de esta fami- lia carecemos de estudios que nos permitan reconstruir su pasado histórico medieval, ya que ni siquiera la Enciclopedia Judayca menciona ningún per- sonaje de los siglos medievales y todos son posteriores a la expulsión de 1492. De ahí que me haya propuesto como objetivo en este trabajo recupe- rar la memoria de los Toledano que durante la Edad Media vivieron en el reino de Valencia, a partir de las fuentes conservadas en el Archivo de la Corona de Aragón, el Archivo del Reino de Valencia y el Archivo de Cas- tellón, entre otras, quizá con la esperanza y el deseo de que algún Toledano actual pueda encontrar aquí sus desconocidos orígenes. A los Toledano resulta difícil seguirles la pista en tierras valencianas, dada la dispersión de las fuentes en los archivos. Es más, llama poderosa- mente la atención que en los 3.456 registros documentales recogidos por Jean Regné en su monumental catálogo History of the Jews in Aragon 1no se cite ni un solo Toledano en Aragón, Cataluña o Valencia para el periodo entre los años 1213 y 1327, lo que indica su tardía llegada a estas tierras. Así mismo, no aparecen personas con este apellido en el libro de cuentas de Joana Sibila para el año 1302, en el que se anotaron los pagos efectuados a diferentes personas por diversos conceptos, ni tampoco en las 48 personas tasadas ese año aparece ninguna persona con el apellido Toledano2. Tam- poco hay personas Toledano en las listas de prestamistas y corredores judíos en el año 1342-1390, en el juramento que éstos prestaban ante el Justicia civil de la ciudad de Valencia3, ni en la lista de los judíos tasados en la judería de Valencia el año 13634. La primera conclusión que se impone después de consultar millares de documentos es que estas familias Toledano tuvieron escasa representación en el reino de Valencia, sin que podamos precisar ni cuándo ni de dónde vinieron a instalarse tierras valencianas, aún cuando cabe suponer que pudie- ran hacerlo de Toledo o del reino de Castilla, pero no debemos olvidar que también en Aragón existían familias con este apellido, en concreto en Teruel 1. REGNÉ, J., History of the Jews in Aragon. Regesta and Documents 1213-1327, edited by Yom Tov Assis, Jerusalem, The Magnes Press, 1978. 2. CINTA MAÑÉ, Mª C. y ESCRIBÀ, G., The Jews in the Crown of Aragon. Regesta of the Cartas Reales in the Archivo de la Corona de Aragón. Part I: 1066-1327, Sources for the History of the Jews in Spain-4, edited by Yom Tov Assis, Jerusalem, 1993, pp. 15-24. 3. MAGDALENA NOM DE DEU, J. R. y PILES ROS, L. (+), “Prestamistas y corredores judíos en Valencia en 1342”, Miscelánea homenaje a José María Doñate Sebastiá, Vila-real, Ajunta- ment, 1993, pp. 239, 252. 4. A.C.A. C, reg. 1185, fol. 219 v-221 r. 993578_REJ_3-4_2010_07_.indd3578_REJ_3-4_2010_07_.indd 444040 117/01/117/01/11 009:559:55 LAS FAMILIAS TOLEDANO EN EL REINO DE VALENCIA 441 o en Mora de Rubielos. Personalmente me inclino por una procedencia ara- gonesa de estas familias, en primer lugar porque la mayoría de los judíos que vinieron al nuevo reino de Valencia procedían de los Estados de la Corona de Aragón: Cataluña y Aragón, y no es casualidad que la mayoría de estas familias se encuentren en juderías situadas en el camino que desde Teruel lleva al Mediterráneo: Jérica, Segorbe y Sagunto, manteniendo lazos familiares con los judíos turolenses. En cualquier caso su instalación fue posterior a la conquista de Valencia por Jaime I, rey de Aragón (1238-1245), pero sin poder dar mayores precisiones. Los Toledano fueron un apellido minoritario en tierras valencianas, loca- lizándose su presencia en las juderías del valle del río Palancia: Jérica, Segorbe y Sagunto, que fue su principal foco, con extensiones hacia la cer- cana comarca de La Plana al norte, y hacia la ciudad de Valencia, la capital del reino, ambas zonas a unos 25 kilómetros de Sagunto. En el resto del reino no hay noticias de otros Toledano. Veamos la evolución de estas fami- lias en las distintas localidades en las que se instalaron. 1. Los Toledano de Castellón y otras localidades de la Plana Aunque Castellón contaba con una judería desde la segunda mitad del siglo XIII, tras la fundación de la villa por Jaime I5, la familia Toledano se documenta en la capital de La Plana en fecha muy tardía, en las décadas anteriores a la expulsión de 1492, sin que sepamos su procedencia, quizá fueran una rama salida de la no lejana localidad de Sagunto. Todos ellos se dedicaban a actividades mercantiles y también aparecen como arrendadores, y en ocasiones las noticias que nos han llegado es a causa de los pleitos planteados ante las autoridades. De Abraham Toledano, por ejemplo, sabe- mos que mantuvo relaciones comerciales con un musulmán de la localidad de Fanzara, Alí Gallego, que le había depositado en comanda 6 alnas de cordellate blanco, y el incumplimiento del contrato le trajo a Toledano en 1484 algunos problemas con el Justicia de Castellón, siendo obligado el 28 de julio a pagar en diez días al moro el valor del paño o, en caso contrario, 12 sueldos por su valor. 5. MAGDALENA NOM DE DEU, J. R, La aljama hebrea de Castellón de la Plana en la Baja Edad Media, Castellón de la Plana, 1978; MAGDALENA NOM DE DEU, J. R, “Nuevos datos sobre la aljama judía de Castellón de la Plana”, Anuario de filología, 4, Barcelona, 1978, pp. 199- 246; DOÑATE SEBASTIÁ, José María, MAGDALENA NOM DE DEU, José Ramón, Three Jewish com- munities in Medieval Valencia. Castellón de la Plana, Burriana, Villarreal, Jerusalem, The Magnes Press, 1990. 993578_REJ_3-4_2010_07_.indd3578_REJ_3-4_2010_07_.indd 444141 117/01/117/01/11 009:559:55 442 LAS FAMILIAS TOLEDANO EN EL REINO DE VALENCIA Toledano siguió teniendo problemas con la justicia en esas fechas, y el 17 de septiembre de 1484 Luis Palau, mensajero de la corte del Justicia, expuso al notario Joan Valentí que hacía diez días vendió dos telas, una de raso y la otra listada, que embargó de Abraham Toledano por 25 sueldos que el judío debía a Valentí por los trabajos realizados en un proceso que hubo entre Toledano y maestre Domingo Domínguez, tintorero. El resultado fue que el 1 de octubre, a instancias del notario Guillem Egual, de Castellón, se subastaron los bienes muebles y semovientes de nuestro personaje, del que ya no volvemos a tener más noticias6. Otro Toledano residente en Castellón en la segunda mitad del siglo XV fue Mossé Toledano, al que se documenta en el libro de las imposiciones del año 1461, aunque no aparece en 1460. Este personaje seguía residiendo en la villa en 1468 y, junto con Hahim Caxi, fue el arrendador ese año del derecho del marco perteneciente al rey, a razón de 20 sueldos por millar.
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