DOCSLIB.ORG

The Mineral Industries of Africa in 2008

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Mineral Industries of Africa in 2008 2008 Minerals Yearbook AFRICA U.S. Department of the Interior September 2010 U.S. Geological Survey THE MINERAL INDUS T RIES OF AFRICA By Thomas R. Yager, Omayra Bermúdez-Lugo, Philip M. Mobbs, Harold R. Newman, Mowafa Taib, Glenn J. Wallace, and David R. Wilburn The 56 independent nations and other territories of continental • Niger—National Institute of Statistics, Africa and adjacent islands covered in this volume encompass • South Africa—Department of Minerals and Energy, Mineral a land area of 30.1 million square kilometers, which is more Economics Directorate, than three times the size of the United States, and were home • Swaziland—Central Statistical Office, to 984 million people in 2008. For many of these countries, • Tunisia—Industrial Promotion Agency, mineral exploration and production constitute significant parts For basic economic data—the International Monetary Fund. of their economies and remain keys to future economic growth. For mineral consumption data— Africa is richly endowed with mineral reserves and ranks first • BP p.l.c., or second in quantity of world reserves of bauxite, chromite, • Department of Minerals and Energy of the Republic of cobalt, hafnium, industrial diamond, manganese, phosphate South Africa, and rock, platinum-group metals (PGM), soda ash, vermiculite, and • International Iron and Steel Institute. zirconium. For exploration and other mineral-related information—the The mineral industry was an important source of export Metals Economics Group (MEG) in Canada. earnings for many African nations in 2008. To promote exports, groups of African countries have formed numerous trade blocs, General Economic Conditions which included the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), the East African Community (EAC), the In 2008, the real gross domestic product (GDP) of Africa Economic Community of Central African States, the Economic increased by 5.2% after increasing by 6.3% in 2007. In Community of West African States, the Mano River Union, the 2008, the GDP increased by an average of 6.1% in African Southern African Development Community (SADC), and the petroleum-exporting countries and by an average of 4.7% in West African Economic and Monetary Union. Algeria, Angola, African petroleum-importing countries. GDP growth in African Libya, and Nigeria were members of the Organization of the petroleum-exporting countries was projected to be at or about Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). In 2008, COMESA, 2.2% in 2009 and 5.1% in 2010. In petroleum-importing EAC, and SADC agreed to form an expanded free-trade zone. countries, GDP growth was expected to be at or about 1.4% in The African Union was formally launched as a successor 2009 and 3.3% in 2010 (International Monetary Fund, 2009, to the Organization of African Unity in 2002 to accelerate p. 90). socioeconomic integration and promote peace, security, and Decreased economic growth is likely to be the result of the stability on the continent. worldwide economic crisis that started in late 2007. In Botswana, The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) acknowledges and the GDP is expected to decrease by about 10.2% in 2009 because expresses its sincere appreciation to the following Government of the collapse in global demand for diamond. South Africa’s agencies, international institutions, and private research GDP is likely to decrease by 2.2% in 2009 in part because of a organizations for providing mineral production statistics, broadly based decrease in mineral production. Angola, Equatorial basic economic data, and mineral exploration and other Guinea, and Nigeria were likely to face adverse economic effects mineral-related information: from the decrease in worldwide petroleum demand (International For mineral production statistics— Monetary Fund, 2009, p. 89-90, 173). • Algeria—Ministry of Energy and Mines, • Benin—Ministry of Mines, Energy, and Water, Investment Data and Political Risk • Burundi—Ministry of Energy and Mines, • Côte d’Ivoire—National Institute of Statistics, Despite the decrease in the GDP in 2009 in South Africa, • Egypt—Ministry of Petroleum, numerous new mines and expansions of existing mines were • Ethiopia—Ministry of Mines and Energy, planned that included coal, diamond, gold, iron ore, manganese, • Gambia—Geological Department, PGM, titanium, and zirconium mines. The estimated capital • Ghana—Minerals Commission, costs of the expansion of the Sishen iron ore mine was • Guinea—Ministry of Mines, Geology, and Environment; $1.2 billion; the new Sishen South iron ore mine, $1.1 billion; National Directorate of Statistics, the Goedgevonden coal mine, $390 million; the Burnstone • Mali—National Directorate of Geology and Mines, gold mine, $238 million; and the Xolobeni mineral sands mine, • Mauritania—National Office of Statistics, $200 million. • Mauritius—Central Statistics Office, Elsewhere, capital expenditure for the Ambatovy nickel • Morocco—Directorate of Statistics, mine in Madagascar was expected to total $3.3 billion by • Mozambique—National Directorate of Mines, 2013. The capital costs of the Moatize and the Benga coal • Namibia—Ministry of Mines and Energy, mines in Mozambique were estimated to be $1.4 billion and AFRICA—2008 1.1 $800 million, respectively. In the Democratic Republic of the metals, diamond, gold, PGM, and uranium (Metals Economics Congo [Congo (Kinshasa)], the estimated capital cost of the Group, 2008). Tenge Funkurume copper mine was $1.9 billion; the Ruashi Exploration was focused primarily in (in order of the number Mine, $335 million; and the Kinsevere Mine, $200 million. The of sites being actively explored) South Africa, Zambia, Namibia, capital cost of the Kouilou potash mine in the Republic of the Tanzania, Congo (Kinshasa), Ghana, Burkina Faso, and Mali, Congo [Congo (Brazzaville)] was estimated to be $723 million. but activity also took place in a number of other countries. Gold Projects in the feasibility or prefeasibility stage included the targets accounted for approximately 33% of reported African Twangiza and the Moto gold mines in Congo (Kinshasa), which exploration projects; PGM made up about 15%; copper and had estimated capital costs of $541 million and $483 million, diamond each represented about 13%; uranium made up about respectively. In Madagsacar, the capital cost of the Ranobe 12%; and base metals made up about 7%. Based on the number of mineral sands project was expected to be $250 million. The active exploration sites, early-stage projects composed about 53% capital cost of the proposed Kanyika niobium (columbium) of the 2008 activity, whereas producing projects accounted for mine in Malawi was estimated to be between $156 million and about 24% and feasibility stage projects represented about 16%. $177 million. Exploration activity in Africa in 2008 fluctuated widely over Countries directly affected by wars, internal ethnic or political the course of the year as the result of changing commodity conflicts, and refugee displacements in 2008 included Chad, prices, disruption of mineral supply owing to electricity Congo (Kinshasa), Côte d’Ivoire, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Somalia, shortages and regional unrest, and reduced credit availability. Sudan, and Uganda. At the beginning of 2008, commodity prices were high and mineral exploration was active in many areas of the region. Legislation Australian and Canadian companies, which have traditionally invested heavily in African minerals projects, announced plans High mineral commodity prices at the beginning of 2008 to continue such investment. China announced ambitious plans led some Governments in Africa to review existing mining to invest in the mineral sector of such African countries as agreements with a view toward increasing state revenues from Congo (Kinshasa), Guinea, Niger, South Africa, and Zambia. exploration and mining companies. Mineral exploration projects Indian-owned companies expanded efforts to prospect for in Congo (Kinshasa) are ongoing in spite of concerns related to gold and uranium in Niger and announced development plans the Government’s reevaluation of mining contracts and unrest in for manganese and iron ore projects in Côte d’Ivoire (Cocks, parts of the country (Vaccaro, 2008). Mining contracts in Guinea 2008). Russian firms were also investigating opportunities to are also being reviewed after a change in government following gain additional access to African minerals (Pfeiffer, 2008). the death of President Conte (Mukumbira, 2008; Mining Review Exploration activity in South Africa was affected by electricity Africa, 2009). In November 2007, the Government of Tanzania shortages in early 2008. Despite high levels of interest in appointed the Mining Review Contracts Committee to review exploration, global financial difficulties at the end of 2008 all mining contracts. In July 2008, the Committee recommended further affected mineral-dependent economies in Africa, that the Government own 10% of the shares of all mining particularly Botswana, Congo (Kinshasa), South Africa, Zambia, companies in Tanzania (Mining Journal, 2008). and Zimbabwe, leading to layoffs and scaled-back investment Zimbabwe implemented its Indigenization and Economic and growth projections (Tsiko, 2009). Empowerment Act in 2008, which requires that indigenous Zimbabweans own at least 51% of any business operating in Commodity Overview Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe’s central bank has proposed reforms to the country’s mining sector that would effectively make the Estimates for production of major mineral commodities for Zimbabwe Mining Development
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Coleoptera: Carabidae) in Zambia
    Impact of land use on assemblages of carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in Zambia Dissertation Zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) Dem Fachbereich Biologie der Philipps-Universität Marburg vorgelegt von Donald Chungu aus Mwense/Sambia Marburg an der Lahn, December 2014 ContentContent Vom Fachbereich Biologie der Philipps-Universität Marburg als Dissertation am 1st December 2014 angenommen. Dekan: Prof. Dr. Monika Hassel Erstgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Roland Brandl Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Nina Farwig Tag der Disputation: 8th December 2014 2 ContentContent Erklärung Hiermit versichere, dass ich meine Dissertation mit dem Titel ‘Impact of land use on assemblages of carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in Zambia’ selbständig und ohne unerlaubte Hilfe angefertigt habe und mich keiner als der von mir ausdrücklich bezeichneten Quellen und Hilfen bedient habe. Diese Dissertation wurde außerdem in der jetzigen oder einer ähnlichen Form noch bei keiner anderen Hochschule eingereicht und hat noch keinen sonstigen Prüfungszwecken gedient. Marburg an der Lahn, December 2014 Donald Chungu 64 Table of contents 1 General introduction 1 Biodiversity in Africa 2 Land use a nd species assemblages 3 Pollution and species assemblages 7 The s tudy area 9 Dissertation outline and objectives 11 References 15 2 Plantations of non-native trees decrease richness and change composition of carabid assemblages in Zambia 24 Abstract 25 Introduction 26 Materials and Methods 28 Results 33 Discussion 37 Acknowledgements 42 References
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Resources（PDF／744KB）
    CHAPTER 7: NATURAL RESOURCES I. Introduction For many African countries the natural resource sectors (oil, gas and mining – the extractive industries) are important parts of the economy. If harnessed right, these natural resources can constitute a huge opportunity for development. By exploiting its natural resource base, in essence converting its underground minerals and agricultural potential into human and physical capital to create inclusive growth, Africa could by 2050 become factory and granary to the world, just as Britain and the US were the factories and the US and Argentina the granaries in the second half of the 19th Century, followed by China and Australia in the 20th Century. This is a vision of economic convergence for Africa’s resource-rich economies, where these countries “catch up” with other high and middle income countries to narrow the gap in per capita income and development outcomes. Over the next 40 years the African continent could build on its natural resource and agricultural production base to become an important supplier of intermediate and finished goods and agricultural products, relying on a diversified private sector and a high degree of economic and geographic integration. Africa’s factories and agribusiness processing centers, linked by world class regional infrastructure (rail, road, electricity and information and communication technology (ICT)) to its raw material production centers and farms, could transform these inputs into intermediate and finished products, from where they would be exported to clients on the continent and across the world. By 2050 Africa could also possess a significant service sector, particularly in natural resource extraction-related activities such as mining finance, technical design, and environmental and social analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bushveld Igneous Complex
    The Bushveld Igneous Complex THE GEOLOGY OF SOUTH AFRICA’S PLATINUM RESOURCES By C. A. Cousins, MSC. Johannesburg Consolidated Investment Company Limited A vast composite body of plutonic and volcanic rock in the central part of the Transvaal, the Bushveld igneous complex includes the platinum reef worked by Rustenburg Platinum Mines Limited and constituting the world’s greatest reserve of the platinum metals. This article describes the geological and economic aspects of this unusually interesting formation. In South Africa platinum occurs chiefly in square miles. Two of these areas lie at the the Merensky Reef, which itself forms part of eastern and western ends of the Bushveld and the Bushveld igneous complex, an irregular form wide curved belts, trending parallel to oval area of some 15,000 square miles occupy- the sedimentary rocks which they overlie, and ing a roughly central position in the province dipping inwards towards the centre of the of the Transvaal. A geological map of the Bushveld at similar angles. The western belt area, which provides the largest known has a flat sheet-like extension reaching the example of this interesting type of formation, western boundary of the Transvaal. The is shown on the facing page. third area extends northwards and cuts out- The complex rests upon a floor of sedi- side the sedimentary basin. Its exact relation- mentary rocks of the Transvaal System. This ship to the other outcrops within the basin floor is structurally in the form of an immense has not as yet been solved. oval basin, three hundred miles long and a As the eastern and western belts contain hundred miles broad.
    [Show full text]
  • Open Kosei.Pdf
    The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School Department of Geosciences GEOCHEMISTRY OF ARCHEAN–PALEOPROTEROZOIC BLACK SHALES: THE EARLY EVOLUTION OF THE ATMOSPHERE, OCEANS, AND BIOSPHERE A Thesis in Geosciences by Kosei Yamaguchi Copyright 2002 Kosei Yamaguchi Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2002 We approve the thesis of Kosei Yamaguchi Date of Signature ____________________________________ _______________________ Hiroshi Ohmoto Professor of Geochemistry Thesis Advisor Chair of Committee ____________________________________ _______________________ Michael A. Arthur Professor of Geosciences ____________________________________ _______________________ Lee R. Kump Professor of Geosciences ____________________________________ _______________________ Raymond G. Najjar Associate Professor of Meteorology ____________________________________ _______________________ Peter Deines Professor of Geochemistry Associate Head for Graduate Program and Research in Geosciences iii ABSTRACT When did the Earth's surface environment become oxic? The timing and mechanism of the rise of atmospheric pO2 level in the early Precambrian have been long debated but no consensus has been reached. The oxygenation of the atmosphere and oceans has significant impacts on the evolution of the biosphere and the geochemical cycles of redox-sensitive elements. In order to constrain the evolution of the atmosphere, oceans, biosphere, and geochemical cycles of elements, a systematic and multidisciplinary
    [Show full text]
  • Per-20 Geochemical Aspects of the Megacryst Suite
    PER-20 GEOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF THE MEGACRYST SUITE FROM THE MONASTERY KIMBERLITE PIPE by W. R.O.JAKOB | ATOMIC ENERGY BOARD I pelindal..) / i PRETORIA 30 i*~\'$'.- j Republic of South Africa August 1977 3 i •:>:'::. MiK!ëliitebai!!gi88u»<(á$:<HHffl iliiiiiil Illi IflU.^SIÏilïiíïïjíl PER20-1 ATOMIC ENERGY BOARD GEOCHEMICAL ASPECTS Of THE MEGACRYST SUITE FROM THE MONASTERY KIMBERLITE PIPE by W.R.O. JAKOB* "Chemistry Division POSTAL ADDRESS: Private Rag X256 Pelindaba Preto.-ia August 1977 0001 ISBN 0 86960 667 0 GEOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF THE MEGACRYST SUITE FROM THE MONASTERY KIMBERLITE PIPE W. R.O.JAKOB Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at the Department of Geochemistry of the University of Cape Town October 1977 2 CONTENTS Page SAMEVATTING 3 ABSTRACT 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 5 1. INTRODUCTION 6 2. SAMPLING AND LOCALITY DESCRIPTION 7 3. ANALYTICAL METHODS 9 4. ANALYTICAL RESULTS 9 4.1 Olivine 9 4.2 Orihopyroxene 10 4.3 Clinopyroxene 11 4.4 Garnet 12 4.5 llmenite 13 5. DISCUSSION 15 5.1 Clinopyroxene 15 5.2 Garnet 16 53 llmenite 18 5.4 Orthopyroxene 19 5.5 Olivine 22 6. GENERAL DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 26 7. REFERENCES 28 8. APPENDICES: 34 APPENDIX I: DIAGRAMS 34 APPENDIX II: PLATES 47 APPENDIX III: TABLES 11 TO 2B 51 3 5AMEVATTING 3 Die Monastery kimberlietpyp in die Distrik Marquard, Oranje-Vrystaat, Suid-Afrika, het groot belangstclling in kimberlietstudies gaande gemaak omdat dit groot enkelkristalle (2— 20 cm) van olivien, enstaiiet, diopsied, granaat, ilmeniet en flogopiet/vermikuliet bevat- Daar is vasgestel dat at die silikate (behalwe flogopiet wat nie bestudeer is nie) met ilmeniet verband nou.
    [Show full text]
  • Stratigraphy, Sedimentary Facies and Diagenesis of the Ecca Group, Karoo Supergroup in the Eastern Cape, South Africa
    STRATIGRAPHY, SEDIMENTARY FACIES AND DIAGENESIS OF THE ECCA GROUP, KAROO SUPERGROUP IN THE EASTERN CAPE, SOUTH AFRICA By Nonhlanhla Nyathi Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science In Geology FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY OF FORT HARE SUPERVISOR: PROFESSOR K. LIU CO-SUPERVISOR: PROFESSOR O. GWAVAVA APRIL 2014 DECLARATION I, Nonhlanhla Nyathi, hereby declare that the research described in this dissertation was carried out in the field and under the auspices of the Department of Geology, University of Fort Hare, under the supervision of Professor K. Liu and Prof. O. Gwavava. This dissertation and the accompanying photographs represent original work by the author, and have not been submitted, in whole or in part, to any other university for the purpose of a higher degree. Where reference has been made to the work of others, it has been dully acknowledged in the text. N. NYATHI Date signed: 12/04/2014 Place signed: Alice ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author is indebted to Professor K. Liu for his guidance, knowledge on all aspects of the project, constant supervision and help in doing field wok. Professor O. Gwavava is much appreciated for being my co-supervisor and helping me obtain financial support from the Goven Mbeki Research Development Centre. I am deeply grateful for the emotional support and encouragement from my parents and family. I express my profound gratitude to Mr Edwin Mutototwa and Mr Eric Madifor always taking time to read through my dissertation. The Rhodes University Geology laboratory technicians are thanked for their assistance in the making of thin sections.
    [Show full text]
  • Resources in the Upper Zone of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa
    Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, Volume 150(1), 2016 15 Fe-Ti-V-(P) RESOURCES IN THE UPPER ZONE OF THE BUSHVELD COMPLEX, SOUTH AFRICA by L.A. Fischer and Q. Yuan (with four text-figures and two plates) Fischer, L.A. & Yuan, Q. 2016 (31:viii): Fe-Ti-V-(P) resources in the Upper Zone of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 150(1): 15–22. https://doi.org/10.26749/rstpp.150.1.15 ISSN 0080-4703. Institut für Mineralogie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany, and School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia (LAF*); Faculty of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China, and Department of Geology, University of Liege, 4000 Sart Tilman, Belgium (QY). *Author for correspondence. Email: [email protected] The Bushveld Complex in South Africa is the largest layered intrusion on Earth. Its upper part is known for huge resources of iron, tita- nium, vanadium and phosphorus. Associated with the layered character of the rocks, these resources are enriched at certain levels of the intrusion, which makes it important to understand the formation processes of those layers. In this paper we give an introduction and overview of recent debates and challenges. Key Words: layered intrusion, Bushveld, resources. INTRODUCTION Fe, Ti, V and P never or only rarely occur as native elements in nature. Minerals, rich in one or more of these Iron (Fe), titanium (Ti) and vanadium (V) are important elements are mined and their components are extracted.
    [Show full text]
  • FISHING in the WORLD This Is the Exploitation of the Aquatic Animals from Water Bodies Like Lakes, Rivers, Ponds, Seas, Oceans for Commercial and Subsistence Purposes
    FISHING IN THE WORLD This is the exploitation of the aquatic animals from water bodies like lakes, rivers, ponds, seas, oceans for commercial and subsistence purposes. It is common in countries like Canada, Norway, Japan, S. Africa, Morocco, Namibia, Angola, Nigeria, Finland, Sweden, Chile. Types of fishing There are two types of fishing: Marine fishing takes place in oceans, seas and it is most important for commercial purposes and for large scale. It helps in exploitation of marine species like Tuna, Cod, Mackerel, Heming, Sardines, Haddock, Anchories, Crabs, Halibut, Oysters, Yellow star fish, Whales, Sharks, Bonito. Takes place in pacific, Atlantic ocean, North sea, Indian (takes place in salt water). Fresh water fishing: this takes place in fresh water bodies found in the interior or inland like in lakes, rivers, swampy areas, streams, ponds. Fresh water species like Tilapia, mud fish, Nile perch, Silver fish, lung. This is common in the tropics equatorial regions, low developed countries like the Congo and Amazon basin. It is less developed and it contributes to small percentage. Methods of fishing: 1. Drifting: This is the use of drift nets which are hanged vertically in the sea like tennis with open end where the fish enters. It has floaters on top and sinkers at the bottom which help it in balancing. It is tied with a rope and pulled by a boat. It has locks for opening and closing. It is mostly used for getting pelagic fish which live near the surface of water like sardines, herrings mackerel. 2. Trawling: This is the use of trawl nets shaped like a bag with open end where the fish enters.
    [Show full text]
  • Sedimentology of the Katberg Sandstone in the Eastern Cape Province
    SEDIMENTOLOGY OF THE KATBERG SANDSTONE IN THE EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE by Nicholas Stavrakis B.Sc. (Natal), B.Sc. Hons. (U.P.E.) Thesis presented for the degree of Master of Science in the Department of Geology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown. Frontispiece View of the Katberg Mountains taken from the top of the Elandsberg, looking west over the Nico Malan Pass . DECLARATION All work in this thesis is the original work of the author except where specific acknowledgement is made to work of others. SIGNED Department of Geology University of Fort Hare ALICE 5700 DATE 1979-01-15 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Anglo American Corporation, which sponsored the thesis, and Mr John Strathern, who arranged the sponsorship, are both gratefully acknowledged. Dr N Hiller who was my supervisor, is thanked for the interest he showed in the study, and the helpful suggestions he offered. Prof. H V Eales and Mr 0 Gouws are thanked for their patience and lullingness to help with the laboratory research. My former colleagues, Prof. J C Theron and Dr C S Kingsley, and present colleague Mr C J Gunter, are thanked for their discussions related to the study. Dr W E L Minter is thanked for the instruction he gave at the Sedimentological Winter School at Welkom, which was attended by the author. Thanks go also to those persons who assisted in one way or another namely, Mr A J Reynolds, Dr R E Jacob and Prof. R Mason. Mrs R Hayward of Fort Beaufort is thanked for typing the manuscript. Special thanks go to my wife Brenda, who wrote the FORTRAN program, typed the draft and helped in so many ways.
    [Show full text]
  • Mining & Mineral Beneficiation
    ZAMBIA DEVELOPMENT AGENCY Sub-Sector Profile: Mineral Beneficiation Industrial Minerals ZAMBIA: “Africa’s New Frontier for Investments and Profits” June 2013 I. OVERVIEW Located at the centre of southern central Africa, Zambia is a politically stable country with a growing economy; it is in the midst of transforming itself into an economic hub for the rapidly growing central and southern African regions. In Zambia, the sector is the backbone of its economy, contributing 9-10% of GDP. From 2001 to 2009, the mining sector annually grew by 9% and is forecasted to grow from US 590 million in 2000 to US $ 17 billion by the year 2017. Zambia possesses one of the world’s most vital and complex metallotects and is internationally recognized as having a good mineral potential. Copper is the main mineral resource, accounting for roughly 75% of the country’s total export earnings. In Zambia, refined copper is its major export product. The export value of refined copper and copper alloys (unwrought) alone accounts for 63.5 % of its entire trade value. The Zambian Government has been encouraging domestic value-addition of mineral resources by providing generous incentives. Through these efforts, Zambia has established itself as the top producer and exporter of refined copper in Africa. In addition to copper, there is also a broad spectrum of mineral resources available for further exploration, mining and beneficiation. Additional investment opportunities are especially present in mining and beneficiation of metallic minerals, such as iron, manganese, and uranium, and fuel minerals such as coal. Driven by increased consumption in emerging Asian economies, demands for Zambia’s mineral resources are expected to grow further.
    [Show full text]
  • Crossing the Borders: Trans-Border Resource Conflicts Between the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Its Neighbors Angola and Uganda
    CROSSING THE BORDERS: Trans-Border Resource Conicts between the Democratic Republic of Congo, and its neighbors Angola and Uganda Georges Bokondu and Claude Kabemba Crossing the Borders: Trans-Border Resource Conflicts between the Democratic Republic of Congo, and its neighbors Angola and Uganda Georges Bokomdu and Claude Kabemba This report is published by the Southern Africa Resource Watch Published 2016 www.sarwatch.org Crossing the Borders: Trans-Border Resource Conflicts between the Democratic Republic of Congo, and its neighbors Angola and Uganda 3 Contents Acronyms and abbreviations 4 List of maps 6 Acknowledgements 7 Executive summary 8 1 Introduction 11 Methodology 15 2 DRC, Angola and Uganda Natural Resource Potential 17 2.1. Natural resources of the DRC 17 2.2. Natural resources of Angola 23 2.3. Natural resources of Uganda 27 3 Trans-frontier Natural resources and Conflicts between the States 31 3.1. Conflicts between Angola and the DRC 31 a) Resources’ conflicts along the maritime border 32 b) Exploitation of block 15 and the area of common interest 35 c) Fishing on the Atlantic coast 40 d) Resource conflict along land borders 41 3.2. Tensions between the DRC and Uganda 45 a) Conflicts related to land and lake borders 46 b) Oil related conflict and control of the Rukwanzi Island 48 c) Conflict related to gold exploitation and trade. 51 d) Ngurdoto agreement 57 4 Conclusion and Recommendations 59 Bibliography 63 4 Crossing the Borders: Trans-Border Resource Conflicts between the Democratic Republic of Congo, and its neighbors
    [Show full text]
  • Monastery Kimberlite, South Africa
    University of Alberta A Feasibility Study of U-Pb llmenite Geochronology, Monastery Kimberlite, South Africa Andrea K. Noyes @ A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Edmonton, Alberta Spring, 2000 National Library Bibliothèque nationale I*I of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une Licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Libmy of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sen reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thése sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de rnicrofiche/nlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fkom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Abstract The Monastery kimberlite, South Afn'ca, is considered to be a Group 1 kimberlite with an emplacement age of 90 Ma. This study dernonstrates that multiple isotopic techniques can be applied to a single kimberlite and yield precise and consistent emplacement ages: Rb-Sr phlogopite age of 89.9 I 3.1 Ma, U-Pb perovskite age of 91-0 i 1.O Ma, U-Pb mantle zircon age of 89.9 I 3.5 Ma.
    [Show full text]