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Obid BAROTOV.Pdf T.C. BURSA ULUDAĞ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER ANABİLİM DALI ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER BİLİM DALI TACİKİSTAN DIŞ POLİTİKASINDA ÇOK YÖNLÜLÜK ARAYIŞLARI VE ÇİN HALK CUMHURİYETİ İLE İLİŞKİLER YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Obid BAROTOV BURSA-2021 T.C. BURSA ULUDAĞ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER ANABİLİM DALI TACİKİSTAN DIŞ POLİTİKASINDA ÇOK YÖNLÜLÜK ARAYIŞLARI VE ÇİN HALK CUMHURİYETİ İLE İLİŞKİLER YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Obid BAROTOV Danışman Doç. Dr. Sezgin KAYA http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6113-7412 BURSA-2021 T.C BURSA ULUDAĞ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ MÜDÜRLÜĞÜNE Uluslararası İlişkiler Anabilim Dalı’nda 701616025 numaralı Obid BAROTOV’ın hazırladığı " Tacikistan Dış Politikasında Çok Yönlülük Arayışları ve Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti ile İlişkiler" konulu Yüksek Lisans tezi ile ilgili tez savunma sınavı, ../../2020 günü ..:.. saatleri arasında yapılmış, sorulan sorulara alınan cevaplar sonunda adayın tezinin başarılı (başarılı / başarısız) olduğuna oy birliği (oy birliği / oy çokluğu) ile karar verilmiştir. Tez Danışmanı: Doç. Dr. Sezgin KAYA Başkan: İmza: Üye: İmza: Üye: İmza: YEMİN METNİ Yüksek Lisans tezi olarak sunduğum " Tacikistan Dış Politikasında Çok Yönlülük Arayışları ve Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti ile İlişkiler" başlıklı çalışmanın bilimsel araştırma, yazma ve etik kurallarına uygun olarak tarafından yazıldığına ve tezde yapılan bütün alıntıların kaynaklarının usulüne uygun olarak gösterildiğine, tezimde intihal ürünü cümle veya paragraflar bulunmadığına şerefim üzerine yemin ederim. ..../ ..../ 2020 İmza Adı Soyadı: Obid BAROTOV Öğrenci No: 701616025 Anabilim Dalı: Uluslararası İlişkiler Programı: Uluslararası İlişkiler Statüsü: □ Y.Lisans □ Doktora SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ YÜKSEK LİSANS İNTİHAL YAZILIM RAPORU BURSA ULUDAĞ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER ANABİLİM DALI BAŞKANLIĞINA Tarih: Tez Başlığı / Konusu: Tacikistan Dış Politikasında Çok Yönlülük Arayışları ve Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti ile İlişkiler. Yukarıda başlığı gösterilen tez çalışmamın a) Kapak sayfası, b) Giriş, c) Anabölümler ve d) Sonuç kısımlarından oluşan toplam 150 sayfalık kısmına ilişkin, …2020 tarihinde Şahsım tarafından Turnitin*adlı intihal tespit programından aşağıda belirtilen filtrelemeler uygulanarak alınmış olan özgünlük raporuna göre, tezimin benzerlik oranı % ‘dur. Uygulanan filtrelemeler: 1- Kaynakça hariç 2- Alıntılar hariç / dahil 3- 5 kelimeden daha az örtüşme içeren metin kısımları hariç Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tez Çalışması Özgürlük Raporu Alınması ve Kullanılması Uygulama Esasları’nı inceledim ve bu Uygulama Esasları’nda beirtilen azami benzerlik oranlarına göre tez çalışmanın herhangi bir intihal içermediğini; aksinin tespit edileceği muhtemel durumda doğabilecek her türlü hukuki sorumluluğu kabul ettiğimi ve yukarıda vermiş olduğum bilgilerin doğru olduğunu beyan ederim. Gereğini saygilarımla arz ederim. Adı Soyadı: Obid BAROTOV Öğrenci No: 701616025 Anabilim Dalı: Uluslararası İlişkiler Programı: Uluslararası İlişkiler Statüsü: □ Y.Lisans □ Doktora Danışman Doç.Dr. Sezgin KAYA *Turnitin programına Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Kütüphane web sayfasından ulaşabilir. ÖNSÖZ ve TEŞEKKÜR Bu tez çalışmasının her aşamasında bilgi ve tecrübesinden yararlandığım, her konuda yardım ve desteğini esirgemeyen danışman hocam Sayın Doç. Dr. Sezgin KAYA’ya teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Yüksek Lisans eğitimim süresinde beni destekleyen ilk Hocalarım BABAM Kahramon BAROTOV’a ve ANNEM SH. BAROTOVA’ya, ilk Türkçe dili hocalarım Salih ŞAHİN’e ve Mustafa ÇOBAN’a ve her zaman desteklerini esirgemeyen dayım Uluğbek BOBOEV’a teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Obid BAROTOV …./…/2020 ÖZET Yazar Adı ve Soyadı : Obid BAROTOV Üniversite : Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Enstitü : Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Anabilim Dalı : Uluslararası İlişkiler Bilim Dalı : Uluslararası İlişkiler Tezin Niteliği : Yüksek Lisans Tezi Sayfa sayısı : ХV+250 Mezuniyet Tarihi : Tez Danışmanı : Sezgin KAYA TACİKİSTAN DIŞ POLİTİKASINDA ÇOK YÖNLÜLÜK ARAYIŞLARI VE ÇİN HALK CUMHURİYETİ İLE İLİŞKİLER Sovyetler Birliği'nin çöküşünden sonra, dış politikada yeni bir devlet olarak Tacikistan açık kapı politikasını izledi. ABD ve Rusya gibi süper güçlerle ikili ve çok taraflı ilişkilerin yanı sıra, coğrafi ve politik açıdan bize en yakın ülkelerden biri olan Çin, kendi çıkarlarıyla birlikte Tacikistan gibi yeni bir bağımsız devletin çıkarlarını göz ardı edemedi. Ama Tacikistan'ın tamamen politik değil, aynı zamanda stratejik ortaklıktada tek taraflı bağımlılığa düşmemek için başka ülkeler ile ekonomik ilişkilerde olması gerekmektedir. Açık kapı siyaseti ve çok yönlülük ilişkilerin himayesinde, Tacikistan stratejik kültürüne ve ulusal güvenliğine dayanarak “Yeni İpek Yolu”, “Dışarı çıkma stratejisi”, “İpek Yolu'nun ekonomik kuşağı” gibi projelerde Çin ile ilişkilerini geliştirmelidir. Stratejik kültür ve ulusal güvenliği yanı sıra ulusal kimlik de önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Tacikistan küçük bir ülke ve Çin bir süper güç olduğundan, Tacikistan bölgenin önde gelen güçleri arasındaki ilişkilerdeki ulusal çıkarlarını korumalıdır. IV Avrupa halkının tarihinde “Avrupa çizmesi” nin, Alp dağları ile olan rolü ile Orta Asya ve Hint Yarımadası halklarının tarihi ve kültüründeki Pamirileri ve vadileri ile Tacik kimliğinin rolü karşılaştırılabilir. Burdan bilmeye gerek vardır ki, Tacik kimliğinin stratejik kültürü ulusal güvenliğini koruyabilmesini önemli bir faktörüdür. Anahtar kelimeler: Tacikistan, tacik kimliği, stratejik kültür, açık kapı siyaseti, çok yönlülük ilişkiler, Çin. V ABSTRACT Name and Surname : Obid BAROTOV University : Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Institute : Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Field : Uluslararası İlişkiler Branch : Uluslararası İlişkiler Degree Awarde : Yüksek Lisans Tezi Number of page : ХV+250 Degreee date : Supervisor : Sezgin KAYA BİLATERAL RELATIONS BETWEEN TAJİKİSTAN AND CHINA IN THE FRAME OF THE OPEN DOOR POLICY OF TAJIKISTAN After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Tajikistan as a new state in foreign policy followed its open door policy. Besides bilateral and multilateral relations with the superpowers like the USA and Russia, China, which is one of the closest countries to us geographically and politically, could not ignore the interests of a new independent state like Tajikistan with its own interests. But Tajikistan must have economic relations with other countries in order not to fall into unilateral dependence not only in political but also in strategic partnership. Under the auspices of open door politics and multilateral relations, based on the strategic culture and national security of Tajikistan, it should improve its relations with China in projects such as "New Silk Road", "Strategy for going out", "Economic belt of Silk Road". In addition to strategic culture and national security, national identity plays an important role. Since Tajikistan is a small country and China is a superpower, Tajikistan must protect its national interests in relations between the region's leading powers. VI The role of the "European boot" with the Alpine mountains in the history of the European people can be compared with the role of the Tajik identity in the history and culture of the peoples of the Central Asian and Indian Peninsula. It is necessary to know from here that the strategic culture of Tajik identity is an important factor in maintaining its national security. Keywords: Tajikistan, crown identity, strategic culture, open door politics, multilateral relations, China. VII İÇİNDEKİLER: ÖZET………………………………………………………………………………...…IV ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………VI İÇİNDEKİLER………………………………………………………….....................VIII TABLOLAR…………………………………………………………………………...XI ŞEKİLLER……………………………………………………………………………XII KISALTMALAR……………………………………………………………………..XIII GİRİŞ…………………………………………………………………………………...16 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM: 1. STRATEJİK KÜLTÜR KAVRAMI…………………………………………….19 1.1. BİRİNCİ KUŞAK STRATEJİK KÜLTÜR ÇALIŞMALARI……………….19 1.2. STRATEJİK KÜLTÜRÜN ÇALIŞMALARINDA İKİNCİ KUŞAK……….21 1.3. ÜÇÜNCÜ KUŞAK STRATEJİK KÜLTÜR ÇALIŞMALARI………………22 1.4. DÖRDÜNCÜ KUŞAK STRATEJİK KÜLTÜR ÇALIŞMALARI………….25 2. TACİK STRATEJİK KÜLTÜRÜ………………………………………………28 2.1 TACİK KİMLİĞİNİN TEMELİ OLARAK MİTLER………………………..33 2.2 COĞRAFYA VE TACİK STRATEJİK KÜLTÜRÜ…………………………35 2.2.1 Fiziki Coğrafya…………………………………………………………….35 2.2.2. Askeri Taktikler ve Etkisi…………………………………………………38 2.2.3. Tacik Jeopolitik Kuvvet Alanı……………………………………………40 2.3 TARİH - SİYASET İLİŞKİSİ…………………………………………….......43 2.3.1. İslamiyet Öncesi Dönem Tacik Tarihi…………………………………….43 2.3.2. İslam İle Tanışma ve Halifelik Dönemi…………………………………. 51 2.3.3 Hanlıklar Dönemi ve Moğol İstilası……………………………………….53 2.3.4 Rus Çarlığı ve Sovyet Döneminde Tacik Kimliği…………………………80 2.3.4.1. Rus Çarlığı ve Tacik Kimliği…………………………………………..80 2.3.4.2 Sovyet Döneminde Tacikistan………………………………………….90 2.3.5 Bağımsızlık ve İç Savaş Döneminde Tacikistan……………………...…106 2.3.5.1. Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti’nin Çöküşü…………………...…….106 VIII 2.3.5.2. Tacikistan’in Bağımsızlığı ve İdari Yapısı……………………….108 2.3.5.3. İç Savaş Döneminde Tacikistan…………………………………..112 2.3.5.3.1. İç Savaş Nedenleri…………………………………………….112 2.3.5.3.2 İç Savaşa Dâhil Gruplar………………………………………..115 2.3.5.3.3. İç Savaş Olayları………………………………………………116 2.3.5.3.4. Tacikler Arası Müzakere Süreci ve İç Savaş Sonucu…………118 2.4 TACİK ULUSAL KİMLİĞİNİN BİLEŞENLERİ………………………..119 2.5 BAĞIMSIZLIK DÖNEMİNDE: DİPLOMASİ VE SİYASET…………..127 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM: 2. TACİKİSTAN DIŞ POLİTİKASINDA ÇOK YÖNLÜLÜK ARAYIŞLARI VE BÖLGESEL İLİŞKİLER…………………………………………………… 134 2.1. SOVYET DÖNEMİNDE
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