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ST•STX SERIES The most intelligent sound reinforcement system Working together, there’s no problem we can’t solve, no schedule we can’t meet, no project on the planet. we can’t take to a higher level of excellence, from the White House to the Olympic SuperDome, from corner churches to major metropolitan concert halls. Much as we love technology, our greatest satisfaction comes through helping people communicate through music, dance, theater, or the power of a new idea brilliantly expressed. When we make those kinds of connections, there’s nothing more exciting – or more powerful. Here are some of the unique technologies we use to help people communicate: Patented CoEntrant Topology integrates System Specific Electronics integrate pre- midrange and high frequency drivers into configured signal processing and protection wideband point sources. with high performance amplifiers. Complex Conic Topology, the first new The R-Control Remote System Supervision approach to horn design in decades, has Network is based on Echelon’s LonWorks® proven its superior performance worldwide. protocol (ANSI/EIA 709.1). TRAP (TRue Array Principle) design PowerNet Series loudspeakers incorporate aligns acoustic centers so loudspeaker System Specific Electronics and can be clusters produce coherent output. upgraded for R-Control remote operation. Reference Point Array engineering optimizes EASE, EASE JR and EARS are the industry the entire signal chain from line level to standard modeling programs for acoustic listener for unprecedented performance. environments and sound system performance. CobraNet routes 64 channels of 20-bit digital audio over CAT 5 copper or UTP optical fiber using Ethernet protocols For more information on the latest integrated sound reinforcement innovations from R-H Engineering, visit us on our website. www.rh.com. 19201 Cook Street, Foothill Ranch, CA 92610, USA. Phone 949-588-9977, Fax 949-588-9514 Fjärtursvägen 3, 18746 Täby, Sweden. Phone +46 8 544 72588, Fax +46 8 544 72589 www.rh.com e-mail: [email protected] CoEntrant and Complex Conic WaveGuide Technology, TRue Array Principle and TRAP Series are trademarks of Renkus-Heinz, Inc. © 2002 Renkus-Heinz. RH492 7/02 THREE REASONS WE DEVELOPED THE ST• STX SERIES WORLD’S MOST ADVANCED LOUDSPEAKER SYSTEM INTEGRATES ADVANCED AUDIO TECHNOLOGY 1 YOU 2 YOUR CLIENTS 3 YOUR AUDIENCE ( PLUS, IT’S WHAT WE DO.) Complex Conic Horns Transparent Tri-Amplification For You: For Your Clients: For The Audience: Designed around the spherical expansion of the acoustic ST loudspeakers incorporate third-generation Class D Unsurpassed Simplicity. Lower Installation Costs. Reference Quality Audio pressure wave, Complex Conic Horns control dispersion digital amplification for ultra-low noise and distortion. • Faster, foolproof installation • NO dedicated amplifier/speaker • All digital signal path: more accurately at both the upper and lower extremes of Extremely efficient, Class D amplifiers dissipate less heat because the “tricky bits” that electronics room: all amplification CobraNet has high-resolution their pattern bandwidth. Not only are they more effective allowing us to use compact, lightweight heat sinks and optimize system performance and processing is integrated into digital audio. than rectangular horns, they also sound far more natural. have been painstakingly the loudspeaker system. to dispense with cooling fans. • Patented Point Source CoEntrant optimized in our test and Patented CoEntrant CobraNet Digital Audio Network • NO dedicated air handling system Transducers and purpose designed- measurement facility. Transducers for amplifiers & electronics: woofers produce unprecedented The ST Series CobraNet input selects The CoEntrant Mid-High driver • Easier system commissioning our advanced Class D amplifiers sound quality. from 64 channels of digital audio, is the first new method for con- because you can focus on are so efficient even the 1200W delivered from CAT 5 copper or UTP • Unique Complex Conic Array- verting electrical impulses into tuning the system, not getting (peak) Lo Band amp requires no optical fiber cable. ST systems are guides for superior pattern control acoustic energy in decades. It it to work in the first place. fan cooling. inter-operable with dozens of CobraNet with natural, undistorted sound. combines a mid-range cone products from over 20 major pro • Fewer wiring errors because • NO separate technical ground: and high frequency compression • TRue Array Principle (TRAP) audio manufacturers. audio and control can share digital audio does not pick up driver into a wideband true design for coherent, seamless arrays the same CAT 5 cable. induced hum from lighting, HVAC point source with low distortion R-Control Remote Systems in the horn’s operating band. or other building systems. Supervision Network • Solid reliability because each and high power. CoEntrant • Reference Point Array system driver has its own calibrated • LOWER conduit, cable and drivers loaded with Complex R-Control is built on industry standards integration for wide bandwidth peak and RMS protection limiters. wire pulling costs with CobraNet’s Conic horns offers numerous like Echelon LonWorks and Microsoft array optimization and “plug ‘n Visual Basic. R-Control and CobraNet 64 audio channels plus R-Control measurable advantages over • Greater flexibility because play”simplicity. Remote Supervision on one dual horn and Co-Axial topolo- can use the same CAT 5 cable for a signals can be routed to CAT 5 cable. gies, including smaller size, “single connector solution.” accommodate different venue lower weight, inherent phase Event Scheduler, Fault Logger, Operator requirements. coherency and smoother Alerts for critical conditions, Scene frequency response. ST4 Cutaway Store and Recall and more, make the TRAP (TRue Array Principle) Design management of large Complex systems easy. By placing the acoustic center as far back in the Loudspeaker Specific Processing enclosure as possible, TRAP design closely aligns the All loudspeaker specific parameters are carefully and acoustic centers of arrayable loudspeakers. This unique precisely adjusted in our test and measurement facility. design minimizes interference in multi-loudspeaker clusters. They include: RPA: The Plug ‘n Play Array • Lo/Mid and Mid/Hi crossovers with independent Because each element of every ST sound reinforcement slopes and shoulders. system can be addressed individually, ST is the ideal platform for Reference Point Array (RPA) systems integration. • Multi-band parametric EQ. RPA design is a complex process that integrates and • Instantaneous over-excursion protection, peak limiting and optimizes signal processing, hanging hardware, drivers, RMS thermal protection limiting triggered by amplifier waveguides and enclosures. RPAs deliver near-perfect voltage (not by input level, which can be fooled). array performance right out of the box. • Driver alignment delay. ST/STX5L ST/STX7 ST/STX4 ST/STX6M STX2 ST/STX5M2 ST/STX8 ST/STX4L ST/STX6 ST/STX5 ST/STX9 ST SERIES TRAP [ TRUE ARRAY PRINCIPLE] PM-3 POWERNET INTELLIGENT AMPLIFICATION a unique design innovation ADVANCED 3RD GENERATION CLASS D TECHNOLOGY RPA [ REFERENCE POINT ARRAY] INTEGRAL DRIVER-SPECIFIC PROCESSING a total design solution REMOTE SYSTEM MANAGEMENT • FLEXIBLE CONFIGURATIONS High Output Tri-Amplified Power Flexible Audio & Control Network THE PHYSICAL FOUNDATION: THE PLUG ’N PLAY ARRAY: TRAP [TRUE ARRAY PRINCIPLE] RPA [REFERENCE POINT ARRAY] • 1200 Watt Peak (850 Watt RMS) Lo Band Technologies DESIGN INTEGRATION Amplifier delivers rock solid bass • High CMRR Analog Input, or ® • 600 Watt Peak (425 Watt RMS) Mid Band • CobraNet 64 channel digital audio Electronics can improve the performance of any Using either self powered loudspeakers or external Amplifier projects the vocal range cleanly network (1 digital input, 6 individual array. But only TRAP (TRue Array Principle) loud- electronics and pre-configured cabling, RH analog outputs) speakers make a single source of sound even in Engineering’s RPA design process integrates the • 250 Watt Peak (175 Watt RMS) Hi Band large arrays. Ordinary loudspeakers can’t help interfering entire system – even the hanging hardware – to produce Amplifier for clear smooth transients R-Control Echelon LonWorks® Remote Control & Supervision with each other in clusters, because their acoustic centers “plug ’n play arrays” that act as a single broad-band acoustic Audiophile Performance • Controls: Volume, Polarity, Mute, etc. are widely spaced. That’s why source. In our test center, we optimize • < 0.01% distortion typical we designed TRAP horns and the entire signal chain from line level to • Monitors: Signal Levels, Temperature, enclosures to align the acoustic listener, adjusting crossover, equalization, • < -100 dB noise, 20 to 20 kHz Impedance, etc. centers. The horn angles delay and limiting parameters • > 90 dB CMRR • Manages Scene Store/Recall, Event are matched to the for each Reference Point • Flat response from 20 Hz to 20 kHz Scheduling, Fault Logger trapezoidal enclosures, Array. We also configure which are designed to hardware and cabling Speaker Specific Signal Processing Advanced Class D Digital Technology place the drivers as close assemblies to ensure precise • Provides Crossover, Equalization, • Smaller, lighter, cooler together as physically loudspeaker placement and Thermal Protection, Peak Limiting, possible. All sound origi- correct signal flow. The result • High efficiency reduces AC power Excursion Control, Alignment
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  • Uncoupling the Functions of CALM in VAMP Sorting and Clathrin-Coated Pit Formation

    Uncoupling the Functions of CALM in VAMP Sorting and Clathrin-Coated Pit Formation

    Uncoupling the Functions of CALM in VAMP Sorting and Clathrin-Coated Pit Formation Daniela A. Sahlender¤a, Patrycja Kozik¤b, Sharon E. Miller, Andrew A. Peden¤c, Margaret S. Robinson* Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom Abstract CALM (clathrin assembly lymphoid myeloid leukemia protein) is a cargo-selective adaptor for the post-Golgi R-SNAREs VAMPs 2, 3, and 8, and it also regulates the size of clathrin-coated pits and vesicles at the plasma membrane. The present study has two objectives: to determine whether CALM can sort additional VAMPs, and to investigate whether VAMP sorting contributes to CALM-dependent vesicle size regulation. Using a flow cytometry-based endocytosis efficiency assay, we demonstrate that CALM is also able to sort VAMPs 4 and 7, even though they have sorting signals for other clathrin adaptors. CALM homologues are present in nearly every eukaryote, suggesting that the CALM family may have evolved as adaptors for retrieving all post-Golgi VAMPs from the plasma membrane. Using a knockdown/rescue system, we show that wild-type CALM restores normal VAMP sorting in CALM-depleted cells, but that two non-VAMP-binding mutants do not. However, when we assayed the effect of CALM depletion on coated pit morphology, using a fluorescence microscopy- based assay, we found that the two mutants were as effective as wild-type CALM. Thus, we can uncouple the sorting function of CALM from its structural role. Citation: Sahlender DA, Kozik P, Miller SE, Peden AA, Robinson MS (2013) Uncoupling the Functions of CALM in VAMP Sorting and Clathrin-Coated Pit Formation.