_____________________________________________________________ Volume 24 March 2009 Number 1 _____________________________________________________________ Editor John Miles Foley Managing Editor Peter Ramey Associate Editor John Zemke Editorial Assistant IT Manager Sarah Zurhellen Mark Jarvis EDITORIAL BOARD Mark C. Amodio Joseph J. Duggan Vassar College Univ. of Cal./Berkeley Old and Middle English French, Spanish, comparative Patricia Arant Alan Dundes (✝) Brown University Univ. of Cal./Berkeley Russian Folklore Samuel Armistead Mark W. Edwards University of California/Davis Stanford University Hispanic, comparative Ancient Greek Richard Bauman Ruth Finnegan Indiana University Open University Folklore, Theory African, South Pacific Dan Ben-Amos Thomas Hale University of Pennsylvania Penn. State University Folklore African Mary Ellen Brown Lee Haring Indiana University Brooklyn College, CUNY Folklore, Balladry African Chogjin Joseph Harris Chinese Academy Harvard University of Social Sciences Old Norse Mongolian, Chinese Bridget Connelly Lauri Harvilahti University of Cal./Berkeley University of Helsinki Arabic Russian, Finnish, Altai Robert P. Creed Lauri Honko (✝) Univ. of Mass./Amherst Turku University Old English, Comparative Comparative Epic Robert Culley Dell Hymes McGill University University of Virginia Biblical Studies Native American, Linguistics Thomas DuBois Martin Jaffee University of Wisconsin Hebrew Bible Scandinavian Univ. of Washington EDITORIAL BOARD Minna Skafte Jensen Shelly Fenno Quinn Odense University Ohio State University Ancient Greek, Latin Japanese Werner Kelber Burton Raffel Rice University Univ. of Southwestern Biblical Studies Louisiana Translation Françoise Létoublon Karl Reichl Université Stendahl Universität Bonn Ancient Greek Turkic, Old and Middle English Victor Mair John Roberts University of Pennsylvania Ohio State University Chinese African-American Nada Miloševic-Djordjević Joel Sherzer University of Belgrade University of Texas/Austin South Slavic Native American, Anthropology Stephen Mitchell Dennis Tedlock Harvard University SUNY/Buffalo Scandinavian Native American Gregory Nagy J. Barre Toelken Harvard University Utah State University Ancient Greek, Sanskrit, Folklore, Native American comparative Joseph Falaky Nagy Ronald J. Turner Univ. of Cal./Los Angeles Univ. of Missouri/Columbia Old Irish Storytelling Susan Niditch Andrew Wiget Amherst College University of New Mexico Hebrew Bible Native American Walter J. Ong (✝) St. Louis University (Emeritus) Hermeneutics of orality and literacy This page is intentionally left blank. Contents Editor’s Column ............................................................................................. 1 Paulu Zedda The Southern Sardinian Tradition of the Mutetu Longu: A Functional Analysis..................................................................................... 3 David F. Elmer Presentation Formulas in South Slavic Epic Song....................................... 41 Valentina Pagliai The Art of Dueling with Words: Toward a New Understanding of Verbal Duels across the World ............... 61 Venla Sykäri Dialogues in Rhyme: The Performative Contexts of Cretan Mantinádes ....................................... 89 John Eastlake Orality and Agency: Reading an Irish Autobiography from the Great Blasket Island................ 125 Amadu Wurie Khan Paradigms of Social Aesthetics in Themne Oral Performance .................. 143 Asier Barandiaran The Creation of Basque Oral Poetry by Four American Bertsolaris ......... 161 Sam Tsang Are We “Misreading” Paul?: Oral Phenomena and Their Implication for the Exegesis of Paul’s Letters........................... 205 David Poveda, Marta Morgade, and Bruno Alonso Storytellers of Children’s Literature and their Ideological Construction of the Audience................................... 227 Ross Bender Performative Loci of the Imperial Edicts in Nara Japan, 749-70.............. 249 About the Authors ....................................................................................... 269 Editor’s Column With this issue of Oral Tradition we offer our readership a highly diverse group of articles that treat traditions from around the world and from ancient times to the present. Moreover, the contributors take a rich variety of approaches to their subjects, reflecting the mix of disciplines that make up the composite field of studies in oral tradition. Our first paper, the Albert Lord and Milman Parry Lecture on Oral Tradition for 2009, describes and analyzes the living Sardinian tradition of mutetu longu, a competitive performance-poetry in which three to five contestants vie with one another over a topic they are assigned just before the event begins. This article puts to rest a number of presuppositions about the performers, language, and structure of oral poetry, and will have substantial resonance in other areas. For one thing, its author, Paulu Zedda, is an oral poet himself, but also a professor of ethnomusicology at the Università di Cagliari and an orthodontist. Of special value is his demonstration of the remarkably complex language and structure of this improvisatory oral poetry, which is composed extemporaneously and thus cannot be thought through and memorized beforehand. For those who would deny the oral or oral-derived status of certain ancient and medieval poetry on the basis of their sheer complexity, the example of mutetu longu stands as an indisputable and non-hypothetical counter-argument. An eCompanion with multiple examples and media fills out Zedda’s seminal contribution. From Sardinia we travel next to the Former Yugoslavia and the South Slavic oral epic, birthplace of the Parry-Lord theory, for a demonstration of how certain ordinary-seeming phrases draw attention to focal characters or events. David Elmer discusses the idiomatic function of such “presentation formulas” as keys to understanding narrative techniques, appending an eCompanion with photos of guslari from this tradition. Valentina Pagliai’s comparative examination of verbal dueling significantly broadens our conception of the types and functions of this widespread oral traditional activity, illustrating that verbal dueling must be understood as a dialogic form of verbal skillfulness across a diverse range of social contexts, involving a broad spectrum of performers and audiences. From the firsthand experience of her own fieldwork in the area, Venla Sykäri then considers Cretan mantinádes, short oral poems in rhyming couplets, as a multidimensional phenomenon (performative, referential, and textual). Interestingly, this oral traditional poetry has migrated into modern media and even into digital incarnation within text messages. An eCompanion includes several photos of recent as well as earlier mantináda events, and an mp3 offers an audio performance from the year 2000. John Eastlake’s discussion of The Islandman by Tomás Ó Criomhthain, the first autobiography published by a member of the Irish-speaking community on Great Blasket Island, looks at both sides of that orally sourced text. From a perspective that will have ramifications for works from other locales, Eastlake points out that textual authorship and oral community are not incompatible but interactive. Based on decades of fieldwork among the Themne of Sierra Leone, Amadu Wurie Khan next explores what he calls “social aesthetics” in the composition and reception of oral stories. Among the topics addressed are variation in performance, the role of multimedia, and audience interaction as part of the storytelling event. Echoing articles in a previous issue of Oral Tradition [link to issue] devoted to Basque bertsolaritza, Asier Barandiaran chronicles what happens to this living, improvisatory contest poetry when it migrates to a non-native social context in the United States. He focuses on four so-called “American bertsolaris” and includes an eCompanion with photographs and videos of performances featuring oral traditional singers in the new setting. The issue closes with three additional articles documenting further variety in international oral traditions. Sam Tsang investigates how an awareness of orality studies can inform the understanding of Paul’s New Testament writings, simulating the envisioned role of the original audience. In a very different venue, Bruno Alonso, Marta Morgade, and David Poveda examine several Spanish storytellers’ views about the audiences they are addressing, with emphasis on the effect of the formal educational system. Finally, Ross Bender’s article treats the transition from orality to literacy as illustrated by the performative nature of edicts from eighth-century Japan. On the horizon are two special issues of Oral Tradition, one entitled “Sound Effects” and dedicated to the long oral-aural history of verbal art in English; and the other a collection treating the role and importance of oral traditions for core texts in Judaism, Islam, and Christianity. As always, we invite all of our readers to become contributors by sending us their best thinking on the world’s oral traditions. We do all we can to review submissions within 90 days, garnering opinions from both a specialist and a generalist before coming to a decision. In addition, since the journal appears online and free of charge, we can promise you a readership of more than 30,000 in 189 countries and territories. We very much hope you will join the discussion. John Miles Foley Editor, Oral Tradition http://journal.oraltradition.org Oral Tradition, 24/1 (2009): 3-40