José Leite Lopes: Física Desde Los Márgenes

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José Leite Lopes: Física Desde Los Márgenes José Leite Lopes: física desde los márgenes JUAN ANDRÉS QUEIJO OLANO UDELAR Resumen: Después de la defensa de su tesis en Princeton, en 1946, a José Leite Lopes se le presenta una disyuntiva que marcará su vida académica y la de la física brasileña. Por un lado, aceptar la propuesta de Josef Maria Jauch, un físico teórico suizo que era por aquellos años asistente del reconocido Wolfgang Pauli -ganador del Premio Nobel el año anterior- para que se instalase en la prestigiosa universidad norteamericana a trabajar con ellos. La segunda opción, que final- mente será la que adopte, es la que involucraba la aventura de volver a Brasil a conformar una comunidad brasileña de físicos y un proyecto de ciencia nacional, con otros colegas como los físicos Cesar Lattes y Jayme Tiomno, o los matemáti- cos Maurício Peixoto y Leopoldo Nachbin. Este trabajo se centra en las redes nacionales e internacionales que se desar- rollan en esta aventura de conformar una física brasileña, así como el papel que las universidades cumplieron en la forma en que esta idea se logró cumplir. La decisión Leite Lopes, con incipiente reconocimiento internacional, presentó no pocas ambi- güedades: en cierto sentido, la apuesta era fundar una física a partir de las condi- ciones que las universidades brasileñas pudieran brindar, y colocar a la gran nación latinoamericana en la conversación científica internacional. Pero este movimiento hacia los márgenes del mapa científico de la época, significaba también asumir las consecuencias de aislamiento que implican salirse del circuito de universidades y redes con el que contaban estando en las universidades norteamericanas. A partir del uso de material de archivo, así como en el explícito posiciona- miento de. Leite Lopes en conferencias, escritos y entrevistas sobre los problemas de las ciencia y las universidades brasileñas de su tiempo, lo que se pretende re- conocer es el carácter de esa “identidad” que se buscó crear cuando se pensó en desarrollar una física independiente desde Brasil. En última instancia, este trabajo intenta responder la pregunta sobre el tipo de física desarrollada en el Brasil, en relación con las prácticas que por ese entonces se desarrollaban en los centros de investigación mundial. Palabras Clave: José Leite Lopes, Historia de la Física de Brasil, Historia y Fi- losofía de la Ciencia 1 | 170 SNHCT ANAIS ELETRÔNICOS José Leite Lopes: physics from the edge Abstract: After defending his doctoral thesis in Princeton in 1946, a trade- off appeared in the life of José Leite Lopes that will change his academic career and the Brazilian physics. In one side, it was the proposal from Josef Maria Jauch -a theoretical Swiss physics that for those years was assistant of the recognized Nobel Prize, Wolfgang Pauli- that invited Leite Lopes to stay at Princeton to work with them. On the other side it was a second opportunity, the one that he finally took: return to Brazil and -among other physicist like Cesar Lattes or Jayme Tiom- no and mathematicians Maurício Peixoto and Leopoldo Nachbin- create a physics community in order to develop brazilian science. This work concentrates in the national and international networks that were de- veloped in the adventure of create a professional scientific environment for physics in Brazil, as well as in the role that universities played in that project. Leite Lopes decision, that had not international recognition at that time, presented some ambi- guities: in a sense, the main bet was to establish the professional practice for phys- ics from the possibilities that universities had at those years, in order to put Brazilian science in the highest level of Latin America. On the other side, this project to create an autonomous science was also a way for Leite Lopes to stay outside from the mainstream of physics, its universities and research centers. In other words, in the return move, Leite Lopes had to create Brazilian physics from the edge. The archives of Leite Lopes, and his writings for conferences, press material and interviews, are the main sources of this research. His main interesest are always related to the problem of a national science and the material and spiritual conditions for its emergence. And beyond that, the idea of an “identity” for Brazi- lian science suddenly started to appear meanwhile this group of scientist insisted in his national project. Key Words: José Leite Lopes, History of Physics in Brazil, History and Philo- sophy of Science La marginalidad intelectual Podría decirse que hasta su vuelta de Princeton, donde obtiene su doctorado en Física trabajando junto a Wolfgang Pauli y Josef-Maria Jauch, José Leite Lopes (1918- 2006) no había tenido una activa participación pública en las posturas so- bre el desarrollo en la ciencia en Brasil. No por ello debe deducirse que es en esta estancia doctoral donde la preocupación de la ciencia en el Brasil se despierta, pero es indudable que hasta un poco antes de regresar, el foco académico de Leite Lopes estaba ubicado en la resolución de problemas de la física. Sin em- bargo, se podría arriesgar la conclusión de que fue el contacto con la física de más alto nivel de su tiempo, con los nombres más prestigiosos del campo y el arquetipo del físico moderno que construyeron con su imagen pública y con las 2 | 170 SNHCT ANAIS ELETRÔNICOS instituciones que albergaban las posibilidades más promisorias de la actividad científica, lo que ayudó a moldear una mirada propia sobre el desarrollo de una física “desde los márgenes”. Con la expresión “desde los márgenes”, aludimos a la condición latinoamericana de la ciencia entre los años 1930 y 1970, fechas que estimativamente nos sirven para estudiar las formas, los modelos y la imagen científica que se va desarrollando en América Latina. Esa marginalidad dialoga constantemente con aquellos centros de producción de conocimiento, que por las fechas indicadas dan muestras de una creciente concentración en los Estados Unidos, a medida que se va desarrollando la Segunda Guerra Mundial. América Latina es, pues, un espacio marginal pero no poco importante en el desarrollo de las comunidades científicas, y la figura de Leite Lopes debe entenderse como la de un intelectual que desde una posición tercermundista interrumpe en la esfera pública del continente con gran fuerza. Michel Foucault inventó una figura para el papel público que los científicos, sobre todo los físicos atómicos después de 1945, jugaron en tanto portavoces de un saber en la esfera pública. Foucault llama a esa figura “intelectual específico”, Los intelectuales han adoptado la costumbre de trabajar no en lo universal, lo ejem- plar, lo justo-y-verdadero-para-todos, sino en sectores determinados, puntos pre- cisos donde los situaban sus condiciones de trabajo o sus condiciones de vida (…) Así, conquistaron una conciencia mucho más concreta e inmediata de las luchas. Y dieron con problemas que eran específicos, no universales, a menudo diferentes de los del proletariado o las masas. Y sin embargo, se acercaron realmente a estos, creo, por dos razones: porque se trataba de luchas reales, cotidianas, y porque tropezaban con frecuencia, pero en otra forma, con el mismo adversario que el proletariado, el campesinado o las masas.1 El presente trabajo pretende mostrar cómo se manifiesta esta idea del in- telectual específico en el caso de quien acompaña el desarrollo de la física de partículas desde América Latina. Entendemos que esta singularidad, otorgada principalmente por el hecho de intentar practicar física de altas energías desde la marginalidad que ofrecía en aquel momento Brasil, permite colocar mayor com- plejidad a la categoría presentada por Foucault. Si bien es cierto que el filósofo francés pensó, centralmente, en los físicos atómicos como el nuevo modelo del intelectual, no fue lo suficientemente preciso en reconocer que la física, al igual que cualquier disciplina, adquiere ribetes particulares cuando las circunstancias de su desarrollo cambian. Leite Lopes es, sin lugar a dudas, un intelectual especí- fico que -como Oppenheimer, para continuar con el ejemplo de Foucault- opera en el discurso público en momento en los que la física atómica parecía cambiar el mundo. Pero además, es un intelectual que brinda nuevas perspectivas desde el momento en el que, decide hacer ciencia desde su país, con el firme propósito de contribuir a su desarrollo. 1 Foucault, M.; 2019. La entrevista en la cual Foucault desarrolla esta idea del “intelectual es- pecífico” es del año 1977 y apareció en la revista L´Arc. 3 | 170 SNHCT ANAIS ELETRÔNICOS Ethos desde los márgenes Desde los inicios de la década del 40, a pesar de las dificultades que la comu- nicación de la época brindaba, se dio un impulso enorme en Brasil al desarrollo de la física de partículas. Así podemos ver cómo ciertos textos de Leite Lopes inten- tan mostrar no sólo la relevancia de las investigaciones que está practicando, sino poner en diálogo la producción científica brasilera con los descubrimientos más reconocidos. Por ejemplo, en su texto de 1951, As partículas elementares e a estru- tura da matéria, Leite Lopes intenta -con una gran capacidad didáctica- mostrar le rumbo que por su época había tomado la investigación en física. Allí reconoce que Um dos mais importantes problemas da física moderna é a descrição das partículas elmentares -a previsão das diferentes especies possíveis, de sua interação mutua, de suas relações, genéticas2. Esa descripción, a medida que la física ha ido dando sus respuestas, pasó de estar centrada únicamente en la definición de los elementos que constituyen estas partículas elementales, y abarcó también las relaciones e interacciones (las fuerzas, recuperando conceptos de la mecánica clásica) que operan dentro de dichas partículas. De cierta forma, la física de partículas fue descubriendo que las entidades que componen el universo de estudio, están determinadas por las interacciones que se generan en las inmediaciones del núcleo.
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