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DAVID LIVINGSTONE Zambia by Richard Hall Supreme Among These White Travellers Was David Livingstone, Who First Set Foot on Zamb

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DAVID LIVINGSTONE Zambia by Richard Hall Supreme Among These White Travellers Was David Livingstone, Who First Set Foot on Zamb DAVID LIVINGSTONE Zambia by Richard Hall Supreme among these white travellers was David Livingstone, who first set foot on Zambia soil at the age of 38 and was to die on it nearly a generation later. He pursued a myth derived from the writings of Herodotus, the Greek 'father of history', that the Nile had its source in a series of fountains. Livingstone's obsession that they bubbled out of the earth somewhere beyond Lake Bangweulu drew himto his death at Chitambo's village, 130 miles north-east of the Copperbelt. In his 10,000 miles of tramping, Livingstone crossed and re-crossed Zambia, visiting places where probably no white man had been before; if they had, they had left no records. Livingstone's unique role in the history of Zambia was that by the account of his journeys he brought mysterious Central Africa into the forefront of attention in Victorian England. Livingstone had decided, while he was studying medicine in Glasgow, that he would become a missionry in China, but had to abandon this aim because of Palmerston's 'Opium War'. Then through the London Missionary Society he met Robert Moffat, who since January 1817 had been working for that body in Southern Africa. Livingstone was drawn by the challenge of the 'dark continent' and early 1841, soon after he became a doctor, he arrived at Moffat's missionary headquaters in Kuruman (now Cape Province, South Africa). Shortly Livingstone advanced into what is now Bechuanaland. After four years at Mabotsa he had collected much information about the country beyond the Kalahari desert. In 1849, Livingstone crossed Kalahari for the first time ans in August reached Lake Ngami, that unpredictable stretch of , water 200 miles south of the Zambezi; with him were two English big- game hunters William Oswell and Mungo Murray. The following year he went back across the Kalahari, taking with him his wife Mary (Robert Moffat's daughter) and their young children. His objective was the Barotse valley, where the Kololo ruler Sebituane was waiting to recieve him. But his hopes were frustrated when the children and his servants were attacked with fever beside Lake Ngami. Mary Livingstone had obviously been seriously affected by the rigours of the journey because she was expecting a baby (which died only a few weeks after it was born in Kolobeng and she was paralysed in the face. Livingstone was not deterred, however, and resolved to take his family (his wife, pregnant again), with him on a third expedition. The expedition got under way in April 1851. The Livingstone’s and three children were accompanied by their wealthy friend William Oswell and his Jamaican servant, George Fleming. On June 18, the expedition reached the Chobe river. It was only later that Livingstone realised that Mambari slave- traders were very active in the Zambezi valley, selling goods brought from Angola, and even making shoes for the Kololo. Long before Sebituane arrived on the Zambezi, the region had obtained trade goods from the west. At the beginning of August, Livingtone and Oswell crossed the Linyanti (Chobe) leaving Mrs Livingstone behind with the waggons, she being only a few weeks from her confinement. The two men, with the guidance of the Kololo, made their way on horseback towards Zambezi (which they knew as the Sesheke, after the town at the point where crossings were usually made0. With increasing excitement they drew nearer the river and reached it on the afternoon of August 4. All we could say to each other was "How glorious ! How magnificent ! How beautiful !"' They crossed on to Zambian soil briefly and heard about the Victoria Falls from the local chiefs, Mwanamwali and Monibothale. 'Four days below Sesheke is situated the waterfall of Mosio-tunya, or 'resounding smoke'. It is so named because of the spray rising with great noise so high as to be visible ten or twelve miles off. In 1851, the Luyi and other pre-Kololo people were in the grip of domestic slavery, and Sebituane had also exchanged fourteen year old boys with slavers for old guns. This made him even stronger as a ruler, and he then acquired English muskets by selling captives to the Arabs. Yet Livingstone made a prophetic observation about the Maribund Kololo, who soon were to be wiped out by their own subjects. They had suffered severly from malaria in the marshy Linyanti area, while the Lozi did not seem so susceptible. The Kololo were 'all sickly looking and yellow' when compared compared with their powerfully built subjects. It would seem they were also suffering from syphillis, caught from the Ila tribe. Under the shrewd Sebituane, the Kololo could maintain their position, but when he died they were doomed. Sebituane told his daughter Mamochisane that she should become the chief after him; and in the way male chiefs constantly took new wives, so she must have many husbands. This did not appeal to Mamochisane, who abdicated, and gave throne to her younger brother Sekeletu, who was barelt seventeen years old. After a trip to Capetown to send his wife and four children home to England, Livingstone came back to Zambian soil in the middle of 1853. With a group of porters Livingstone began his journey late in 1853 to Luanda on the west coast. The missionary's intentions in making the journey through Angola were to seek an easy route by which doctors, teachers and missionaries could reach the hinterland north of the Zambezi. After seven months of struggling through Angola, he realised that this was no gateway to Zambia. Livingstone turned back and retraced the way he had come from the Zambezi. In later life, especially after his wife died of malaria on the lower Zambezi in 1862, he became irascible and quarrelsome. On November 16, 1855, during the west-to-east march across the continent, the Kololo took him to see the world's most awe-inspiring waterfalls, which he promptly named after Queen Victoria: 'I decide to use the same liberty as the Makololo did and gave the only English name I have ever affixed to any part of the country.' A few days later, Livingstone set off across the Batoka plateau, crossed the Kafue south-east of Modern Lusaka, ans reached Quelimane on the Indian Ocean in May 1856. In London, Livingstone was awarded the gold medal by the Royal Geographical Society the year before. He was famous and his book, Missionary Travels and Research in South Africa became a best-seller. Less than two years later he was back again on the Zambezi, at the head of a powerful expedition to which the British Foreign Office had contributed £5,000. Its aim was to see if the Zambezi could be opened to ‘trade with the natives’ and most important in Livingstone’s eyes, to look for ways of wiping out the slave trade in Central Africa; in a burning phrase, he had described this as the ‘open sore of the world’. The expedition lasted for five years, and in general it was a failure. Livingstone’s white companions, especially his brother Charles, could not keep up with him, and he became morose at the repeated disasters and delays. Most of the five years 1858-63 were spent around Lake Nyasa, but in 1860, Livingstone took his brother and John Kirk the botanist up to the Victoria Falls. From there they went on to Linyanti to see Sekeletu. It was not at first a cheerful reunion, although the people were happy to see ‘Monare’, with many of the Lozi porters he had taken with him to the east four years earlier. Sekeletu, ulcerated with leprosy, his kingdom far from secure, his elders hazy with beer and dagga, had become distrustful of all outsiders. THE ARABS AND THE YEKE Between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries, the trading supremacy of the Arabs along the African east coast had been challenged by the Portuguese. Yet it is clear that the ancient contact with Zambia’s people was never completely denied to the Arabs. In a letter dated March 22, 1798, the Brazilian explorer Francisco de Lacerda told the Lisbon government: ‘The dry goods hitherto imported into this country [the Bisa area] have been bought by the Mujao [Yao], indirectly or directly, from the Arabs of Zanzibar and its vicinity. Hence these people received all the ivory exported from the possession of the Casembe [Mwata Kazembe of the Lunda].’1 Later he said : ‘I now think with reason that the great number of tusks which once went to Mozambique, and which certainly came from these lands, now goes to Zanzibar.’ From Antonio Gamitto, the Portuguese army captain who visited the Lunda in 1831, there is even more specific evidence. When he arrived at the court of Mwata Kazembe two ‘Moors’ were there, and he was able to pick them out immediately from among a great crowd of Africans. These Arabs, whom Gamitto called Impoanes, told him they came from the east coast, which was at least 800 miles away by the shortest route. When the arrogant Portuguese expedition began quarrelling with the Lunda, they were told bluntly by a court spokesman that Mwata Kazembe would have no compunction in cutting off their heads; the Lunda had little need of Tete, because they obtained all the cloth they needed from either the Zanzibar coast or Angola. The two Arabs Gamitto met beside Lake Mweru 130 years ago were in the van of a great wave of traders who ruthlessly scoured the heart of Africa throughout much of the last century. From 1750 to 1820 the coastal Arabs had been weakened by internecine fighting, although despite this the Zanzibar slave market was busy with the buying and selling of enslaved Africans brought from the interior.
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