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Argument, Sentiment, and Slavery in the Late Eighteenth Century. Carey, Brycchan Anthony Oliver

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Argument, Sentiment, and Slavery in the Late Eighteenth Century. Carey, Brycchan Anthony Oliver The Rhetoric of Sensibility: Argument, Sentiment, and Slavery in the Late Eighteenth Century. Carey, Brycchan Anthony Oliver The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author For additional information about this publication click this link. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/jspui/handle/123456789/1719 Information about this research object was correct at the time of download; we occasionally make corrections to records, please therefore check the published record when citing. For more information contact [email protected] 1 The Rhetoric of Sensibility: Argument, Sentiment, and Slavery in the Late Eighteenth Century Brycchan Anthony Oliver Carey Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London Dissertation Submitted for the Degree of PhD April 2000 BP LOti4. wuv. 2 Abstract This dissertation argues that by adapting the style and techniques of sentimental novels, poetry, and drama to persuasive writing a significant number of late-eighteenth century political writers were able to develop a distinct and recognisable rhetoric of sensibility. It develops this argument by examining eighteenth-century views on the use and purpose of rhetoric, and by looking at writing in one of the most wide-ranging debates of the late- eighteenth century, the debate over abolition of the slave trade. Chapter One looks at traditional ('neo-classical') rhetoric and contrasts this with some of the many varieties of the eighteenth-century 'new rhetoric'. Chapter Two looks at particular rhetorical strategies employed during the sentimental period and identifies the main tropes of the rhetoric of sensibility. Chapter Three examines the relationship between slavery and literary sentimentalism, looking at the way in which imaginative writers used sentimental rhetoric to advance the idea of anti-slavery. It also considers the extent to which abolitionist poems, plays, and novels themselves contributed to the development of a sentimental rhetoric. Chapter Four examines the use of sentimental rhetoric in non- fictional slavery-related tracts and pamphlets. It explores the ways in which the sentimental rhetorical strategies outlined in Chapter Two were adopted by both pro and anti-slavery writers of the 1780s. Chapter Five discusses how William Wilberforce, the main parliamentary advocate for abolition, used sentimental rhetoric in his early parliamentary speeches. The conclusion examines anti-slavery writing after the collapse of the first abolition campaign in 1792. In particular, it examines the use of sentimental rhetoric in responses to the revolutions in France and Haiti and suggests that after this date sentimental rhetoric, though never entirely disappearing, was progressively supplanted by other forms of rhetoric. 3 Contents Acknowledgements 5 Introduction 7 Part One: The Theory of Sentimental Rhetoric I Old and New Rhetorics in the Eighteenth Century 47 2 The Rhetoric of Sensibility 77 Part Two: The Practice of Sentimental Rhetoric 3 Slavery and Literary Sentimentalism 112 4 The Pamphlet War of the 1780s 173 5 Reporting William Wilberforce 227 Conclusion: Revolution to Abolition and Beyond 280 Bibliography 292 4 Illustrations 1 Slavery-related titles per year, 1780-1800 35 2 Slavery-related titles per year, 1780-1800, as percentage of all publications 35 3 Joseph Wright of Derby, Maria, 17&I 91 4 Thomas Day, The Dying Negro, Title Page (London: W. Flexney, 1773) 140 5 Carl Frederik von Breda, James Ramsay, 1789 178 6 F. Bartolozzi, ignatius Sancho, 1782, engraved from Gainsborough's 214 portrait. From the frontispiece of The Letters of the Late ignatius Sancho, an African (London: J. Nichols, 1782) 7 Olaudah Equiano, from the frontispiece of The interesting Narrative of 214 the Lfe of Olaudah Equiano (London: Olaudah Equiano, 1789) 8 Isaac Cruikshank, The Abolition of Slavery. Or the inhumanity of 274 Dealers in human flesh exemplified in Captn Kimber's treatment of a Young Negro Girl of 15 for her Virgen Modesty, 1792 9 James Giliray, Philanthropic Consolations After the Loss of the Slave- 287 Bill. 4 April 1796 5 Acknowledgements Contrary to popular mythology a PhD student does not work entirely alone. Many of the staff and students at Queen Mary and Westfield College and elsewhere will recognise something of themselves in this dissertation. Many more have contributed in ways which are less tangible, but no less valuable. Those whose thoughts, comments, and encouragement have been particularly helpful include (but are not confined to); Ava Arndt, Giles Bergel, Richard Bourke, Vincent Carretta, Alex Davies, Alex DuToit, Howard Finn, Megan Hiatt, Margaret Homburger, Peter Howell, Tony Ilona, Annie Janowitz, Suzy Jordan, Carol Joyner, Andrew Lincoln, and Chris Reid. For providing the financial opportunity to study for this degree I gratefully acknowledge the support of the Arts and Humanities Research Board of the British Academy. A way from college my parents, Jackie Cornwall and Peter Carey, have been ever supportive and my many siblings; Piers, Tam, George, Seth, and Seb have offered much-needed encouragement when the task seemed overwhelming. Special thanks to Piers who provided me with the computer on which this thesis was written, and to George who made sure that it would make it bug-free into the year 2000. Amongst many friends who have helped out in many ways I have special thanks for Cohn Roberts who was always generous when times were hara Two people remain to be thanked, and cannot be thanked enough. I owe a vast debt of gratitude to my supervisor, Markman Ellis, whose support and intellectual guidance over the three and a half years it took to write this thesis went far beyond the call of duty. Finally, for carefully proofing the final copy, for many invaluable thoughts and comments, and above all, for love and friendship, I thank my wife Megan who has given me so much and put up with so much over the past few years. Abbreviations DNB Dictionary of National Biography ESTC English Short-Title Catalogue HCJ Journal of the House of Commons flU Journal of the House of Lords OED2 Oxford English Dictionary, Revised Edition 7 Introduction Towards the end of Memoirs of Modern Philosophers, a satirical novel written in 1800 by Elizabeth Hamilton, Bridgetina Botherim is rehearsing a plan to woo the man she loves. Bridgetina, the principal character of the novel, believes herself to be a philosopher and thinking that 'now she should have the glory of arguing him into love', she looks over 'a speech which had long been conned, twice written over in a fair hand, and thirteen times repeated in private'. To aid the delivery of this spontaneous effusion of her affection she has 'for the help of memory, in case of interruption, a sort of index taken of the contents'. This index includes the following: Moral sensibility, thinking sensibility, importunate sensibility; mental sensation, pernicious state of protracted and uncertain feeling; congenial sympathy, congenial sentiment, congenial ardour; delicious emotions, melancholy emotions, frenzied emotions; tender feeling, energetic feeling, sublimised feeling, the germ, the bud, and the full-grown fruits of general utility, &c. &c.1 The plan fails and so she decides to post the speech to her beloved, fantasising that their correspondence wifi be published under the title The Sweet Sensations of Sensibility, or the Force of Argument. Bridgetina believes that she can argue the object of her desire 'into love', that is, by playing on a sentimental theme she can force him to experience emotions which he did not previously possess. The index is thus a form of rhetoric, indeed, it is a prescription for a course of sentimental rhetoric describing a dozen or so sentimental tropes and arguments. 1 Elizabeth Hamilton, Memoirs of Modem Philosophers, 3 vols (Bath: R. Cruttwell, 1800), III, p. 102. 8 In his 1990 essay 'Sensibility as Argument' Stephen Cox calls this index 'cant, jargon, [and] self-important verbiage'. 2 The novel is a satirical one and cant, jargon, and self-importance are being exposed as fashion and folly. But this appears to be a special case. 'Plainly', argues Cox, 'the rhetoric of sensibility has been around long enough to weary any normal audience'. Cox is right to note that before a discourse can become amenable to such sweeping satire it must first be familiar. Indeed it was. By the year 1800 sixty years worth of sentimental novels, plays, and poems had been produced to which were added political and philosophical writings which either promoted or referred to theories of sensibility. In this context Hamilton was able to clearly distinguish and ridicule a number of rhetorical strategies which characterised the rhetoric of sensibility and distinguished it from any other rhetorical system. Cox observes Hamilton's identification of these strategies, calling them 'formulas', but does not proffer any further analysis of how they might work—or even ask if the formulas satirised by Hamilton bore any relationship to actual strategies used by sentimental persuaders. This dissertation argues that during the middle to late eighteenth century a distinct and recognisable sentimental rhetoric became available for use by writers and public speakers. It suggests that this rhetoric is a mode of persuasive language, popular from the middle to the late eighteenth century, in which a number of loosely connected rhetorical tropes and arguments became available for the rhetorician to choose from when attempting to persuade an audience that a person, or group of people, are suffering and that that suffering should be diminished or relieved entirely. Central to this rhetoric is a belief in the power of sympathy to raise awareness of suffering, to change an audience's view of that suffering, and to direct their opposition to it. As we shall see, sentimental rhetoric was closely associated with the largely literary movement now known as 'the new rhetoric', but was not entirely dependent on it.
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