John Vice andStephenFarrell of Hansard The History

i History of Hansard ii History of Hansard of proceedings usingquillpens. Hansard reporters—sit at the table in the centre taking notes sit facing the King. Two clerks, or scribes—predecessors of left and bottom), lords temporal are inred robes and judges (on theKing’s left). Lords spiritual are inblackrobes (lower the King’s right)andPrinceLlywelyn ap Gruffydd of Wales on the throne (top centre), King Alexander meetingbetweenillustration shows King Edward animaginary I, Front cover: “Edward I in Parliament”. This 16th-century III of Scotland (on “Thomas Curson Hansard 1776–1833”. Thomas Curson Hansard, whose name still appears on the Official Report today. In 1810, TC Hansard bought William Cobbett’s parliamentary reporting business and founded Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates. This engraving was first published in Hansard’s book on printing, Typographia, 1825. iv History of Hansard Acknowledgements Commons OfficialReport, andamemberoftheCommons We are extremely gratefultoMatthew O’Connellfor his John Vice Stephen Farrell editor andfor theNationalPortrait Gallery. Stephen Farrell is a Senior Reporter in the House of Stephen Farrell intheHouseof isaSeniorReporter Lords Hansard in2001. Hepreviously worked asacopy- Hansard since2012. HefirstjoinedParliament26 years House ofLords Library. Hansard writersteamfor publicationprojects. Heisaformer Mark Fisher, BranJones, ColinLee, Mari Published by HouseofLords Hansard andthe grateful toLaura Burton, Therese Crawley, Portia Dadley, senior research ofParliament fellow oftheHistory Trust. John Vice has beenEditorofDebatesHouseLords hard work andengagementwiththis work. We are also ago andworked for CommonsHansard before moving to and Patrick Vollmer. Takayanagi 13 December1949 George Walpole, , Reporters Some OldParliamentary 1899, p4 Lord Samuel, codn to According 1 centuries ago, were doingthesamepublic of Parliament may feel alegitimatesatisfaction working onthesameground ashimself, inthe Parliamentary reporterofthesedays may Just asthemostobscure andmodestMember days whenthatwork involved theriskoffine Hansard ishistory’s ear, already listening. some extent undersimilarconditions, sothe service, inexactly thesamespot, andto habits andmethodsofmembershiscraft, and imprisonment. be pardoned for taking akeen interest inthe in linkinghimselfwiththegreat menwho, day that the “politics ofto-day were ofto-morrow, thehistory Viscount Samuel (1870–1963), saidataceremony theprevious and Hansard washistory’s ear, already listening”. The Times, 14December1949, Samuel, Herbert

1

v History of Hansard vi History of Hansard This history reminds usthatHansardThis history hasbeen Commons since1909, butanunofficial Rt HonLord Fowler Lord Speaker Foreword of whatthey saidinParliamenttobepublished. version datesbackto1803, of andthehistory For many centuries, itwasillegaltoreport Hansard’s istiedupwiththegrowth history of English civilwar. Indeed, ofreporting thehistory Politicians have notalways wantedafullreport severely, withfinesandimprisonment. So speeches andParliamentpunishedoffenders journalist myself, IamdelightedthatParliament in the18thand19thcenturies. As aformer political events goes backmuch further, through reporting stretches backtothe parliamentary in theHouseofLords andtheHouseof producing anofficial ofproceedingsreport ancient Greece ofthePharaohs. toEgypt freedom of speech for thepress, particularly Today, withmore than3,000volumes published, of aMembergivingspeechintheChamber, our words haschanged—steamprintersandpen estate initsproceedings. Hansard publishestheirwords online. Hansard Hansard remains akey ofourpolitical part the way peoplekeep uptodatewithwhatis report remains. Along withbroadcasting, itis haveshorthand given way todigitalrecordings happening inParliamentand, withinthree hours much aswe ever have. is a central part of parliamentary transparency ofparliamentary is acentralpart process. The way Hansard captures andpublishes and online publication—but the need for a full and onlinepublication—buttheneedfor afull and helpsvoters toholdpoliticiansaccountable agreed—reluctantly—to toleratethefourth for theirwords andactions; we needittoday as

Speaker oftheHouseCommons Westminster Halldebatesone-petitionsis just Rt HonJohn Bercow MP Foreword one oftheways inwhichParliamentismeeting of CommonsandtheHouseLords. Now debatesinboththeHouse of parliamentary visit therecently launchedHansard Online webpage on the parliamentary website—webpage ontheparliamentary everything thatissaidintheCommonsand concern tothem. Indeed, thehugeinterest in I amdelightedtowelcome thisaccountofthe three hoursofthosediscussionshaving taken the challengeofensuringgreater engagement the Lords every day. Ifmembersofthepublic Parliament, afulland authoritative accountof hansard.parliament.uk—they canread the history ofHansard,history whichcovers thereporting by theirconstituencyMPorfindoutmore more thanever, Hansard fulfilsthevital role of place, andthey canaccesscontributionsmade providing for thepublic, andfor Membersof about discussionsonany subjectof particular latest proceedings ineachHouse, within The Speaker The great skillofthereporters—in thepast, of our most valued parliamentary institutions. of ourmostvaluedparliamentary while also, withtheslightestofeditorialtouches, words, accurately conveying thenuance oftheir with thepublicatlarge, and It isapleasure thatthiswork, toobserve like House of Lords Library istobecommended on House ofLords Library Hansard Online, istheresult ofjointworking their professional experienceaswell astheir to play inmakingthathappen. part animportant serve asaworkingserve document, alegalrecord and historical knowledge tobearintheirwriting. between theCommonsandLords, andthe publishing a beautifully illustrated history ofone publishing abeautifully illustratedhistory producing afluentand readable thatwill report are both serving Hansardare staff, bothserving andthey bring a historicalresource. The authorsofthishistory argument and preserving theirspeakingstyle,argument andpreserving as now—is toremain faithfultotheMembers’ Hansard continues

vii History of Hansard

1 The Ancient 1 ofReporting Art 10 7 The Establishment ofthe 7 Appendix: Editorsofthe intheEarly 19thCentury and Reporting Reporters 4 Reporting The Expansion ofParliamentary 3 Contents Reporting Modern Parliamentary 9 Reporting The OriginsofParliamentary 2 Debatesinthe19thCentury 6 TheParliamentary 5 The Creation of 5 Bibliography Illustrations 41 8 The Hansard andtheHansards inthe20thCentury Official Report Hansard 17 since1909 Official Report Official Report 23 20 13 9 3 1 39 38 35 31 26

ix History of Hansard “The House of Lords (tempus Queen Elizabeth)”. The print shows Queen Elizabeth I seated on the throne in the House of Lords on 22 November 1584, with the Commons attending, at the presentation of Speaker Puckering. Four kneeling scribes record the ceremony. 1 The AncientArt The history of The history of therelationship between politicalpower of Reporting Sir BarnettCocks (1907–89), Clerkofthe curtailed by theriskofbeingknowncurtailed tohold House ofCommons, whotoldaPress Gallery that they didnotwant. The role ofreporting times, there hasbeenahealthy, andsometimes reports ofspeechesinvolved anaccountability symbiotic, relationship between thetwo, but relationship, between politicsandtheword, has beenlong, intenseandcomplicated. At because politicians’freedom ofactionwas reporting,banned parliamentary andeven inquiry in1964,inquiry “The press, constitutionally in Parliamentwasnicely captured by views,particular andsometimesbecause persecuted and banished reporters, sometimes and historically, ishere onsufferance.” at othertimesthosewithpoliticalpower have and theactofwritingorrecording; that Louvre Museum, Paris. the in now is and 1850 in Saqqara discoveredat was It A seated scribe, dated to the 4th Dynasty, 2620–2500 2  www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/ communicating/overview/hereonsufferance/ evolutionofparliament/parliamentwork/ accessed 24 April 2015. is part of the history ofthehistory Hansard ispart

2 , BCE. The first shorthand mayThe firstshorthand have beenChinese, The firstprimitive writingemergedinabout This relationship between politiciansand 3400 BCEinUrukMesopotamia, andthe you canwritequickly enough, you cancapture diligent efforts, Tiro wasgrantedhisfreedom who notedhismaster’s speechesusinga was basedonextensive socialandpolitical were respected peopleinancientEgypt. As ever were dangerous: they impliedaform of events andreport speeches. enabled alsoaidedthegrowth ofthefirstcity coercion ofthemasspopulation by a Rome. Onefineexponentwas Tiro (died they are writtendown they canlive for ever. If that spoken words are ephemeral, butwhen the strength ofthissymbioticrelationship is growth ofshorthand, andwithitanevolution goes backatleasttotheancientEgyptians. those capturing theirwords anddecisions to pay tax, were exempt service from military this iswhere theroots ofparliamentary tool. With suchvaluewent socialesteem— shorthand they wereshorthand abletorecord political shorthand ofabout5,000symbols.shorthand Itwasa record keeping andbureaucratic control it reporting lieattheirdeepest—for scribes small elite, for whomwritingwasaninvaluable society, andlater, thatoftheancientEgyptians, hieroglyphs evolved intowords, we seethe not justwhathappened butwhatwassaid. As highly effective systemthatevolved untilthe by Cicero. Butwords thatcouldlive for middle agesandisstillwithustoday. For his but itwasalsousedextensively inancient meant they becamepowerful. but inexchangethey were trustedtocreate a members oftheroyal court, they didnothave in 4BCE), aslave ofCicero (107–44BCE), in thenature ofwhatscribescouldwrite: with permanent record ofpoliticaldecisions, which accountability for thosewhosewords were and thefirstcivilisation. ThisMesopotamian and didnothave toperform manual labour, 3 See Clive Ponting, ofthe A New Green History World, 2007, ch4. 3 Onereason for

1 History of Hansard 2 History of Hansard Colossians toascribecalled Tertius, who who wrote thisletter, saluteyou intheLord.” writers whomadeamistake shouldhave the doctrines shouldhave theirhandscutoff, and writer wasadangerous one. The Roman Some believe thatStLuke usedshorthand empire decreed after shortly Tiro’s death that Frédéric Louis Godet(1812–1900)remarked Bible. Emperor Severus (145–211), whohimself upon Paul’s inleaving exquisitecourtesy Tertius to saluteinhisown name. Itisaremarkable that St Pauldictatedhisepistlestothe to record theSermononMount, and tendons intheirwristscutandbebanished trained inshorthand, ordered thatshorthand reported, sotheprofession oftheshorthand shorthand writerswhotooknotesofhereticalshorthand passage, andthere are similaronesinthe appears strikingly inRomans16:22: “I Tertius, from theempire for life. See 4 5

5 1982 edn. Otherexamplesofascribeappearing in See FrédéricLouisGodet, onRomans, Commentary that you owe meyour self.” very (Philemon 1:19). with my own hand. Iwillpay itback—nottomention the distinguishingmarkinallmy letters. This ishow write toyou withmy own hand!”(Galatians6:11); “I, the Bibleinclude: “See whatlargelettersIuseas Augustae. Historiae I write.” (Thessalonians3:17); “I, Paul, amwritingthis my chains. Gracebewithyou.” (Colossians4:18); “I, Paul, writethisgreeting inmy own hand, whichis Paul, writethisgreeting inmy own hand. Remember Buteternalwords were athreat, and ,The Rotarian September1948; TheScriptores for thepower Cicero exercised through hisspoken words. dead Cicero’s tongue repeatedly withherhairpininrevenge orders, andFulvia, Antony’s wife, issaidtohave jabbedthe by his slave, Tiro. Cicero was murdered on Mark Antony’s orators, and many ofhisspeeches were recorded in shorthand Empire’sgreatestRoman the Marcusof one Tulliusis Cicero 4 development for reporters than Severus’s curves theback,curves itbreaks thebelly andtheribs, century: “Because onewhodoesnotknow challenges. As onecommentedinthe10th century decreed thatnorecordscentury shouldbe II (1194–1250)banneditas “necromantic England, althoughEnglishscribeshadtheirown treatment wasthegrowth in ImperialChina, the Emperor Justinian (483–565)inthe6th scribes, butthepractice never developed in sweet tothesailor, sothelastlinetoscribe.” kept inshorthand, whichhedefined as “catches how towritethinksitnolabour, Iwilldescribe it fillsthekidneys withpain, andthebodywith is theburden ofwriting: itmiststheeyes, it it for you, ifyou wanttoknow how great and theninByzantium, oftheuseeunuch all kinds of suffering… Forsuffering… of kinds all as the last port is and diabolical”. riddles ofsigns”,and short-cut whileFrederick 7  6 http://britishlibrary.typepad.co.uk/  digitisedmanuscripts/2014/06/the-burden-of- writing-scribes-in-medieval-manuscripts.html, accessed 24 April 2015. The Shorthand The Shorthand Writer: A CompleteGuidetothe See JNLarned, Shorthand Commercial, Professional, andotherUsesof Reference,, ReadingandResearch 1922;TA Reed, , 1892. 6 An even more worrying The New LarnedHistory: For Ready 7 The Originsof 2 The word ‘parliament’ wasfirstusedinEnglish The history of parliamentary reporting in ofparliamentary The history Chancery Rollthatin1376theCommonsmet Chancery Our knowledge ofwhathappened inthe Parliamentary Reporting Parliamentary of thestatussuchwriters, areaction of ourknowledge duringthisearly period dating from 1425, states: was beneficialbutdangerous andfinally banned, writing. MagnaCarta, theOxford Councils early Parliamentsisbasedonrolls, petitions Sir Peter delaMare (diedin1387), thefirst centuries before theappearance ofthefirst Henry III(1207–72),Henry butthiswasfour until, by theendof18thcentury, itwas Britain and Ireland involves similar themes, with reports of parliamentary speeches. reports ofparliamentary separately from thepeers. An early record, stayed thesame, reporting andparliamentary relationship between power andthescribe shifts intherelationship between themonarch known Speaker, for his “amazing eloquence”, but we know nothingofthewords hespoke. in aroyal documentin1236, under political power attractingscribes, theelevation is from chroniclers, oneofwhompraises accepted onsufferance. and statutes; for instance, we know from a and otherfocuses ofpower, buttheessential and de Montfort’s Parliamentmarked huge against thepower oftheword andabanon 9 8  Peter Ackroyd, See, e.g., http://www.globalethicsnetwork.org/ 24 April 2015. profiles/blogs/the-parliament-of-england History of Englandvol.History 1, 2011, p199.

8 Some , accessed 9

Words were powerful andtherefore dangerous, Westminster Halldoor”, wasallegedtohave on theBillof Attainder, andtheCommons was notwithin”. decreed that itshouldbe “burnt publickly Diaries were alsokept by Members, among to protect Membersfrom thewrathof to beunfit for publicconsumption, andpartly the Serjeantat Arms, but “answer brought he the kinghaddelivered it. Hewassentfor by taken againstunauthoriseddisclosure was treatment wasgiven toLord Digby the them SymondsD’Ewes (1602–50), whoknew reprehension” from theSpeaker. stationer, wassummonedtokneelatthe some years later, in1640, whenOverton, a sold acopy ofCharlesI’s remonstrance before record inthe shorthand andprovidedshorthand akey source for our knowledge of 17th-century parliamentary history. parliamentary knowledge of17th-century bar for printing an order, andgiven a “sharp monarch for usingseditiouslanguage. The first because whatwassaidinParliamentfelt by thehandsofcommonhangman”. in 1626, when “one Turnor, dwelling without and Parliamentregulated themcarefully, partly following year, whenheprintedhisspeech 11 10 12 omn Journals Commons 13 could tellwhatEnglishmeant, to exercise theplaceofsovereign was astrange sight,’ saidone, ‘and was from thenceconductedto the firsttimeitwas ever seenin the HouseofLords, andsatonhis England, aninfantsittinginhis direction inopenParliament’. Being cometothePalace, he[the mother’s lap, andeven before it mother’s kneeonthe Throne. ‘It infant king, Henry VI (1421–71)]   MacDonagh,, Reporters’ Gallery p83. Commons Journals Commons Horace Maybray King(ed), Before Hansard, 1968, p3. Commons Journals Commons MacDonagh, TheReporters’, Gallery 1913, p82. MacDonagh,, Reporters’ Gallery p83. Commons Journals 11 Another offender wascaught , vol 2, p208, quotedin , vol 1, pp843–4, quoted in , vol 2, p65, quoted in ofactionbeing 12 Harsher 10 13

3 History of Hansard 4 History of Hansard Two developments made the prevention of distribution somuch harder toregulate—and distribute parliamentary news. distribute parliamentary unauthorised disclosure increasingly difficult; use thepropaganda power ofaccounts until itsfinaldissolutionin1660, wantedto MPs wrote privateaccountsatthisandlater the so-calledLongParliament, whichfirst the civilwar, anditwaspossibletomake a Parliament wasestablishingandconsolidating the secondwasgrowth ofnewspapers, or the firstwasinvention oftheprinting the 1640sonwards. reports of speeches started appearing fromreports ofspeechesstarted news-books, intheearly 17thcentury, when met inNovember 1640andsatintermittently its position. The demandfor news wasintense, press—sheer numbers ofcopiesmadetheir its proceedings, and, asSimonSchamasays, periods, butitshouldbenotedthatthey didso as Parliamentandthemonarch battledthrough living from reporting Parliament. For instance, for theirown reasons, andnotnecessarily to 14  ‘sixpenny separates’ inthe1620s. Simon Schama, , ofBritain A History 2001, vol 2, p77, where hepointsout, ofspeecheswould“Reports not beprinteduntiltheLongParliament in1642”, although parliamentary news begancirculatingalthough parliamentary in 4 January 1642records4 January thatthekingsaid, “Gentlemen, tohave Iamsorry thisoccasiontocomeyou.” is kneelingbefore him. A clerkatthetablewritesdown theexchange. for The CommonsJournal entry to SeizetheFive Members”. CharlesIisstandingonthestepsofSpeaker’s ChairandSpeaker Lenthall “Speaker Lenthall the PrivilegesoftheCommons Asserting Against CharlesIwhenthe Attempt wasmade 14 4 January 1642,4 January theKingwalked intothe Although thetoneofLenthall’s speechwas An early parliamentary report intheHouseof An early parliamentary 3rd July1641. William Lenthall(1591–1662) Commons Chamberdeterminedtoarrest On the occasion of this short speech,On theoccasionofthisshort Speaker of theBillsprovided for theabolition ofthe widely hated Court ofStarChamber,widely hatedCourt which was Speaker oftheHouseCommonsduring Before theKing, intheLords HouseofParliament, conciliatory, relations between theKingand Lenthall, onbehalfoftheCommons, presented Long Parliament, theCommonsmounteda Lords Library isentitled MrSpeaker’sLords Library Speech, Parliament continued todeteriorate. On to theKingthree Billsfor Royal Assent. One taxation andpassingaBillproviding for new the LongParliament. From ofthe thestart rule, control over parliamentary asserting series ofchallengestoCharlesI’s autocratic had becomenotoriousfor makingjudgments persecuting religious andpoliticaldissenters. parliaments tobeelectedevery three years. favourable totheKing’s interests andfor of Parliamentthroughout the1640s. renamed is the first official of debates report in Parliament. Later and 1641 in published first was Occurrences Diurnall The 1649, and were editedby Samuel Pecke, a 14 to21March 1641reads: 1640s topublishitsjudicialproceedings. This The Court ofStarChamberhadanother The Court The Kingwithdrew, humiliated, andcivilwar A typical entry from theweeklyA typicalentry editionfor 3 November 1641”, andlaterrenamed Charles questionedLenthallastotheir of BothHouses, inthisGreat andHappy whereabouts, theSpeaker isreported to weekly from July 1643untilNovember was firstdoneinanews-book called “The Diurnall ofOccurrences orDayly Proceedings to him, only tofindthatthey hadfled. When the five MPswho were leadingtheopposition scrivener whohadastallin Westminster Hall. Parliament, from 3November 1640to reporting, through itsdecisionintheearly Perfect Diurnall.The have said: broke outthefollowing August. influence on the history of parliamentary ofparliamentary influence onthehistory give any otheranswer thanthisis your Majesty’s pardon thatIcannot to whatyour Majestyispleasedto to speakinthisplacebutas May itpleaseyour Majesty, Ihave demand ofme. servant Iamhere;servant andhumbly beg house ispleasedtodirect mewhose neither eyes toseenortongue A Perfect Diurnall, Perfect A thejournalsprovide reports Diurnalls were published A

“That theffreedome ofSpeechandDebates They were publishedby authority, makingthem The passageoftheBillRights in1689might deliberations secret from themonarch during commonplace—one ofitsprovisions stated: until 1909. Parliamenthadsoughttokeep its wasnotestablished the nextOfficialReport the firstofficial published byParliament; report to debateinprivate, now inorder tokeep Parliament stillwantedtoprotect itsright the revolution, butfollowing Charles’execution, reports of debatesfrom thepopulation. have speeches madereporting parliamentary There were diverse Letters read Confederacy against theKingand or thatthey otherwise shouldbee the King, requiring theRebells the Proclamation whichcamefrom the to sendastrong Army intothe Justices are resolved suddenly very Rebellion haditsfirst root from Rebells there andtobeatthemoff Pale, toburn, spoileanddestroy the his liege people. That theLords have lately taken anew oathof no effect withthem; Butthey as Traitors totheCrowne, takes prosecuted withfire and sword, from before Drogheda, for thatthe immediately tolay down their Arms, in theHouseofCommons… That House ofCommonsinattendance. House ofLords in1742,Speaker with Onslow andthe of Peers.” GeorgeIIisseated on thethrone intheold “George II in Parliament 1741–2. A View of the House Pale.

5 History of Hansard 6 History of Hansard The growing fought toovercome printindustry five years aftertheenactmentofBill other papers thatthey disperse, presume to or Proceedings inParliamentoughtnotto and Military, in inaMonthly LettertoaFriend was thefirstinalonglineofeditors, publishers, directly. Hewasjailedfor sixdays andfined by Speaker for hisgreat presumption”. Dyer was exempt from prosecution becausethey were Rights, Parliamentpassedthisresolution: “That Holland useful, politicianssuppliedhimwithcopiesof up ThePolitical in1711, StateofGreat Britain Publishers soughttoavoid Parliament’s control Parliament andthepress. this outrightbandrew thebattlelinesbetween that he “presumed inhisnews-letter totake the BarofHouse. In1694, theJournal Parliament’s banonpublishing—there was Parliament turnedablindeye. As hiswork was Parliament, buthecarried onhisreports, and Parliament, withspeakers sometimes disguised records thatthechargeagainstDyer was An Impartial subtitling thework AnImpartial Account ofthe reports. Abel Boyer ledtheway, setting subscribers. Parliamentfought back. One sometimes by theirinitialsandsometimes most material Occurrences,most material Ecclesiastical, Civil, no news-letter writersdointheirletters, or he was “upon hiskneesreprimanded by the notice oftheproceedings oftheHouse”, and not ready toembracetheaccountability that newsletter writer, John Dyer (1653/4–1713), news-books tonewsletters, whichwere not wanttomake itsproceedings public. Just became thenew way topublishparliamentary by changingformat, andmonthly magazines money tobemade—andturnedfrom be impeachedorquestionedinany or court proceedings oftheHouse”. intermeddle withthedebatesorany other printers andreporters tobebrought to publishing itsdebatesrepresented. produced privately andcirculated only among place outofParliament”—butParliamentdid a repeat offender inthefollowing years, but as “Lord H—x”or “Sir J—nP—y”, identified 15 Commons Journals Commons . Itincludedreports ofproceedings in , vol 11, pp192–3. 15 Parliamentwas The Political State (1691–1754) wasoneofseveral whomoved Gentleman’s Magazineby Edward Cave”. Gentleman’s Magazine, anothernew format, and of publishingproceedings duringtherecesses. obtain ‘ear-witness’ ofthedebates. opportunities toexploit,opportunities andEdward Cave death in1729, butthere were commercial word hassignifiedamiscellaneouspamphlet, ,In hisDictionary Samuel Johnson (1709–84) Parliament wasfuriouswithCave’s publications. their speeches, andhewassometimes ableto says thisoftheword “magazine”: “Of late, this speeches init, despitehaving spentafortnight Johnson looked onCave withkindeyes because Cave employed Johnson whenhefirst parliamentary reporter,parliamentary usingthenew ruse in toexploitthem. In1731, hefounded in jailthelate1720sfor thesameactivity. as adramatist, andputJohnson towork asa arrived inLondon, hopingtomake hisname a year later he began reporting parliamentary a year laterhebeganreporting parliamentary from aperiodicalmiscellany namedthe magazine 1738–42. Dr Samuel Johnson speeches for wrote the reports ofparliamentary The front pageofTheGentleman’s Magazine,the St John’s with Gatedesign. 16  He definedapoliticianinthisway: “1. One versed in the arts ofgovernment;in thearts oneskilledinpoliticks. 2. A manofartifice; one ofdeepcontrivance.” ended shortly afterBoyer’s endedshortly The 16

The following month, theLondonMagazine

Walpole was ‘Waleup’ andSirJohn Barnard Gulliver’s Travels by Jonathan Swift(1667–1745), way ofsubverting Parliament’s latestresolution: Senate ofMagnaLilliputia”, withtheCommons Sir Robert Sir Robert Walpole (1676–1745), thePrime competitor ofCave’s magazine, cameupwitha During thedebate, Walpole hadcomplained: Minister, ledParliament’s response, andin1738 to publishdebatesasifthey were discussions they reported speechesasthe “Debates inthe the Commonspassedthisresolution: Johnson speeches wrote alltheparliamentary became theHurgolen ‘Branard’. For three years, in aRomanpoliticalclub. InJune 1739, Cave published intheGentleman’s Magazine. and Johnson followed suit. Inareference to and lightly disguisednames: for example, as theHouseofClinabs, theLords Hurgoes, 17 That itisahighindignityto, anda or any Committeethereof, aswell or otherproceedings ofthisHouse, of, thisHousefor any news-writer very reversevery ofwhathemeant. He Parliament, andthisHousewill wit, thelearning, andtheargument therein any accountofthedoings that hehadbeenmadetospeakthe the othernothing, butwhatwaslow, during therecess asthesittingof mean, andridiculous. had been thrown to oneside, and on had read debateswherein allthe notorious breach oftheprivilege against suchoffenders. proceed withtheutmostseverity in lettersorotherpapers…to give  The Parliamentary History ofEngland, History The Parliamentary From the Earliest Period tothe Year 1803, vol 10, col809. 17 , a , a Greece andRomewasrevived intheBritish Cave proudly displayed StJohn’s Gate, the Cave “manifested hisgood by fortune buying Magazine brought Cave therewards he while insteadofhiscoatarmsonthedoor, when heread them, thatthe “eloquence of essays thanthewords ofpoliticiansdebatingan He saidhehad “never beeninParliament that theindividualvoices ofspeakers are senate”. Somecritics, includingBoswell, argue so much whatthespeakers respectively said, took from “some concealedstation”. Johnson sought—according toanearly biographer of speech by William Pitttheelder(1708–78)was should nothave thebestofit”. The speeches Johnson, circulation increased 50percent and Johnson’s associationwiththe Johnson’s beautifulwork forms amilestone his reporting. yearsAt adinnerparty later, the he wascareful toensure that “the Whig dogs he worked from “scanty notes”thatCave magazine. be acknowledged thatJohnson didnotgive missing, andthatthespeechesfeel more like but Johnson punctured withthe theeulogy better thananything delivered by Demosthenes, but once”, andJamesBoswell (1740–95)says illustration atthetopofeacheditionhis issue. saidofthem: Onecontemporary “It must in the history of parliamentary reporting. ofparliamentary in thehistory in Exeter-street”. Whether ornotherecanted, pithy retort, “That speechIwrote inagarret reporting writings,parliamentary andthere proudly—and provocatively—claimed that an oldcoachandapairofolderhorses”, as whatthey oughttohave said.” actor Samuel Foote (1721–77)saidthata are significant doubtsabouttheaccuracyof allegedly recanted onhisdeathbed, allhis and elegant; Voltaire issaidtohave exclaimed, are beautifully written, passionate, engaging 18  1860, p25. Charles JGratton, TheGallery: A Sketch ofthe , and Reporters Reporting of Parliamentary History Gentleman’s 18 Johnson

7 History of Hansard 8 History of Hansard writes, “Wilkes wasfairly free from vanity. Hewasnotoriously oneoftheugliestmeninLondon”, wassaidtobeflattering. andthisportrait saw himelectedtoParliamentand expelled four more times. Publicappetite for news grow. ofhiscampaigns helped thenewspaper industry Whitely “John Wilkes MP”. John Wilkes was first expelled from Parliament and outlawed in 1764, and continuing clashes with George III and the Commons The Expansionof 3 The so-calledunreported Parliament (1725–97) inthe1760sincreased thepublic Parliamentary Reporting Parliamentary on 10December1770, whenMPsandother of 1768to1774witnessedarevolution visitors were violently turnedout. way parliamentariansstoppedsuchpublications who hadbeenintheUpperChamberat cleared of ‘strangers’ toprevent anyone, campaigns oftheradicalMPJohn Wilkes London newspapers begantoprovide short time, recalled: returned totheCommons, theMPIssacBarré, successful attemptwasmadeintheLords summaries ofdebatesinbothHouses. One including thereporters, from attending. A reporting.in parliamentary The popular appearing wastoinsistthattheHousebe appetite for parliamentary news,appetite for parliamentary andsome 19 (1719–1800)] washardly human; for certainly acted in a very actedinavery certainly of Marchmont (1708–94)]. Iheard way.extraordinary Oneofthe out ofhisheadinsofrightfulaway, of anenormoussize, thatdisfigured of theother[theEarlDenbigh It seemed as if a very extraordinary extraordinary It seemedasifavery 20 two—was aScotchman[theEarl the operationofbeingstrangled. that heseemedtobeundergoing Hoose! CleartheHoose!’ The face him calloutseveral times ‘Clear the heads ofthemob—for there were mob hadbroke in: andthey him completely, andhiseyes started he hadcontrived toputonanose J Wright (ed), Cavendish’s SirHenry Debatesofthe  of Great Britain, CommonlycalledtheUnreported House ofCommons, the during Parliament Thirteenth Parliament Parliamentary History ofEngland, History Parliamentary vol 16, cols 1317–19. , 1841, vol 2, p162. 19 Having 20 Another meansofintimidatingthepress was (1735–84), whowere bothMPs, inthe Tower (1725–93) and Alderman Richard Oliver Commons tacitly concededdefeat, findingitself Commons thenimprisonedtwo oftheCity Once thenextParliamentmetin1774, Oliver’s confinementlapsed atthe endof Wilkes refuge andhissupporters—sought in of theIrishParliamentbeganatsametime of itsdebates. on thesideofnewspapers andpolitical of London. However, publicopinionwas when they failedtoappear, ordered their expanded very rapidly.expanded very Newspaper coverage either Houseduringtherest ofthatParliament. effectively powerless tocontrol thepublication In February 1771,In February theCommonssummoned In retaliation, theCommonscloseditsdoors unnecessary. there were few newspaper further reports of the parliamentary sessionthatsummer,the parliamentary the the CityofLondon, where themagistrates two newspaper printerstothebarand, to peersandotherpeoplewhowished stalemate wasreached. When Crosby and magistrates, theLord Mayor BrassCrosby parliamentary reporting inthenewspapers parliamentary its orders tohandover theprinters, the insisted thatonly Cityofficialscouldmake its order againstthepublicationofdebates. provoke asimilarconfrontation withtheLords and expandedjustasquickly asinBritain. arrests withinitsjurisdiction. For refusing arrest. However, theprinters—protected by a few years later, butthechallengeproved listen toitsdebates. for the parliamentary authoritiestoenforcefor theparliamentary 23 22 21 

 18th-Century Ireland’,18th-Century , History Parliamentary 2013, WC Lowe, ‘Peers andPrinters: The Beginnings of the 1770s’,, History Parliamentary 1988, vol 7, p248. Sustained Press Coverage intheHouseofLords in vol 32, p378. Stephen Farrell, ‘Peers andthePress in Late- PDG Thomas, ‘The BeginningofParliamentary Historical ReviewHistorical , 1959, vol 74, pp628–30. Reporting inNewspapers,Reporting 1768–1774’, English 22 21 The banonstrangersmeantthat Wilkes wasapparently ready to 23

9 History of Hansard 10 History of Hansard (1760–1840)—better known asMarquess Wellington (1769–1852)—coulddeclare in Wellesley, theelderbrother oftheDuke of of reporting restrictions coincidedwith Universal Register Universal doorkeepers helpedtosecure accessto working inarota, ratherthanrelying on daily, andwould “have thisadvantageover debates ofparliament”. early, itwillcontainasubstantialaccountof coverage. Newspapers alsocompetedonthe In its first issue on 1 January 1785,In itsfirstissueon1January TheDaily Even asearly as1781, Lord Mornington usage, acquired akindofrighttopublishthe the gallery for hisreporters. the gallery the proceedings inParliament thepreceding the Daily ,Advertiser that, thoughpublishedas tended tohave astrong politicalbias, buttheir the IrishHouseofLords: “The printers, both under itseditorJamesPerry (1756–1821), was reporting.thoroughness oftheirparliamentary tended todominate, althoughmany provincial the number ofnewspaper titlesandinthe size oftheirreadership. The Londonpress night”. Like otherpapers, TheTimesprided here andinEngland, have, from immemorial more accurate reports. The MorningChronicle, boasted thatitwould bepublishedat6am improved efficiency; hisconnectionwiththe itself ongivingitsreaders earlier, fullerand partisan, althoughadistinctclassbiashasbeen coverageparliamentary wasgenerally non- papers alsoprovided extensive parliamentary a singlereporter for bothHouses, which a pioneerinintroducing ateamofreporters and wasrelated toamassive expansionin 25 24

 nrw Sparrow, Andrew of Parliamentary Journalism of Parliamentary James Kelly (ed), House Proceedings oftheIrish of Lords, 1771–1800, 2008, vol 1, p163. —soon renamed Obscure Scribblers: A History 24 The defactolifting , 2003, pp27, 44. 25 Newspapers The Times—

20th century. journalism Parliamentary of journalismmutated intothehumorous during thelate19thcentury. Onewasthe with, reporting ofparliamentary thehistory were distinctfrom, butintimately boundup decades—were amajorfeature ofmost debates, atatimewhen detected during the troubled 1790s. example—and in the late 19th century had example—and inthelate19thcentury correspondents—reporters allowed toenter Lucy (1843–1924), for instance, thatform the biggestteamofreporters. gave someofthefullestaccountsdebates— the mainreport, ofthe adetailedsummary the source materialfor Hansard for many debates Press accountsofparliamentary to publishfullaccountsthefollowing day. themselves in1881, astheofficialPress Gallery the MembersLobby—as politicaljournalists to thisday. The otherwastheriseoflobby set outasa ‘script’ over several columns— social media. newspapers ofthe untilthelastquarter much fullerthanHansard inthe1820s, for based at Westminster.based established They previous day’s debates. parliamentary Inthe practice ofproviding, oftenasanaddition to published overnight, owed much toitsability pre-eminence asthesource ofparliamentary print publications, butfor broadcast, web and sketchesparliamentary thatare stillwritten able handsofthe also developed two otherspecialismsthat and theirmembersnow work notonly for 28 27 26 ibidpp48, 53–63. Sparrow,, Obscure Scribblers pp45, 52. Dror Wahrman, Representation:‘Virtual Parliamentary Reporting and the Languages of Class andtheLanguagesofClass Reporting Parliamentary in the1790s’, Past andPresent, 1992, no163, p83. 28 sketch Punch writerHenry Hansard wasnot 27 Itsthen 26

The Times “House of Lords as the Court ofRequests”.“House ofLords astheCourt ofRequests); StateopeningintheHouseofLords (sittingintheoldCourt themonarch isthoughttobe William IV. Another form of parliamentary reporting was Another form of parliamentary Gurney (1777–1855), whofollowed inthe writers. Joseph Gurney (1744–1815), whose developed by theGurney family ofshorthand court reporter,court work undertook for Parliament shorthand writertobothHousesin1813,shorthand family tradition, wasappointed astheofficial from about1783. Hisson William Brodie father haddeveloped Gurney’s asa shorthand Gurney’s—continued tofulfilthisofficial WB Gurney andSons—usually known as of evidence from witnessesexaminedatthe of therelevant House. The family firm of with responsibility for providing transcripts evidence wasthenusually printedby order contracts inEnglishlegalhistory. bar orinCommittee. function until2010inoneofthelongestlasting 29

ila Law, William Parliament , 1950, pp13–14. Our Hansard or The True Mirror of 29 Suchselectcommittee

11 History of Hansard

12 History of Hansard the “William ‘Memory’ Woodfall”. William Woodfall reporting. is often known as the father of modern parliamentary He was the printer and editor of later thesamenightreport thespeechesearned himthenickname ‘Memory’. Morning Chronicle Chronicle Morning and later produced his own newspaper, Hisabilitytostand silently by TheDiary. theBarofHouse for hours on endand

The early parliamentary reporters hadto The early parliamentary 4 (1745–1803) operatedasalmostthesole Reporters andReporting Reporters other publishedreports andverifying factsand with physical limitationsontheirabilitytodo extraordinary rulesthenprevailedextraordinary onthis contend notonly withrestrictions ontheir in theEarly 19thCentury celebrated William ‘Memory’ Woodfall‘Memory’ celebrated William In fact, Woodfall’s reputation for accuracy quotations. Members’ own notes, cross-checking with taking wasallowed, butoneanecdote relied resilience notonly onhisextraordinary right tocompileaccountsofdebates, but rigidly enforced.” Campbellrecalled how the subject inthatnoblehouse, andthey were reporters, whohadtostandbelow theBar so. IntheLords, for there the wasnogallery John Campbell(1779–1861), whoworked newspaper reporter intheLords: became Lord Chancellor, remarked: “Very and powers ofrecall, butonsecuring as areporter asayoung manandeventually and were notallowed totake notes. The Scot 31 30 wrote hisreport, whichhesentto Immediately afterprayers hetook the printing-office. TheLords were his postatthebar, leaningover it, account oftheirspeeches. adjourned. Hethen went homeand and there he remained till the House by vapid avery andpointless punished for theirabsurd regulations  1881, vol 1, p108. Arthur Arthur Aspinall, and Publishingof ‘The Reporting the HouseofCommonsDebates, 1771–1834’, presented toSirLewis Namier, 1956, pp 237–8, 241–2. in Richard Pares and A. J. P. Taylor (eds), Essays Mrs Hardcastle (ed), Life ofJohn, Lord Campbell, Selection from his Autobiography, Diary,, andLetters Lord HighChancellorofGreat Britain: Consistingofa 31 Itisnotclearatwhatpointnote- 30

The reporting problems intheCommons The backofthegallery, whichwasopposite Commons reporters were atleastpermitted William Jerdan (1782–1869), afterwards editor of the who would otherwisehave enforced theban, were similartothoseintheLords, althoughby debates. When itwasfeared thatthey would Lord Eldon(1751–1838), accidentally knocked that thereporter andhiscolleagueswould not taken asasign, by thedoorkeepers particularly to pickupthenotebookfor him. This was the BarofHouse, hemadenomove to the imposingfigure oftheLord Chancellor, their reports. According toanotherreporter to take longhand notesfrom whichtowriteup the the lasttwo decadesofthe18thcentury the Speaker’s Chair, wasnotthebestplacefor remonstrate withthereporter, butbentdown shows thatitwastoleratedby the1820s: when be hindered intheirwork. be excludedfrom theHouseduringan beneath thegallery, andreporters couldnot identifying Memberswhospoke from seats a reporter’s notebookoutof hishandnear always get to their places, for particularly major crowd tillthedoorswere opened 32 occasions, hadto wait withthe 33 whole staffofevery paper, ongreat them to help the motion of their them tohelpthemotionoftheir struggle intothegallery, andsecure as having noneighboursbehind not only asthebestfor hearingbut as well asthey couldthebackseat, at noon, force theirway withgreat pencils with their knees and elbows. in theoldensystem, nearly the   1883, 66; MacDonagh,, Reporters’ Gallery pp355–6. 1852–3, vol 1, pp84–5. SC Hall, Retrospect ofaLongLife: From 1815to1883, [William Jerdan],[William The Autobiography of William Jerdan Literary GazetteLiterary : 32 33 ,

13 History of Hansard 14 History of Hansard The ban on parliamentary reporters waslifted The banonparliamentary (1759–1806), Speaker Abbot (1757–1829) Chancellor’s pickingupanotebook; suchwas Of histimeasareporter, whenheoften 24 May 1803: words withoutunderstandingthemeaningand wrote that “I knew nothing, anddidnotdesire context. For him, reportingwas parliamentary that shorthand writerssimply recordedthat shorthand the to know anything,.” ofshort-hand Hethought transcribed wholespeeches, John Campbell Parliament. the slenderbeginningofofficial of reporting not by astandingorder ineachHousebut by theSpeaker’s andtheLord entry diary important speechby important William Pitttheyounger including literary talent.including literary Headvisedthatthe arranged, asherecorded on inhisdiary a highercallingthatdemandedgreater powers, the public gallery (notshown),the publicgallery where acousticswere notoriously bad. “House of Lords 1859”. The Houses of Parliament were rebuilt after the fire of 1834. Parliamentary reporters worked from Arms] would letthehousekeeper (the backrow ofthegallery). opened every day, ifrequired, at 34 twelve; andtheSerjeant[at doorshouldbe that thegallery understand thatthe ‘newswriters’ might beletintheirusualplaces  Charles, Lord Colchester(ed), and TheDiary Speaker oftheHouseCommons, 1802–1817, 1861, Correspondence ofCharles Abbot, Lord Colchester, vol 1, p421. 34 As anotherreporter, JamesStephen (1758–1832), whoworked while inthegallery (1802–79) maintainedthatCommons of afinewriter, John Tyas of often thebestreporters. Hegave theexample Even aslatethe1870s, JamesGrant training tobecomealawyer, wrote: reporter: reporters whotookonly longhandnoteswere effect. 35 36 the speaker would writeitoutasif He must thenretire tohisroom, drawn, togive preference and speech asitwasdelivered, andgive should take down notesin recollection, willbe theReporter and, lookingatthese, recollect the as hecanfor aidstohismemory. abbreviated longhandasrapidly naturally led, ifnoteven irresistibly preparing itfor thepress. passages whichproduced thebest prominency tothosespeechesor it withallfidelity, pointandspirit, as in the effort toreport fromin theeffort  1954, p292. Life ofJohn, Lord Campbell Merle MBevington (ed), ofJames TheMemoirs Stephen: by Himself forWritten theUse ofhisChildren, 36 , vol 1, pp105–7. The Times, who 35 “going on[replacing another] inthemiddle “that there was notimeleftfor deliberation”. At theturnof19thcentury, thereporters (1772–1834) and William Hazlitt(1778–1830), Charles Dickens (1812–70)afterwards, should on 15 June 1819. of TheTimes, aprisonterm whohadserved of aspeech”. Healsopleadedthattheusual who, like DrJohnson before themand whose literary forgeries laterruinedhiscareer,whose literary could beaboisterous place. For seatinghimself He escaped withasevere reprimand the gallery brieflyincludedSamuelgallery Taylor Coleridge to “Go toHell”, Peter (c.1766–1822) Finnerty that hecouldnotfollow theMP’s argument reporter, John Payne Collier(1789–1883), just great writersinthemaking. never wrote shorthand: had toapologise for aseriousmisreport in be seenasmastersofthereporting art, not messenger whoordered himtostopwriting by astrangerseatedinfront ofhimandthe being misinformed aboutwhathad happened because of “the number ofpersonspassing in thefront row andtellingthe ofthegallery inconvenience arising from onereporter put intothehandsofprinter”, meaning paper, which, themomentthey are finished, are practice wastowritenotes “on smallslipsof and re-passing theseatwhichIoccupied”, a previous debate. Among hisexcuseswere for libel, wasreprimanded by theSpeaker following day. 41 40 of rivalry amongspeakersof rivalry astowho 39 38 37 yet wasadmittedonallhandstobe the House. the best inthe reporter Gallery; and should have himwhenaddressing as aproof ofthat there wasasort   ibid16June 1819, cols1195–9. ibid15June 1819, cols1163–5. Nikki Hessell, Literary Authors, Parliamentary Writers: Hansard, 15June 1819, cols1182–8. James Grant, TheNewspaper Press: ItsOrigin, Johnson, Coleridge, Hazlitt, Dickens, 2012. Progress andPresent Position,1871–2, vol 2, p197. 41 37 39 Onthesameday, another 38 The gallery gallery The 40

The reporters were allottedseatsinthenew ,Chronicle recalled: Commons Chamber, andboththeChambers of the masters of the art wasCharlesDickens,of themastersart of thegreat universities andmenofliterary who wrote aboutthemonthsofpractice distinction. whom hesaidwere “to befound menof was dismissive ofthereporters, among was installed for reporters in the temporary was installedfor reporters inthetemporary dedicated seatsfor thereporters. In 1810, theMP William Windham (1750–1810) Following thefire of1834, whichdestroyed MP Richard Brinsley Sheridan(1751–1816), gallery intheLords Chamberinlate1831.gallery short-lived rivalto short-lived requirement for performing theirrole, andone the celebrateddefender estate, ofthefourth hero inchapter 38of by hiseponymousneeded tolearnshorthand keepers, footmen ordecayed tradesmen”, but most oftheoldPalace Westminster, agallery in the1830sfor TheMirror ofParliament insisted thatmostreporters were graduates in anotherdebate, theIrishplaywright and in therebuilt Palaceof Westminster had life, Dickens, reporter whowasaparliamentary all descriptions: bankrupts, lottery-office Woolsack mightwantre-stuffing. 42 44 43 Commons, andIhave worn my feet on themintheoldbackrow of I have worn my kneesby writing to huddle together like somany the HouseofLords, where we used oftheoldHouse of the oldgallery sheep—kept inwaiting, say, tillthe by standinginapreposterous penin  Sparrow,, Obscure Scribblers pp39–41. Hessell, Literary Authors, Parliamentary ,Writers p131. ibid 6 February 1810,ibid 6February col 330; 23March 1810, col 30**. 42 Shorthand increasingly Shorthand becamea

Hansard, andthe David Copperfield 44 Morning . Latein , a , a 43

15 History of Hansard 16 History of Hansard 1849, thenewspaper reporters captured the Parliamentary reporters for thenewspapersParliamentary had tohave extensive knowledge ofpolitics needed tobeproficient and inshorthand many different skillsinvolved. They noted: a petitionpresented totheLords on18May and astrong graspoftheEnglishlanguage. In 45 1. 2. 4. 6. 3. 5.

Lords, Journals vol 81, p227. That theQualificationsofanefficient The Power, arisinginagreat degree Transcript; The Power oftakingdown words as comprising, amongstothers, the Reporter intheHousesofParliament Reporter And, closely connectedwiththe A general Acquaintance withthe are ofapeculiarandvariedCharacter, following: Commerce, Trade andManufactures Qualifications, of apprehending quickly of theUnitedKingdomandits with generalHistory, Politics and Dependencies, together witha Facility and Accuracy inComposition; Literature, andwiththeInstitutions, Experience intheForms of under Discussionfrom Time to Time; uttered by theSpeaker with Accuracy, general Knowledge ofForeign Politics; Proceedings; Parliamentary the MeaningofaSpeaker, ofdetecting so astohave onPaper theMaterials so astobeableprepare aReport preceding, acompetent Acquaintance and offollowing aChainofReasoning, accidental Mistakes and Inadvertencies, leading publicQuestionswhichcome from thePossession oftheforegoing from whichtodraw upafaithful from strictFidelity. for Publication, withoutdeviating 45 “was mere pastime, even solately asfifty years “were worked toohard tohave any leisure”. ‘writing out’ their shorthand noteshadto ‘writing out’theirshorthand According toJamesGrant, by thattimethe Gallery”. Committee Room18available for reporters When Thomas Wemyss Reid(1842–1905) work. engage”. unwelcoming, andthatmostofthework of He remarked reporting thatparliamentary to theirnewspaper’s officestocompletetheir to useintheevening, meaningthatthey had reporting stafffor the responsible professions inwhichany onecould reporters had “a highertoneandstyle”than joined the Commons gallery in1867,joined theCommonsgallery he be donein “two wretched littlecabins, ill-lit more spaceandnolongerneededtoreturn and ill-ventilated, immediately behindthe ago; now itisoneofthemostlaboriousand ofthecentury,at thestart andinany case found thereporters rather ‘clannish’ and 46 48 47 49 Commons itself. Like somany of conspicuous member. Parliamentary washardly reporter the Gallery menofthistime,the Gallery his His mindwasstored with recognised even intheHouseof reminiscences oftheGallery mind seemedtobelimitedthe in theday whenthestatusofa little societyofwhichhewasa 47  Sparrow,, Obscure Scribblers pp44–5. Grant, Newspaper Press, vol 2, p243. eor o SirThomasWemyss of JReid(ed),Stuart Memoirs Memoirs ofSir Memoirs Thomas Wemyss Reid, pp121–2. Reid, 1842–1885, 1905, pp122–3. Reid also wrote of the then chief of the 49 46 At somepoint, theauthoritiesmade Morning Star: 48 The commercial expansion of parliamentary The commercial expansionofparliamentary occasionally theLords) from 1781to1797. In of theIrish of Great Britaininthataseriesof17volumes version ofthe debates oftheIrishHouseCommons(and covered theperiod1743to1774in11 volumes, Dublin between 1782and1801, covering the London, asimilarventure wasbegunin1766 the Commons andtheLords between 1774 Proceedings House of Commons of the British serial compilationsofdebates. Ireland wasahead by John Almon (1737–1805), aLondonprinter in 1768, buthealsoproduced the debatesinthe parliamentary publishing in the late 18th century quickly ledto publishing inthelate18thcentury and hebrought out17 volumes ofaBritish and bookseller. Hepublishedaccountsof The Creation ofHansard 5 Parliamentary Register Parliamentary Parliamentary Register Parliamentary volumes undertheHansard name. Thomas Curson Hansard, wholaterreprinted the22Cobbett when bankruptcyforced himtosellthework tohispublisher, William 1809. The titlepage of Cobbett’s Debates , Parliamentary London EveningPost appeared in Debates and obt pbihd alaetr dbts 1803–12, debates parliamentary published Cobbett tocover , which The Senator; orClarendon’s Chronicle Parliamentary That wasthecontextinwhich William (1790–1802). Cobbett (1763–1835)firstcreated whatwas 63 volumes for theperiodfrom 1780to1802by An Impartial Report oftheDebates thatoccurin Report An Impartial words inhisname. Hewasafervent believer in to become the Peerage andotherpublications. Otherlong- running publications included WilliamWoodfall’spublications running John Debrett, apublisher whogave hisnameto journey heis said tohave published14million to aSeatinParliament the Two HousesofParliament providing hisreaders withevery possiblepiece autobiography From The Progress ofaPlough-boy and 1780. That serieswascontinued inanother Hansard. Cobbett proudly called his , andinthe courseofthat (1794–1803)and

17 History of Hansard 18 History of Hansard “the Debates, corrected andatfulllength”to ‘Advertisement’: The first volume of Cobbett haddecidedthatthesupplement With aneye toposterity, Cobbettadded: Queen Street. Curiously, thefirst384columns first publishedin1802, includedaccountsof of Cobbett’s Annual Political Register debatesshouldappear asa of parliamentary of theUnitedKingdomGreat Britainand of thesecondsessionParliament of information thatthey neededtoform their were numbered 1521to1904, becausethey did notprevent Cobbettfrom boastinginan Debates waspublishedin1804tocover the Ireland, printedby Cox andBaylis ofGreat Members and other parliamentary materials,Members andotherparliamentary to provide Register…much “a Parliamentary separate publication. start—22 Novemberstart—22 1803to29March 1804— such asselectcommitteereports, theaimwas not infactusedfor, itsvolume 5. Evidently, his next 192columnswere numbered 993to1184, had already beenprintedassuchinvolume 4 because they hadalready beensetup, butwere much detailedinformation, includinglistsof more complete, aswell asinteresting, than publication planshadrecently changed, butthat part of part proceedings inParliament, buthereserved political opinions. Hisweekly Political Register any otherthathasbeenpublished”. a supplement, issuedevery sixmonthsas The Debates, inthiswork, are given As thework has, space intheshort care, labour, norexpense hasbeen of halfasession, attainedtosuch warrant thesupposition, thatitis with perfect success. Parliamentary Debates. Neither was ever before attempted togive the degree ofpre-eminence, asfully to 50 spared. Aid ofevery kindhasbeen resorted to;resorted and, in most instances, much greater precision, thanit an extent ofcirculation, andsucha at much greater length, andwith be regarded asanauthenticRecord Cobbett’s Annual Political Register(1803), vol 2, ppiii, v. only compilationatalllikely to Cobbett’s Annual Political Register Cobbett’s Parliamentary , andthe 50 By1804, . With , TC Hansard. Thomas CursonHansard (1776–1833)of (1752–1828) strongly disapproved ofhis Government onthefloggingofmilitiamen Cobbett’s Debates. Parliamentary Luke Hansard on thetitlepageasoneofpublishers on hisown. From 1811, TC Hansard islisted occupational hazard for any printerwho volume 10(1808), afew years afterHansard Register His words were prophetic, butthey were to Peterborough Court, FleetStreet, first their role today. the aspirationthatreporters stillbringto successor: they couldbesaidtoencapsulate son’s associationwithCobbett, notleast Parliamentary Debatesonthetitlepageof Parliamentary had lefthisfather’s businesstostrike out be associatednotwithhisname, butthatofhis months inprison, “to theastonishmentof imprisonment philosophically: publications . its extensive legalpowers againstradical provoked theGovernment intoapplying after Cobbett’s outspoken criticismofthe appeared astheprinterof all England”, asherecalled. Heviewed his led totheimprisonmentofCobbettand One pleasingreflection emanating On thissubjectIspeak flattering, will produce no relaxation greater perfection. can only claim thehonourofhaving confidently assures thePublic, that of my memory. Though, afterall, I of theLegislative Proceedings of I trustitever willtothelasthour will, onthecontrary, operateasa the present time, sotheEditor 53 52 51 since, toradiateonmy mind; and success, however conspicuousand stimulus totheattainmentofstill been themechanicalagent inthis publication, andofhaving suffered from thisaffairhascontinued, ever in hislabourorcare; butthatit  Cobbett’s Debates, Parliamentary vol 1, ppiii, iv. e Wilson, Ben JC Trewin and EMKing, totheHouse: Printer The and theFightfor theFree Press, 2005, pp76–8. Story ofHansard,Story 1952, pp94–101. , Hansard wassentencedtothree 52 53 Suchconvictions were an As theprinterof The Laughterof Triumph: William Hone 51 Cobbett’s feelingly… Political the Lords Chamber, behindthethree clerks, writingwithafeather quillpen. The Lords voted againstGladstone’s secondHome RuleBillby 419votes to41. of centre the Question”.in the desk Put the to at about sits Chancellor Lordreporter 1893 Lords of parliamentary House The in Debate Rule Home “The Cobbett wasforced intobankruptcyby first volume, althoughwhatshould appear as opportunity torenumberopportunity thecolumns ofthe would continue itonthesamebasis. Debates, andthefollowing onemadeit clear thatthework was “Published under called Cobbett’s Debates, Parliamentary itwas underline thepoint, in1812Hansard reprinted the Superintendenceof T. C. Hansard”. the imprisonmentandfines, andHansard the first22 volumes undertheuniform title, Parliamentary Debates(andhetookthe Parliamentary next volume wasentitledsimply Parliamentary bought himout. Involume 22, thelasttobe interest inthework to anew editor, who announced thatCobbetthaddisposedofhis cat-o’-nine-tails. offences, by thelashof 54 56 55 much towards saving ourwarriors three monthsduranceonaccountof from thedisgracefullaceration inflicted, often for themost venial it, yet Irejoice thatit…hasdoneso

C Hansard, TC Origin andProgressOrigin ofthe , ofPrinting Art 1825, p319. Parliamentary Debates,Parliamentary vol 24, piii. Cobbett’s Debates, Parliamentary vol 22, pii. Typographia: SketchAn Historical ofthe 54 55 The 56 T To 1523 and1524). 1820 thereafter formed thebeginning— At thesametime, Hansard tookover two (1793–1858), buttheserieswasnever closely (1767–1815) andhisson Thomas Jones Howell England, From theEarliestPeriod tothe Year 1803. other serialpublications. Oneofthemwas of parliamentary debatesfrom 1066,of parliamentary whichwas volumes. Cobbetthaddecidedtocompileall similarlayouts.very The otherbecamean Debates would take over. In1806, he published columns 3and4were in factstillnumbered By thetimeHansard tookover from Cobbett, the StateTrials, editedby Thomas Bayly Howell the project hadreached themid-18thcentury, the first volume of ran upto1803, whenCobbett’s Parliamentary known printedandsomemanuscript accounts integral part ofthesequence integral part as farbackthey couldfind records, andit associated with and the36volumes eventually produced by ‘series 0’asitwere—of Hansard. 57  1806–20. The Parliamentary History ofEngland , 36vols, History The Parliamentary Hansard, althoughthey shared The Parliamentary History of History The Parliamentary Hansard 57

19 History of Hansard 20 History of Hansard printing branchof the Hansard family concernfrom 1847. at thefarright, withastick. Hansard rantheparliamentary Henry Randolph Churchill isbehindGladstoneinatophat, Hansard is Lord andHenry (bearded); Parnell Stewart Charles and (monocle) shows William Gladstone(centre) talkingtoJoseph Chamberlain “The Lobby of the House of Commons, 1886”. This ‘new series’—covered thetenyears ofhisreign Parliamentary Debates The Parliamentary The beginningofthethird seriesmarked the The first41 volumes ofwhatwassubsequently (1762–1830). The secondseries—calledthe 6 Queen Victoria in1837, anddidnotenduntil of asignificantrivalpublication volume 356in1891. was allowed torunonaftertheaccessionof was subsequently broken. The third series changed to called thefirstseriesof in the19thCentury start ofthe reignstart ofKing William IVin1830, Parliament but theconnectionbetween reigns andseries in 25volumes. Perhaps tocounteract theeffect accession in1820ofKingGeorgeIV from volume 21ofthissecondseries(1829). , whichbeganin1828, thetitlewas Hansard’s Debates Parliamentary Hansard ranuntilthe Vanity Fair cartoon The Mirror of

The appearance of Apart fromApart thespecialheadingapplied tothe Government. There were extensive tablesof first ineach report volume, whichisstillused volumes were publishedatgenerous length volumes—or of atleastthosethestart with elegantleatherbindings. within eachvolume. As isstillthecase, the composite indexvolumes were sometimes contents, andpersonsubjectindices, while Hansard duringthetrialofQueenCaroline up totheendofsecondseriesin1830. the columns, notthepages, beingnumbered though maps andillustrationswere printedin the Lords, there waslittleornoornamentation set intwo columnsoftightly spacedlines, with published, suchastheonecovering theperiod peers andMPs, aswell asofmembersthe in thebodyoftext, few andvery headings, little from Cobbett’s originalmodel. The a Parliamentorsession—includedlistsof for theCommonsandinasimplified form for 59 58

Two bindingswere offered intheearly 19thcentury: the cheaper version inboards for 31s6d, andhalf boards withRussiabacksandcornersfor 35s. Sir John(ed), Philippart General Indextothe First and Second Series ofHansard’sand SecondSeries Parliamentary Debates, 1834. Hansard haschangedvery 58 The textwas

59

They hadnoregular stafftospeakof, except offices moved toPaternosterRow in1823, devoted themselves toproviding thefullest did much ofthehard editorialwork. With whether “it mighthappen thatyou putintoa whether ornotthey have returned them documents, Bills, Notices, andothermaterials would great notbeavery evil”. Hedescribed chronologically; oneachday, theonefor the containing “a completelistofallthespeeches corrected”. collation andintelligence, andsearching public I canprocure; ascorrect aspossible”. Under the TC Hansards, fatherandson, whose Lords wasgiven first, followed directly by that Hansard arguedattestedtoitshighdegree of House ofLords are madeasaccuratemay Members. When examinedby aCommons Member’s mouthwhatheoughttohave said, the work wasprimarily oneofcompilation. that have beensentouttoMembers, and select committee, TC Hansard juniorsaid: “I reports, supplementedby otherinformation, speeches were returned by Members, which the production process heused: “By farthe rather thanwhathesaid?”replied, “That John Wright (1770/1–1844), whoattimes reports …Itistheeffect diligent ofvery not for theirliteral accuracy.” myself boundfor the by whichitismademore accurate”. be by collation with allthedifferent newspaper painstaking care andattentiontodetail, they profess togive thebestreports oftheDebates including notesandcorrections sentinby in 1820. The reports were presented information” from abook, whichhehandedin, and mostaccurateversions ofnewspaper as verbatim, tellingthecommittee: “I hold accuracy. Hedidnotrepresent hispublication also gave thecommittee curious “some very larger part ofmylarger part reports ofthedebatesin for the services ofCobbett’sfor theservices former assistant for theCommons. 63 62 61 60   ibidp41.  Report fromReport theHouseofCommons Select Report fromReport theHouseofCommons Select Report fromReport theHouseofCommons Select of session1878, p12. of session1862, p39. of session1862, p39. Committee on Parliamentary Reporting,Committee onParliamentary HC327 Committee on Parliamentary Proceedings,Committee onParliamentary HC373 Committee on Parliamentary Proceedings,Committee onParliamentary HC373 61 About three-quarters ofall bona fides 62 When asked When ofthereports, 63 60 He ‘sedentaries’—such as “[The Duke of Thomas ErskineMay (1815–86)said, Hansard The factthat That isnotcorrect, butgo on.]”—and, during (1797–1863), itdegeneratedintoanunseemly on 15 February 1844,on 15February witnessedseveral was valuablerecord“a very ofallthe demonstrates thatithadestablisheditselfas while itsvariousrivalsproved lived tobeshort was allowed tospeak: Hansard wasa ‘full’ ratherthananexhaustive Parliament. As the famous CommonsClerk the authoritative source for whatwassaidin the speechofMarquess ofNormanby the Lords debateonthestateofIreland that itgave itselfthefreedom tointerpolate squabble aboutwhethertheLord Chancellor report ofdebates, butitissurprisingtofind asides andeven stagedirections. For example, can Iget inaword now?” Why, Itell circumstances toreply, Ihear, “How else rose tospeak, andthenoble itisnotcompetent observe,—that amidst alittleconfusion, rendered which 64 which hadbeenconveyed to [Here theLord Chancellorre-entered the the noble Lord thathecannot—I that Ihave evinced nodesire to to theHouseuponthisquestion that hehasnomeansofspeaking to thenoble Lord toaddress you to address theHouse... Imust of “Yes, yes!” andsomeconfusion. Lord Chancellordidnotintend Duke oppositewillbearmewitness House, andtookhisseatonthe Woolsack ] Iwaited from bothsidesoftheHouse. say hecannotspeakafterme. [Cries hereafter. of [Cries “No, no!” “Yes, yes!” me by anoble Baron, thatthe much emphasis much the nobleMarquess inaudible. After ashort now, when I riseunderthese after me, andthathemust know not have risenbutfor anintimation patiently untilIfound thatnoone intrude uponyour Lordships. Yet pause thenobleMarquess continuedwith

Hansard, 1844, 15February cols890, 908–9. Hansard continued for solong ],—I certainly should ],—I certainly ] 64 Wellington.

21 History of Hansard 22 History of Hansard in themiddle oftheChamber. Samuel Begg’s depiction theHansard reporter sits behind theClerks “Passing in theHouseofLords,of the ParliamentBill 1911”. In William Gladstone(1809–98): Disraeli (1804–81)hadthistosay inreply to by theMembers. On11 April 1845, Benjamin become somethingofaparliamentary proceedings ofthehouse”. institution, andwasnotabove beingsatirised What dreary pagesWhat dreary ofinterminable general rule, Iamrathersurprised even oftheirspeechesin over ormore ofacentury aquarter eminent career. Butthatisnotthe 65 I hopeshallnotbeanswered by that have gone wrong, whatbudgets talk, whatpredictions falsified, what that eminentpublication. What, that your experienced statesmen Hansard. Iamnotsurprisedthe so fond ofrecurring tothatgreat should besofond ofrecurring to right hon. Gentlemanshouldbe he canlookover arecord ofthirty, after all, dothey seeonlooking and more years thanthirty ofan authority; hehasgreat advantages; pledges broken, whatcalculations lot ofevery one; andImay say, asa  Report fromReport theHouseofCommons Select of session1862, p9. Committee on Parliamentary Proceedings,Committee onParliamentary HC373 65 Ithadalready Hansard? The verb ‘to Hansardize’, meaningtoconfront The practice, ifnotthetermitself, isusedas April 1869: (1799–1869) intheLords. the LeaderofHouse, saidintheLords in relation toDerby, Lord Granville (1815–91), in Hansard, sooncameintofashion. a MemberofParliamentwiththeirutterances apparently popularisedby theEarlofDerby frequently asever. Why, Hansard, insteadofbeingthe Why, order thatImay show whatyour or asinglehappy expression! 69 68 67 66 I willventure now—to usean thought, asinglegenerous impulse, too, notrelieved by asingleoriginal that have blown up! And allthis, quote certain expressionsquote certain usedby Lord opposite—toHansardize. Iwill Lordships’ opinionswere then. Dunciad ofpolitics. Delphi ofDowning-street, isbutthe noble Lords oppositelastyear, in admirable word invented by anoble   Hansard, 14 April 1869, col 1656. ;Oxford EnglishDictionary Trewin andKing, to Printer 1850,ibid 19February col 1081(possibly itsfirst Hansard, 11 April 1845, col566. use inHansard). the House, p241. 66 68

Presumably in 67 Itwas 69 7 The Establishment of 1882 itamountedto£500pervolume, but The following year Hansard wasgiven notice Government andofficials. departments The Chamber aftermidnight. Committee ofSupply andinCommitteeson the on PrivateBillsby order, discussionsinthe was raisedto£4,000ayear in1880, andfrom Hansard received asubsidyof£3,000year to Hansard remained aprivateorganisationbut, Public Bills, anddebatesthatcontinued inthe to placeacentralorder of100copiesfor to 5guineaspersession, itwasfinancially to theendof1888session. that thegrantwould beended, althoughthe reporters, usually newspaper reporters hired supported by the supported Treasury, whichagreed newspaper reports ofdebates—proceedings had risento124by 1878. number wasincreased to120in1858and make it “as fullandaccurateapublicationas it wascriticisedintheCommons1886. it for thefirsttimeemployed asmallstaffof possible”. From ofthe1878session, thestart arrangement wasextended, for anotheryear, four typesofbusinessnormally omittedfrom for additional duties, toenableitcover from 1855, whenitscover pricewasreduced 73 72 71 70 Parliamentary Parliamentary Archives, HAN/5/7/9, 15. 

Report fromReport the Joint SelectCommitteeontheCost fromReport theHouseofCommons Select Report from Report theHouseofCommonsSelect of session1878, pp8–9. of Commons Select Committee on Parliamentary of CommonsSelectCommitteeonParliamentary of session1862, pp37, 40–3; from Report theHouse Committee on Parliamentary Reporting,Committee onParliamentary HC327 Committee on Parliamentary Proceedings,Committee onParliamentary HC373 Reporting, HC327of session 1878, p16. and Method of the Publication of the Debates and and MethodofthePublicationDebates and pp 144–6; Hansard, 10September1886, cols 135–49. Proceedings inParliament, HC284ofsession1888, Official Report 71 70 The grantinaid InDecember1877, 73

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The focus ofreform thenshiftedtotheHouseof (which wascarried outwhenthegalleries were (when looking from the gallery) ofTheTimes (when lookingfrom thegallery) Commons conducted a long inquiry in1878,Commons conductedalonginquiry but or even suppressed, andconcernsremained other recognised leadingfigures were given in issues,on important butthereportswere words actually spoken indebate. To address such debate in1869, Thomas Wemyss Reidrecounted was said because it omitted much parliamentary was saidbecauseitomittedmuch parliamentary emerged that the speeches of Ministers and emerged thatthespeechesofMinistersand extensive inthelate19thcentury, theconvention Hansard wasfarfrom acompleterecord ofwhat Lords, where oneofthemainproblems wasthe series ofselectcommitteesinbothHouses. The the third person, were summarised. That naturally the firstpersonandasfully aspossible, while generally acceptedtobereasonably accurate. As that during speakers were fully even reported for debates seat above theSpeaker’s Chair. writeratno.summary 15, whichwasthecentral number of places for reporters in the gallery number ofplacesfor reporters inthegallery no. 19intheCommonsgallery, four totheright high ceiling, inthenew Palaceof Westminster. Ofa matters, aswell asaccommodation, management more promptly. business of less public interest and not all business oflesspublicinterest andnotall parliamentarians’ speeches being shortened parliamentarians’ speechesbeingshortened reportingbecamemuch more parliamentary apart fromapart recommending anincrease inthe and financing, inquiries werea undertaken by arrangements, althoughitasked himtopublish altered inthemid-1880s), itsreportin1879did about how accurately thereports reflected the little more thantoendorse TC Hansard junior’s almost allotherspeeches, whichwere usually in acoustics intheornateChamber, withitsvery led tocomplaintsofunfairtreatment, withsome 75 74   of Commons Select Committee on Parliamentary of CommonsSelectCommitteeon Parliamentary Reporting, HC203ofsession 1878–9, ppiii–iv. HC 327ofsession1878; from Report theHouse Parliamentary Parliamentary Archives, HC/SA/SJ/3/16, map of fromReport theHouseofCommons Select Committee on Parliamentary Reporting,Committee onParliamentary reporters gallery, 1881. 3January 74 At thattime, Hansard hadseat 75

23 History of Hansard 24 History of Hansard The increasing concernsaboutthecostand Giving evidence totheLords selectcommittee of extendingprovision for seatingatthefront of of reversing theorientationofChamber— with, tobemadecoherent. was thedifficultyofhearing, whichmeantthat during the1888session. Itwasclearinits who spoke facingtheLord Chancellor—which was notadopteduntil1 August 1889. considered several possibilities, includingthat the gallery andtothesidesofHouse,gallery whichwere wouldthat thereporters beabletohearthose shorthand writerwithinthe bodyoftheHouse,shorthand speeches hadtobetinkered, albeitnottampered said thatthechiefdifficultyofaccurate reporting judgment: but suchapositionbehindtheClerksat Table moving the Woolsack tobeneaththegallery, so in 1880, GeorgeCallaghanoftheMorningPost purpose ofHansard were examinedatgreat peers showed amarked reluctance toaccept, and approved. length by aJoint CommitteeofbothHouses amusing,A very bitter, avery and 79 78 77 76 floor in order to be near enough to floor inorder tobenearenough clustered round himtocatchhis consumedly, butwe unfortunate witticisms, someeven kneelingonthe with theirhandsbehindears, reporters in the Gallery had but the hadbutthe intheGallery reporters hear him. They chuckledandlaughed an almost wholly inaudible speech an almostwholly inaudible speech by oneLord: “The olderpeers, faintest ideaofwhatitwasthey were laughing at.” Hansard reportersshouldhave aseatfor a  ibidpvi; Hansard , 29June 1880, cols1086–105.  Commons Select Committee on Parliamentary Commons SelectCommittee onParliamentary session 2, 1880, pviii; from Report theHouseof session 2, 1880, p44. Debates, HC 239ofsession1907, p163. Report fromReport theHouseofLords Select fromReport theHouseofLords Select ofSir Memoirs Thomas Wemyss Reid, p155. Committee onReporting, HLPaper 66of Committee onReporting, HLPaper 66of 78 alsorecommended The report that 76 77 The Committee Committee The 79

The provision ofreportsundercontractwas official report, arguingthatithadtobeseen of thepublicservice”. The contractorwould be verbatim report, andinsteadrecommended In hisevidence, Thomas CursonHansard junior qualities of “fullness, accuracy, andspeed”. the adoptionofanauthorisedreport, with “a to keep atleastonereporterineachHouse responsible management”toensure therequisite sufficient staffofcompetentunder reporters said thathenolongerfavoured theideaofan supported by another Commons inquiry in1893–4. by anotherCommonsinquiry supported Joint Committeecamedown againstanofficial no more thanaweek allspeeches andtoreport be independentofMembers, buthewanted basis, asitbelieved thatsuch “an improved and on a contractual Debates onacontractual placing theParliamentary at notlessthanone-third oftheirlength. all times, toproduce acorrected daily editionin allowed tochooseitssources, butwould have amplified ‘Hansard’ would meetthe requirements complete provision for the reporting of Parliament are is reported It appears to be admitted that It appears tobeadmittedthat than for proceedings reporting inthe the DebatesandProceedings the present systemunderwhich House ofCommons. Hansard appears tohave madeless delayed. Itmay beadded thatMr. reports atpresentreports furnishedare proceedings intheHouseofLords inadequate, theircostisunnecessarily inconvenient andunsatisfactory. The 80 82 81 83 large, andtheirpublication isunduly   ibidpp4–6, 148.  1931, vol 11, pp440–1. ibid piv; HDonaldson Jordan, of ‘The Reports Report fromReport theHouseofCommons Select Report fromReport theJoint SelectCommitteeon of session1893–4, ppiii–v. of session1888, piii. Committee on Parliamentary Debates,Committee onParliamentary HC 213 the CostandMethodofPublication Debates andProceedings inParliament, HC284 Parliamentary Debates,Parliamentary 1803–1908’, Economica, 80 82 81

The The 83 1894 sessions)by Eyre andSpottiswoode, and TC Hansard junior’s and Debates Parliamentary The new publishersdropped thenameHansard of thenew seriesascontrastedwithHansard of stabilitywasre-established whenthecontract, volume 199 (1908). days subsidised.” which hadbeenunofficialalthoughinitslatter was produced by theReuter’s Telegram Company. was putouttotender, butaseriesofprivate confused withtheill-starred Hansard Publishing came toanend. For thefollowing two decades, connection withHansard’s Debates Parliamentary covered ofthe1889session, thestart was companies largely failedtoprovide animproved Union”, and “to emphasisetheofficialauthenticity Following the1888session, theHansard family’s Debates Printing Works went bustduringthe undertaken by theHansard PublishingUnion, Bussy (1857/8–1922)publishedthevolumes for until the356thvolume attheendof1891 the commercial operationthathadboughtout the contract to report parliamentary debates debates the contracttoreport parliamentary the publication, which appeared inbrown covers, that year by Wyman andSonsLimited. Itoversaw terms ofthegovernment contract. A measure the 1898sessionthrough hisEconomicPrinting then, for thefollowing 23volumes (1895to1897) The Parliamentary Debates—thereafter series ofTheParliamentary session. The following year, volume 1 of the fourth service. Volume 333ofthethird series, which his firstcousin’s Luke sonHenry TiteHansard’s had beeneditorunderBottomley, wastaken over because it tobe “did notwishtheirundertaking by Waterlow andSonsLimited. Frederick Moir parliamentary printingbusiness. parliamentary published withthesubtitle, Edition— Authorised initially underGeorge Walpole (1857–1928), who preparation ofvolume 70 (1899), whichthe as theyoung HoratioBottomley (1860–1933), later anMPandaconvicted fraudster, named administrator had to bring out to fulfil the administrator hadtobringoutfulfilthe and PublishingCompany, buthisParliamentary from volume series(1899)to 72ofthefourth for volumes 8to29(covering the1893–4and 85 84 Parliamentary Parliamentary Archives, HC/CL/CH/2/2/280–4. Trewin andKing, totheHouse, Printer pp253–9. 85 Reuter’s wasinturnsucceeded, 84 It survived only only Itsurvived

The House of Commons returned to the The HouseofCommonsreturned tothe Those are thetermsofreference, asstated Chair and the correction of very minor and Chair andthecorrection minorand ofvery Debatesfound that Committee onParliamentary obvious factualerrors, andthatreports shouldbe own reporting staff, whilenotingthatthealready with Wyman andSonsLimitedwere terminated explained intheCommonsfollowing session, It therefore recommended thattheCommons the Government acceptedtheCommittee’s the Treasury, CharlesHobhouse(1862–1941), that Membersshouldnotbeabletorevise their greatly dissatisfiedwiththeexistingarrangements. to definea ‘full’transcriptionasone: that thespeechesofallMembersshouldbegiven recommendations, andthecurrent arrangements speeches, exceptinrelation torulingsfrom the arrangements intheLords shouldbe satisfactory should endthesystemofcontractsandsetupits had beenfollowed up, andthattheMemberswere put onthesamefooting. The report alsosuggested issue duringthe1907session, whentheSelect in bothHouses. procedure, underwhichHansard stilloperates in ErskineMay’s treatise onparliamentary in thefirstpersonandtreated inthesameway, available by 4pmthefollowing day. and itadoptedthewording ofthe1893–4report at theendof1908session. few oftheproposals oftheprevious Committees corrected, butwhichontheother omitted andwithobvious mistakes with repetitions andredundancies which, thoughnotstrictly verbatim, to the meaning of a speech or to themeaningofaspeechor hand leaves outnothingthatadds is substantially theverbatim report, illustrates theargument. 86 87 89 88    HC 213ofsession1893–4, ppiii. Report fromReport theHouseofCommons Select ibid piii; from Report theHouseof Commons Hansard, 14May 1908, cols1396–406. May’s onThe TreatiseSir MalcolmJack(ed), Erskine Committee on Parliamentary Debates,Committee onParliamentary HC239of 24th edn, 2011, p130. session 1907, ppiii–vii. Law, Privileges, Proceedings andUsage ofParliament Select Committee on Parliamentary Debates,Select CommitteeonParliamentary 88 to As theFinancialSecretary 89 87 86 It emphasised Itemphasised ,

25 History of Hansard 26 History of Hansard in wingcollarandmorningcoat; hewassucceededin1916by William Turner Perkins, from fourth the right. Commons Hansardteam,reporting 1911. Debates of Editor first The Commons, Houseof the for DodsShaw, J Sir from sixth is right, the The The HouseofLords administrationwasatfirst 20th Century Arthur Arthur Walter asthefirstEditorofDebates. He 8 on theappointment ofthefirsttwo sub-editors. It Sir JamesDodsShaw, wasappointed aseditor, with employed onasessionalbasis, andthatremained the Hansard, anexperiencedpress associationlobbyist, the 20thcentury; for many years, theCommons grew to22in1950 andby 1977, withtheincrease the secondworld war, whenthe teamrose to18, soon recruited. Itstayed atthatsizetilltheendof hesitant aboutfollowing theleadofCommons built upateamby recruitingreporters court more than50. Lords Hansard hasalways beena preferred torecruit journalists. InCommons source ofLordsprimary Hansard staffthroughout ,in settingupanOfficialReport butitsoonappointed in committeetranscriptionwork, hadexpandedto a teamoftenreporters, thoughtwo more were inthe Official Report

“when theirplacesare taken by new girls… This Committee Corridor. DodsShaw ensured that were moved periodonthejob, onafterashort notes.dictate theirshorthand The typistswere debates ineachChamber, aswell asin Westminster worked tankroom, inthenorth above theUpper contract for transcribingselectcommitteeevidence In 2010, Hansard tookover from Gurney’s the In 1909, DodsShaw atfirsthadnoaccommodation Hall, andgrand, legislationandselectcommittees. Hansard. CommonsHansard now hasateamof84 time, theirnumber hadrisentosix, andthey remains aboutonethird thesizeofCommons sessional staffmakingupthenumbers, andtoday smaller department, withafew permanentstaffand sessions inbothHouses. internal friction”, itwasnotedin1950. in sound-proof cubiclessothatreporters could arrangement isunstableandgives risetomuch a third-floor office, where two typists worked and Lords Hansard ateamof35, andthey report leased toHansard pooland from acivilservice for hissmallteam, butby 1915hehadacquired 90 Law, OurHansard, p4. Law, 90 At the At “I shouldlike tosay we allhave great confidence wasfirstpublishedin1909,When theOfficialReport with plainpaper covers inorder tosave 6.5tonsof convenience toMembers”. used until19May 1942, whenthey were replaced Members. As Winston Churchill (1874–1965)said: timetable. The early publicationwasappreciated by to publishingthe than pre-1909 Hansards, whichcouldtake upto wasavailable muchthe OfficialReport more quickly select committeereport, andfrom 1917, withhis bound volume. The bluecovers for were daily parts morning. it appeared intwo formats—as andasa a daily part in HANSARD. Itsearly publicationisanimmense paper ayear for thewareffort. The plainwhite a monthtobeprinted. DodsShaw committed additional staff, hemadeitavailable thefollowing following day, tomeetthetermsof1907 Percy F. Cole, whosewife, besidehim, holdsabunchofflowers. Commons Hansard reporting team, 1947. The first female reporter, Jean Winder, is standing in the middle, behind the then Editor 91 92  HCHansard, 1949, 17February col1350. Michael RushandMalcolmShaw, TheHouseofCommons: Services andFacilitiesServices , 1974, p117. 91 The Lords adoptedthesamepublication by 4pmthe Official Report 92

Glenvil Hall(1887–1962), theFinancialSecretary five atsixpenceeach daily parts would cost2/6or obvious politicisationofmuch ofBritishsociety was rejected becauseitwould bringimmediate Labour victory inthe1945generalelection.Labour victory Buying French Parliamentstilldoes—butthiswasrejected to the wartime savingto thewartime withtheproviso that “the to thedaily part, aweekly editionwasintroduced to the Treasury, considered alternatives, including suggestion ofpublishingadverts ontheinside half acrown, andthiswasdeemedtooexpensive. blue cover istoberestored assoonpossible more people more cheaply, andtocapitalise onthe paper cover isstillusedtoday. The Speaker agreed in January 1946asawayin January ofbringingParliamentto producing a summary ofthedebates—as producing asummary after thewar”, thoughitnever was. as toopolitical. Lowering thecostofdaily part losses, andtheDebatesCommitteerejected Hall’s following theendofsecondworld warandthe 93 Parliamentary Parliamentary Archives, HC/CL/CH/2/2/280–4. 93 Inaddition of Debates,

27 History of Hansard 28 History of Hansard The lastweekly editionfor theLords was 2012, asaway ofreducing printingcosts. of 1/6. MrSpeaker andthe Debates Committee who founded the NonesuchPress and edition, intimefor weekend reading, ataprice covers of the even greater bargainprice ofoneshilling. Pelican books, wasbrought intoproduce the published in2011andthatfor theCommonsin in October1947, butsolditsweekly editionat publication. The House ofLords followed suit publishing allfive inone daily parts weekly agreed andSirFrancisMeynell (1891–1975), 94 Law, OurHansard, pp21–2. Law, Hansard. Hallalsosuggested The Lords weekly in1947. editionstarted The first weekly edition of Hansard, 1946. publishedby theCommons in January 94

The finishedsizeofthefirstCobbett (253 mmx158 mm). The font ishard to Garnett &Co. excelled.” changed in1981to A4 (297mmx210mm), can never beequalled—themodern never type-founders inSheffield, thenew Blake, types andpunchesby CaslonIVtounknown senior saidofCaslonthat, “The ancientstock suggests thatitisaCaslonIIIorIVModern. In his book identify withcertainty, advice butexpert and Hansard volumes wasroyal octavo 96 95

 Hansard, Typographia ibid p355: “Mr Caslonrelinquished hisprofession competitor for fameinthisdifficult business.” ever cause usprinterstoregret thelossof sucha side ofthemetropolis, transferring totheSheffield to enter into a gas-light concern on the north to enterintoagas-lightconcernonthe north founders suchaspecimenoftypeandflowers aswill Typographia 95 Heregretted thesaleofCaslon 96 The sizeoftheprintedHansard , Thomas CursonHansard , p353. 1820), there were 41volumes inthefirstseriesof The font was Times Goudyfor mostofthe As well asthe36volumes ofthe (1892–1908). Following theestablishmentof series (1830–91) and199inthefourth ,Official Report separate serieswere publishedfor 20th century, butisnow Times New Roman10pt or secondseries(1820–30), 356inthethird series on 10.75ptbody. when HerMajesty’s Officemoved Stationery to to1803(publishedbetween 1806and History Parliamentary Debates(1803–20),the Parliamentary 25inthenew metric printingmachines. be adjustedtoaccommodatethelargervolumes. 97

1920, Office, whentheStationery previously HMSO, took The over thecontract: Law, OurHansard, p21. Since 2016, Hansard was privately published until February wasprivately publisheduntilFebruary Official Report for bothHouseshasbeenprinted in-house. and thehistoricalseriespre-1803. this specialcommemorative edition. The total includes allLords Publication of the 3,000th the of Publication 97 Library shelves hadto Library Parliamentary Parliamentary Bound with Hansardmarked was Volume2014 November in

3,000th volume overall wasreached whenthe Commons publishedvolume 587ofitssixth 2014. A commemorative volume waspublished, volume oftheCommons’fifthseries. with adecoratedcover, alongthelinesof end ofthe2010–15Parliament), whiletheLords each House: there were 1,000volumes inthefifth commemorative volume issuedfor the1,000th to theendof2010–15Parliament). Counting series, covering 27Octoberto11November series for theCommons (1909–81), andthere has published760 volumes initsfifthseries(1909 have sofar been594initssixthseries(tothe in allvolumes inallseriesfor bothHouses, the and CommonsHansards,

29 History of Hansard 30 History of Hansard sitting behindthetwo wiggedclerks, centre. reporter Hansard the Bill,with Rule Home Irish the 1921,Lords”.debating in of Chamber House Lords the The addressing Morley “Viscount 9 Women’s Penny Paper hadasked in1890, “Is there When Cobbett and Hansard started producingWhen CobbettandHansard started Reporting Modern Parliamentary or questioned”outsideParliament, andsolegal of theBillRights1689from being “impeached official parliamentary publications.official parliamentary The or abstractfrom” approved publicationsenjoy or civilproceedings beingbrought inrelation to cannot betaken againstMembersfor whatthey Debates becamethe court. Papers UndertheParliamentary Act 1840, can becriminalorinvolve libelorcontemptof It isfor eachHousetodecidewhichofits qualified privilegeifthey canshow that they Hansard haschangedinmany otherways. The the Houses. Members are protected by 9 Article this statusisnotthesameasthatofareport ofa say proceedings. in thecourseofparliamentary select committeeordered tobeprintedby oneof the Housefor publication, andany proceedings that thematerialinquestionisauthorisedby then Speaker, PeelArthur (1829–1912), who reports ofdebatesin1803, theirvolumes were not reporting theproceedings ofParliament totheir by eitherHouseenjoy immunity from legal proceedings—for defamation, for instance— published ingood faithandwithoutmalice. proceedings, andthosepublishingan “extract of publishers ofcopiespublicationsauthorised publication, canbeissuedtoconfirm acertificate proceedings are published. Intheevent ofcriminal picked uptheissuethatyear, andraiseditwiththe against thepublishermust beended. Prosecutions any reason why women shouldbeprevented from fellow-women?” CharlesBradlaugh(1833–91) 98  19 October2006, col 868), andthe Trafigura super-injunction casein2009. Recent examplesinthisarea includeLord Campbell- Savours namingawoman who, asheputit, had “a history ofmakingfalseaccusations” (HL history Official Report in1909,Official Report but Parliamentary Parliamentary Hansard, 98

“exceeded thoseobtainedfor any othermember Gallery Gallery “would leadtoconsequenceswhich at Commons Hansard 30years later, in1944, when of staff. Sheismostwillingandastute”. employing female staff, buthetoldaCommons conceded thatshewas “as good asthemen”, Dods Shaw team: saidofthefirstOfficialReport Dods Shaw may have boastedtohisaudienceof the House as part oftheequalpaythe Houseaspart debatein1951, to theexpedientofemploying girls”. typists were notuptothetaskandhefelt “driven the employment ofgirlsaltogether”; however, male than her male colleagues (a starting salary of£450 salary than hermalecolleagues(astarting replied thatallowing women towork inthePress select committeein1913, “I wasanxioustoavoid rather than£560). The theneditor, Percy F Cole, present itisdifficulttoconceive.” and thatcommendationsonherwork from MPs lower rate ofpay wasdiscussedontheFloorof forces, butshewasemployed onalower salary four Hansard menwere inthearmed serving female reporter, Jean Winder, wasrecruited by 10 or15minutes atatime. Lady 101 100 102 The reporters intheHouseof The reporters They are gentlemen ofeducationand Commons go ondutyfor culture, someofthemwithUniversity extremely well acquaintedwiththe 99 the nameofevery manintheHouse. typists transcribethenotes…It degrees. have astaff…ofthemostskilledand accurate shorthand writerstobe accurate shorthand procedure ofParliament… They know found anywhere inLondon. They are is very quickandaccuratework.is very I  MacDonagh, Reporters’, Gallery p12.  ‘Parliament and Women c.1900–1945’, King’s College, Report fromReport theHouseofCommonsSelect Journalist The Woman Quoted intalkby Mari Takayanagi, “Women in Women andJournalists Writers Committee onPublicationsandDebates, HC224of files/30807371/2012_Takayanagi_Mari_1069335_ethesis. session 1913, pp15, 17. SeeMari Takayanagi PhDthesis, Kent, The Woman Writer: oftheSociety The History news/2014/april/women-in-parliament-in-ww1--ww2- London, pp236–8: https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ pdf, accessed24 April 2015. Parliament in World War One & World Warin WorldOne Two”, WarParliament http://www.parliament.uk/about/art-in-parliament/ by-dr-mari-takayanagi/ 100 , November 1915, quotedinSylvia , accessed24 April 2015. , 2013, ch2. 99 In1915, James 101 102 The first Her

31 History of Hansard 32 History of Hansard intheScottishParliament.the OfficialReport RobinDay sitsaloneatthetopofpress gallery. abovereporters in thepress gallery theSpeaker, immediately above theclock, are HenriettaHales and Steve Hutchinson, both of whom went on to set up (from left)Bevan, Cromwell, Attlee, Chamberlain, Lloyd George, Fox, Pittthe Younger,“The House of Commons, Gladstone, 1986”. Macmillan, Mrs Churchill,Thatcher is addressing the House of Commons in 1986. In the upper left-hand gallery,Wilkes, in the rays Pymand Disraeli. of sunshine, stand The Hansard when Irene Ward MPsaid: The HouseofCommonsisrunon Commons. Butfortunately we stillhave got Mrs. Winder’s permission todraw consider isanintolerable constitutional can standupfor principle, andIhave of theHouse whohave noprotection one woman ontheHANSARDstaff women and men in the country who women andmeninthecountry were toraisehercase intheHouseof the attentionofHouse towhatI that Mr. Speaker hasmadeastrong the basisofequalpay… butthere is she shouldreceive equalpay. Hehas recommendation tothe Treasury that me asnicely as possible thatitmight has turneditdown. Ithasbeenputto made thatrecommendation twice, and onbothoccasionstheChancellor not got equalpay, inspiteofthefact be very distastefulto Mrs.be very Winder ifI position, inwhichwe have servants in theGallery, Mrs. Winder, whohas The first female EditorofDebates, Mary Villiers, Chamber. Hansard nolongerrequires shorthand write down every word thatwas uttered in the decades, writersworked shorthand alongsidethose was appointed inLords Hansard in1984, just Shorthand dominated the 19th-century gallery, dominatedthe19th-century Shorthand but using recordings of the debates, but audio recording Lorraine Sutherland, wasappointed in2005. Bradshaw. The first female editorintheCommons, under 100years sincethe reporters whousedstenograph machinestotake she wassucceededby Carole Boden and Jackie had raisedtheissueoffemale reporters, and meant thatthereporter nolonger neededto introduced intheLords inthe1960s. For two recordsphonetic shorthand ofwhatwassaid, it gave way tocompetition, first from stenographic and thentoreel-to-reel recording, whichwas HC 103 whatever whichhas refused asalary Mr. Speaker.” been specifically recommended by

Hansard, 2 August 1951, col1710. 103 Women’s Penny Paper online accessshow thatCommonsHansard has delivered ineitherChamber, andthisnow receives when recruiting andnow works from digitalaudio In recent years, Parliamenthasattemptedto Hansard 25,000. A draftversion, rolling Hansard, Hansard works. Hansard wasfirstpublishedonthe to dictatetheirwork. The growth ofthemedia to therecordings totypeuptheirreport, while take generalnotesintheChamberandlisten some reporters usevoice-recognition software recordings, whichare accessedonline. Reporters more than25,000uniquehitsmonthly. is available three hoursafter aspeechhasbeen in xml, htmlandpdfformats. Recentfigures for internet in1997, andisnow publishedovernight in Parliamentcontinues toinfluencetheway that inform thepublicaboutitsrole, andthe about 100,000uniquehitspermonth, and 104 https://hansard.parliament.uk/. SeetheBibliography for other links to the parliamentary website. links totheparliamentary  Daily Hansard canbeaccessedhere: The name “Hansard” didnotappear onthecover until1943. ofthe Daily Part to 1942, when it was replaced with a plain paper cover of the war effort. as part coverblue fromthis 1909 with printed was The daily version Report oftheOfficial 104 Lords out whathappens inthePalaceof Westminster, day today whilearguingover politicalissuesand working document, whichMPsandpeersusefrom website demonstratesthecontinuing demand delivering suchinformation. With thegrowth of that issaidanddoneinParliament. the internet, ithasnever beenquicker tofind reporters firsttriedtobreak down thebarriers to say duringtheirdebates. Hansard isofcoursea holding theGovernment toaccount, anditisalso printing accountsofdebates—ingivingpeoplea in thepast. significanceisstilltobe Itsprimary parliamentary website meansof isanimportant parliamentary a vitalhistoricalandlegalrecord ofwhatwassaid and thepopularityofHansard pagesonthe full, accurateandauthoritative report ofeverything found—just asitwasinthe18thcentury, whenthe for awrittenrecord ofwhatparliamentarians

33 History of Hansard 34 History of Hansard possession oftheHansard family untilitspresentation to theHouseofCommonsin1942. Royalthe have the in to in “Lukeappearsbeen Hansard”. exhibited and one 1828 Academythe in on variation a Lukeis Hansardof portrait This

10 Hansard and the Hansards

Hansard Family Tree105

Luke Hansard (1752–1828) printer to the House of Commons

Thomas Curson Hansard Luke Graves Hansard senior James Hansard (1783–1841) (1776–1833) (1781–1849) printer to the owner of Hansard’s House of Commons Parliamentary Debates

Thomas Curson Hansard Henry Hansard junior Luke James Hansard (1820–1904) (1813–91) (1805–89) printer to the owner of Hansard’s House of Commons Parliamentary Debates

Henry Luke Tite Hansard (1855–1916) printer to the House of Commons

105 The family tree shows the leading members in the two family businesses, and other family members mentioned in the text. It is based on John Henry Hansard, The Hansards:

Printers and Publishers, 1970, pp 6–7. History of Hansard 35 Lords Hansard is now printed in-house, and is also available online. History of Hansard 36 Luke Hansard (1752–1828) Henry Hansard (1820–1904)

Luke Hansard of Great Turnstile, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, Henry Hansard, the son of Luke Graves Hansard—he, rose—as a partner with Henry Hughs (1741–1810) and too, left a diary—ran the parliamentary printing branch later as sole proprietor—to become the official printer of the family concern from 1847, when he edged out his to the House of Commons. He was a respected figure unreliable cousin Luke James Hansard (1805–89), until in Parliament, where he was responsible not only for the he passed it on to his own son, Henry Luke Tite Hansard publication of the Commons Journals, but for editing and (1855–1916). HLT Hansard failed in his bid to take over archiving parliamentary papers, including transcripts of the Parliamentary Debates from his father’s first cousin select committee reports and evidence sessions. Although Thomas Curson Hansard junior, and subsequently sold his not directly involved in the history of parliamentary business in 1889.108 reporting, it is to him that Hansard owes its main hallmarks of accuracy, speed, expertise, reliability and, when required, confidentiality. His autobiography, in which he adopted the non-conformist practice of writing the Thomas Curson Hansard senior singular personal pronoun as ‘i’ as a sign of humility, attests (1776–1833) to his devotion to his parliamentary duties.106 Thomas Curson Hansard senior trained as a printer, but left his father Luke Hansard’s business to set up on his own. He is mainly remembered as the publisher of the Luke Graves Hansard (1783–1841) Parliamentary Debates, to which he gave his name. However, he was also an accomplished printer and wrote a vast Luke Hansard’s third son, Luke Graves Hansard, succeeded work on the subject, Typographia: An Historical Sketch of the him as head of the family business in 1828. With his Origin and Progress of the Art of Printing (1825). brother James Hansard (1781–1849), he produced the Catalogue of Parliamentary Reports, and a Breviate of their Contents (1834), one of the most useful of the early Hansard indices. His diary is a record of his long struggle Thomas Curson Hansard junior (1813–91) to maintain his firm’s viability, including in competition with his rivals, the official printers to the House of Lords. Thomas Curson Hansard junior succeeded to the He was supported by the Commons authorities when management of the Parliamentary Debates on his father’s sued for libel in relation to what a witness had said in death in 1833. Another accomplished printer, he wrote evidence to a select committee—Stockdale v Hansard— the articles on printing and type-founding in the seventh but his anxieties were not relieved until such publications edition of Encyclopaedia Britannica (1830–42). He ran the were given qualified parliamentary immunity under the business for 55 years, but sold out in 1888. Parliamentary Papers Act 1840.107

106 Robin Myers (ed), The Auto-biography of Luke Hansard, written in 1817, 1991.

107 P and G Ford (eds), Luke Graves Hansard, his Diary, 1814–1841: History of Hansard

A Case Study in the Reform of Patronage, 1962. 108 Trewin and King, Printer to the House, pp 224–35, 254–7. 37 Appendix: Editors of the Official Report since 1909

House of Lords House of Commons

Arthur Walter 1909–21 Sir James Dods Shaw 1909–16

AA Reid 1921–47 William Turner Perkins 1916–27

SC Ireland 1947–68 Thomas Parr 1927–39

WM Stuart 1968–74 Percival Cornelius 1939–43

GWH Blogg 1974–77 Percy F Cole 1943–47

Charles Stanton1977–82 Thomas O’Donoghue 1947–51

DM Dumbreck 1982–84 Vincent Hamson 1951–54

Mary Villiers 1984–2001 LW Bear 1954–72

Carole Boden 2001–03 Richard Dring 1972–78

Jackie Bradshaw 2003–05 Kenneth Morgan 1979–89

Simon Nicholls 2005–12 Ian Church 1989–2002

John Vice 2012– William Garland 2002–05

Lorraine Sutherland 2005–15

Alex Newton 2015– History of Hansard

38 The Parliamentary History ofEngland, History The Parliamentary From the Cobbett’s Annual Political Register Committee onPublicationsand Debates’Reports, Debates,Committee onParliamentary HC239of Debates,Committee onParliamentary HC213of Debates,Committee onParliamentary HC253of Committee onReporting, HLPaper 66of Reporting,Committee onParliamentary HC203 Reporting,Committee onParliamentary HC327 Proceedings,Committee onParliamentary Bibliography Earliest Period tothe Year 1803, 36vols, 1806–20 of session1888, HL217ofsession1888 of session1878–9 of session1878 damage onthenightof10May 1941, butthe Note: mostoftherecords ofHansard andthe Reports fromReports theHouseofCommonsSelect fromReport theHouseofCommonsSelect fromReport theHouseofCommonsSelect fromReport theHouseofCommonsSelect fromReport theJoint SelectCommitteeon fromReport theHouseofLords Select fromReport theHouseofCommonsSelect fromReport theHouseofCommonsSelect fromReport theHouseofCommonsSelect Debates andProceedings inParliament, HC284 HC 60and285ofsession1909 HC 373ofsession1862 Press Gallery recordsPress Gallery (PRG). Parliamentary Archives hassomeusefulmaterials, ingeneral werePress Gallery lostinthebomb the CostandMethodofPublication session 1907 session 1893–4 session 1892 session 2, 1880 including intheHansard papers (HAN)andthe , vols 1–4, 1802–4 1883, 1883 1814–1841: A CaseStudyintheReform ofPatronage, 1962 Selection from his Autobiography, Diary,, andLetters 3 vols, 1861, vol 1, p421 Speaker oftheHouseCommons, 1802–1817, Stephen: by HimselfforWritten theUseofhis Correspondence ofCharles Abbot, Lord Colchester, Charles, Lord Colchester(ed), and TheDiary Commons: Centenary Volume, 1909–2009, 2009 Children, 1954 Committee onPublicationsandDebates, HC224 2 vols, 1881 Jerdan of session1913 h uoigah ofWilliam [William Jerdan],Autobiography The First and Second Series ofHansard’s andSecondSeries First Parliamentary SC Hall, Retrospect ofaLongLife: From 1815to Sir John (ed), Philippart General Indextothe Memoirs of Sir Thomas Wemyss SirThomas of JReid(ed),Stuart Memoirs Breviate Papers, ofParliamentary 1696–1834, 1953 Debates, 1834 Report fromReport theHouseofCommonsSelect Ian Church (ed), [Hansard], OfficialReport Houseof Robin Myers (ed), The Auto-biography ofLuke Lord HighChancellorofGreat Britain: Consistingofa Reid, 1842–1885, 1905 of Great Britain, CommonlycalledtheUnreported Hansard, in 1817, written 1991 Lords, 1771–1800, 3vols, 2008 House ofCommons, the during Parliament Thirteenth Horace Maybray King(ed), Before Hansard, 1968 Mrs Hardcastle (ed), Life ofJohn, Lord Campbell, Merle MBevington (ed), ofJames TheMemoirs P andGFord (eds), Luke Graves Hansard, hisDiary, P andGFord (eds), Hansard’s Catalogue and James Kelly (ed), Houseof Proceedings oftheIrish J Wright (ed), J Wright Parliament , 4vols, 1852–3 , 2vols, 1841 Sir Henry Cavendish’sSir Henry Debatesofthe

39 History of Hansard James Grant, The Newspaper Press: Its Origin, Progress Ian Church, ‘Compiling the Record: The Making of and Present Position, 3 vols, 1871–2 Hansard’, in Dermot Englefield (ed), Workings of Westminster, 1991, p 65 Charles J Gratton, The Gallery: A Sketch of the History of Parliamentary Reporting and Reporters, 1860 Stephen Farrell, ‘Peers and the Press in Late- 18th-Century Ireland’, Parliamentary History, 2013, John Henry Hansard, The Hansards: Printers and vol 32, p 378 Publishers, 1970 P and G Ford, ‘The Debates’, in their A Guide to Thomas Curson Hansard senior, Typographia: An Parliamentary Papers (3rd edn, 1972), p 63 Historical Sketch of the Origin and Progress of the Art of Printing, 1825 Vincent Hamson, ‘The Production of Hansard’, Parliamentary Affairs, 1954–5, vol 8, p 254 Thomas Curson Hansard junior, Treatises on Printing and Type-founding, from the Seventh Edition of the H Donaldson Jordan, ‘The Reports of Parliamentary Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1841 Debates, 1803–1908’, Economica, 1931, vol 11, p 437

Nikki Hessell, Literary Authors, Parliamentary Writers: WC Lowe, ‘Peers and Printers: The Beginnings of Johnson, Coleridge, Hazlitt, Dickens, 2012 Sustained Press Coverage in the House of Lords in the 1770s’, Parliamentary History, 1988, vol 7 p 241 Sylvia Kent, The Woman Writer: The History of the Society of Women Writers and Journalists, 2013 APW Malcomson, ‘Sir Henry Cavendish and the Proceedings of the Irish House of Commons, William Law, Our Hansard or The True Mirror of 1776–1800’, in DW Hayton (ed), The Irish Parliament in Parliament, 1950 the Eighteenth Century: The Long Apprenticeship, 2001, p 128 Michael MacDonagh, The Reporters’ Gallery, 1913 MH Port, ‘The Official Record’, Parliamentary History, TA Reed, The Shorthand Writer: A Complete Guide to the 1990, vol 9, p 177 Commercial, Professional, and other Uses of Shorthand, 1892 PDG Thomas, ‘The Beginning of Parliamentary Reporting in Newspapers, 1768–1774’, English Michael Rush and Malcolm Shaw, The House of Historical Review, 1959, vol 74, p 623 Commons: Services and Facilities, 1974 Dror Wahrman, ‘Virtual Representation: Parliamentary Andrew Sparrow, Obscure Scribblers: A History of Reporting and the Languages of Class in the 1790s’, Parliamentary Journalism, 2003 Past and Present, 1992, no 163, p 83

JC Trewin and EM King, Printer to the House: The Story Robert Woodall, ‘Before Hansard: Parliamentary of Hansard, 1952 Reporting when it was disapproved by Members’, History Today, March 1973, vol 23, p 195 George Walpole, Some Old Parliamentary Reporters, 1899 For the current Hansard in both Houses: https://hansard.parliament.uk/ Ben Wilson, The Laughter of Triumph: William Hone and the Fight for the Free Press, 2005 To follow Commons Hansard on Twitter: https://twitter.com/CommonsHansard Olive Anderson, ‘Hansard’s Hazards: An Illustration from Recent Interpretations of Married Women’s For Historic Hansard, 1803–2005: Property Law and the 1857 Divorce Act’, English http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/ Historical Review, 1997, vol 5, p 1202 For the history of parliamentary reporting: Arthur Aspinall, ‘The Reporting and Publishing of the http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/ House of Commons Debates, 1771–1834’, in Richard evolutionofparliament/parliamentwork/communicating/ Pares and A. J. P. Taylor (eds), Essays presented to overview/ History of Hansard

40 Sir Lewis Namier, 1956, p 227 Illustrations Page 14 “House of Lords 1859”, William Luson Thomas after original Thomas Robert Macquoid and Frederick John Skill, print, 1859, WOA 6319

All © Parliamentary Art Collection unless otherwise Page 17 Cobbett’s Parliamentary Debates, 1809, stated © House of Lords

Page 19 “The Home Rule Debate in House of Lords 1893 Lord Chancellor about to Put the Question”, Cover “Edward I in Parliament”, monochrome Dickinson and Foster, oil painting, WOA 2945 photographic print , WOA 348 Page 20 “The Lobby of the House of Commons, 1886”, Page iii “Thomas Curson Hansard 1776–1833”, J Lee, by Lib, published by Vanity Fair, colour lithograph, monochrome line engraving, 1824, WOA 420 November 1886, WOA 492

Page vi Rt Hon Lord Fowler, © House of Lords 2017/ Page 22 “Passing of the Parliament Bill in the House Photography by Roger Harris of Lords, 1911”, Samuel Begg (died 1919) [Public Domain], via Wikimedia Commons Page vii Rt Hon John Bercow MP, © Terry Moore/ House of Commons 2017/Photography by Page 26 Detail: Staff of the Official Report, John Terry Moore Benjamin Stone, monochrome photographic print, 1911, WOA 1513 Page x “The House of Lords (tempus Queen Elizabeth)”, Renold Elstrack, monochrome line Page 27 Detail: Staff of the Official Report, ER, engraving, WOA 19 monochrome photographic print, 2nd June 1947, WOA 1512 Page 1 Egyptian scribe, by Unknown Français : Anonyme (Ivo Jansch (Flickr)) [CC BY-SA 2.0 (http:// Page 28 The first weekly edition ofHansard , creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0)], via © House of Lords Wikimedia Commons Page 29 Special commemorative edition 3,000th Page 2 Cicero bust, by original: Gunnar Bach Pedersen; Hansard Bound Volume, © House of Lords for that version: Louis le Grand (Image: Thorvaldsen Cicero.jpg) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons Page 30 “Viscount Morley addressing the House of Lords”, Sir John Lavery, 1921–22, Page 4 “Speaker Lenthall Asserting the Privileges of © CSG CIC Glasgow Museums Collection the Commons Against Charles I when the Attempt was made to Seize the Five Members”, Charles Cope Page 32 “The House of Commons, 1986”, West, waterglass painting, 1866, WOA 2894 June Mendoza, oil painting, 1987, © June Mendoza, WOA 3232 Page 5 left: A Perfect Diurnall of the Passages in Parliament, © House of Lords Page 33 The daily version of the Official Report, © House of Lords Page 5 right: “George II in Parliament 1741–2. A View of the House of Peers”, John Pine after an Page 34 “Luke Hansard”, Samuel Lane, oil painting, original by Hubert-François Gravelot, monochrome WOA 2734 line engraving, WOA 75 Page 36 Lords Hansard, © House of Lords Page 6 The Gentleman’s Magazine, © House of Lords For more information, go to Page 8 “John Wilkes MP”, Robert Edge Pine, www.parliament.uk/art oil painting, 1768, WOA 2935

Page 11 “House of Lords as the Court of Requests”, after original William Heath, watercolour, WOA 2542

Page 12 “William ‘Memory’ Woodfall”, Thomas Beach, oil painting, 1782, WOA 3345 History of Hansard 41