Classification Stephen Taylor
Photo: © All rights reserved by Stephen Taylor i-Biology at Flickr: http://www.flickr.com/photos/sciencevideos/5664230154/ Living MRS GREN: Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity (to change), Growth, Reproduction, Excretion (of waste), Nutrition
Image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification Living MRS GREN: Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity (to change), Growth, Reproduction, Excretion (of waste), Nutrition Three main ‘Domains’ in the Phylogenetic Tree of Life
Tree of life from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-domain_system
Image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification Six Kingdoms from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_(biology) Image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification Some examples of Phyla we need to know
Kingdom Animalia • Porifera • Cnidaria • Platyhelminthes • Annelida • Mollusca • Arthropoda
Kingdom Plantae (Plant phyla are better known as divisions) • Bryophyta • Filicinophyta • Coniferophyta • Angiospermophyta
Six Kingdoms from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_(biology) Image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification As we move down the taxonomic levels, groups become smaller and more closely related. For example, the Phylum Chordata includes the Classes: Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia.
Tree of life, from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree Image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification Click here for full size. What’s the common name for this species in your mother tongues?
manusia
Photo © Stephen Taylor Binomial Nomenclature “Two-name naming system” typed binomial names MUST be Homo sapiens italicized Genus name is species name is handwritten binomial names capitalized NEVER capitalized MUST be underlined If it has been used in your piece of work already, the name can be abbreviated to: H. sapiens (or H. sapiens)
Homo
sapiens
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature Photo © Stephen Taylor Binomial Nomenclature Carolus Linneus (Carl von Linné) 1707-1778
From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus DOMAIN Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species subspecies
Explore this interactive tool: how closely related are your two species? • What does the scale represent? • What is the effect of changing the scale? http://www.wellcometreeoflife.org/interactive
Images from wikipedia. Images from wikipedia. Images from wikipedia. “Anya and Doggie” by Stephen Taylor Images from wikipedia. Images from wikipedia. “Anya and Doggie” by Stephen Taylor Images from wikipedia. http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/fisheries/species-identification/shark-identification-guide http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/fisheries/species-identification/shark-identification-guide http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/fisheries/species-identification/shark-identification-guide http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/fisheries/species-identification/shark-identification-guide http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/fisheries/species-identification/shark-identification-guide http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/fisheries/species-identification/shark-identification-guide
Images from wikipedia. Design a dichotomous key that the other group can apply to correctly identify the species on their cards. Order: Araneae Order: Coleoptera proboscis antennae head fangs cephalothorax thorax legs abdomen wing casings Dichotomous Key: Spiders
1. Yellow stripes on abdomen Yes …………Argiope keyserlingi No: …………………………………. Q2
2. Brown body Yes: …………………………………. Q3 No: …………………………………. Q6
3. Abdomen much larger than cephalothorax Yes: ………… Loxosceles reclusa No: …………………………………. Q4
4. White stripe on abdomen Yes: ………… Hogna colinensis No: …………………………………. Q5
5. Dark dots on abdomen Yes: …………Heteropoda maxima No: ………… Tegenaria agrestis
6. Red mark on abdomen Yes: ………… Latrodectus tredecimguttatus No: …………… Q7
7. Red fangs Yes: …………… male Missulena bradleyi No: ……………female Missulena bradleyi Dichotomous Key: Beetles
1. Visible proboscis Yes …………………………………. Q2 No: …………………………………. Q3
2. Brown body Dark brown ……… Sitophilius granarius Light brown……… Anthonomus grandis
3. Striped wing case Yes: ……………………………….. Q4 No: …………………………………. Q5
4. Stripes are: Black / light-brown - Leptinotarsa decemlineata Black / white / brown – Leptinotarsa juncta
5. Wing casing is Red & spotted … Coccinella septempunctata Dark ……………….. Q6
6. Legs are: Dark, yellow antenna: Tragodendron fascilatum Yellow: …………………….. Q7
7. Yellow legs are adapted for: Walking: …………… Sphaerius acaroides Swimming: ………… Gyrinus natator Dichotomous Key: Beetles Dichotomous Key: Spiders
1. Visible proboscis 1. Yellow stripes on abdomen Yes …………………………………. Q2 Yes …………Argiope keyserlingi No: …………………………………. Q3 No: …………………………………. Q2
2. Brown body 2. Brown body Dark brown ……… Sitophilius granarius Yes: …………………………………. Q3 Light brown……… Anthonomus grandis No: …………………………………. Q6
3. Striped wing case 3. Abdomen much larger than cephalothorax Yes: ……………………………….. Q4 Yes: ………… Loxosceles reclusa No: …………………………………. Q5 No: …………………………………. Q4
4. Stripes are: 4. White stripe on abdomen Black / light-brown - Leptinotarsa decemlineata Yes: ………… Hogna colinensis Black / white / brown – Leptinotarsa juncta No: …………………………………. Q5
5. Wing casing is 5. Dark dots on abdomen Red & spotted … Coccinella septempunctata Yes: …………Heteropoda maxima Dark ……………….. Q6 No: ………… Tegenaria agrestis
6. Legs are: 6. Red mark on abdomen Dark, yellow antenna: Tragodendron fascilatum Yes: ………… Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Yellow: …………………….. Q7 No: …………… Q7
7. Yellow legs are adapted for: 7. Red fangs Walking: …………… Sphaerius acaroides Yes: …………… male Missulena bradleyi Swimming: ………… Gyrinus natator No: ……………female Missulena bradleyi Images from wikipedia. http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/fisheries/species-identification/shark-identification-guide http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/fisheries/species-identification/shark-identification-guide
Click on the images above to find out more about each division (phylum). Images from wikipedia. Chlorophyta (algae)
3654846926 flickrcc.net Foundon
/photos/25898159@N07/ www.flickr.com Image: ENImage: 'MAGIA HYDRODICTYON' http://
None.
Vasculature: Vasculature:
Marine, freshwater, terrestrial. terrestrial. freshwater, Marine, Photosynthetic, small. small. Photosynthetic, Appearance: Appearance: Very simple, small plants. (under 50cm) Furry Appearance
Vasculature: None: bryophytes absorb moisture from their humid surroundings and have minimally specialised structures.
Reproduction: Spores released from stalk capsules (sporangia)
Image: 'White Branch Falls' Found on flickrcc.net http://www.flickr.com/photos/31246066@N04/5031218685 Vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) are transport networks to carry resources and waste around the plant.
This allows the plant to be bigger, with more specialised parts.
Image: 'Green Leaf' Found on flickrcc.net http://www.flickr.com/photos/47643206@N00/2209559360 Filicinophyta (ferns)
Appearance: Roots, leaves, short stems Max. height 15m. Leaves in section & may be curled up.
Vasculature: Xylem & Phloem Not woody.
Reproduction: Spores released sporangia Image: 'His Fingerprints' Found on flickrcc.net (capsules under the leaves) http://www.flickr.com/photos/46042146@N00/2401553287 Coniferophyta Appearance: Woody trees Leaves are needles Up to 100m
Vasculature: Xylem & Phloem
Woody
(conifers)
Reproduction: Female cones contain seeds
Image: I am in love with the green earth, Charles Lamb' Found on flickrcc.net
http://www.flickr.com/photos/31246066@N04/4573554416
Flowering Angiospermophyta plants
Appearance: Flowering plants Roots, stems, leaves Up to 100m.
Vasculature: Xylem & Phloem
Reproduction: Seeds dispersed through fruits.
Pollination through flowers. Photo by Stephen Taylor Distinguish between these phyla of plants.
Max. Appearance Reproduction Memorandum Size
Bryophyta (mosses)
Filicinophyta (ferns)
Coniferophyta (conifers/pines)
Angiospermophyta (flowering plants) Distinguish between these phyla of plants.
Max. Appearance Reproduction Memorandum Size
Bryophyta Small, furry, no Spores, from Bryophyte vasculature. Cover rocks, 50cm sporangia on stalk = (mosses) trees, etc. in wet areas. capsules. Bit Phurry
Filicinophyta Filicinophyta Non-woody. Leaves in Spores, from sections, may be curled 15m sporangia under = (ferns) up. leaves. Ferns
Conifer Coniferophyta Woody trees with Seeds stored and needle-like leaves and 100m released from female = (conifers/pines) cones. cones. Cones
Spores, distributed Angiosperm Angiospermophyta Roots, stems and leaves. through fruits. 100m = Produce flowers. Flowers for (flowering plants) Pollen flowers pollination. Click on the images above to find out more about each division (phylum). Images from wikipedia. Porifera (sponges) Symmetry None
Digestion No mouth or anus Filter food from currents
Segmentation None
Notes Pore = hole Attached to rocky surfaces
Image: 'remparts' Found on flickrcc.net http://www.flickr.com/photos/37071060@N06/3935753017 Symmetry Radial
Digestion Mouth, no anus
Segmentation None
Notes Tentacles around mouth Many have stinging cells Cnidaria (jellies & anemones)
Image: 'jellies01' Found on flickrcc.net http://www.flickr.com/photos/16863501@N00/15711291
Image: ‘Clownfisch/ Anemonenfisch (cc)’ Found on flickrcc.net http://www.flickr.com/photos/45409431@N00/2039988461 Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Symmetry Bilateral
Digestion Mouth, no anus
Segmentation None
Notes Ribbon-shaped Many are parasites
Image: 'Pseudoceros dimidiatus' Found on flickrcc.net http://www.flickr.com/photos/82825649@N00/438039243 Annelida (segmented worms)
Symmetry Bilateral
Digestion Notes Mouth & anus May be bristled
Segmentation Includes earthworms, leeches Yes – segmented Image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alitta_virens
Annelida
(segmentedworms)
Image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alitta_virens Mollusca
Symmetry Bilateral
Digestion Mouth & anus
Segmentation Not visibly
Notes Image: 'slow down' Found on flickrcc.net Hugely diverse group http://www.flickr.com/photos/72093892@N00/4153613907 Mollusca
Symmetry Bilateral
Digestion Mouth & anus
Segmentation Not visibly
Notes Image: 'Squid' Found on flickrcc.net Hugely diverse group http://www.flickr.com/photos/41059842@N03/8728416814 Arthropoda
Symmetry Bilateral
Digestion Mouth & anus
Segmentation Segmented, jointed
Notes Image: 'Out for a Stroll' Found on flickrcc.net http://www.flickr.com/photos/10676369@N07/3029291811 Exoskeleton, joints Distinguish between these phyla of invertebrates.
Symmetry Digestive Tract Segmentation Other Features Porifera (porous), Porifera No mouth or anus None None attached to rocks/ (filter feeders) (sponges) coral Cnidaria Tentacles around (jellies & Radial Mouth, no anus None mouth, may have anemones) stinging cells
Platyhelminthes Many flatworms are Bilateral Mouth, no anus None (flat worms) parasites
Annelida Highly Often bristly Bilateral Mouth & anus Includes earthworms (segmented worms) segmented and leeches
Very diverse, including Mollusca Bilateral Mouth & anus Not visible snails, squid
Exoskeletons Arthropoda Bilateral Mouth & anus Segmented Jointed limbs Distinguish between these phyla of invertebrates.
Symmetry Digestive Tract Segmentation Other Features Porifera (sponges) Cnidaria (jellies & anemones) Platyhelminthes (flat worms)
Annelida (segmented worms)
Mollusca
Arthropoda Dominoes: print 2-3 sets per group. Classification Dominoes
spares
• Groups of 2-4. • Each player needs a set of dominoes. • Put all the dominoes together & mix them up. • Deal out 6 dominoes per player. • The leftovers go in the ‘spare’ pile, face-down.
Playing The Game: 1. Take one ‘spare’ and place it face-up on the desk. 2. The first player to spot that they can connect one of their dominoes goes first. 3. Play continues clock-wise until all players have correctly used all their dominoes. 4. If you cannot place a domino correctly on your turn, take one of the spares. Play passes you.
Dichotomous Key Practice Practice with a partner and play ‘guess who’ with
the 10 phyla you need to know. • One partner picks a phylum at random 1. Cell walls: • The other uses the key to deduce the answer. Present: …………..Kingdom Plantae go to Q2 • Check each others’ understanding. Not present: ……Kingdom Animalia go to Q5 • What other features can you remember about
2. Vasculature each phylum? Present: …………………………………………………Q3 Not present (too small): ………………………….Phylum Bryophyta
3. Reproduction: Spores in sporangia under leaves: ………….Phylum Filicinophyta Seeds …………………………………………………….. Q4
4. Seeds in: Female cones: ………………………………………. Phylum Coniferophyta Fruits: ……………………………………………………. Phylum Angiospermophyta
5. Symmetry: 7. Exoskeleton: None: …………Phylum Porifera Present: ………. Phylum Arthropoda Radial: …………Phylum Cnidaria Not present: .. Phylum Annelida Bilateral: ……..Q6
6. Segmentation 8. Digestive tract: Visible: ………………… Q7 Mouth, no anus: ………. Phylum Platyhelminthes Not visible: …………… Q8 Mouth & anus: .. ………. Phylum Mollusca
Dichotomous Key Practice Practice with a partner and play ‘guess who’ with
the 10 phyla you need to know. • One partner picks a phylum at random 1. Cell walls: • The other uses the key to deduce the answer. Present: …………..Kingdom Plantae go to Q2 • Check each others’ understanding. Not present: ……Kingdom Animalia go to Q5 • What other features can you remember about
2. Vasculature each phylum? Present: …………………………………………………Q3 Not present (too small): ………………………….Phylum Bryophyta
3. Reproduction: Spores in sporangia under leaves: ………….Phylum Filicinophyta Seeds …………………………………………………….. Q4
4. Seeds in: Female cones: ………………………………………. Phylum Coniferophyta Fruits: ……………………………………………………. Phylum Angiospermophyta
5. Symmetry: 7. Exoskeleton: None: …………Phylum Porifera Present: ………. Phylum Arthropoda Radial: …………Phylum Cnidaria Not present: .. Phylum Annelida Bilateral: ……..Q6
6. Segmentation 8. Digestive tract: Visible: ………………… Q7 Mouth, no anus: ………. Phylum Platyhelminthes Not visible: …………… Q8 Mouth & anus: .. ………. Phylum Mollusca