Classification Stephen Taylor Photo: © All rights reserved by Stephen Taylor i-Biology at Flickr: http://www.flickr.com/photos/sciencevideos/5664230154/ Living MRS GREN: Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity (to change), Growth, Reproduction, Excretion (of waste), Nutrition Image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification Living MRS GREN: Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity (to change), Growth, Reproduction, Excretion (of waste), Nutrition Three main ‘Domains’ in the Phylogenetic Tree of Life Tree of life from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-domain_system Image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification Six Kingdoms from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_(biology) Image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification Some examples of Phyla we need to know Kingdom Animalia • Porifera • Cnidaria • Platyhelminthes • Annelida • Mollusca • Arthropoda Kingdom Plantae (Plant phyla are better known as divisions) • Bryophyta • Filicinophyta • Coniferophyta • Angiospermophyta Six Kingdoms from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_(biology) Image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification As we move down the taxonomic levels, groups become smaller and more closely related. For example, the Phylum Chordata includes the Classes: Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia. Tree of life, from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree Image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification Click here for full size. What’s the common name for this species in your mother tongues? manusia Photo © Stephen Taylor Binomial Nomenclature “Two-name naming system” typed binomial names MUST be Homo sapiens italicized Genus name is species name is handwritten binomial names capitalized NEVER capitalized MUST be underlined If it has been used in your piece of work already, the name can be abbreviated to: H. sapiens (or H. sapiens) Homo sapiens http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature Photo © Stephen Taylor Binomial Nomenclature Carolus Linneus (Carl von Linné) 1707-1778 From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus DOMAIN Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species subspecies Explore this interactive tool: how closely related are your two species? • What does the scale represent? • What is the effect of changing the scale? http://www.wellcometreeoflife.org/interactive Images from wikipedia. Images from wikipedia. Images from wikipedia. “Anya and Doggie” by Stephen Taylor Images from wikipedia. Images from wikipedia. “Anya and Doggie” by Stephen Taylor Images from wikipedia. http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/fisheries/species-identification/shark-identification-guide http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/fisheries/species-identification/shark-identification-guide http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/fisheries/species-identification/shark-identification-guide http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/fisheries/species-identification/shark-identification-guide http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/fisheries/species-identification/shark-identification-guide http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/fisheries/species-identification/shark-identification-guide Images from wikipedia. Design a dichotomous key that the other group can apply to correctly identify the species on their cards. Order: Araneae Order: Coleoptera proboscis antennae head fangs cephalothorax thorax legs abdomen wing casings Dichotomous Key: Spiders 1. Yellow stripes on abdomen Yes …………Argiope keyserlingi No: …………………………………. Q2 2. Brown body Yes: …………………………………. Q3 No: …………………………………. Q6 3. Abdomen much larger than cephalothorax Yes: ………… Loxosceles reclusa No: …………………………………. Q4 4. White stripe on abdomen Yes: ………… Hogna colinensis No: …………………………………. Q5 5. Dark dots on abdomen Yes: …………Heteropoda maxima No: ………… Tegenaria agrestis 6. Red mark on abdomen Yes: ………… Latrodectus tredecimguttatus No: …………… Q7 7. Red fangs Yes: …………… male Missulena bradleyi No: ……………female Missulena bradleyi Dichotomous Key: Beetles 1. Visible proboscis Yes …………………………………. Q2 No: …………………………………. Q3 2. Brown body Dark brown ……… Sitophilius granarius Light brown……… Anthonomus grandis 3. Striped wing case Yes: ……………………………….. Q4 No: …………………………………. Q5 4. Stripes are: Black / light-brown - Leptinotarsa decemlineata Black / white / brown – Leptinotarsa juncta 5. Wing casing is Red & spotted … Coccinella septempunctata Dark ……………….. Q6 6. Legs are: Dark, yellow antenna: Tragodendron fascilatum Yellow: …………………….. Q7 7. Yellow legs are adapted for: Walking: …………… Sphaerius acaroides Swimming: ………… Gyrinus natator Dichotomous Key: Beetles Dichotomous Key: Spiders 1. Visible proboscis 1. Yellow stripes on abdomen Yes …………………………………. Q2 Yes …………Argiope keyserlingi No: …………………………………. Q3 No: …………………………………. Q2 2. Brown body 2. Brown body Dark brown ……… Sitophilius granarius Yes: …………………………………. Q3 Light brown……… Anthonomus grandis No: …………………………………. Q6 3. Striped wing case 3. Abdomen much larger than cephalothorax Yes: ……………………………….. Q4 Yes: ………… Loxosceles reclusa No: …………………………………. Q5 No: …………………………………. Q4 4. Stripes are: 4. White stripe on abdomen Black / light-brown - Leptinotarsa decemlineata Yes: ………… Hogna colinensis Black / white / brown – Leptinotarsa juncta No: …………………………………. Q5 5. Wing casing is 5. Dark dots on abdomen Red & spotted … Coccinella septempunctata Yes: …………Heteropoda maxima Dark ……………….. Q6 No: ………… Tegenaria agrestis 6. Legs are: 6. Red mark on abdomen Dark, yellow antenna: Tragodendron fascilatum Yes: ………… Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Yellow: …………………….. Q7 No: …………… Q7 7. Yellow legs are adapted for: 7. Red fangs Walking: …………… Sphaerius acaroides Yes: …………… male Missulena bradleyi Swimming: ………… Gyrinus natator No: ……………female Missulena bradleyi Images from wikipedia. http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/fisheries/species-identification/shark-identification-guide http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/fisheries/species-identification/shark-identification-guide Click on the images above to find out more about each division (phylum). Images from wikipedia. Appearance: Chlorophyta Photosynthetic, small. Marine, freshwater, terrestrial. Vasculature: None. (algae) Image: 'MAGIA EN HYDRODICTYON' Found on flickrcc.net http://www.flickr.com/photos/25898159@N07/3654846926 Appearance: Very simple, small plants. (under 50cm) Furry Appearance Vasculature: None: bryophytes absorb moisture from their humid surroundings and have minimally specialised structures. Reproduction: Spores released from stalk capsules (sporangia) Image: 'White Branch Falls' Found on flickrcc.net http://www.flickr.com/photos/31246066@N04/5031218685 Vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) are transport networks to carry resources and waste around the plant. This allows the plant to be bigger, with more specialised parts. Image: 'Green Leaf' Found on flickrcc.net http://www.flickr.com/photos/47643206@N00/2209559360 Filicinophyta (ferns) Appearance: Roots, leaves, short stems Max. height 15m. Leaves in section & may be curled up. Vasculature: Xylem & Phloem Not woody. Reproduction: Spores released sporangia Image: 'His Fingerprints' Found on flickrcc.net (capsules under the leaves) http://www.flickr.com/photos/46042146@N00/2401553287 Coniferophyta Appearance: Woody trees Leaves are needles Up to 100m Vasculature: Xylem & Phloem Woody (conifers) Reproduction: Female cones contain seeds Image: I am in love with the green earth, Charles Lamb' Found on flickrcc.net http://www.flickr.com/photos/31246066@N04/4573554416 Flowering Angiospermophyta plants Appearance: Flowering plants Roots, stems, leaves Up to 100m. Vasculature: Xylem & Phloem Reproduction: Seeds dispersed through fruits. Pollination through flowers. Photo by Stephen Taylor Distinguish between these phyla of plants. Max. Appearance Reproduction Memorandum Size Bryophyta (mosses) Filicinophyta (ferns) Coniferophyta (conifers/pines) Angiospermophyta (flowering plants) Distinguish between these phyla of plants. Max. Appearance Reproduction Memorandum Size Bryophyta Small, furry, no Spores, from Bryophyte vasculature. Cover rocks, 50cm sporangia on stalk = (mosses) trees, etc. in wet areas. capsules. Bit Phurry Filicinophyta Filicinophyta Non-woody. Leaves in Spores, from sections, may be curled 15m sporangia under = (ferns) up. leaves. Ferns Conifer Coniferophyta Woody trees with Seeds stored and needle-like leaves and 100m released from female = (conifers/pines) cones. cones. Cones Spores, distributed Angiosperm Angiospermophyta Roots, stems and leaves. through fruits. 100m = Produce flowers. Flowers for (flowering plants) Pollen flowers pollination. Click on the images above to find out more about each division (phylum). Images from wikipedia. Porifera (sponges) Symmetry None Digestion No mouth or anus Filter food from currents Segmentation None Notes Pore = hole Attached to rocky surfaces Image: 'remparts' Found on flickrcc.net http://www.flickr.com/photos/37071060@N06/3935753017 Symmetry Radial Digestion Mouth, no anus Segmentation None Notes Tentacles around mouth Many have stinging cells Cnidaria (jellies & anemones) Image: 'jellies01' Found on flickrcc.net http://www.flickr.com/photos/16863501@N00/15711291 Image: ‘Clownfisch/ Anemonenfisch (cc)’ Found on flickrcc.net http://www.flickr.com/photos/45409431@N00/2039988461 Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Symmetry Bilateral Digestion Mouth, no anus Segmentation None Notes Ribbon-shaped Many are parasites Image: 'Pseudoceros dimidiatus' Found on flickrcc.net http://www.flickr.com/photos/82825649@N00/438039243 Annelida (segmented worms) Symmetry Bilateral Digestion Notes Mouth & anus May