Body Forms of Cnidarians
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Title the SYSTEMATIC POSITION of the STAUROMEDUSAE Author(S
THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF THE Title STAUROMEDUSAE Author(s) Uchida, Tohru PUBLICATIONS OF THE SETO MARINE BIOLOGICAL Citation LABORATORY (1973), 20: 133-139 Issue Date 1973-12-19 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/175784 Right Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF THE STAUROMEDUSAE ToHRU UCHIDA Biological Laboratory, Imperial Household, Tokyo With 2 Text-figures The Stauromedusae have hitherto been referred together with the Cubomedusae to the subclass Scyphostomidae in the Scyphomedusae. Recently, however, the life cycle of the cubomedusa, Tripedalia cystophora became clear by WERNER, CuTRESS and STUDEBACKER (1971) and it was established that the Cubomedusae only stand in a quite separate position from other orders of Scyphomedusae. On the other hand, WERNER who published several papers on the Scyphozoan polyp, Stephanoscyphus (1966-1971) laid stress on the fact that Stephanoscyphus can be linked directly with the extinct fossil group of the Conulata and concluded that the Coronatae represent the most basic group of all living Scyphomedusae with the exception of Cubomedusae. Such being the case, the systematic position of the Stauromedusae remains proble matical. The present writer is of the opinion that the Stauromedusae are to be entitled to the Ephyridae and are closely related to the Discomedusae, though there occurs no strobilation in the order. The body of Stauromedusae is composed of two parts; the upper octomerous medusan part and the lower tetramerous scyphistoma portion. No strobilation and no ephyra. Throughout their life history, they lack pelagic life entirely; an egg develops to the solid blastula, which becomes to the planula. -
Distribución Y Abundancia Espacial Y Temporal De Stomolophus Meleagris (Rhizostomae: Stomolophidae) En Un Sistema Lagunar Del Sur Del Golfo De México
Distribución y abundancia espacial y temporal de Stomolophus meleagris (Rhizostomae: Stomolophidae) en un sistema lagunar del sur del Golfo de México Francisco Javier Félix Torres1, Arturo Garrido Mora1, Yessenia Sánchez Alcudia1, Alberto de Jesús Sánchez Martínez2, Andrés Arturo Granados Berber1 & José Luis Ramos Palma1 1. Laboratorio de Pesquerías, Centro de Investigación para la Conservación y Aprovechamiento de Recursos Tropicales (CICART). División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas. Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco. Tabasco, México; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2. Laboratorio de Humedales. Centro de Investigación para la Conservación y Aprovechamiento de Recursos Tropicales (CICART). División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas. Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco. Tabasco, México; [email protected] Recibido 07-IV-2016. Corregido 04-X-2016. Aceptado 02-XI-2016. Abstract: Spatial and temporal abundance and distribution of Stomolophus meleagris (Rhizostomae: Stomolophidae) in a lagoon system Southern Gulf of Mexico. The scyphomedusae feed mainly on micro- scopic crustaceans, eggs and fish larvae, molluscs and some other jellyfishes. The distribution and abundance of the scyphomedusae has an economic and ecological impact as they are predators that have an influence on the population dynamics of other fisheries. This investigation took place in the lagoon system ‘Arrastradero- Redonda’, Tabasco, from September 2013 to August 2014, with the purpose to provide information on the distri- bution, and spatial and temporal abundance of Stomolophus meleagris; along with its relation to environmental parameters. A total of 10 stations were defined and biological samples were taken on a monthly basis during this annual cycle. For this purpose, three pulls with a beach seine monofilament (20 m long by 3 m height, mesh opening 1.5 cm, 5 to 10 minutes) per station were made within a 1 km2 area. -
Comprehensive Phylogenomic Analyses Resolve Cnidarian Relationships and the Origins of Key Organismal Traits
Comprehensive phylogenomic analyses resolve cnidarian relationships and the origins of key organismal traits Ehsan Kayal1,2, Bastian Bentlage1,3, M. Sabrina Pankey5, Aki H. Ohdera4, Monica Medina4, David C. Plachetzki5*, Allen G. Collins1,6, Joseph F. Ryan7,8* Authors Institutions: 1. Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution 2. UPMC, CNRS, FR2424, ABiMS, Station Biologique, 29680 Roscoff, France 3. Marine Laboratory, university of Guam, UOG Station, Mangilao, GU 96923, USA 4. Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA 5. Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA 6. National Systematics Laboratory, NOAA Fisheries, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution 7. Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St Augustine, FL, USA 8. Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.3172v1 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 21 Aug 2017, publ: 21 Aug 20171 Abstract Background: The phylogeny of Cnidaria has been a source of debate for decades, during which nearly all-possible relationships among the major lineages have been proposed. The ecological success of Cnidaria is predicated on several fascinating organismal innovations including symbiosis, colonial body plans and elaborate life histories, however, understanding the origins and subsequent diversification of these traits remains difficult due to persistent uncertainty surrounding the evolutionary relationships within Cnidaria. While recent phylogenomic studies have advanced our knowledge of the cnidarian tree of life, no analysis to date has included genome scale data for each major cnidarian lineage. Results: Here we describe a well-supported hypothesis for cnidarian phylogeny based on phylogenomic analyses of new and existing genome scale data that includes representatives of all cnidarian classes. -
Population Structures and Levels of Connectivity for Scyphozoan and Cubozoan Jellyfish
diversity Review Population Structures and Levels of Connectivity for Scyphozoan and Cubozoan Jellyfish Michael J. Kingsford * , Jodie A. Schlaefer and Scott J. Morrissey Marine Biology and Aquaculture, College of Science and Engineering and ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; [email protected] (J.A.S.); [email protected] (S.J.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Understanding the hierarchy of populations from the scale of metapopulations to mesopop- ulations and member local populations is fundamental to understanding the population dynamics of any species. Jellyfish by definition are planktonic and it would be assumed that connectivity would be high among local populations, and that populations would minimally vary in both ecological and genetic clade-level differences over broad spatial scales (i.e., hundreds to thousands of km). Although data exists on the connectivity of scyphozoan jellyfish, there are few data on cubozoans. Cubozoans are capable swimmers and have more complex and sophisticated visual abilities than scyphozoans. We predict, therefore, that cubozoans have the potential to have finer spatial scale differences in population structure than their relatives, the scyphozoans. Here we review the data available on the population structures of scyphozoans and what is known about cubozoans. The evidence from realized connectivity and estimates of potential connectivity for scyphozoans indicates the following. Some jellyfish taxa have a large metapopulation and very large stocks (>1000 s of km), while others have clade-level differences on the scale of tens of km. Data on distributions, genetics of medusa and Citation: Kingsford, M.J.; Schlaefer, polyps, statolith shape, elemental chemistry of statoliths and biophysical modelling of connectivity J.A.; Morrissey, S.J. -
Sponges) and Phylum Cnidaria (Jellyfish, Sea Anemones and Corals
4/14/2014 Kingdom Animalia: Phylum Porifera (sponges) and Phylum Cnidaria (jellyfish, sea anemones and corals) 1 4/14/2014 Animals have different types of symmetry AsymmetricalÆ Radial Æ Bilateral Æ Embryo development provides information about how animal groups are related Blastula: hallow with a single layer of cells Gastrula: results in two layers of cells and cavity (gut) with one opening (blastopore) Cavity reaches the other side and the gut is like a tube Some cells from a third layer of cells A second cavityyg forms between the gut and the outside of the animal 2 4/14/2014 Animals have different number of true tissue layers and different type of gut No true tissuesÆ Two tissue layers Æ Three tissue layersÆ No gutÆ Sac like gutÆ Tube like gutÆ Phylum Porifera: Simplest of Animals Sponges: No tissues, no symmetry Intracellular digestion, no digestive system or cavity Collar cells or choanocytes Support by spicules or spongin fibers 3 4/14/2014 Procedure 1 • Grantia sponge Locate osculum • Sponge spicules Bell Labs Research on Deep-Sea Sponge Yields Substantial Mechanical Engineering Insights 4 4/14/2014 Medications from Sponges Thirty percent of all potential new natural medicine has been isolated in sponges. About 75% of the recently registered and patented material to fight cancer comes from sponges. Furthermore, it appears that medicine from sponges helps, for example, asthma and psoriasis; therefore it offers enormous possibilities for research. Eribulin, a novel chemotherapy drug derived from a sea sponge, improves survival in heavily-pretreated metastatic breast cancer. Phylum Cnidaria Coral Sea Anemone Man-of-war Hydra Jellyfish 5 4/14/2014 Phylum Cnidaria Tissues: Endoderm Ectoderm Type of gut: Symmetry: Radial Cnidocytes or Stinging cells Polyp or Medusa form Importance Some jellyfish are considered a delicacy Corals: Medicines cabinets for the 21st century cancer cell inhibitor Sunscreen 6 4/14/2014 Procedure 2 2. -
On Some Hydroids (Cnidaria) from the Coast of Pakistan
Pakistan J. Zool., vol. 38(3), pp. 225-232, 2006. On Some Hydroids (Cnidaria) from the Coast of Pakistan NASEEM MOAZZAM AND MOHAMMAD MOAZZAM Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan (NM) and Marine Fisheries Department, Government of Pakistan, Fish Harbour, West Wharf, Karachi 74900, Pakistan (MM) Abstract .- The paper deals with the occurrence of eleven species of the hydroids from the coast of Pakistan. All the species are reported for the first time from Pakistan. These species are Hydractinia epidocleensis, Pennaria disticha, Eudendrium capillare, Orthopyxis cf. crenata, Clytia noliformis, C. hummelincki, Dynamena crisioides, D. quadridentata, Sertularia distans, Pycnotheca mirabilis and Macrorhynchia philippina. Key words: Hydroids, Coelenterata, Pakistan, Hydractinia, Pennaria, Eudendrium, Orthopyxis, Clytia, Dynamena, Sertularia, Pycnotheca, Macrorhynchia. INTRODUCTION used in the paper are derived from Millard (1975), Gibbons and Ryland (1989), Ryland and Gibbons (1991). In comparison to other invertebrates, TAXONOMIC ENUMERATION hydroids are one of the least known groups of marine animals from the coast of Pakistan Haque Family BOUGAINVILLIIDAE (1977) reported a few Cnidaria from the Pakistani Genus HYDRACTINIA Van Beneden, 1841 coast including two hydroids i.e. Plumularia flabellum Allman, 1883 (= P. insignis Allman, 1. Hydractinia epidocleensis Leloup, 1931 1883) and Campanularia juncea Allman, 1874 (= (Fig. 1) Thyroscyphus junceus (Allman, 1876) from Keamari and Bhit Island, Karachi, respectively. Ahmed and Hameed (1999), Ahmed et al. (1978) and Haq et al. (1978) have mentioned the presence of hydroids in various habitats along the coast of Pakistan. Javed and Mustaquim (1995) reported Sertularia turbinata (Lamouroux, 1816) from Manora Channel, Karachi. The present paper describes eleven species of Cnidaria collected from the Pakistani coast all of which are new records for Pakistan. -
Cnidarian Immunity and the Repertoire of Defense Mechanisms in Anthozoans
biology Review Cnidarian Immunity and the Repertoire of Defense Mechanisms in Anthozoans Maria Giovanna Parisi 1,* , Daniela Parrinello 1, Loredana Stabili 2 and Matteo Cammarata 1,* 1 Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; [email protected] 2 Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.G.P.); [email protected] (M.C.) Received: 10 August 2020; Accepted: 4 September 2020; Published: 11 September 2020 Abstract: Anthozoa is the most specious class of the phylum Cnidaria that is phylogenetically basal within the Metazoa. It is an interesting group for studying the evolution of mutualisms and immunity, for despite their morphological simplicity, Anthozoans are unexpectedly immunologically complex, with large genomes and gene families similar to those of the Bilateria. Evidence indicates that the Anthozoan innate immune system is not only involved in the disruption of harmful microorganisms, but is also crucial in structuring tissue-associated microbial communities that are essential components of the cnidarian holobiont and useful to the animal’s health for several functions including metabolism, immune defense, development, and behavior. Here, we report on the current state of the art of Anthozoan immunity. Like other invertebrates, Anthozoans possess immune mechanisms based on self/non-self-recognition. Although lacking adaptive immunity, they use a diverse repertoire of immune receptor signaling pathways (PRRs) to recognize a broad array of conserved microorganism-associated molecular patterns (MAMP). The intracellular signaling cascades lead to gene transcription up to endpoints of release of molecules that kill the pathogens, defend the self by maintaining homeostasis, and modulate the wound repair process. -
Current Understanding of the Circadian Clock Within Cnidaria 31
Current Understanding of the Circadian Clock Within Cnidaria 31 Kenneth D. Hoadley , Peter D. Vize , and Sonja J. Pyott Abstract Molecularly-based timing systems drive many periodic biological processes in both animals and plants. In cnidarians these periodic processes include daily cycles in metabolism, growth, and tentacle and body wall movements and monthly or yearly reproductive activity. In this chapter we review the current understanding of biological clocks in the cnidaria, with an empha- sis on the molecular underpinnings of these processes. The genes that form this molecular clock and drive biological rhythms in well-characterized genetic systems such as Drosophila and mouse are highly conserved in cnidarians and, like these model systems, display diel cycles in transcription levels. In addition to describing the clock genes, we also review potential entrain- ing systems and discuss the broader implications of biological clocks in cnidarian biology. Keywords Circadian rhythms • Biological clocks • Reproductive timing • Non-visual photodetection • Light perception 31.1 Overview of studies focusing on the molecular basis of the circadian clock . Across species, from bacteria, to fungi, to plants and Entrainment of physiological rhythms to environmental cues animals, this molecular circadian clock involves transcription is ubiquitous among living organisms and allows coordination and translation feedback loops with a self-sustained period of of biology and behavior with daily environmental changes . about 24 h (reviewed in Dunlap 1999 ). Investigation in the This coordination improves survival and reproductive fi tness , model genetic species, mouse and fl y, has identifi ed a core set and, thus, it is not surprising that an endogenous “clock” has of genes that form the central oscillator in animals (reviewed evolved to maintain rhythmicity over a circadian (24 h) period. -
CNIDARIA Corals, Medusae, Hydroids, Myxozoans
FOUR Phylum CNIDARIA corals, medusae, hydroids, myxozoans STEPHEN D. CAIRNS, LISA-ANN GERSHWIN, FRED J. BROOK, PHILIP PUGH, ELLIOT W. Dawson, OscaR OcaÑA V., WILLEM VERvooRT, GARY WILLIAMS, JEANETTE E. Watson, DENNIS M. OPREsko, PETER SCHUCHERT, P. MICHAEL HINE, DENNIS P. GORDON, HAMISH J. CAMPBELL, ANTHONY J. WRIGHT, JUAN A. SÁNCHEZ, DAPHNE G. FAUTIN his ancient phylum of mostly marine organisms is best known for its contribution to geomorphological features, forming thousands of square Tkilometres of coral reefs in warm tropical waters. Their fossil remains contribute to some limestones. Cnidarians are also significant components of the plankton, where large medusae – popularly called jellyfish – and colonial forms like Portuguese man-of-war and stringy siphonophores prey on other organisms including small fish. Some of these species are justly feared by humans for their stings, which in some cases can be fatal. Certainly, most New Zealanders will have encountered cnidarians when rambling along beaches and fossicking in rock pools where sea anemones and diminutive bushy hydroids abound. In New Zealand’s fiords and in deeper water on seamounts, black corals and branching gorgonians can form veritable trees five metres high or more. In contrast, inland inhabitants of continental landmasses who have never, or rarely, seen an ocean or visited a seashore can hardly be impressed with the Cnidaria as a phylum – freshwater cnidarians are relatively few, restricted to tiny hydras, the branching hydroid Cordylophora, and rare medusae. Worldwide, there are about 10,000 described species, with perhaps half as many again undescribed. All cnidarians have nettle cells known as nematocysts (or cnidae – from the Greek, knide, a nettle), extraordinarily complex structures that are effectively invaginated coiled tubes within a cell. -
Bibliography on the Scyphozoa with Selected References on Hydrozoa and Anthozoa
W&M ScholarWorks Reports 1971 Bibliography on the Scyphozoa with selected references on Hydrozoa and Anthozoa Dale R. Calder Virginia Institute of Marine Science Harold N. Cones Virginia Institute of Marine Science Edwin B. Joseph Virginia Institute of Marine Science Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/reports Part of the Marine Biology Commons, and the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Calder, D. R., Cones, H. N., & Joseph, E. B. (1971) Bibliography on the Scyphozoa with selected references on Hydrozoa and Anthozoa. Special scientific eporr t (Virginia Institute of Marine Science) ; no. 59.. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary. https://doi.org/10.21220/V59B3R This Report is brought to you for free and open access by W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Reports by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BIBLIOGRAPHY on the SCYPHOZOA WITH SELECTED REFERENCES ON HYDROZOA and ANTHOZOA Dale R. Calder, Harold N. Cones, Edwin B. Joseph SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORT NO. 59 VIRGINIA INSTITUTE. OF MARINE SCIENCE GLOUCESTER POINT, VIRGINIA 23012 AUGUST, 1971 BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE SCYPHOZOA, WITH SELECTED REFERENCES ON HYDROZOA AND ANTHOZOA Dale R. Calder, Harold N. Cones, ar,d Edwin B. Joseph SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORT NO. 59 VIRGINIA INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062 w. J. Hargis, Jr. April 1971 Director i INTRODUCTION Our goal in assembling this bibliography has been to bring together literature references on all aspects of scyphozoan research. Compilation was begun in 1967 as a card file of references to publications on the Scyphozoa; selected references to hydrozoan and anthozoan studies that were considered relevant to the study of scyphozoans were included. -
Current-Oriented Swimming by Jellyfish and Its Role in Bloom
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Report Current-Oriented Swimming by Jellyfish and Its Role in Bloom Maintenance Highlights Authors d Wild Rhizostoma jellyfish were equipped for the first time Sabrina Fossette, with accelerometers Adrian Christopher Gleiss, ..., Mikhail Karpytchev, Graeme Clive Hays d These jellyfish can orientate their movements with respect to currents Correspondence [email protected] d They can actively swim countercurrent in response to current drift In Brief d This behavior is adaptive for jellyfish bloom maintenance and Current drift can have major and survival potentially negative effects on the lives of weakly swimming species in particular. Fossette et al. show that jellyfish modulate their swimming behavior in relation to current. Such oriented swimming has significant life-history benefits, such as increased bloom formation and a reduction of probability of stranding. Fossette et al., 2015, Current Biology 25, 342–347 February 2, 2015 ª2015 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.11.050 Current Biology 25, 342–347, February 2, 2015 ª2015 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.11.050 Report Current-Oriented Swimming by Jellyfish and Its Role in Bloom Maintenance Sabrina Fossette,1,4,5,* Adrian Christopher Gleiss,1,4,6 face the risk of stranding if carried onshore by currents. Aggre- Julien Chalumeau,2 Thomas Bastian,1,7 gations play a critical role in the ecology of jellyfish by facili- Claire Denise Armstrong,1 Sylvie Vandenabeele,1 tating reproduction and reducing predation [9]. -
1 Ecological Aspects of Early Life Stages of Cotylorhiza Tuberculata (Scyphozoa
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Digital.CSIC 1 Ecological aspects of early life stages of Cotylorhiza tuberculata (Scyphozoa: 2 Rhizostomae) affecting its pelagic population success 3 4 Diana Astorga1, Javier Ruiz1 and Laura Prieto1 5 6 1Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (ICMAN-CSIC), República Saharaui 2, 7 11519 Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain 8 9 10 Key words: Jellyfish, Mediterranean Sea, planulae settlement, zooxanthellae, feeding, 11 growth, reproduction 12 13 14 Corresponding author. 15 e-mail address: [email protected] 16 Phone: +34 956 832612 (EXT: 265), FAX: +34 956 834701 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Accepted version for Hydrobiologia 24 Hydrobiologia (2012) 690:141–155 25 DOI 10.1007/s10750-012-1036-x 26 1 26 Abstract 27 28 Cotylorhiza tuberculata is a common symbiotic scyphozoan in the Mediterranean Sea. 29 The medusae occur in extremely high abundances in enclosed coastal areas in the 30 Mediterranean Sea. Previous laboratory experiments identified thermal control on its 31 early life stages as the driver of medusa blooms. In the present study, new ecological 32 aspects were tested in laboratory experiments that support the pelagic population 33 success of this zooxanthellate jellyfish. We hypothesized that planulae larvae would 34 have no settlement preference among substrates and that temperature would affect 35 ephyra development, ingestion rates and daily ration. The polyp budding rate and the 36 onset of symbiosis with zooxanthellae also were investigated. Transmission electron 37 microscopy revealed that zooxanthella infection occurred by the polyp stage.