Sheik Yusuf Al-Qaradawi: Theologian of Terror
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Hamas: Background and Issues for Congress
Hamas: Background and Issues for Congress December 2, 2010 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41514 Hamas: Background and Issues for Congress Summary This report and its appendixes provide background information on Hamas, or the Islamic Resistance Movement, and U.S. policy towards it. It also includes information and analysis on (1) the threats Hamas currently poses to U.S. interests, (2) how Hamas compares with other Middle East terrorist groups, (3) Hamas’s ideology and policies (both generally and on discrete issues), (4) its leadership and organization, and (5) its sources of assistance. Finally, the report raises and discusses various legislative and oversight options related to foreign aid strategies, financial sanctions, and regional and international political approaches. In evaluating these options, Congress can assess how Hamas has emerged and adapted over time, and also scrutinize the track record of U.S., Israeli, and international policy to counter Hamas. Hamas is a Palestinian Islamist military and sociopolitical movement that grew out of the Muslim Brotherhood. The United States, Israel, the European Union, and Canada consider Hamas a terrorist organization because of (1) its violent resistance to what it deems Israeli occupation of historic Palestine (constituting present-day Israel, West Bank, and Gaza Strip), and (2) its rejection of the off-and-on peace process involving Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) since the early 1990s. Since Hamas’s inception in 1987, it has maintained its primary base of political support and its military command in the Gaza Strip—a territory it has controlled since June 2007—while also having a significant presence in the West Bank. -
The Muslim 500 2011
The Muslim 500 � 2011 The Muslim The 500 The Muslim 500 � 2011 The Muslim The 500 The Muslim 500The The Muslim � 2011 500———————�——————— THE 500 MOST INFLUENTIAL MUSLIMS ———————�——————— � 2 011 � � THE 500 MOST � INFLUENTIAL MUSLIMS · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · All rights reserved. No part of this book may be repro- The Muslim 500: The 500 Most Influential Muslims duced or utilised in any form or by any means, electronic 2011 (First Edition) or mechanic, inclding photocopying or recording or by any ISBN: 978-9975-428-37-2 information storage and retrieval system, without the prior · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · written permission of the publisher. Views expressed in The Muslim 500 do not necessarily re- Chief Editor: Prof. S. Abdallah Schleifer flect those of RISSC or its advisory board. Researchers: Aftab Ahmed, Samir Ahmed, Zeinab Asfour, Photo of Abdul Hakim Murad provided courtesy of Aiysha Besim Bruncaj, Sulmaan Hanif, Lamya Al-Khraisha, and Malik. Mai Al-Khraisha Image Copyrights: #29 Bazuki Muhammad / Reuters (Page Designed & typeset by: Besim Bruncaj 75); #47 Wang zhou bj / AP (Page 84) Technical consultant: Simon Hart Calligraphy and ornaments throughout the book used courtesy of Irada (http://www.IradaArts.com). Special thanks to: Dr Joseph Lumbard, Amer Hamid, Sun- dus Kelani, Mohammad Husni Naghawai, and Basim Salim. English set in Garamond Premiere -
American Muslims: a New Islamic Discourse on Religious Freedom
AMERICAN MUSLIMS: A NEW ISLAMIC DISCOURSE ON RELIGIOUS FREEDOM A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of The School of Continuing Studies and of The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Liberal Studies By John C. R. Musselman, B.A. Georgetown University Washington, D.C. April 13, 2010 AMERICAN MUSLIMS: A NEW ISLAMIC DISCOURSE ON RELIGIOUS FREEDOM John C. R. Musselman, B.A. Mentor: Chris Seiple, Ph.D. ABSTRACT In 1998, the U.S. government made the promotion of religious freedom official policy. This policy has often been met with skepticism and hostility from foreign governments and publics. In the Muslim-majority world, it is commonly seen as an attempt to discredit traditional cultural norms and/or Islamic law, as covert support for American missionary activity, and/or as cultural imperialism. American Muslims could play a key role in changing this perception. To date, the American Muslim community has not become deeply invested in the movement for international religious freedom, but their notable absence has not been treated in any substantial length. This thesis draws on the disciplines of public policy, political science, anthropology, and religious studies to explore this absence, in the process attempting to clarify how the immigrant Muslim American community understands religious freedom. It reviews the exegetical study of Islamic sources in relation to human rights and democracy by three leading American Muslim intellectuals—Abdulaziz Sachedina, M.A. Muqtedar Khan, and Khaled Abou El Fadl—and positions their ideas within the dual contexts of the movement for international religious freedom movement and the domestic political incorporation of the Muslim American community. -
Backgrounder on Hamas
APPENDIX F International Relief Fund for the Afflicted and Needy (Canada) Backgrounder on Hamas Appendix F – Backgrounder on Hamas1 Hamas is a radical Sunni terrorist organization that employs political and violent means to pursue the goal of establishing an Islamic Palestinian state in Israel.2 The origins of the movement lie with the Muslim Brotherhood,3 an Islamist organization founded in Egypt in 1928, and led by early Islamist figures such as Hassan el-Banna and Sayyid Qutb. Starting in 1967 and continuing throughout the 1970’s, the Palestinian branch of the Brotherhood gained popularity amongst the people of Gaza via communal activism, religious preaching and education.4 With the outbreak of the first intifada5 against Israel in 1987, the Palestinian Muslim Brotherhood moved beyond its basis as a social and religious group establishing Hamas as an Islamist alternative to the secular nationalist resistance led by the PLO. Through its Charter, Hamas clearly states its objectives of establishing an Islamic state in all of Palestine. To realize this goal, the organization relies upon the use of violent jihad, the education of the Palestinian population in its Islamist ideology, providing social services, and promoting the liberation of the “Palestinian land” as an individual duty of Muslims everywhere. Objectives, Strategies, and Structure In its Charter, Hamas describes itself as a “distinct Palestinian Movement which owes its loyalty to Allah, derives from Islam its way of life and strives to raise the banner of Allah over every inch -
THE CHALLENGE of GAZA: Policy Options and Broader Implications
BROOKINGS 1775 Massachusetts Ave., NW Washington, D.C. 20036-2103 www.brookings.edu ANALYSIS PAPER Number 23, July 2011 THE CHALLENGE OF GAZA: Policy Options and Broader Implications Daniel Byman Gad Goldstein ANALYSIS PAPER Number 23, July 2011 THE CHALLENGE OF GAZA: Policy Options and Broader Implications Daniel Byman Gad Goldstein The Brookings Institution is a private non-profit organization. Its mission is to conduct high-quality, independent research and, based on that research, to provide innovative, practical recommendations for policymakers and the public. The conclusions and recommendations of any Brookings publication are solely those of its author(s), and do not reflect the views of the Institution, its management, or its other scholars. Brookings recognizes that the value it provides to any supporter is in its absolute commitment to quality, independence and impact. Activities supported by its donors reflect this commitment and the analysis and recommendations are not determined by any donation. Copyright © 2011 1775 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036 www.brookings.edu Table of Contents Executive Summary . iv Acknowledgements . ix The Authors . x Introduction . 1 The Nature of the Challenge in Gaza . 3 Factors Beyond Gaza to Consider . 18 Policy Options . 24 THE CHALLENGE OF GAZA: Policy Options and Broader Implications The Saban Center at BRooKings iii Executive Summary lthough both the United States and Israel Hamas draws on many resources to stay in power . devote tremendous attention to the Middle Most notably, Hamas has long exploited its infra- East peace process, the Gaza Strip and its structure of mosques, social services, and communi- HamasA government have continued to vex Ameri- ty organizations to raise money and attract recruits . -
Chapter 7 of Understanding Islamic Charities
CHAPTER SEVEN HAMAS RESISTANCE AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF PALESTINIAN SOCIETY* HAIM MALKA Introduction For the Islamic movement Hamas, “resistance” is a way of life. It defines the movement, as its name-Islamic Resistance Movement-suggests, and drives its all-encompassing strategy to establish an Islamic Palestine through the transformation of society. Though the term resistance is most commonly associated with terrorism, for Hamas it is a comprehensive concept embracing military, social, and political activity. Resistance is a rejection of the status quo and an alternative paradigm to the secular-nationalist agenda of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in every sphere of Palestinian life.1 At the core of this strategy is a diverse network of social welfare institutions linked by personal relationships, shared values, and common interests. This network is most advanced in the Gaza Strip, where the Muslim Brotherhood built an independent infrastructure, as opposed to the movement in the West Bank which was closely linked to the Brotherhood’s Jordanian branch. The network of charitable organizations and services, not unique to Hamas, has not only been an important platform for spreading the movement’s version of Islam but has also provided a supportive infrastructure for military operatives to exploit and has been a major factor in the movement’s electoral victories.2 While political action and military operations may be tactics in pursuit of their overall goals, Hamas’ social services are the key to its broader strategy of transforming society. The movement cannot exist without * Haim Malka is deputy director and senior fellow with the Middle East program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). -
Islamic Relief Charity / Extremism / Terror
Islamic Relief Charity / Extremism / Terror meforum.org Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................ 1 Introduction ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 3 From Birmingham to Cairo �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 4 Origins ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 7 Branches and Officials ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 9 Government Support ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 17 Terror Finance ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 20 Hate Speech ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 25 Charity, Extremism & Terror ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 29 What Now? �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 32 Executive Summary What is Islamic Relief? Islamic Relief is one of the largest Islamic charities in the world. Founded in 1984, Islamic Relief today maintains -
From Hasan Al-Banna to Mohammad Morsi; the Political Experience of Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt
FROM HASAN AL-BANNA TO MOHAMMAD MORSI; THE POLITICAL EXPERIENCE OF MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD IN EGYPT A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY AHMET YUSUF ÖZDEMİR IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MIDDLE EASTERN STUDIES JULY 2013 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science Assoc.Prof.Dr. Özlem Tür Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science Prof. Dr. İhsan D. Dağı Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Nuri Yurdusev (METU,IR) Prof. Dr. İhsan D. Dağı (METU, IR) Assis. Prof. Dr. Bayram Sinkaya (YBU, IR) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: Ahmet Yusuf Özdemir Signature : iii ABSTRACT FROM HASAN AL-BANNA TO MOHAMMAD MORSI; THE POLITICAL EXPERIENCE OF MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD IN EGYPT Özdemir, Ahmet Yusuf M.S. Program of Middle East Studies Supervisor: Prof. Dr. İhsan D. Dağı July 2013, 141 pages This thesis analyses the political and ideological transformation of the Society of Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt from its foundation in 1928 to 2012. -
The Muslim-American Muddle
The Muslim-American Muddle Peter Skerry decade after 9/11, America has reached a political and in- A tellectual stalemate regarding the Muslims in its midst. Many Americans continue to fear their Muslim neighbors and fellow citizens, if not as potential terrorists then as terrorist sympathizers — or, more generally, as the bearers of an alien culture shared by America’s enemies. Stoking these fears are a handful of zealous investigative journal- ists and bloggers who recycle a body of facts about the Islamist origins of most Muslim leaders and of virtually all major American Muslim organizations. Largely taken from the federal government’s successful prosecution of the Holy Land Foundation, a Hamas front group, this evidence is incontrovertible — yet its implications are far from clear. As critics repeat and re-examine them, the facts take on a frozen-in- time quality, like artifacts of political archeology never put into any wider context. The critics fail to acknowledge that individuals who once espoused Islamist views do not necessarily remain committed to them over time. People do mature beyond youthful folly and rage, and America causes immigrants to change. On the other hand, our political, media, and intellectual elites rou- tinely dismiss these findings as irrelevant ancient history. This, too, is a mistake, both substantively and politically: Though these Muslim leaders and organizations do not represent all (or even most) Muslim Americans, they do dominate the relevant political space. Moreover, their Islamist ideology has had, and continues to have, a formative influ- ence on how Muslims think of their place in America and of America’s relationship to the Islamic world. -
Appendix G to the Administrative Fairness
APPENDIX G International Relief Fund for the Afflicted and Needy (Canada) Links to Hamas Contents: Tab 1 Chart 1 - IRFAN-Canada and JFHS Ties to Hamas Tab 2 Chart 2 – JFHS and IRFAN-Canada links to Hamas Government Officials and Organizations Tab 3 Table 1 – Pattern of Fund Recipients Chosen by IRFAN-Canada, JFHS, HLF, and other organizations Tab 4 Table 2 – JFHS and IRFAN-Canada Associated to Individuals Identified in the HLF Trial Documents Appendix G – JFHS and IRFAN-Canada ties to Hamas This appendix illustrates past and present linkages between JFHS, IRFAN-Canada and Hamas which the CRA has been able to identify through publicly available documents. It contains: Link Analysis Chart 1, which is keyed to detailed information set out in sections 1 and 2 below; Link Analysis Chart 2 showing JFHS and IRFAN-Canada’s funding links to partner organizations run as Hamas organizational nodes by key Hamas members, six of whom were part of the 1992 deportation to Lebanon and have since gone on to become elected Hamas representatives and Ministers,1 as well as additional JFHS and IRFAN-Canada links to Hamas-run Ministries; Table 1 showing the consistent pattern of funding recipients chosen by HLF, JFHS and IRFAN-Canada, and other organizations found in U.S. and German court decisions to operate as part of the global financing network for Hamas, the majority of which have been listed in a variety of jurisdictions. This information is derived from the limited set of documents noted on the table; and Table 2 showing our analysis of JFHS and IRFAN-Canada’s association with individuals identified in the HLF trial documents as key activists and/of senior figures in Hamas. -
Lorenzo Vidino January 2020 Kamal Helbawy: Pioneer of the Muslim
ROSENBLATT | PROGRAM ON EXTREMISM Kamal Helbawy: Pioneer of the Muslim Brotherhood in the West An excerpt from the forthcoming book The Closed Circle: Joining and Leaving the Muslim Brotherhood in the West Lorenzo Vidino January 2020 THE ARCHITECTS OF SALVATION 1 VIDINO | PROGRAM ON EXTREMISM About the Program on Extremism The Program on Extremism at George Washington University provides analysis on issues related to violent and non-violent extremism. The Program spearheads innovative and thoughtful academic inquiry, producing empirical work that strengthens extremism research as a distinct field of study. The Program aims to develop pragmatic policy solutions that resonate with policymakers, civic leaders, and the general public. About the Author Lorenzo Vidino is director of the Program on Extremism at George Washington University. He is the author of The New Muslim Brotherhood in the West (Columbia, 2010). In 2014 he worked for the British government's Review on the Muslim Brotherhood and often consults with various Western governments on the subject. The views expressed in this paper are solely those of the author, and not necessarily those of the Program on Extremism or the George Washington University. EXCERPT FROM THE CLOSED CIRCLE 2 VIDINO | PROGRAM ON EXTREMISM Foreword In his forthcoming book, The Closed Circle: Joining and Leaving the Muslim Brotherhood in the West (Columbia University Press, 2020), Program on Extremism Director Lorenzo Vidino provides critical new perspectives on Muslim Brotherhood networks in the West gathered from extensive interviews with former members of the group in Europe and North America. The individuals profiled occupied various ranks within the organization. -
State of American Muslim Youth: Research & Recommendations
State of American Muslim Youth: Research & Recommendations Sameera Ahmed, Ph.D. Sadiq Patel, M.S.W. Hanan Hashem, B.A. ISPU & The FYI About The Family & Youth Institute The FYI is an independent research and education non-profit organization that aims to support young people and their families through research, education, and empowerment. The FYI conducts empirical research on factors that promote positive development of young people and their families. The research informs psycho-educational programs that can be implemented in the community to empower young people and their families. The FYI disseminates its work through academic publications, articles, public lectures as well as intensive workshops. The FYI impacts change by researching issues, educating individuals and empowering communities. For more information, please visit http://www.TheFYI.org About ISPU ISPU is an independent, nonpartisan research organization specializing in ad- dressing the most pressing challenges facing the American Muslim community and in bridging the information gap between the American Muslim community and the wider society. ISPU conducts objective, empirical research and offers expert policy analysis on some of the most pressing issues facing the United States. In addition, ISPU has assembled leading experts across multiple dis- ciplines and built a solid reputation as a trusted source for information about American Muslims and Muslim communities around the world. ISPU scholars provide insight into the major debates taking place across the country. They offer context-specific analysis and recommendations to journal- ists, policymakers, and the general public through reports, policy briefs, arti- cles, op-eds and books. ISPU disseminates its publications through a variety of channels and holds regular congressional briefings, policy events and academic conferences.