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Land Transformation in the Karkloof Catchment Between 1944 and 1999: Towards a Database for Future Planning

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Land Transformation in the Karkloof Catchment Between 1944 and 1999: Towards a Database for Future Planning LAND TRANSFORMATION IN THE KARKLOOF CATCHMENT BETWEEN 1944 AND 1999: TOWARDS A DATABASE FOR FUTURE PLANNING. By VANESSA DERRYN WEYER Submitted in partial fulfilment ofthe academic requirements for the degree of Master ofScience in the Centre for Environment and Development, School ofApplied Environmental Sciences, University ofNatal. Pietermaritzburg March 2000 11 ABSTRACT Land transformation in the KarkloofCatchment (KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa) between 1944 and 1999 was examined. No research had previously been undertaken to quantify and obtain an understanding of these changes and their effect on the landscape. The study provides a valuable spatial and descriptive database, which could assist in future planning and in an improved management of the catchment. Land category maps and associated databases for 1944 and 1999 were produced by interpreting 1944 and 1996 aerial photographs and using a Geographical Information System (GIS). Land management changes were establishedprimarily by interviews with land-owners. Property ownership and extent were ascertained and mapped in GIS by utilising and adapting existing GIS databases, by interviews with land-owners, and by undertaking title deed searches and by analysis ofproperty Grant outlines and diagrams. Natural grasslands have decreased significantly, being lost mostly to exotic afforestation and marginally to commercial cultivation. Forest and woodland have increased marginally, as has exotic vegetation. Subsistence cultivation has been reduced significantlywith very little being undertaken in 1999. Farm dams have increased in number and size. Extraction ofindigenous timber from the KarkloofForest has ceased. Soil erosion, which was detremined by summing the surface area ofsoil erosion gullies (bare soil area), has decreased. Property numbers have increased, whilst property sizes have decreased. Ownership has moved away from the predominantly 'Private Individual' ownership category towards 'Private Companies and Trusts' and towards large corporate companies. Reduction in farm size has contnbuted to maximisation of land use, which has often impacted negatively on natural resources. Land-owners are however becoming more environmentally conscious. More sustainable farming methods are being practised. Catchment management bodies have been established. Traditional land use types such as agriculture are slowly declining, whilst recreational, residential and tourism ventures are on the increase. Demand for land and its products will continue to increase and more pressure will be exerted on natural resources. Ways to live with nature, sensitively balancing development against the environment will need to be found. Recommendations have been made regarding the further application of the study, particularly the GIS database, catchment management bodies and integrated catchment management, property size and land use types. Various conservation recommendations are also given. 111 PREFACE The work described in this dissertation was carried out in the Centre for Environment and Development, School of Applied Environmental Sciences, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, from August 1997 to March 2000. The work was undertaken on a part-time basis, under the supervision of Drs J. E. Granger and 1. R. Hill, School of Applied Environmental Sciences. The format adopted for this dissertation is a departure from the conventional style, in that the literature review forms part ofthe discussion. This has been done intentionally, in order to lead the reader into each section, with the necessary background provided. These studies represent original work by the author and have not otherwise been submitted in any form, in part or in whole, for any degree or diploma to any otherUniversity. Where use has been made ofwork by others this is duly acknowledged in the text. Signed: . V.D. Weyer 17 March 2000 lV LIST OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ii PREFACE iii ,LIST OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF PLATES viii LIST OF FIGURES x LIST OF TABLES · xiii ACKN"OWLEDEGMENTS xiv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. THE IMPORTANCE OF LAND AND ITS TRANSFORMATION 1 1.2. DEFINITION OF LAND TRANSFORMATION 1 1.3. IMPORTANCE OF THE KARKLOOF CATCHMENT 2 1.4. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDy 4 CHAPTER 2: BIOPHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE KARKLOOF CATCHMENT 6 2.1. LOCALITY AND EXTENT 6 2.2. TOPOGRAPHY 6 2.3. PRINCIPAL RIVER SySTEMS 9 2.4. GEOLOGY AND SOILS 11 2.5. CLIMATE 14 2.5.1. Precipitation 14 2.5.2. Temperature 19 v 2.6. THE INFLUENCE OF TOPOGRAPHY, RIVER SYSTEMS, GEOLOGY, SOILS AND CLIMATE ON THE NATURAL VEGETATION OF TIlE CATCflMENT 23 2.7. FLORA 25 2.8. FAlJNA 29 CHAPTER 3: HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF THE KARKLOOF CATCHMENf WITH PARTICULAR RELEVANCE TO LAND TRANSFORMATION 34 CHAPTER 4: INTEGRATED CATCHMENf MANAGEMENT IN THE KARKLOOF CATCHMENT 42 CHAPTER 5: MATERIALS AND METHODS 45 5.1. GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM TECHNIQUES 45 5.2.FIELD VERIFICATION OF LAND CATEGORIES AND LAND MANAGEMENf 51 5.3. TITLE DEED SEARCH 51 5.4. QUESTIONNAIRE AND INTERVIEWS 53 5.5. WORKSHOPS AND MEETINGS 54 CHAPTER 6: RESULTS 55 6.1. CHANGES IN LAND CATEGORIES AND LAND MANAGEMENT BETWEEN 1944 AND 1999 55 6.1.1. Overview ofChanges 55 6.1.2. Forest and Woodland 62 6.1.3. Grassland and Erosion 65 6.1.4. Exotic Vegetation 72 6.1.5. Cultivation 81 6.1.6. FarmDams 87 vi 6.2. CHANGES INLAND OWNERSHIP BETWEEN 1944 AND 1999 87 6.2.1. Overview ofProperty Size and Land Ownership Changes 87 6.2.2. Property Size and Land Ownership in 1944 88 6.2.3. Property Size and Land Ownership in 1999 89 6.3. LAND OWNERS' INVOLVEMENT IN FUTURE PLANNING AND CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT 94 CHAPTER 7: DISCUSSION AND INTERPRETATION OF MAIN FINDINGS 99 7.1. PROPERTY NUMBERS AND SIZES 99 7.2. TRANSFORMATION OF INDIGENOUS ECOSySTEMS 102 7.2.1. Forest and Woodlands 102 7.2.2. Grasslands 105 7.2.3. Habitat Fragmentation : 108 7.2.4. Alien Invasive Vegetation 109 7.3. INCREASE IN NUMBERS AND SIZE OF FARM DAMS 111 CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 112 8.1. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 112 8.2. SIGNIFICANCE AND FURTHER APPLICATION OF THE STUDy 113 8.3. CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT BODIES AND INTEGRATED CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT 115 8.4. PROPERTY SIZE AND LAND USE TypES 117 8.5. CONSERVATION RECOMMENDATIONS 119 8.5.1. Corridors / Linkages 119 8.5.2. Grassland Conservation and Improvement.. 119 8.5.3. Removal of 'Alien Invasive Vegetation' and Rehabilitation 121 REFERENCES 124 APPENDIX 1. MIDLANDS MEANDER INFORMATION BROCHURE: ROUTE Tl (SOURCE: ANON. 2000b) 136 vu APPENDIX 2. A PRELIMINARY CHECKLIST OF PLANTS OCCURRING AT THE FARM,'ETHLATINI' (SOURCE: COOPER & MOLL 1967) 137 APPENDIX 3. SPECIES LIST OF FAUNA FOR THE KARKLOOF AREA, PREPARED BY KWAZULU-NATAL NATURE CONSERVATION SERVICE (21/5/1999) 138 APPENDIX 4. LIST OF BIRD SPECIES RECORDED IN THE KARKLOOF NATURE RESERVE: PREPARED BY KWAZULU-NATAL NATURE CONSERVATION SERVICE (14/10/1996) 139 APPENDIX 5. A PHYSIOGNONMIC - STRUCTURAL VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM, ADAPTED FROM GRANGER (UNDATED), USED TO MAP THE VEGETATION OF THE KARKLOOF CATCHMENT 140 APPENDIX 6. LIST OF GIS DIGITAL DATA SETS UTILIZED IN THE STUDy 141 APPENDIX 7. LIST OF INTERVIEWEES CONSULTED AND WORKSHOPS ATTENDED ....... 142 APPENDIX 8. QUESTIONNAIRE SUBMITTED TO INTERVIEWEES 143 APPENDIX 9. LAND OWNERSHIP IN 1944 AND 1999 144 Vlll LIST OF PLATES Plate 1. View of the KarkloofRange, taken from the top ofMount Gilboa, looking towards the south-east. Note the indigenous forest on the south-facing slope ofthe Range (Oct.1997) 31 Plate 2. View ofLoskop, looking towards the north, showing the Karkloof Flats in the foreground and the Karkloof Range in the background behind Loskop . Newly planted maize in the foreground (Nov. 1998) .31 Plate 3. The Kusane, a tributary ofthe KarkloofRiver. Riparian Wattle is present along the tributary. This is visible in the background of the photograph (Oct. 1997). .................................................................................... ~ 32 Plate 4. Thick mist over the KarkloofFlats, below the KarkloofForest (Oct. 1997) .. 32 Plate 5. The KarkloofForest, AfromontaneForest (Low & Rebelo 1996). The forest is seen from the top ofMount Gilboa, looking south-east. Note the abrupt margins ofthe forest, a feature of regular burning of the adjoining grasslands (Oct. 1997) ~ 33 Plate 6. Moist Upland Grassland (Low & Rebelo 1996). View looking towards the east, as seen from the approach road to 'Sherwood' farm, located in the north-west of the catchment (Oct. 1998) 33 Plate 7. A timber-mill, located on the farm, 'Colboume'. The mill was used to process indigenous timber extracted from the nearby KarkloofForest (Source: P. Shaw 1998) (Estimated date ofphotograph 1950) 96 IX Plate 8. An indigenous timber logging path found on the farm,'Ben Eden' , located below the KarkloofForest. Note the width and depth ofthe path, a result ofextensiveuse and the erosive action of water run-off channelled down the path, particularly during heavy rains (Nov. 1998) 96 Plate 9. Remnant foundations ofan indigenous timber mill, found on the farm, 'Ben Eden', located below the KarkloofForest (Nov. 1998) , 97 Plate 10. Exotic timber plantations which directly adjoin the KarkloofForest. View from the De Magtenburg road looking north towards the Karkloof Forest (Dec. 1997) 97 Plate 11. Water plays a large role in translocating weed seeds. Note the presence of American bramble (Rubus cuneifolius) along this drainage channel, which runs through cultivated lands, located to the west of the Karkloof Club. Photograph taken along the road leading to the Karkloof Club, looking north (Nov.1998) 98 Plate 12. Farm-employee accommodation on the farm,'The Forest', showing minimal subsistence cultivation(Nov. 1998) 98 Plate 13. Location ofthe trial planting (ringed) of Themeda triandra 'grass plugs' on the farm 'The Forest' located in the north-east ofthe catchment (Source: LE, Granger) (Mar. 2000) 123 Plate 14. Themeda triandra 'grass plugs' (arrow) were planted into treated strip areas (left). After only two months, plants had grown to an average height of 30 cm (right) (Source: lE. Granger) (Mar. 2000) 123 x LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1. The Six Sub-catchment Management Units ofthe Mgeni Catchment (Anon. 1996b) 4 Figure 2.1.
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