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Home , Dancing House, Mario Botta, MBf Tower, Su Rogers

UNIT 2 CONTINUES: Mario Botta Mario Botta (born April 1, 1943) is a Swiss architect. He studied at the Liceo Artistico in Milan and the IUAV in Venice. His ideas were influenced by Le Corbusier, , Louis Kahn. He opened his own practice in 1970 in . Botta designed his first buildings at age 16, a two-family house at Morbio Superiore in . While the arrangements of spaces in this structure is inconsistent, its relationship to its site, separation of living from service spaces, and deep window recesses echo of what would become his stark, strong, towering style. His designs tend to include a strong sense of geometry, often being based on very simple shapes, yet creating unique volumes of space. His buildings are often made of brick, yet his use of material is wide, varied, and often unique. In 2004, he designed Museum One of the Leeum, Samsung Museum of Art in , .[3] On January 1, 2006 he received the Grand Officer award from President of the Italian Republic Carlo Azeglio Ciampi. In 2006 he designed his first ever spa, the Bergoase Spa in Arosa, . The spa opens in December 2006 and cost an estimated CHF 35 million. Mario Botta participated in the Stock Exchange of Visions project in 2007. He will be a member of the Jury of the Global Holcim Awards in 2012. WORKS:

San Francisco Museum of Modern Art in

Watari Museum of Contemporary Art inShibuya-ku, ,

Harting Technologiegruppeheadquarters in Minden

Swisscomtelecommunication headquarters in Bellinzona Harting Technologiegruppe The HARTING Technology Group is a German manufacturer of industrial connectors , based in the East-Westphalian town Espelkamp in North Rhine- Westphalia . The building for the distribution company HARTING Germany GmbH & Co. KG, Minden was the Swiss architect Mario Botta designed. Between two towers is a semi-elliptical shaped building, which rises back to 28 meters. In it are housed in four split level offices, some of which are supplied through the glass roof with natural light. The facade consists of glass and sandstone. The wall-like front is based on the Prussian barracks standing in the area and represents the company's name, the H H to arting. It is broken by the halbelipsenförmigen building orientation and thus raises up again. The company has won several awards. First, it was 2008 in the German media budget included. In 2009, the German sales company HARTING Germany GmbH & Co. KG at the 2nd to the Place of the Ludwig Erhard Prize awarded in the category of companies with 100-500 employees.

San Francisco Museum of Modern Art The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA) is a modern art museum located in San Francisco, California. A nonprofit organization, SFMOMA holds an internationally recognized collection of modern and contemporary art and was the first museum on the West Coast devoted solely to 20th century art. The museum’s current collection includes over 26,000 works of painting, sculpture, photography, , design, and media arts.[1] The building complex was designed by Swiss architect Mario Botta.

SFMOMA's Research Library was established in 1935 and contains extensive resources pertaining to modern and contemporary art, including books, periodicals, artists’ files, and lecture recordings.[2] The museum also houses a restaurant, Caffè Museo, and a coffee bar run by the Blue Bottle Coffee Company. History

SFMOMA was founded in 1935 under director Grace L. McCann Morley as the San Francisco Museum of Art. For its first sixty years, the museum occupied the fourth floor of the War Memorial Veterans Building on Van Ness Avenue in the Civic Center. SFMOMA was obliged to move to a temporary facility on Post Street in March 1945 to make way for the United Nations Conference on International Organization. n 1946 Morley brought in filmmaker Frank Stauffacher to found SFMOMA’s influential Art in Cinema film series, which ran for nine years. SFMOMA continued its expansion into new media with the 1951 launch of a biweekly television program entitled Art in Your Life. The series, later renamed Discovery, ran for three years. In January 1995 the museum opened its current location at 151 Third Street, adjacent to Yerba Buena Gardens in the SOMA district. Mario Botta, a Swiss architect from Canton Ticino, designed the new US$60 million facility.

Richard Rogers Richard George Rogers, Baron Rogers of Riverside (born 23 July 1933) is a British architect noted for his modernist andfunctionalist designs. Rogers was knighted in 1981 by Queen Elizabeth II. He was created Baron Rogers of Riverside in 1996. He sits as a Labour peer in the House of Lords.[15]Rogers was appointed a Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour in the 2008 Birthday Honours list.

Rogers is perhaps best known for his work on the Pompidou Centre in Paris, the Lloyd's building and Millennium Dome both in London, and the European Court of Human Rights building in Strasbourg. He is a winner of the RIBA Gold Medal, the Thomas Jefferson Medal, the RIBA Stirling Prize, the Minerva Medal and Pritzker Prize.

Rogers was born in Florence in 1933 and attended the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London, before graduating with a master's degreefrom the Yale School of Architecture in 1962. One early illustration of his thinking was an exhibition at the Royal Academy in 1986, entitled "London As It Could Be", which also featured the work of James Stirling and Rogers' former partner Norman Foster. This exhibition made public a series of proposals for transforming a large area of central London, subsequently dismissed as impractical by the city's authorities. Selected projects Team 4

. Creek Vean, Cornwall, UK (1966) . Reliance Controls factory, Swindon, UK (1967) Richard and Su Rogers, with John Young and Laurie Abbott

. 22 Parkside (Dr. Nino and Dada Rogers' house), Wimbledon, London, UK (1967)[10] . Zip Up house (1968) . Humphrey Spender's house, Maldon, UK (1967–1968) Piano + Rogers

. Universal Oil Products, Tadworth, UK (1969–1974) . B&B Italia headquarters, Como, Italy (1972–1973)[11] . Pompidou Centre, Paris, France (1971–77) . IRCAM, Paris, France (1971–1977) . Patscentre Research Laboratory, Melbourn, UK (1976–1983) The Partnership

. Lloyd's building, London, UK (1978–84) . Fleetguard Manufacturing Plant, Quimper, France (1979–1981) . Inmos microprocessor factory, Newport, Wales (1980–1982)[12] . PA Technology Centre, Princeton, New Jersey, USA (1982–1985) . Old Billingsgate Market, London, UK (1985–1988) Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners

. London Heathrow Terminal 5, London, UK (1989–2008) Image Gallery of Heathrow Terminal 5 . Maggie's Centre, London, UK (2001–2008) . Bodegas Protos, Peñafiel, Valladolid, Spain (2008) . Central Park Station (R9), Kaohsiung Mass Rapid Transit system, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan (2003–2007) . 300 New Jersey Avenue, Washington, D.C., USA (2004–2009) . Ching Fu Group Headquarters, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (2005–2007) Lloyd's building The Lloyd's building (also sometimes known as the Inside-Out Building) is the home of the insurance institution Lloyd's of London, and is located at 1, Lime Street, in the City of London, England. It was designed by architect Richard Rogers and built between 1978 and 1986. Bovis was the management contractor for the scheme.[2] Like thePompidou Centre (designed by Renzo Piano and Rogers), the building was innovative in having its services such as staircases, lifts, electrical power conduits and water pipes on the outside, leaving an uncluttered space inside. The twelve glass lifts were the first of their kind in the UK. It is important to note that (like the Pompidou Centre) this building was highly influenced by the work of Archigram in the 1950s and 1960s.

The Lloyd's building is 88 metres (289 ft) to the roof, with 14 floors. On top of each service core stand the cleaning cranes pushing the height to 95.10 metres (312 ft). Modular in plan, each floor can be altered with the addition or removal of partitions and walls.

In 2008, The Twentieth Century Society called for the building to be Grade I listed[4] and in 2011 it was granted this status

The building is owned by Dublin-based real estate firm Shelbourne Development Group, who purchased the building in 2004 from a German investment bank.Use as a location in films. Millennium Dome The Millennium Dome, colloquially referred to simply as The Dome, is the original name of a large dome-shaped building, originally used to house theMillennium Experience, a major exhibition celebrating the beginning of the third millennium. Located on the Greenwich Peninsula in South East London, England, the exhibition was open to the public from 1 January - 31 December 2000. The project and exhibition was the subject of considerable political controversy as it failed to attract the number of visitors anticipated, with recurring financial problems. All of the original exhibition and associated complex has since been demolished. The dome still exists, and it is now a key exterior feature of The O2. The Prime Meridian passes the western edge of the Dome and the nearest London Underground station is North Greenwich on the Jubilee Line.

The dome is one of the largest of its type in the world. Externally, it appears as a large white marquee with twelve 100 m- high yellow support towers, one for each month of the year, or each hour of the clock face, representing the role played by Greenwich Mean Time. In plan view it is circular, 365 m in diameter — one metre for each day of the year — with scalloped edges. It has become one of the United Kingdom's most recognisable landmarks. It can easily be seen on aerial photographs of London. Its exterior is reminiscent of the Dome of Discovery built for the Festival of Britain in 1951.

Renzo Piano Renzo Piano, (born 14 September 1937 in Genoa) is an Italian Pritzker Prize-winning architect. Architecture critic Nicolai Ouroussoff said of Piano's works that the "...serenity of his best buildings can almost make you believe that we live in a civilized world. In 2006, Piano was selected by TIME as one of the 100 most influential people in the world. He was selected as the 10th most influential person in the "Arts and Entertainment" category of the 2006 Time 100. Piano was born in Genoa, Italy, in 1937 into a family of builders. He was educated and subsequently taught at the Politecnico di Milano. He graduated from the University in 1964 and began working with experimental lightweight structures and basic shelters.[3] From 1965 to 1970 he worked with Louis Kahn and Z.S. Makowsky. He worked together with Richard Rogers from 1971 to 1977; their most famous joint project is the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris(1977). Select projects

Centro de Arte Botín, Santander, Spain (2011–)

. City Gate, Royal Opera House, Parliament of Malta, and Freedom Square, Valletta, Malta (2009–) . Manhattanville Campus Master Plan and Jerome L. Greene Science Center, New York, New York (2004–) . Harvard Art Museums expansion and renovation, Cambridge, Massachusetts (2009–) . Kimbell Art Museum expansion, Fort Worth, Texas (2008–) . Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California (2003–) High Museum of Art Expansion, Atlanta, Georgia (2005)

IBM Travelling Pavilion, (1982–1984)

Ferrari wind tunnel, Maranello, Italy (1996–1998) San Francisco Transbay development The San Francisco Transbay development plan consists of three supertall and ten other skyscrapers and highrises proposed in San Francisco. The towers are proposed to fund the replacement of the San Francisco Transbay Terminal in the South of Market neighborhood near theFinancial District.[12] The supertalls comprise only three of the 13 towers of the Transbay Project. Five of the 13 towers are part of Renzo Piano's complex and the other eight are Transbay Towers.[13] Two other proposals named 181 Fremont Street and 350 Mission Street are proposed projects part of the Transbay Project.[8]

The skyscrapers will take advantage of Transbay Terminal air rights, and land formerly owned by the state which will no longer be needed for bus ramps. Transbay project details

Two of the supertall skyscrapers named Renzo Piano Tower I and Renzo Piano Tower II are set to rise 326 m or 1,070 ft. and contain 80 floors.[9][15][16]The twin supertall terra-cotta towers of the five-tower complex will be located at First and Mission Streets.[15] The entire five- tower complex will be designed by Italian architect Renzo Piano.[15] These buildings will tower 347 feet (106 m) over the Transamerica Pyramid, which is the tallest in San Francisco.[15] Adjoining the twin supertalls are two 900-foot (274 m) towers and one 600-foot (183 m) tower in a dense tower complex said to resemblebamboo shoots.[15][16] Another supertall named Transbay Transit Center & Tower will be attached directly to the replacement Transbay Terminal and this tower will rise on Mission & Fremont Streets. Cesar Pelli's design was chosen by the city of San Francisco on September 20, 2007.[17] Pelli's tower includes a 1,400-foot (427 m) long park on top of the terminal with a 1,070-foot (326 m), 80-story office tower.[3] This design includes wind turbineson the roof and the building will contain 1,300,000 sq ft (121,000 m2) of office space.[3][12] There are seven other towers of the Transbay Project located on nearby blocks ranging from 850+ feet (259+ m) to a modest 300 feet (91 m). NEMO (museum) Science Center NEMO is a science center in Amsterdam, . It is located at the Oosterdok in Amsterdam- Centrum, situated between theOosterdokseiland and Kattenburg. The museum has its origins in 1923, and is housed in a building designed by Renzo Piano since 1997. It contains five floors of hands-on science exhibitions and is the largest science center in the Netherlands. It attracts annually over 500,000 visitors, which makes it thefourth most visited museum in the Netherlands.

Inside the lobby there is a small cafeteria and a gift shop which sells small scale copies of some of the attractions at NEMO like the giant domino set and the DNA experiments.

The main concepts on the first floor are DNA and chain reactions which include a room with giant dominoes with contraptions like a giant bell and a flying car. Also on the first floor is a show on the half-hour, which features a large chain reaction circuit.

On the second floor is a ball factory where small plastic balls are sent on a circuit where participants are to group them in weight, size and color and then send them to a packing facility where the balls go into a small metal box. There are five stations at which the people stick magnetic barcodes on the boxes and send them off to start the circuit again. On the second level there is also a small cafeteria and a movie and performance hall where various acts and movies about science are shown. The second floor also features a display on the water cycle a display on electricity and a display on metals and buildings.

The third floor has a giant science lab in which people can do science experiments such as testing vitamin C in certain substances and looking at DNA. There is also a small section on money and business.

On the fourth floor is a section about the human mind, it has such experiments as memory tests, mind problems and sense testers. The fourth floor is quite dark which adds to the eeriness of the surroundings.

The fifth floor or upper deck has a cafeteria, a children's play area and a great view of the city surroundings.

Frank Gehry

[1] Frank Owen Gehry, CC (born Frank Owen Goldberg; February 28, 1929) is a Canadian American Pritzker Prize- winning architect based in Los Angeles, California.

His buildings, including his private residence, have become tourist attractions. His works are cited as being among the most important works ofcontemporary architecture in the 2010 World Architecture Survey, which led Vanity Fair to label him as "the most important architect of our age".

Gehry's best-known works include the titanium-covered Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain; MIT in Cambridge, Massachusetts; in downtown Los Angeles; Experience Music Project in Seattle; in Minneapolis; Dancing House in ; theVitra Design Museum and MARTa Museum in Germany; the in Toronto; the Cinémathèque française in Paris; and inNew York City. But it was his private residence in Santa Monica, California, In 1947 Gehry moved to California, got a job driving a delivery truck, and studied at Los Angeles City College, eventually to graduate from the University of Southern California's School of Architecture. After graduation from USC in 1954, he spent time away from the field of architecture in numerous other jobs, including service in the United States Army. He studied city planning at the Harvard Graduate School of Design for a year Architectural style

Much of Gehry's work falls within the style of , which is often referred to as post-structuralist in nature for its ability to go beyond current modalities of structural definition. In architecture, its application tends to depart from modernism in its inherent criticism of culturally inherited givens such as societal goals and functional necessity. Because of this, unlike early modernist structures, Deconstructivist structures are not required to reflect specific social or universal ideas, such as speed or universality of form, and they do not reflect a belief that form follows function. Gehry's own Santa Monica residence is a commonly cited example of deconstructivist architecture, as it was so drastically divorced from its original context, and in such a manner as to subvert its original spatial intention.

Reception of Gehry's work is not always positive. Art historian Hal Foster reads Gehry's architecture as, primarily, in the service of corporate branding.[9]Criticism of his work includes complaints that the buildings waste structural resources by creating functionless forms, do not seem to belong in their surroundings and are apparently designed without accounting for the local climate PROJECTS

The tower at 8 Spruce Street in lower Manhattan which was completed in February 2011 has a titanium and glass exterior and is 76 stories high.

The Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain

The Experience Music Project in Seattle

Walt Disney Concert Hall

Dancing House in Prague

Art Gallery of Ontario in Toronto

Fish sculpture located in front of the Port Olímpic, in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain Walt Disney Concert Hall The Walt Disney Concert Hall at 111 South Grand Avenue in Downtown Los Angeles, California, is the fourth hall of the Los Angeles Music Center. Bounded by Hope Street, Grand Avenue, and 1st and 2nd Streets, it seats 2,265 people and serves (among other purposes) as the home of the Los Angeles Philharmonic orchestra and the Los Angeles Master Chorale.

Lillian Disney made an initial gift in 1987 to build a performance venue as a gift to the people of Los Angeles and a tribute to Walt Disney's devotion to the arts and to the city. The -designed building opened on October 24, 2003. Both the architecture by Frank Gehry and the acoustics of the concert hall (designed by Yasuhisa Toyota) were praised in contrast to its predecessor, the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion. As construction finished in the spring of 2003, the Philharmonic postponed its grand opening until the fall and used the summer to let the orchestra and Master Chorale adjust to the new hall. Performers and critics agreed that this extra time taken was well worth it by the time the hall opened to the public.

The walls and ceiling of the hall are finished with Douglas-fir while the floor is finished with oak. The Hall's reverberation time is approximately 2.2 seconds unoccupied and 2.0 seconds occupied.

The design of the hall included a large concert organ, completed in 2004, which was used in a special concert for the July 2004 National Convention of the American Guild of Organists.

In all, there are 72 stops, 109 ranks, and 6,125 pipes; pipes range in size from a few centimeters/inches to the longest being 9.75m (32 feet) (which has a frequency of 16 hertz).

The organ is a gift to the County of Los Angeles from Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc. (the U.S. sales, marketing, service, and distribution arm of Toyota Motor Corporation).

After the construction, modifications were made to the Founders Room exterior; while most of the building's exterior was designed with stainless steel given a matte finish, the Founders Room and Children's Amphitheater were designed with highly polished mirror-like panels. The reflective qualities of the surface were amplified by the concave sections of the Founders Room walls. Some residents of the neighboring condominiums suffered glare caused by sunlight that was reflected off these surfaces and concentrated in a manner similar to a parabolic mirror. The resulting heat made some rooms of nearby condominiums unbearably warm, caused the air-conditioning costs of these residents to skyrocket and created hot spots on adjacent sidewalks of as much as 140 °F.

Dancing House The Dancing House or Dancing Building or Ginger & Fred is the nickname given to the Nationale-Nederlanden building in downtown Prague, at Rašínovo nábřeží 80, 120 00 Praha 2. It was designed by Canadian-American architect Frank Gehry in co-operation with Croatian-Czech architect Vlado Milunić on a vacant riverfront plot (where the previous building had been destroyed during the Bombing of Prague in 1945). The building was designed in 1992 and completed in 1996. Structure

Known as deconstructivist (“new-baroque” to the designers) architecture due to its unusual shape. The “dancing” shape is supported by 99 concrete panels, each a different shape and dimension. On the top of the building is a large twisted structure of metal nick named “Medusa”. “In the interior of a square of buildings in the eighteenth and nineteenth century, the Dancing House has two central bodies. The first is a tower of glass that is close to half height and is supported by curved pillars, the second runs parallel to the river, which is characterized by the moldings that follow a wavy motion and distributed through the windows so the non-aligned. This solution has been driven mainly by a kind of aesthetic consideration: the windows lined evidenciarían that the building has two windows, although they have the same height as the two adjacent buildings of the nineteenth century. They also do not have to be perceived in the will of the designer, as simple forms on a flat surface, but must achieve the effect of three-dimensionality, hence the idea of frames as outgoing frames of paintings. Also the winding moldings on the facade make it more confusing perspective, diminishing the contrast with the buildings that surround it.” Santiago Calatrava Santiago Calatrava Valls born 28 July 1951) is a Spanish architect, sculptor and structural engineerwhose principal office is in Zürich, Switzerland. Classed now among the elite designers of the world, he has offices in Zürich, Paris, Valencia, and New York City.

Calatrava's early career was largely dedicated to bridges and train stations, with designs that elevated the status of civil engineering projects to new heights. His Montjuic Communications Tower inBarcelona, Spain (1991) in the heart of the 1992 Olympics site, as well as the Allen Lambert Galleria in Toronto, Canada (1992), were important works and turning points in his career, leading to a wide range of commissions. The Quadracci Pavilion (2001) of the Milwaukee Art Museum was his first building in the United States. Calatrava's entry into high-rise design began with an innovative 54- story-high twisting tower called Turning Torso (2005), located in Malmö, Sweden.

Calatrava has designed a futuristic train station, the World Trade Center Transportation Hub, at the rebuilt World Trade Center in New York City. Calatrava was born in Benimàmet, an old municipality now integrated as an urban part of Valencia, Spain, where he pursued his undergraduate architecture degree at the Polytechnic University of Valencia[1] along with a post-graduate course in urbanism. During his schooldays, he also undertook independent projects with a group of fellow students, bringing out two books on the vernacular architecture of Valencia and Ibiza Following graduation in 1975, he enrolled in the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich, Switzerland, for graduate work in civil engineering. In 1981, after completing his doctoral thesis, "On the Foldability of Space Frames", he started his architecture and engineering practice. Notable works

. Alameda Bridge and metro station, Valencia, Spain . 1983–1984, Jakem Steel Warehouse, Munchwilen, Switzerland . 1983–1985, Ernsting Warehouse, Coesfeld, Germany . 1983–1988, Wohlen High School, Wohlen, Switzerland . 2004, Three bridges (called Harp, Cittern and Lute) spanning the main canal of the Haarlemmermeer, Netherlands . 2004, University of Zurich, "Bibliothekseinbau" library remodelling, Zürich, Switzerland . 2007, 3 Bridges on the A1 Motorway and TAV Railway, Reggio Emilia, Italy . 2007-2012 Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge, Dallas, Texas, U.S. . 2008, Chords Bridge at the entrance to Jerusalem, Israel, a light rail bridge Auditorio de Tenerife The Auditorio de Tenerife "Adán Martín"[1][2][3] (formerly named, but still commonly referred to as, Auditorio de Tenerife), was designed by architectSantiago Calatrava Valls. It is located on the Avenue of the Constitution in the Canarian capital, Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain), and next to the Atlantic Ocean in the southern part of Port of Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Construction began in 1997 and was completed in 2003 The majestic profile of the auditorium has become an architectural symbol of the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, the island of Tenerife and the Canary Islands.[4] It is also regarded as the finest modern building in the Canary Islands[5] and one of the most emblematic buildings of Spanish architecture. The building

Near the auditorium stand the two Torres de Santa Cruz, which are the tallest buildings in the Canary Islands, and the tallest residential building in Spain until 2010. The auditorium and the towers are the most recognizable and photographed view of the city. The building stands on a plot of 23,000 m² of which the auditorium occupies 6471 m², divided into two chambers. The main hall or Symphony, crowned by a dome, has 1,616 available seats in an amphitheater and a stage with an opening of 16.5 meters and a depth of 14 meters. The chamber hall, with 422 seats, reproduces the symphony hall amphitheater on a smaller scale. In the lobby, accessible from two sides of the building, are the press room, a shop and cafe. The building also has a dozen individual dressing rooms, as well as rooms for hairdressing, makeup, costumes, etc. The exterior has two terraces overlooking the sea. External spaces

. Trade Winds Plaza: 16.289 m² . Atlantic Terrace: 400 m² . City Terrace: 350 m² Interior spaces

. Symphony Hall . Chamber Hall . Hall . Galleries Port and Castle Lighting

The building is normally lit in bright white at night, but more colorful lighting is used on special occasions. For example, on New Year 2007-2008 the auditorium was lit in white and yellow, and a clock was projected onto one wing of the building to mark the hours. On World Diabetes Day, the auditorium is illuminated in blue, and special lighting is also employed during the annual Cadena Dial Awards. The auditorium also participates in "Earth Hour," a campaign against climate change in which large buildings "go dark" for an hour to draw awareness to the cause.

Milwaukee Art Museum The Milwaukee Art Museum (MAM) is located on Lake Michigan in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Beginning around 1872, multiple organizations were founded in order to bring an art gallery to Milwaukee, as the city was still a growing port town with little or no facilities to hold major art exhibitions. Over the span of at least nine years, all attempts to build a major art gallery had failed. In 1881, exhibitions were held at Milwaukee's Exposition Hall, which was Milwaukee's primary event venue at the time. Shortly after that year, Alexander Mitchell donated all of her collection into constructing Milwaukee's first permanent art gallery in the city's history.

The museum is home to over 25,000 works of art. Its permanent holdings contain an important collection of Old Masters and 19th-century and 20th-century artwork, as well as some of the nation's best collections of German Expressionism, folk and Haitian art, American decorative arts, and post-1960 American art. The museum holds a large number of works by Georgia O'Keeffe, as well as many works by the German Expressionist, Gabriele Münter.

LAURIE BAKER WORKS The Indian Coffee House is a restaurant chain in India, run by a series of worker co-operative societies. It has strong presence across India.[1] There are nearly 400 coffee houses all over India, which are a part of the chain.

The India Coffee House chain was started by the Coffee Board in early 1940s, during British rule. In the mid 1950s the Board closed down the Coffee Houses, due to a policy change. The thrown-out workers then took over the branches, under the leadership of the communist leader A. K. Gopalan(AKG) and renamed the network as Indian Coffee House. The first Indian Coffee Workers Co-Operative Society was founded in Bangalore on 19 August 1957. The first Indian Coffee House was opened in on 27 October 1957. Kerala Trissure Society(Travancore-Cochin area) Kannur Society(Malabar area) Kolkata Other places

The Indian Coffee House branch in Sector 17 of Chandigarh was opened in 1964 and remained popular among professionals, journalists, doctors, bureaucrats, lawyers and senior officials.[5] The branch originally operated in Sector 22, and was shifted to Sector 17 in 1971. The Coffee House on the Punjab University campus is popular among students.

The Indian Coffee House branch in Dharamsala used to be a popular hang-out of intelligentsia in the city. It was set up, after the district administration approached the Indian Coffee Workers' Co- operative Society, Delhi in 1991. The society decided to close it down in 2006, after losses ran over 35 lakh rupees. BAKERS HOUSE Throughout his practice, Baker became well known for designing and building low cost, high quality, beautiful homes, with a great portion of his work suited to or built for lower-middle to lower class clients. His buildings tend to emphasize prolific - at times virtuosic - masonry construction, instilling privacy and evoking history with brick jaliwalls, a perforated brick screen which invites a natural air flow to cool the buildings' interior, in addition to creating intricate patterns of light and shadow. Another significant Baker feature is irregular, pyramid-like structures on roofs, with one side left open and tilting into the wind. Baker's designs invariably have traditional Indian sloping roofs and terracotta Mangalore tile shingling with gables and vents allowing rising hot air to escape. Curved walls enter Baker's architectural vocabulary as a means to enclose more volume at lower material cost than straight walls, and for Laurie, "building [became] more fun with the circle." A testament to his frugality, Baker was often seen rummaging through salvage heaps looking for suitable building materials, door and window frames, sometimes hitting a stroke of luck as evidenced by the intricately carved entry to the Chitralekha Film Studio (Aakulam, Trivandrum, 1974–76): a capricious architectural element found in a junk heap. Baker's architectural method is one of improvisation, in which initial drawings have only an idealistic link to the final construction, with most of the accommodations and design choices being made on-site by the architect himself. Compartments for milk bottles near the doorstep, windowsills that double as bench surfaces, and a heavy emphasis on taking cues from the natural condition of the site are just some examples. Tadao Ando Tadao Ando ( born September 13, 1941, in Minato-ku, Osaka, Japan and raised in Asahi-ku in the city) is a Japanese architectwhose approach to architecture was categorized by Francesco Dal Co as critical regionalism. Ando has led a storied life, working as a truck driver and boxer prior to settling on the profession of architecture, despite never having taken formal training in the field. He visited buildings designed by renowned architects like Le Corbusier, Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe, Frank Lloyd Wright and Louis Kahn before returning to Osaka in 1968 and established his own design studio, Tadao Ando Architect and Associates.

The simplicity of his architecture emphasizes the concept of sensation and physical experiences, mainly influenced by the Japanese culture. A religious term, Zen, focuses on the concept of simplicity and more concentrate on the inner feeling rather than the appearance. The theory has vividly shown on Ando’s work and definitely become his style that distinguishes other outstanding architects in the world. In order to practice the idea of simplicity, Ando’s architecture is mostly constructed with concrete, which provides his architecture a sense of cleanness and weightiness at the same time. Due to the simplicity of the exterior, the construction and organization of the space are relatively potential in order to represents the aesthetic from sensation. Unlike most of the religious architecture that mainly focusing on the preservation of history, one of his work, the Komyo-ji Temple in Saijo, Ehime, is made out of wood, which requires repair after each period of time.

Tomishima House Osaka Japan 1973

Uchida House Japan 1974

Uno House Kyoto Japan 1974

Hiraoka House Hyōgo Prefecture Japan 1974

Shibata House Ashiya, Hyogo Prefecture Japan 1974

Matsumoto House Wakayama, Wakayama Prefecture Japan 1980

Fuku House Wakayama, Wakayama Prefecture Japan 1980

Bansho House Addition Aichi Prefecture Japan 1981

Koshino House Ashiya, Hyōgo Prefecture Japan 1981

Museum of Literature II, Himeji Hyōgo Prefecture Japan 1996

Gallery Chiisaime (Sawada House) Nishinomiya, Hyōgo Prefecture Japan 1996 Museum of Gojo Culture & Annex Gojo, Nara Prefecture Japan 1997

Church of the Light Church of the light (sometimes called "Church with Light") is the Ibaraki Kasugaoka Church's main chapel. It was built in 1989, in the city of Ibaraki,Osaka Prefecture. This building is one of the most famous designs of Japanese architect Tadao Ando.

In 1999, the main building was extended with the addition of a Sunday School. Construction and Structure

The Church of the Light is a small structure on the corner of two streets at Ibaraki, a residential neighborhood. It is located 25 km north-northeast of Osaka in the western foothills of the Yodo valley railway corridor. The church has an area of roughly 113 m² (1216 ft²): about the same size as a small house.

The church was planned as an add-on to the wooden chapel and minister's house that already existed at the site. The Church of the Light consists of three 5.9m concrete cubes (5.9m wide x 17.7m long x 5.9m high) penetrated by a wall angled at 15°, dividing the cube into the chapel and the entrance area. One indirectly enters the church by slipping between the two volumes, one that contains the Sunday school and the other that contains the worship hall. The benches, along with the floor boards, are made of re-purposed scaffolding used in the construction. A cruciform is cut into the concrete behind the altar, and lit during the morning (as it is facing east).

It took more than two years to complete. The delay in completing the work was due to problems in raising the necessary funds. Initially it was feared that it would cost more than the budget and Ando even considered building it without a roof, but the construction firm donated the roof and this became unnecessary. Design Themes

Tadao Ando often uses Zen philosophies when conceptualizing his structures. One theme he expresses in this work is the dual nature of existence. The space of the chapel is defined by light, the strong contrast between light and solid. In the chapel light enters from behind the altar from a cross cut in the concrete wall that extends vertically from floor to ceiling and horizontally from wall to wall, aligning perfectly with the joints in the concrete. At this intersection of light and solid the occupant is meant to become aware of the deep division between the spiritual and the secular within himself or herself.

The one element carried through Tadao Ando's structures is his idolization of the reinforced concrete wall. The importance given to walls is a distinct departure from Modernist architecture. They are usually made of 'in-situ' poured in place concrete. Considerable care is taken to see that the walls are as perfect as technique will allow. These walls are thick, solid, massive, and permanent . The main reinforced concrete shell of the Church of the Light is 15 inches thick. "A smooth surface was achieved by adopting a dense engineering quality mix with a slump less than 15cm (6in) and by ensuring thorough vibration with a minimum cover for the reinforcing bars of 5cm (2in) to avoid weathering problems and staining. The density of the concrete results in a glass-like surface that registers the different qualities of light, and tends to dematerialize it. Nagaragawa Convention Center The Nagaragawa Convention Center is a multi-purpose convention center in the city of Gifu, Gifu Prefecture, Japan. The name literally translates to Nagara River International Convention Center, but the official English translation drops "international."

Along with the Gifu Memorial Center, the Nagaragawa Sports Plaza and Mirai Hall, it is part of the World Event and Convention Complex Gifu. Construction

The convention center was built to promote Gifu as a good location for large conventions and has many enticements to attract both domestic and international groups to hold events in the city. The famed architect Tadao Ando designed the structure,[1] giving it a unique, egg-shaped look from the outside, making it immediately recognizable.

It opened on September 1, 1995, and is managed by the city's Public Hall Management Group. Facilities

The main hall of the convention center is the largest in all of Gifu Prefecture. It is mainly used for concerts and as a central location for conventions. With an area near 1,206 m2 (12,981 sq ft), it seats 1,689 people, but the floors and walls are adjustable, offering many difference configurations.[1][2] It was named one of Japan's Top 100 Venues for musical performances. The total floor space for the main hall and the eight other rooms is 2,332 m2 (25,101 sq ft), allowing seating for over 2,400 people.

Geoffrey Bawa Deshamanya Geoffrey Manning Bawa, FRIBA (23 July 1919 – 27 May 2003) was a Sri Lankan architect. He is the most renowned architect in Sri Lankaand was among the most influential Asian architects of his generation. He is the principal force behind what is today known globally as ‘tropical modernism’. Career in architecture

He became apprenticed to the architectural practice of Edwards Reid and Begg in Colombo after he advanced his education in architecture by gaining a Diploma in Architecture from Architectural Association, London in 1956 and in the following year he became an Associate of the Royal Institute of British Architects whereupon he returned to Ceylon becoming a partner of Messrs. Edwards, Reid and Begg, Colombo in 1958. Bawa became an Associate of the Sri Lanka Institute of Architects in 1960. An ensuing close association with a coterie of like-minded artists and designers, including Ena de Silva, Barbara Sansoni and Laki Senanayake, produced a new awareness of indigenous materials and crafts, leading to a post colonial renaissance of culture. List of works

Geoffrey Bawa's work range mainly in Sri Lanka, however he has worked in several other countries as well: nine times in India, three times in Indonesia, twice inMauritius and once in Japan, Pakistan, Fiji, Egypt and Singapore. His works include houses, hotels, schools, clubs, offices and government buildings, most notably the Sri Lankan Parliament Building. . St. Thomas' Preparatory School, Colombo (1957–1964) . Carmen Gunasekera House, Colombo (1958) . Kanangara House, Colombo (1959) . Club House, Ratnapura (1959) . Deraniyagala House, Colombo (1959) . Wimal Fernando House, Colombo (1959) . Jayawardena house, Colombo (1959–1960) Hotel Connamara Remodelling, Chennai, India (1971–1976 Singapore Cloud Centre, Singapore, Singapore (1989)

. Club Villa Hotel, Bentota (1979) . Samy House, Dahshur, Egypt (1979) . Triton Hotel, Ahungalla (1979–1981) . Sri Lankan Parliament Building, Kotte (1979–1982) . Modi House, Delhi, India (1992)

India In India, Aitken Spence currently manages 4 hotels[12]: Hotel Atithi, Puducherry

Atithi is a 60 room, 4 star hotel located in the heart of the commercial district of Puducherry.[13]

Barefoot at Havelock

Barefoot at Havelock, a 19 cottage resort, is located on the Havelock Island, one of the islands in the Andaman Islands, on the Radhanagar Beach stretch.[13]

Poovar Island Resort

Situated in Poovar, Trivandrum, the Poovar Island Resort is a 4 star property with 78 cottages. Its portfolio consists of 16 floating cottages and 14 Ayurveda cottages on a 23 acre estate.[13] Tamara Resort

Situated in Western Ghats, Coimbatore, Tamara Resort is a boutique resort with an Ayurvedic centre. The resort commenced operations in October 2009. Oman In Oman, Aitken Spence manages 5 hotels for the Oman Hotels and Tourism Company:

Al Falaj Hotel Muscat

Al Falaj Hotel is a 140 roomed 4 star resort located in the city of Muscat.[13]

Al Wadi Hotel, Sohar Al Wadi Hotel is 79 room 3 star resort in Sohar.[13] Desert Nights Camp, Al Wasil

Desert Nights Camp is a 5 star tented resort property with 30 luxurious Bedouin style tents located in Al Wasil, a township close to Muscat.[13] Ruwi Hotel, Muscat

Located in close proximity to Seeb International Airport, Ruwi Hotel is a 3 star hotel with a room inventory of 100 rooms.[13] Sur Plaza Hotel, Sur

Sur Plaza Hotel is a 4 star 95 room resort located in Sur in proximity to Green Turtle Beach at Ras-al-Hadd.

Ken Yeang Dr. Ken Yeang (born 1948) is a prolific Malaysian architect and writer best known for advancing green design and planning, differentiated from other green architects by his comprehensive ecological approach.

Ken Yeang is an ecoarchitect and an early pioneer of ecological design and planning, carrying out design and research work in this field since 1971. He is widely regarded by his fellow ecodesign peers as a ‘guru’ of green design.

Born in 1948 in , , Yeang attended Penang Free School and Cheltenham Boys College (a British 'public school' in Gloucestershire, UK), obtained his first qualifications in architecture from the Architectural Association School (London), and received a PhD in ecological design and planning from Cambridge University's Department of Architecture for his dissertation, "A Theoretical Framework for Incorporating Ecological Considerations in the Design and Planning of the Built Environment", published as Designing with Nature completed projects

. MBF Tower, Penang, Malaysia1993 . TTDi The Plaza and Residence, , 1996 . UMNO Tower, Penang, 1998 Spire Edge, Gurgaon, Delhi, India (Completion 2012)

. Jabal Omar Towers, Mecca, Saudi Arabia . Dubai Towers, UAE . Beijing Mega Hall North . Taipei Capital Plaza . Chongging Tower, China LGT Tower, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Dubai Tower The Dubai Tower is a 45-floor tower in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The tower has a total structural height of 210 m (689 ft). Construction of the Dubai Tower was completed in 2009.

Menara Mesiniaga Construction of the building began in 1990 and was completed in 1992. After completion, architect Ken Yeang's long research into bio-climatic design principles was recognized with the Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 1995 for the design.

Menara Mesiniaga is the headquarters of Mesiniaga Berhad in Subang Jaya near Kuala Lumpur. It is a high-tech, 15-storey corporate showcase on a convenient and visually prominent corner site. The singular appearance of this moderately tall tower is the result of architect Kenneth Yeang's ten-year research into bio-climatic principles for the design of medium-to-tall buildings. Its tri-partite structure consists of a raised "green" base, ten circular floors of office space with terraced garden balconies and external louvers for shade, and is crowned by a spectacular sun-roof, arching across the top-floor pool. The distinctive columns that project above the pool floor will eventually support the installation of solar panels, further reducing the energy consumption of a building cooled by natural ventilation, sun screens, and air conditioning. Yeang's ecologically and environmentally sound design strategies reduce long-term maintenance costs by lowering energy use. Importantly, designing with the climate in mind brings an aesthetic dimension to his work that is not to be found in typical glass-enclosed air-conditioned medium-to-high rise buildings. The tower has become a landmark, and increased the value of the land around it. The jury found it to be a successful and promising approach to the design of many-storied structures in a tropical climate.

Tokyo’s Nara Tower This conceptual project created for the World Architecture Exhibition in 1994 by architect Ken Yeang displays several benefits of incorporating green areas in skyscrapers. The Nara Tower is an energy efficient building that applies concepts of vertical landscaping mixed with ecodesign. Besides its innovative look, the spiraling tower serves as well as holding ground for a large mass of planting that is used as a cooling system for the building. The mechanical systems and the foliage will work in a symbiotic relationship, where the hanging gardens, sky courts, terraces and other green areas will filter and clean the air, improving interior ventilation, while robotic arms will maintain the plants. The sky courts will act as lungs for the building as well as providing environmental sonic isolation. Overall, the 80-storey epitomizes and puts into practice theoretical ideas developed by deep green architecture and biodesign. Ken Yeang’s proposal for the Tokyo Nara Tower of 180 storeys. Paolo Soleri Paolo Soleri (born June 21, 1919[1] ) is an Italian architect. He established Arcosanti and the educational Cosanti Foundation. Soleri is a lecturer in the College of Architecture at Arizona State University and a National Design Award recipient in 2006. Soleri was born in Turin, Italy. He was awarded his "laurea" (PhD degree with highest honors) in architecture from the Politecnico di Torino in 1946. He visited the United States in December 1946 and spent a year and a half in fellowship with Frank Lloyd Wright at Taliesin West in Arizona, and at Taliesin inSpring Green, Wisconsin. During this time, he gained international recognition for a bridge design displayed at the Museum of Modern Art.

Soleri returned to Italy in 1950 where he was commissioned to build a large ceramics factory, "Ceramica Artistica Solimene" in Vietri on the Amalfi coast.[2]The ceramics industry processes he became familiar with during its construction led to his award-winning designs and production of ceramic and bronzewindbell s and siltcast architectural structures. For over 40 years, proceeds from sales of the windbells have provided funds for construction to test his theoretical work. Ceramic and bronze bells are still produced and sold at Arcosanti and Cosanti in Arizona. Arcosanti

The Cosanti Foundation's major project is Arcosanti, a community planned for 5,000 people, designed by Soleri; Arcosanti has been in construction since 1970. Located near Cordes Junction, about 70 miles (110 km) north of Phoenix and visible from Interstate I-17 in central Arizona, the project intends to provide a model demonstrating Soleri's concept of "Arcology", architecture coherent with ecology. Arcology is envisioned by Soleri as a hyperdense city, designed to maximize human interaction; it should maximize access to shared, cost-effective infrastructural services, conserve water and reduce sewage; minimize the use of energy, raw materials and land; reduce waste and environmental pollution; and allow interaction with the surrounding natural environment. Arcosanti is a prototype of a desert arcology. Soleri's other arcology designs envisioned sites such as the ocean (Nova Noah), et al. (see: Arcology: City in the Image of Man).

Since 1970, well over 6000 people have participated in Arcosanti's construction. Their international affiliation group is called the Arcosanti Alumni Network. As of 2010, construction is underway to complete Arcosanti's Greenhouse Apron. Paolo Soleri Amphitheater The Paolo Soleri Amphitheater was an amphitheater in Santa Fe, New Mexico which was founded in 1970 and closed in 2010. The structure, which was never finished due to design flaws, was designed by Italian-American architect Paolo Soleri.[1]

The amphitheater was built on the campus of the Santa Fe Indian School in the mid-1960s.[1] The concrete structure was created using Soleri's methods of earth-forming to create a surreal desert- scape. The venue's wing-like organic shapes emerge from a bowl-shaped depression in the high desert floor. Some evidence suggests that Soleri's design was influenced by Native American themes.[2] Seating only about 650, the small theater hosted notable performers including Carlos Santana, Crosby, Stills, and Nash, and Leonard Cohen.[3] In later years, theater operations became unprofitable. The venue hosted its last performance, a concert by Lyle Lovett, on July 29, 2010.[4]

As of 2011 the amphitheater is marked for demolition by the Santa Fe Indian School citing maintenance costs of about $100,000 per year and that it is only used twice a year.[5] Because the amphitheater is owned by the nineteen Native American Pueblos of New Mexico, it is not protected by state or local preservation laws.[6] The schedule of the structure's demolition is unknown.