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Digital Activism in Asia Reader

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Digital Activism in Asia Reader DIGITAL Shah, Puthiya Chattapadhyay Purayil, ACTIVISM ASIA Digital­Activism­in­Asia­Reader Digital Activism in Asia Reader Digital Activism in Asia Reader edited by Nishant Shah, Puthiya Purayil Sneha, and Sumandro Chattapadhyay Bibliographical Information of the German National Library The German National Library lists this publication in the Deutsche ­National­bibliografie­(German­National­Bibliography);­detailed­ bibliographic information is available online at http://dnb.d-nb.de Published by meson press, Hybrid Publishing Lab, Centre for Digital Cultures, Leuphana University of Lüneburg www.meson-press.com Design concept: Torsten Köchlin, Silke Krieg Cover­Image:­The­photograph­is­taken­by­Gigi­Ibrahim­on­November­29,­ 2011;­and­is­shared­via­her­Flickr­account­under­the­Creative­Commons­ Attribution­2.0­Generic­license­(https://www.flickr.com/photos/ gigiibrahim/6428279173/) The print edition of this book is printed by Lightning Source, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom ISBN­(Print):­­978-3-95796-050-4 ISBN­(PDF):­ 978-3-95796-051-1 ISBN­(EPUB):­ 978-3-95796-052-8 DOI:­10.14619/013 The digital editions of this publication can be downloaded freely at: www.meson-press.com Funded­by­the­EU­major­project­Innovation­Incubator­Lüneburg See­the­section­"Publication­Details­and­License­Information"­(p.­265)­for­ detailled license information on the texts assembled in this book. Contents Foreword 9 Nishant Shah From Taboo to Beautiful: Menstrupedia 15 Denisse Albornoz Annotated by Nandini Chami Keeping Our Voices Loud: The Evolution of CrowdVoice.org 31 Esra'a Al Shafei Annotated by Puthiya Purayil Sneha Digital Natives' Alternative Approach to Social Change 37 Maesy Angelina Annotated by Sarah Mckeever We Come from an Activist Background 55 An Interview with Htaike Htaike Aung, MIDO Digital Natives and the Return of the Local Cause 63 Anat Ben-David Annotated by Padmini Ray Murray Greatfire.org 79 Sumandro Chattapadhyay Taiwan's Sunflower Protest: Digital Anatomy of a Movement 87 Tracey Cheng Annotated by Puthiya Purayil Sneha Digital Revolution in Reverse: Syria’s Media Diversifies Offline 99 Armand Hurault Annotated by Puthiya Purayil Sneha India Calling 105 Rachel Jolley Annotated by Puthiya Purayil Sneha Digital Populism in South Korea? Internet Culture and the Trouble with Direct Participation 113 Youngmi Kim Annotated by Sumandro Chattapadhyay Many Clicks but Little Sticks: Social Media Activism in Indonesia 127 Merlyna Lim Annotated by Nishant Shah Rising Voices: Indigenous Language Digital Activism 155 Subhashish Panigrahi Annotated by Padmini Ray Murray Towards 2 Way Participation 159 Prabhas Pokharel Annotated by Padmini Ray Murray Wikipedia, Bhanwari Devi and the Need for an Alert Feminist Public 173 Urvashi Sarkar Annotated by Shobha S.V. Digital Natives in the Name of a Cause: From “Flash Mob” to “Human Flesh Search” 179 YiPing (Zona) Tsou Annotated by Nandini Chami Three Forces Acting behind the Development of the Internet 197 Hu Yong Annotated by Puthiya Purayil Sneha Old and New Media: Converging During the Pakistan Emergency (March 2007 – February 2008) 205 Huma Yusuf Annotated by Shobha S.V. Redefining Youth Activism through Digital Technology in Singapore 235 Weiyu Zhang Annotated by Sarah McKeever Acknowledgements 257 Contributors 259 Publication­Details­and­License­Information 265 Foreword Compiling this Reader on Digital Activism in Asia is fraught with compelling challenges, because each of the key terms in the formulation of the title is sub- ject­to­multiple­interpretations­and­fierce­contestations.­The­construction­of­ ‘Asia’ as a region, has its historical roots in processes of colonial technologies of cartography and navigation. Asia was both, a measured entity, mapped for resources to be exploited, and also a measure of the world, promising an orientation to the Western World’s own turbulent encounters. As Chen Kuan- Hsing­points­out­in­his­definitive­history­of­the­region,­Asia­gets­re-imagined­ as­a­‘method’­in­cold-war­conflicts,­becoming­the­territory­to­be­assimilated­ through­exports­of­different­ideologies­and­cultural­purports.­Asia­does­not­ have­its­own­sense­of­being­a­region.­The­transactions,­interactions,­flows­ and­exchanges­between­different­countries­and­regions­in­Asia­have­been­so­ entirely mediated by powers of colonisation that the region remains divided and­reticent­in­its­imagination­of­itself.­However,­by­the­turn­of­the­21st­ century,­Asia­has­seen­a­new­awakening.­It­finds­a­regional­identity,­which,­sur- prisingly did not emerge from its consolidating presence in global economics or­in­globalised­structures­of­trade­and­commerce.­Instead,­it­finds­a­presence,­ for itself, through a series of crises of governance, of social order, of political rights, and of cultural productions, that binds it together in unprecedented ways. The digital turn might as well be marked as an Asian turn, because with the new networks of connectivity, with Asian countries marking themselves as informatics hubs, working through a circulated logic of migrant labour and dis- tributed resources, there came a sense of immediacy, proximity, and urgency that continues to shape the Asian imagination in a new way. In the last decade or so, the rapid changes that have emerged, creating multiple registers of modernity,­identity,­and­community­in­different­parts­of­Asia,­accelerated­by­a­ seamless exchange of ideas, commodities, cultures, and people have created a new sense of the region as emerging through co-presence rather than competition­and­conflict.­Simultaneously,­the­emergence­of­global­capitals­of­ information, labour and cultural export, have created new reference points by which the region creates its identities and networks that are no longer sub- ject­to­the­tyranny­of­Western­hegemony.­Alternative­histories­are­marking­ new­routes­of­traffic­and­uncovering­local­and­contextual­histories­which­ have otherwise been subsumed under a postcolonial West versus the Rest rubric, where the rest was always imagined as a monolithic whole. Ironically, the recognition of this diversity, is what allows for an Asian turn to come into being, reshaping the borders of negotiation and boundaries of exchange in the region. 10 Digital Activism in Asia Reader While the digital remains crucial to this shaping of contemporary Asia, both in sustaining the developmental agenda that most of the countries espouse, and in opening up an inward looking gaze of statecraft and social organisation, the­digital­itself­remains­an­ineffable­concept.­Largely­because­the­digital­is­ like­a­blackbox­that­conflates­multiple­registers­of­meaning­and­layers­of­life,­ it becomes important to unengineer it and see what it enables and hides. The economic presence of the digital is perhaps the most visible in telling the story of­Asia­in­the­now.­Beginning­with­the­dramatic­development­of­Singapore­as­ the centre of informatics governance and the emergence of a range of cities from­Shanghai­to­Manilla­and­Bangalore­to­Tehran,­there­has­been­an­accel- erated narrative of economic growth and accumulation of capital that is often the global face of the Asian turn. However, this economic reordering is not a practice in isolation. It brings with it, a range of social stirrings that seek to overthrow­traditional­structures­of­oppression,­corruption,­control,­and­injus- tice that have often remained hidden in the closed borders of Asian countries. However, the digital marks a particular shift where these questions are no longer­being­excavated­by­the­ICT4D­logic,­of­the­West’s­attempts­to­save­Asia­ from itself. These are questions that emerge from the ground, as more people interact with progressive and liberal politics and aspire not only for higher purchase powers but a better quality of rights. The digital turn has opened up a range of social and political rights based discourses, practices, and movements, where populations are holding their governments and countries responsible, accountable, and culpable in the face of personal and collective loss­and­injustice.­ From­flash-mobs­in­Taiwan­to­organised­political­demonstrations­in­India,­ from Twitter campaigns in Indonesia to cultural protests in Thailand, the range of activities that have emerged, changing the citizen from being a ben- eficiary­of­change­to­becoming­an­agent­of­change,­have­been­bewildering­and­ wonderful.­The­digital­interfaces­of­interaction,­peer-2-peer­networks­of­con- nectivity, real-time documentation and evidence building in the face of crises, and the ability to build autonomous networks of resistance and dialogue have all resulted in extraordinary demonstrations and political movements which shape Asia from within. Additionally, boundaries which were once built to sep- arate, have now become borders that are porous and people learn through viral connections. Thus, one form of protest and organisation immediately takes­up­a­replicating­form­that­gets­exercised­within­different­contexts­to­ adapt­to­specific­situations,­and­bring­about­dramatic­changes­that­are­no­ longer contingent upon traditional practices of activism. Asian countries that are constantly being challenged by these forms of collectivity that emerge with the digital are caught in a quandary where they invest in the very infra- structure that is used against the neoliberal and developmental logic. The impulse of development and economic growth that the public private partner- ships in India had pinned upon the digital is being met with a strong critique Foreword 11 and resistance by the widespread
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