TOWARDS A GLOBAL FRAMEWORK FOR CYBER PEACE AND DIGITAL COOPERATION: AN AGENDA FOR THE 2020s edited by Wolfgang Kleinwächter, Matthias C. Kettemann and Max Senges with Katharina Mosene Prefaces by António Guterres, UN Secretary-General, and the “Father of the Internet”, Vint Cerf Internet Governance Forum Berlin 25–29 November 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS WELCOME MESSAGE 8 | Thomas Jarzombek: An excellent vademecum for the participants at this year’s IGF. PREFACES 10 | António Guterres: Internet governance must lead to policies that improve lives. 12 | Vint Cerf: An Agenda for the Next Decade 16 | INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS PROLOG 22 | Melinda Gates & Jack Ma: Statements on the UN High Level Panel on Digital Cooperation 25 | Jovan Kurbalija: From digital independence to digital interdependence 31 | Matthias C. Kettemann, Wolfgang Kleinwächter & Max Senges: Implementing Sustainable Digital Cooperation: Towards a #NextGenerationInternetGovernance for the 2020s PART 1: STAKEHOLDERS GOVERNMENT 47 | Houlin Zaho: Strengthening Digital Cooperation: The Future is Now 50 | Uri Rosenthal: Once upon a time ... in cyberspace 54 | Marina Kaljurand: From IGF to IGF+ 57 | Virgilio Almeida: Evaluating digital governance strategies 60 | Thomas Schneider: A vision, values, principles and mechanisms for cooperation and governance fit for purpose for the digital age 64 | Peter Major: Digital Governance 3 67 | Manal Ismail: ICANNs multistakeholder-model and the Internet ACADEMIC COMMUNITY Governance Ecosystem 115 | Jonathan Zittrain: Three Eras of Digital Governance 70 | Fiona Alexander: Global Digital Cooperation: Conditions for Success 125 | William Drake: Considerations on High-Level Panel’s “Internet Governance Plus” Model PARLIAMENT 131 | Alexander Klimburg: Multistakeholder Cybersecurity and Norm Implementation 73 | Jimmy Schulz: Germany’s host role opportunities 135 | Robin Mansell: Cyber Governance and the Moral Limit of the Market 75 | Pilar del Castillo: One World, one Net, one Vision 137 | Ilona Stadnik: Conservative “gatekeepers” and innovative 77 | Marietje Schaake: Internet governance needs tough love multilateralism 79 | Byrganym Aitimova: A Voice from Kazakhstan 139 | Eileen Donahoe: A human-centric approach to Internet Governance 141 | Olga Cavalli: Latin American perspective on Internet Governance PRIVATE SECTOR 144 | Peixi XU: Digital Interdependence as the Lever of Cyber Peace 81 | Roland Busch: Fostering trust in the digital economy 83 | Abdul-Hakeem Ajijola & Natasha Aduloju-Ajijola: Towards a Global TECHNICAL COMMUNITY Framework for Cyber Peace and Digital Cooperation: An Agenda for the 2020s - African perspective 148 | Steve Crocker: On Creating Internet Governance Organizations: A Comment on the ICANN Experience 88 | Christoph Steck: Why we need a New Digital Deal 152 | Lynn St. Amour: A Question of Will or Resources? 91 | Michael Rotert: SMEs and Internet Governance 155 | Jörg Schweiger: The High Level Panel on Digital Cooperation – 94 | Michael Yakushev: Internet Governance: multistakeholderism, trust Yet another UN panel and report? and effectiveness 157 | Leonid Todorow: New Deal, New Peal 159 | Ram Mohan, Philipp Grabensee: Intersection of Privacy with Security CIVIL SOCIETY and Stability: Balancing Competing Interests 97 | Anriette Esterhuysen: Towards a holistic approach to Internet 162 | Hans-Peter Dittler: Internet Governance from a technical perspective Governance 104 | Brett Solomon: Essential but Vulnerable: the Centrality of Civil Society in the Future of Internet Governance 106 | Bertrand de la Chapelle: Towards a Governance Protocol for the Social Hypergraph 109 | Anette Mühlberg, The Future of Work, AI and the German Trade Union Approach 113 | Carlos Afonso: The Future of the IGF 4 5 PART 2: ISSUES ANNEX CYBERSECURITY 205 | Wolfgang Kleinwächter, From the WSIS Tunis Agenda (2005) to the UN High Level Panel on Digital Cooperation (2019) 164 | Wolfgang Ischinger: Taking Responsibility for a Trusted Cyberspace 166 | Chris Painter: Bridging Stakeholder Gaps in the Governance of Cyberspace 211 | INTERNET GOVERNANCE DOCUMENTS 170| Latha Reddy: India, cyber-peace and digital cooperation 172 | Amandeep Gill: The next decade of Digital Governance: Practice will 232 | LAYERS & PLAYERS make it perfect 175 | Chuanying Lu: Maintaining Strategic Stability in Cyberspace becomes 236 ABOUT THE AUTHORS the priority of cyberspace governance | DIGITAL ECONOMY 177 | Andrew Wyckoff: OECD: Embracing Multistakeholderism at a Multilateral Organisation 180 | Richard Samans: Distributed Co-Governance Architecture: Construction in Progress 188 | Brian Huseman: Amazon and Internet Governance - The Future of Internet Governance Is Now 190 | Daniel Nanghaka: African Perspective on Global Internet Policy Making HUMAN RIGHTS 194 | Guy Berger: How UNESCO’s ROAM can reinvigorate Internet governance 198 | Nnenna Nwakanma: Because I am involved! 200 | Raúl Echeberría: NETmundials experiments should be recovered 203 | Yrjö Länsipuro: Does the Internet run a risk of becoming a victim of its own success? 6 7 WELCOME MESSAGE The 14th UN Internet Governance digital cooperation launched by the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Forum in Berlin 2019 the first outcome of which was the report published by the panel in June. Germany supports the findings of the report and will particularly work to ensure that the idea of an “IGF plus”, improved and adapted to meet the new Dear reader, challenges, is pursued further. We will play an active role in this process. Germany is proud and honoured to host the This compendium also looks to the future, and the editors have succeeded Internet Governance Forum (IGF) this year. in gathering a broad spectrum of views and opinions on all the issues of Together with the IGF’s Multistakeholder Advisory relevance to the future of Internet governance in the 21st century. It thus Group appointed by the Secretary-General of the serves as an excellent vademecum for the participants at this year’s IGF which United Nations, we have given this year’s IGF can continue to be used in future as a source of inspiration and ideas for the the title “One World. One Net. One Vision.” The Thomas Jarzombek, crucial debate on Internet governance in the coming years and decades. For intention is to stress the aspects the international Commissioner this reason, the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy quickly Internet community share in common and to for the Digital decided to support the volume with a substantial sum. develop globally accepted solutions to today’s Industry and Start- and tomorrow’s challenges. What solutions exist ups and Federal for functioning competition between large and Government Thomas Jarzombek small/medium-sized enterprises in the platform Coordinator of economy? How can we protect ourselves against German Aerospace attacks on the integrity of the Internet and its Policy content whilst upholding data privacy and freedom of opinion? How can we succeed in maintaining and developing the global nature of the Internet with its emphasis on human rights – keeping it interoperable and freely accessible? What role does the Global South have in all of these developments, and how can we work together to increase its participation? These are just a few of the questions being discussed at this year’s IGF in the three major thematic fields of “data governance”, “safety and security” and “inclusion”. I believe it is important not to allow our busy day- to-day lives to prevent us from looking ahead and thinking about what shape the Internet should take in the coming years and decades, and how the governance structures need to be designed. I therefore welcome the process on the future of 8 9 PREFACES Internet governance must lead to In June of this year, the High-level Panel on Digital Cooperation that I policies that improve lives convened put forward wide-ranging recommendations that point the way towards a shared digital future of safety and opportunity for all. One of the Panel’s recommendations calls for an enhanced IGF. From its earliest days, the internet has involved academic researchers, government entities, The thoughtful work contained in this book underscores the need for a private companies and networks of engaged holistic approach to internet governance, and for an effective and inclusive individuals. Today’s internet is vastly different multilateralism that advances the well-being of all. I look forward to working in scale, but the diversity of actors remains the with all partners towards securing a more prosperous and peaceful digital same; it is a place where people from across the future. world can come together to collaborate in seizing António Guterres is the benefits of transformative information and Secretary-General communication capacities. of the United It is in this spirit of multi-stakeholder collaboration Nations that the Internet Governance Forum emerged from the 2005 meeting of the United Nations World Summit of the Information Society. Supported by an intergovernmental body and overseen by an advisory group, the IGF provides a platform for rich discussion among private sector representatives, government ministers, technology leaders and civil society groups. Internet governance must lead to policies that improve lives. We cannot leave our fate in the digital era to the invisible hand of the market force. At the same time, classical approaches to regulation do not easily apply to a new generation of technologies. Non-traditional, multilateral and multi-stakeholder cooperation