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Draft Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949

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Draft Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949 INTERNATIONAL COMMn"I'EE OF THE RED CROSS Draft Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949 COMMENTARY GENEVA October 1973 Colonel Howard S. Levie Collection The Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School United States Army Charlottesville, Virginia INTERNATIONAL COMMI'ITEE OF THE RED CROSS Draft Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949 COMMENTARY , GENEVA October 1973 PROPERTY OF U.S. ARMY { • . , ' - :_.f' ~ _ THE JUDGE ADVOCATE GENERAl'S SCHOOL i· " lJBRARV CONTENTS NOTES IX ABBREVIATIONS XI INTRODUCTION 1 I. DRAFT PROTOCOL ADDITIONAL TO THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS OF AUGUST 12, 1949, AND RELATING TO THE PROTECTION OF VICTIMS OF INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS PREAMBLE ...... 5 PART I GENERAL PROVISIONS 6 Article 1. - Scope of the present Protocol 6 Article 2. - Definitions ...... 7 Article 3. - Beginning and end of application 9 Article 4. - Legal status of the Parties to the conflict 10 Article 5. - Appointment of Protecting Powers and of their substitute 11 Article 6. - Qualified persons 14 Article 7. - Meetings . 15 PART II WOUNDED, SICK AND SIllPWRECKED PERSONS 17 SECTION I GENERAL PROTECTION 17 Article 8. - Definitions 17 Article 9. - Field of application 19 Article 10. - Protection and care 20 Article 11. - Protection of persons 20 Article 12. - Medical units . 21 Article 13. - Discontinuance of protection of civilian medical units 22 Article 14. - Requisition . 23 Article 15. - Civilian medical and religious personnel 23 Article 16. - General protection of medical duties 24 Article 17. - Role of the civilian population 26 Article 18. - Identification ...... 27 Article 19. - States not parties to a conflict 28 Article 20. - Prohibition of reprisals 29 SECTION II MEDICAL TRANSPORTS . • . 29 III Chapter I Joint provisions ........ 29 Article 21. - Definitions 29 Article 22. - Search for wounded 30 Article 23. - Application 31 Article 24. - Protection . 32 Article 25. - Notification 33 Chapter II Medical air transport ............... 34 Article 26. - Sectors controlled by national and allied forces 35 Article 27. - Contact zone ........ 36 Article 28. - Sectors controlled by enemy forces 37 Article 29. - Restrictions ...... 37 Article 30. - Agreements and notifications . 38 Article 31. - Landing . 38 Article 32. - States not parties to the conflict 39 PART III METHODS AND MEANS OF COMBAT-PRISONER-OF-WAR STATUS 41 SECTION I METHODS AND MEANS OF COMBAT Article 33. - Prohibition of unnecessary injury 41 Article 34. - New weapons . 42 Article 35. - Prohibition of perfidy . 42 Article 36. - Recognized signs . 43 Article 37. - Emblems of nationality . 44 Article 38. - Safeguard of an enemy hors de comhat and giving quarter 44 Article 39. - Aircraft occupants 45 Article 40. - Independent missions 46 Article 41. - Organization and discipline 47 SECTION II PRISONER-OF-WAR STATUS Article 42. - New category of prisoners of war 47 PART IV CIVILIAN POPULATION 53 SECTION I GENERAL PROTECTION AGAINST EFFECTS OF HOSTILITIES 53 Chapter I Basic rule and field of application . 53 Article 43. - Basic ru1e 53 Article 44. - Field of application 54 Chapter II Civilians and civilian population .......... 55 Article 45. - Definition of civilians and civilian population 55 Article 46. - Protection of the civilian population 56 IV Chapter III Civilian objects . 60 Article 47. - General protection of civilian objects .. ........ 60 Article 48. - Objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian population 62 Article 49. - Works and installations containing dangerous forces . 62 Chapter IV Precautionary measures .............. 64 Article 50. - Precautions in attack ...... 64 Article 51. - Precautions against the effects of attacks 66 Chapter V Localities under special protection 67 Article 52. - Non-defended localities 67 Article 53. - Neutralized localities 67 Chapter VI Civil Defence ........... 71 Article 54. - Definition . 71 Article 55. - Zones of military operations 72 Article 56. - Occupied territories . 73 Article 57. - Civil defence bodies of States not parties to a conflict and international bodies 74 Article 58. - Cessation of protection 75 Article 59. - Identification 75 SECTION II RELIEF IN FAVOUR OF THE CMLIAN POPULATION 77 Article 60. - Field of application 77 Article 61. - Supplies . 77 Article 62. - Relief actions . 78 SECTION III TREATMENT OF PERSONS IN THE POWER OF A PARTY TO THE CONFLICT 79 Chapter I Field of application and protection of persons and objects 79 Article 63. - Field of application . 79 Article 64. - Refugees and stateless persons 79 Article 65. - Fundamental guarantees . 80 Article 66. - Objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian population 84 Chapter II Measures in favour of women and children 85 Article 67. - Protection of women 85 Article 68. - Protection of children 86 Article 69. - Evacuation of children 87 PART V EXECUTION OF THE CONVENTIONS AND OF THE PRESENT PROTOCOL 90 SECTION I GENERAL PROVISIONS 90 Article 70. - Measures for execution . 91 Article 71. - Legal advisers in armed forces 91 Article 72. - Dissemination 92 Article 73. - Rules of application 93 v SECTION II REPRESSION OF BREACHES OF THE CONVENTIONS AND OF THE PRESENT PROTOCOL 93 Article 74. - Repression of breaches of the present Protocol 94 Article 75. - Perfidious use of the protective signs 95 Article 76. - Failure to act . 95 Article 77. - Superior order . 97 Article 78. - Extradition . 97 Article 79. - Mutual assistance in criminal matters 99 PART VI FINAL PROVISIONS 100 Article 80. - Signature 101 Article 81. - Ratification 101 Article 82. - Accession 102 Article 83. - Entry into force . 102 Article 84. - Treaty relations upon entry into force of the present Protocol 103 Article 85. - Resen/ations 103 Article 86. - Amendment 105 Article 87. - Denunciation 108 Article 88. - Notifications 109 Article 89. - Registration 110 Article 90. - Authentic texts and official translations 110 ANNEX REGULATIONS CONCERNING THE IDENTIFICATION AND MARKING OF MEDICAL PERSONNEL, UNITS AND MEANS OF TRANSPORT, AND CIVIL DEFENCE PERSON­ NEL, EQUIPMENT AND MEANS OF TRANSPORT ................. 112 Chapter I Documents. 113 Article 1. - Permanent civilian medical personnel 113 Article 2. - Temporary civilian medical personnel 113 Article 3. - Lists of personnel 116 Article 4. - Flight plan . 116 Chapter II Distinctive emblem ...... 116 Article 5. - Shape and nature 116 Article 6. - Use . 117 Chapter III Distinctive signals • . 118 Article 7. - Optional use 119 Article 8. - Light signals . 119 Article 9. - Unilateral radio signal 120 Article 10. - Bilateral radio signal 123 Article 11. - Secondary surveillance radar system signal 123 Article 12. - Other means of communication 124 Article 13. - Use of international codes . 125 Chapter IV Civil defence . 125 Article 14. - Documents ................. 125 Article 15. - International distinctive sign for civil defence services 127 VI Chapter V Periodical revision . 127 Article 16. - Procedure 127 II. DRAFT PROTOCOL ADDITIONAL TO THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS OF AUGUST 12, 1949, AND RELATING TO THE PROTECTION OF VICTIMS OF NON·INTER· NATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS PREAMBLE ........ 130 PART I SCOPE OF THE PRESENT PROTOCOL 132 Article 1. - Material field of application 132 Article 2. - Personal field of application ... 133 Article 3. - Legal status of the parties to the conflict 134 Article 4. - Non-intervention . 135 Article 5. - Rights and duties of the parties to the conflict 135 PART II HUMANE TREATMENT OF PERSONS IN THE POWER OF THE PARTIES TO THE CON­ FLICT .................... 136 Article 6. - Fundamental guarantees . 136 Article 7. - Safeguard of an enemy hors de combat 137 Article 8. - Persons whose liberty has been restricted 138 Article 9. - Principles of penal law 140 Article 10. - Penal prosecutions ......... 141 PART III WOUNDED, SICK AND SHIPWRECKED PERSONS 144 Article 11. - Definitions .... .... 144 Article 12. - Protection and care . 145 Article 13. - Search and evacuation 146 Article 14. - Role of the civilian population 147 Article 15. - Medical and religious persounel .. 147 Article 16. - General protection of medical duties 148 Article 17. - Medical units and transports 149 Article 18. - The distinctive emblem 150 Article 19. - Prohibition of reprisals 151 PART IV METHODS AND MEANS OF COMBAT . 152 Article 20. - Prohibition of unnecessary injury 152 Article 21. - Prohibition of perfidy 153 Article 22. - Quarter . 153 Article 23. - Recognized signs . 154 PART V CIVILIAN POPULATION 155 VII Chapter I General protection against effects of hostilities 155 Article 24. - Basic rules . 155 Article 25. - Definition . 156 Article 26. - Protection of the civilian population . ... ...... 157 Article 27. - Protection of objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian population 160 Article 28. - Protection of works and installations containing dangerous forces 160 Article 29. - Prohibition of forced movement of civilians .............. 161 Chapter II Civil defence • . 161 Article 30. - Respect and protection 161 Article 31. - Definition . 162 Chapter III Measures in favour of children 163 Article 32. - Privileged treatment 163 PART VI RELIEF ............... 165 Article 33. - Relief actions . 165 Article 34. - Recording and information .• 166 Article 35. - National Red Cross and other relief societies 167 PART VII EXECUTION OF THE PRESENT PROTOCOL 169 Article 36. - Measures for execution 169 Article 37. - Dissemination 169 Article 38. - Special agreements . • 170 Article 39. - Co-operation in the observance of the present Protocol 170 PART VIII FINAL PROVISIONS
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