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2. the Secession of Biafra, 1967–1970
University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository University of Calgary Press University of Calgary Press Open Access Books 2020-06 Secession and Separatist Conflicts in Postcolonial Africa Thomas, Charles G.; Falola, Toyin University of Calgary Press Thomas, C. G., & Falola, T. (2020). Secession and Separatist Conflicts in Postcolonial Africa. University of Calgary Press, Calgary, AB. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/112216 book https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca SECESSION AND SEPARATIST CONFLICTS IN POSTCOLONIAL AFRICA By Charles G. Thomas and Toyin Falola ISBN 978-1-77385-127-3 THIS BOOK IS AN OPEN ACCESS E-BOOK. It is an electronic version of a book that can be purchased in physical form through any bookseller or on-line retailer, or from our distributors. Please support this open access publication by requesting that your university purchase a print copy of this book, or by purchasing a copy yourself. If you have any questions, please contact us at [email protected] Cover Art: The artwork on the cover of this book is not open access and falls under traditional copyright provisions; it cannot be reproduced in any way without written permission of the artists and their agents. The cover can be displayed as a complete cover image for the purposes of publicizing this work, but the artwork cannot be extracted from the context of the cover of this specific work without breaching the artist’s copyright. COPYRIGHT NOTICE: This open-access work is published under a Creative Commons licence. This means that you are free to copy, distribute, display or perform the work as long as you clearly attribute the work to its authors and publisher, that you do not use this work for any commercial gain in any form, and that you in no way alter, transform, or build on the work outside of its use in normal academic scholarship without our express permission. -
The Effect of Acculturative in the Psychological Adjustment Of
Walden University ScholarWorks Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection 2016 The ffecE t of Acculturative in the Psychological Adjustment of Immigrant Hispanic Parents Estela Garcia Walden University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations Part of the Clinical Psychology Commons This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection at ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Walden University College of Social and Behavioral Sciences This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation by Estela Garcia has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the review committee have been made. Review Committee Dr. Nina Nabors, Committee Chairperson, Psychology Faculty Dr. Susana Verdinelli, Committee Member, Psychology Faculty Dr. Tracy Mallett, University Reviewer, Psychology Faculty Chief Academic Officer Eric Riedel, Ph.D. Walden University 2016 Abstract The Role of Acculturative Stress in the Psychological Adjustment of Immigrant Hispanic Parents by Estela Garcia MS, City College of The City University Of New York, 1995 BA, The City College of The City University of New York, 1990 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Clinical Psychology Walden University December of 2016 Abstract Hispanic immigrant parents are a growing yet understudied population. Few studies have addressed the relationship between Hispanic immigrant parents and the acculturation process. The purpose of this study was to determine how acculturative stress, racism, language proficiency, poor coping style, and low levels of social support affect the psychological adjustment of Hispanic immigrant parents. -
BIAFRAN GHOSTS. the MASOB Ethnic Militia
Biafran Ghosts DISCUSSION PAPER 73 BIAFRAN GHOSTS The MASSOB Ethnic Militia and Nigeria’s Democratisation Process IKE OKONTA NORDISKA AFRIKAINSTITUTET, UPPSALA 2012 Indexing terms: Nigeria Biafra Democratization Political development Ethnicity Ethnic groups Interethnic relations Social movements Nationalism The opinions expressed in this volume are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. Language checking: Peter Colenbrander ISSN 1104-8417 ISBN 978-91-7106-716-6 © The author and Nordiska Afrikainstitutet 2012 Production: Byrå4 Print on demand, Lightning Source UK Ltd. Contents Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................. 5 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 7 Chapter 1. ‘Tribesmen,’ Democrats and the Persistence of the Past ................................ 10 Explaining Democratisation in ‘Deeply-divided’ Societies ............................................ 13 ‘Tribesmen’ and Generals: ‘Shadow’ Democratisation and its Ethnic Double ............. 16 Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 20 Chapter 2. MASSOB: The Civic Origins of an Ethnic Militia ............................................... 23 Chapter 3. Reimagining Biafra, Remobilising for Secession .............................................. 33 ‘Go Down, -
Transnational Identity and Second-Generation Black
THE DARKER THE FLESH, THE DEEPER THE ROOTS: TRANSNATIONAL IDENTITY AND SECOND-GENERATION BLACK IMMIGRANTS OF CONTINENTAL AFRICAN DESCENT A Dissertation by JEFFREY F. OPALEYE Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Chair of Committee, Joe R. Feagin Committee Members, Jane A. Sell Mary Campbell Srividya Ramasubramanian Head of Department, Jane A. Sell August 2020 Major Subject: Sociology Copyright 2020 Jeffrey F. Opaleye ABSTRACT Since the inception of the Immigration Act of 1965, Black immigrant groups have formed a historic, yet complex segment of the United States population. While previous research has primarily focused on the second generation of Black immigrants from the Caribbean, there is a lack of research that remains undiscovered on America’s fastest-growing Black immigrant group, African immigrants. This dissertation explores the transnational identity of second-generation Black immigrants of continental African descent in the United States. Using a transnational perspective, I argue that the lives of second-generation African immigrants are shaped by multi-layered relationships that seek to maintain multiple ties between their homeland and their parent’s homeland of Africa. This transnational perspective brings attention to the struggles of second-generation African immigrants. They are replicating their parents’ ethnic identities, maintaining transnational connections, and enduring regular interactions with other racial and ethnic groups while adapting to mainstream America. As a result, these experiences cannot be explained by traditional and contemporary assimilation frameworks because of their prescriptive, elite, white dominance framing and methods that were designed to explain the experiences of European immigrants. -
Chinua Achebe, There Was a Country, (New York: the Penguin Press), 2012
Chinua Achebe, There Was A Country, (New York: The Penguin Press), 2012. pp. 333. By Emily Milstein Chinua Achebe is undoubtedly one of Nigeria’s, and Africa’s, best known and most celebrated authors. Nigeria, Africa’s most popu- lous country and arguably one of the continent’s most diverse, has had a bumpy, conflict-ridden road since the nation gained its independence from Great Britain in 1960. The secession of Biafra in 1967 and the subsequent civil war that exploded in Nigeria are emblematic of the country’s struggle to grapple with the question of what it means to be Nigerian. Achebe’s There Was A Country deals with this question, speaking on behalf of all Igbos and asser- tion their place as Nigerians as well as their right to act in a way that will ensure their well being. Part memoir, part historical nar- rative, and part collection of poems, Achebe’s book seamlessly bridges the gap between these different genres to produce a work of literature that provides readers with a nuanced understanding of complex historical event. Beginning with a bit of personal background, Achebe tells the story of Biafra and of the Igbos’ struggle against persecution and violence at the hands of their fellow, non-Igbo, Nigerians. Well-educated and economically successful, the Igbo contributed significantly to Nigeria’s economic and political development in the mid-20th century. Jealousy on the part of non-Igbo Nigerians however built up anti-Igbo resentment that exploded violently in the period after Nigeria’s 1966 coup. Igbo and Nigerian bloodshed continued into the Biafran war, mounting a huge psychological and physical toll on Nigeria’s Igbos, to which Achebe devotes much of his book. -
Diasporas, Remittances and Africa South of the Sahara
DIASPORAS, REMITTANCES AND AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA A STRATEGIC ASSESSMENT MARC-ANTOINE PÉROUSE DE MONTCLOS ISS MONOGRAPH SERIES • NO 112, MARCH 2005 CONTENTS ABOUT THE AUTHOR iv GLOSSARY AND ABBREVIATIONS v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vii INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1 5 African diasporas and homeland politics CHAPTER 2 27 The political value of remittances: Cape Verde, Comores and Lesotho CHAPTER 3 43 The dark side of diaspora networking: Organised crime and terrorism CONCLUSION 65 iv ABOUT THE AUTHOR Marc-Antoine Pérouse de Montclos is a political scientist with the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD). He works on forced migrations and has published various books on the issue, especially on Somali refugees (Diaspora et terrorisme, 2003). He lived for several years in Nigeria, South Africa, and Kenya, and conducted field investigations in the Comores, Cape Verde and Lesotho in 2002 and 2003. This study is the result of long-term research on the subject. v GLOSSARY AND ABBREVIATIONS ANC: African National Congress BCP: Basotho Congress Party BNP: Basotho National Party COSATU: Congress of South African Trade Unions ECOWAS: Economic Community of West African States FRELIMO: Frente de Libertação de Moçambique GDP: Gross Domestic Product GNP: Gross National Product INAME: Instituto Nacional de Apoio ao Emigrante Moçambicano no Exterior IOM: International Organisation for Migration IRA: Irish Republican Army LCD: Lesotho Congress for Democracy LLA: Lesotho Liberation Army LTTE: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam MASSOB: Movement for the Actualisation -
Spring 1969 160 North 15Th Strc~C't Pltiladelphia, Penn\?L/Vntiin 19102 ."X- NATIONAL EDITION
American Friends Scrvice Committe Spring 1969 160 North 15th Strc~c't Pltiladelphia, Penn\?l/vntiin 19102 ."X- NATIONAL EDITION Nigeria and Biafra relief programs in operation stable and Red Cross teams havc nioved in, refugees who havc been hiding many months filter out, ragged, dirty, with their fcw possessions on their hcads. No doubt ninny of them havc died exiled from their homes, for those re- fly HETII BINFORD turning arc nicrcly skin and bonc froni "Our goal is to build all-American starvation or swollen from lack of pro- ricighborlioods," says Tony Edgerton, tcin or wracked by diseasc. director of the AFSC's community rcla- "It is the cliildren and old ones who tions program in Xenia, Ohio, Rich- havc suffcrcd most-the fornier bccausc mond and Muncic, Indiana. Tony has thcir growth rcquircments dcniancl pro- helpcd get public attention in thcsc cities tein urgently, the oldcr ones because focused on the nced for hettcr housing their reserves arc Icss." and for desegregated neighborhoods and Abiriba Joint Hospital schools. Through pcrsonal contacts, letters, spccclics. niovies lic 1i;is sparked Thc Riafri~Program is bascd ;it Abi- intcr-faith anti inter-racial groups to riba, and is co-sponsorctl hy the AFSC work on thcsc problcnis. and the Mennonite Centrill Conimittcc. "We also encouraRe individuals to 1 llc /\rncr~ci~nFr~cnds Service Com- year's crops from being planted. AI- tlerc tlie team has assumed administra- live up to their ideals and to take re- mittee has now established two separate ready the supply of staple bulk foods, tion of the Abiriba Joint Hospital and sponsibility for making their community relief programs, one in Nigeria, the with which the present supply of high- tlic over ten feeding stations it operates hettcr. -
Bombs, Bullets, and Bread in Biafra
Bombs, Bullets, and Bread in Biafra Ministry in the Midst of War and Kwashiorkor Wally Shellenberger It’s the morning of September 4, 1968, at Ebem, Biafra. Hundreds of peo- ple—mostly women and children—are seeking help but mostly hope. A young mother walks toward me holding the hand of a child who waddles along as a drop of serum from an ulcer on her ballooned-out feet falls on the dusty road. The child is gradually dying from lack of protein in her diet. What can we do? We give her seven vitamin tablets, then move on to the next dying child. When I get back to Abiriba, as I walk from the hospital to our home feeling helpless and desperate, I hear a voice from beyond. I know it is not my thought, but I also know I did not hear it with my ears, so what is it? The voice says, “These are my children; I hold them in my hand.” (It seems quite absurd, but these words have given me an assurance and peace that is available to me even now, fifty years later.) Becoming Medical Missionaries in Nigeria In 1960 Nigeria gained independence from Great Britain, and five years later, one week after being married, we went to experience this new country. Our Norwegian freighter ploughed across the Atlantic, nosed in at ports along the West Africa coast, and dropped us off at Port Harcourt. In September of that year, my wife, Evie, and I began serving as medical missionaries at the Aka- haba Abiriba Joint Hospital, which was administered by the Mennonite Board of Missions and Charities (MBMC), the precursor to Mennonite Mission Network. -
Harnischfeger Igbo Nationalism & Biafra Long Paper
Igbo Nationalism and Biafra Johannes Harnischfeger, Frankfurt Content 0. Foreword .................................................................... 3 1. Introduction 1.1 The War and its Legacy ....................................... 8 1.2 Trapped in Nigeria.............................................. 13 1.2 Nationalism, Religion, and Global Identities....... 17 2. Patterns of Ethnic and Regional Conflicts 2.1 Early Nationalism ............................................... 23 2.2 The Road to Secession ...................................... 31 3. The Defeat of Biafra 3.1 Left Alone ........................................................... 38 3.2 After the War ...................................................... 44 4. Global Identities and Religion 4.1 9/11 in Nigeria .................................................... 52 4.2 Christian Solidarity ............................................. 59 5. Nationalist Organisations 5.1 Igbo Presidency or Secession............................ 64 2 5.2 Internal Divisions ................................................ 70 6. Defining Igboness 6.1 Reaching for the Stars........................................ 74 6.2 Secular and Religious Nationalism..................... 81 7. A Secular, Afrocentric Vision 7.1 A Community of Suffering .................................. 86 7.2 Roots .................................................................. 91 7.3 Modernism.......................................................... 97 8. The Covenant with God 8.1 In Exile............................................................. -
Concerning the Coronavirus: with New Rice Suspends Sponsored Travel to China Security Measures
VOLUME 104, ISSUE NO. 17 | STUDENT-RUN SINCE 1916 | RICETHRESHER.ORG | WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 5, 2020 2020 VISION baseball seeks a return to glory days read more in our baseball insert, p. 7 - 10 NEWS Pub reopens Concerning the coronavirus: with new Rice suspends sponsored travel to China security measures BRIAN LIN SENIOR WRITER To prepare for its reopening this past Monday, Willy’s Pub implemented a camera and ID scanner system at the bar’s entrance. Pub was closed for the first few weeks of the semester following Texas Alcoholic Beverage Commission violations in December at the “Last Pub of the Decade” event, according to Frank Rodriguez, board president of Valhalla & Willy’s Permits, which oversees the licenses of Pub and Valhalla. According to a press release by Pub, any further citations from TABC against Pub will likely force Pub to shut down permanently. TABC conducted an investigation of Pub on Dec. 6, the last day Pub was scheduled to open in the fall 2019 semester, and prompted two charges, the first ever made against Pub — one for selling alcohol to a minor and another for permitting a minor IllustratIon BY chloe Xu to possess or consume alcohol on the premises, according to Rodriguez. RACHEL CARLTON days before, according to the Johns Hopkins University Center for “[TABC] gave Willy’s as SENIOR WRITER Systems Science and Engineering. 99.1 percent of the cases have an establishment what they been identified in Mainland China; 11 cases have been confirmed call administrative citations,” Due to concerns over the spread of the novel coronavirus, Rice in the United States, none of which are in Texas. -
Ethnic Groups and Library of Congress Subject Headings
Ethnic Groups and Library of Congress Subject Headings Jeffre INTRODUCTION tricks for success in doing African studies research3. One of the challenges of studying ethnic Several sections of the article touch on subject head- groups is the abundant and changing terminology as- ings related to African studies. sociated with these groups and their study. This arti- Sanford Berman authored at least two works cle explains the Library of Congress subject headings about Library of Congress subject headings for ethnic (LCSH) that relate to ethnic groups, ethnology, and groups. His contentious 1991 article Things are ethnic diversity and how they are used in libraries. A seldom what they seem: Finding multicultural materi- database that uses a controlled vocabulary, such as als in library catalogs4 describes what he viewed as LCSH, can be invaluable when doing research on LCSH shortcomings at that time that related to ethnic ethnic groups, because it can help searchers conduct groups and to other aspects of multiculturalism. searches that are precise and comprehensive. Interestingly, this article notes an inequity in the use Keyword searching is an ineffective way of of the term God in subject headings. When referring conducting ethnic studies research because so many to the Christian God, there was no qualification by individual ethnic groups are known by so many differ- religion after the term. but for other religions there ent names. Take the Mohawk lndians for example. was. For example the heading God-History of They are also known as the Canienga Indians, the doctrines is a heading for Christian works, and God Caughnawaga Indians, the Kaniakehaka Indians, (Judaism)-History of doctrines for works on Juda- the Mohaqu Indians, the Saint Regis Indians, and ism. -
Predictors of Overall Personal Achievements of Nigerian American Graduates Living in Four Texas Cities
University of the Incarnate Word The Athenaeum Theses & Dissertations 12-2019 Predictors of Overall Personal Achievements of Nigerian American Graduates Living in Four Texas Cities Amos Obiefuna University of the Incarnate Word, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://athenaeum.uiw.edu/uiw_etds Part of the Bilingual, Multilingual, and Multicultural Education Commons, Higher Education Commons, and the Other Education Commons Recommended Citation Obiefuna, Amos, "Predictors of Overall Personal Achievements of Nigerian American Graduates Living in Four Texas Cities" (2019). Theses & Dissertations. 369. https://athenaeum.uiw.edu/uiw_etds/369 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by The Athenaeum. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of The Athenaeum. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PREDICTORS OF OVERALL PERSONAL ACHIEVEMENTS OF NIGERIAN AMERICAN GRADUATES LIVING IN FOUR TEXAS CITIES by AMOS OBIEFUNA A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the University of the Incarnate Word in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF THE INCARNATE WORD December 2019 ii Copyright by Amos Obiefuna 2019 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation is the result of the unconditional love, support, and encouragement of my friends, family, and colleagues. I am grateful to all of you. I owe my journey to my late father, Mr. Godwin Obiefuna and Mrs. Victoria Obiefuna who laid the solid foundation that provided the opportunity for me to reach this height. Thanks for all the support and prayers. To my siblings: Ebere, Akonam, Ejike, Onyinye, Ubaka, Uju, I wholeheartedly appreciate all your kindness, love and prayers.