Devon Historic Coastal and Market Towns Survey
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Report No: 2014R032 Devon Historic Coastal and Market Towns Survey Totnes Historic Environment Projects Devon Historic Coastal and Market Towns Survey: Totnes ii Devon Historic Coastal and Market Towns Survey: Totnes Devon Historic Coastal and Market Towns Survey Totnes Client Devon County Council Report Number 2014R032 Date November 2014 Status Final Report author Dr Fiona Fleming AIfA Checked by Nick Cahill Approved by Andrew Young Historic Environment, Cornwall Council Fal Building, County Hall, Treyew Road, Truro, Cornwall, TR1 3AY tel (01872) 323603 fax (01872) 323811 E-mail [email protected] www.cornwall.gov.uk iii Devon Historic Coastal and Market Towns Survey: Totnes Acknowledgements This project was commissioned by Devon County Council with funding provided by English Heritage. The work was carried out by Historic Environment Projects, Cornwall Council. Within Historic Environment Projects, Cornwall Council the Project Manager was Andrew Young. Nick Cahill acted as Historic Urban Characterisation advisor for the project and Peter Dudley provided GIS support. Digital amp and historic environment data was provided by Devon County Council Historic Environment Service. The Totnes survey was carried out by Dr Fiona Fleming for Historic Environment, Cornwall Council. The views and recommendations expressed in this report are those of Historic Environment Projects and are presented in good faith on the basis of professional judgement and on information currently available. Freedom of Information Act As Cornwall Council is a public authority it is subject to the terms of the Freedom of Information Act 2000, which came into effect from 1st January 2005. Historic Environment, Cornwall Council is a Registered Organisation with the Institute for Archaeologists Cover illustration Looking south-east over Totnes and the River Dart from the keep of Totnes Castle © Devon County Council 2016 No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission of the publisher. iv Devon Historic Coastal and Market Towns Survey: Totnes Contents 1 Summary 1 2 Town Context 4 2.1 Location and Setting 4 2.2 Geology and topography 5 2.3 Previous archaeological work 5 3 Historical development 7 3.1 Prehistoric 7 3.2 Roman 7 3.3 Early medieval 8 3.4 Medieval 10 3.5 Post-medieval 17 3.6 The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries 21 3.7 The 20th Century to Present day 26 4 Historic Urban Character 29 4.1 Totnes ‘High Street’ (HUCA 1) 33 4.1.1 Historic character 33 33 4.1.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 35 4.1.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 36 4.2 Totnes Castle (HUCA 2) 37 4.2.1 Historic character 37 4.2.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 38 4.2.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 38 4.3 Fore Street (HUCA 3) 39 4.3.1 Historic character 39 4.3.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 41 4.3.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 42 4.4 Cistern Street and Leechwell Street (HUCA 4) 43 4.4.1 Historic character 43 4.4.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 45 4.4.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 46 4.5 The Priory (HUCA 5) 47 4.5.1 Historic character 47 4.5.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 49 4.5.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 49 4.6 The Grove and Warland (HUCA 6) 50 4.6.1 Historic character 50 4.6.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 51 4.6.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 53 4.7 Leechwell (HUCA 7) 53 4.7.1 Historic character 53 4.7.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 55 4.7.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 55 4.8 Moorashes (HUCA 8) 56 4.8.1 Historic character 56 v Devon Historic Coastal and Market Towns Survey: Totnes 4.8.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 56 4.8.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 58 4.9 The Plains (HUCA 9) 58 4.9.1 Historic character 58 4.9.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 60 4.9.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 61 4.10 Town Mills (HUCA 10) 62 4.10.1 Historic character 62 4.10.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 62 4.10.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 64 4.11 Northgate (HUCA 11) 64 4.11.1 Historic character 64 4.11.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 66 4.11.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 66 4.12 Weirfields, Malt Mill and Borough Park (HUCA 12) 67 4.12.1 Historic character 67 4.12.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 69 4.12.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 69 4.13 Broad Marsh (HUCA 13) 70 4.13.1 Historic character 70 4.13.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 71 4.13.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 71 4.14 Hampstead (HUCA 14) 72 4.14.1 Historic character 72 4.14.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 73 4.14.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 73 4.15 Barracks Hill and Ashburton Road (HUCA 15) 73 4.15.1 Historic character 73 4.15.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 75 4.15.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 75 4.16 Plymouth Road (HUCA 16) 76 4.16.1 Historic character 76 4.16.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 78 4.16.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 78 4.17 Maudlin Road and Kingsbridge Hill (HUCA 17) 78 4.17.1 Historic character 78 4.17.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 80 4.17.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 80 4.18 Cherry Cross and St Peter’s Quay (HUCA 18) 81 4.18.1 Historic character 81 4.18.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 83 4.18.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 83 4.19 Baltic Wharf (HUCA 19) 84 4.19.1 Historic character 84 4.19.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 84 4.19.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 84 4.20 Bridgetown Quays (HUCA 20) 85 4.20.1 Historic character 85 4.20.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 86 4.20.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 86 4.21 Bridgetown (HUCA 21) 88 vi Devon Historic Coastal and Market Towns Survey: Totnes 4.21.1 Historic character 88 4.21.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 89 4.21.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 90 4.22 Bridgetown North (HUCA 22) 90 4.22.1 Historic character 90 4.22.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 92 4.22.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 92 4.23 Bridgetown Expansion (HUCA 23) 93 4.23.1 Historic character 93 4.23.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 93 4.23.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 95 4.24 Westonfields Expansion (HUCA 24) 95 4.24.1 Historic character 95 4.24.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 95 4.24.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 96 4.25 Weston (HUCA 25) 97 4.25.1 Historic character 97 4.25.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 97 4.25.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 98 5 Suggestions for future research 99 6 Bibliography 100 6.1 Primary sources 100 6.2 Publications 100 6.3 Websites (accessed January to April 2014) 101 vii Devon Historic Coastal and Market Towns Survey: Totnes List of Figures Fig 1 Location map Fig 2 Terrain map for Totnes with landform and contour data at 10m intervals. Also shown are conjectured early medieval or older routeways into Totnes and known or conjectured areas of settlement by the medieval period Fig 3 Location and setting Fig 4a Roads and streets (Totnes South-east) Fig 4b Roads and streets (Totnes North-west) Fig 5 Historical development (Roman. AD43 - 409) Fig 6 Historical development (Early medieval. 410 - 1065) Fig 7 Historical development (Medieval. 1066 – 1539); this includes some aspects of potentially late medieval development, such as the construction of the Warland Dam and Town Quay, the reclamation of land at Moorashes and the extension of the town beyond West Gate along Cistern Street and Leechwell Street and east along Fore Street Fig 8 Historical development (Post-medieval. 1540 - 1799) Fig 9 Historical development (Early 19th century. 1800 - 1849) Fig 10 Historical development (Late 19th century. 1850 - 1900) Fig 11 Historical development (Early 20th century. 1900 - 1949) Fig 12 Historical development (Late 20th century. 1950 - 1999) Fig 13 Historic Character Types (Present-Day HUCTs) 2014 Fig 14 Historic Character Areas (HUCAs) 2014 Abbreviations CA Conservation Area EH English Heritage EUS Extensive Urban Survey DCC Devon County Council HE Historic Environment, Cornwall Council HER Historic Environment Record HLC Historic Landscape Characterisation HUC Historic Urban Character HUCA Historic Urban Character Area HUCT Historic Urban Character Type NGR National Grid Reference NRHE National Record for the Historic Environment OS Ordnance Survey SHDC South Hams District Council viii Devon Historic Coastal and Market Towns Survey: Totnes 1 Summary Totnes was assessed during 2014 as part of the Devon Historic Coastal and Market Towns Survey (DHCMTS). Part of a national programme of Extensive Urban Surveys initiated and supported by English Heritage, DHCMTS aims to increase understanding of 17 medieval towns within the county, prioritised because of their high historical significance and archaeological potential and the immediacy of development pressure. Totnes was chosen due to substantial Local Development Plan proposals for in-filling and edge expansion along with proposed market town enhancements. The town has high archaeological significance, its origins potentially rooted in a Saxon burh established at some time during the 10th century AD. Although Totnes is located on an ancient trackway and river crossing over the River Dart, there is no certain evidence for underlying settlement at Totnes prior to this date. A small amount of Iron Age and Roman material from within the grounds of Totnes Castle and further east along Fore Street may, however, indicate high status late prehistoric and Roman occupation activity in the vicinity.