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I NTERNATIONAL J OURNAL OF H IGH -E NERGY P HYSICS cerncourier

WELCOME V OLUME 5 4 N UMBER 1 J ANUARY /F EBRUARY 2 0 1 4 CERN Courier – digital edition Welcome to the digital edition of the January/February 2014 issue of CERN Courier.

This year sees the 60th anniversary of when a dozen European countries joined together to establish CERN. In this issue, the current director-general writes on how the organization has amply fulfilled the vision of its founders in providing for collaboration among European states in pure scientific research. Today, CERN welcomes scientists and engineers from around the world, many of whom are working towards the high-luminosity upgrade to the LHC – the laboratory’s flagship accelerator – and its experiments. Accelerator R&D is well underway, not only for the LHC but for other front-line future accelerators at CERN and elsewhere.

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To subscribe to the magazine, the e-mail new-issue alert, please visit: http://cerncourier.com/cws/how-to-subscribe. Accelerator R&D advances

ANNIVERSARY FACILITIES HOW IT ALL CERN celebrates societies 60 years of facilitate input BEGAN EDITOR: CHRISTINE SUTTON, CERN science for peace to planning The DIGITAL EDITION CREATED BY JESSE KARJALAINEN/IOP PUBLISHING, UK p58 p19 Masterclasses p34 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 4 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 4 CERN Courier January/February 2014 3 COMPLETE SOLUTIONS Contents Which do you want to engage? Covering current developments in high- physics and related fi elds worldwide CERN Courier is distributed to member-state governments, institutes and laboratories affi liated with CERN, and to their personnel. It is published monthly, except for cerncourier January and August. The views expressed are not necessarily those of the CERN Magnet Power Beamline Electronic Precision Current management.

Supply Systems Instrumentation Transducers Editor Christine Sutton V o l u m e 5 4 N u m b e r 1 J a N u a r y /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 4 News editor Kate Kahle CERN, 1211 23, E-mail [email protected] Fax +41 (0) 22 785 0247 5 N E W s  Web cerncourier.com • CERN to admit Israel as fi rst new member state since 1999 Advisory board Luis Álvarez-Gaumé, James Gillies, Horst Wenninger • CERN’s 60th anniversary • IceCube fi nds evidence for Laboratory correspondents: high-energy extra-terrestrial First negative-hydrogen- Argonne National Laboratory (US) Cosmas Zachos • Brookhaven National Laboratory (US) P Yamin ion beam accelerated at Linac4 ATLAS and CMS observe (US) D G Cassel • DESY Laboratory (Germany) Till Mundzeck Higgs- decays to How long can beauty and charm EMFCSC (Italy) Anna Cavallini 3 • Centre (Italy) Guido Piragino live together? • SCOAP open-access initiative gets going Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (US) Katie Yurkewicz HiLumi LHC design study moves towards HL-LHC Forschungszentrum Jülich (Germany) Markus Buescher • • GSI Darmstadt (Germany) I Peter New charged charmonium-like states observed at BESIII IHEP, Beijing (China) Tongzhou Xu IHEP, Serpukhov (Russia) Yu Ryabov INFN (Italy) Romeo Bassoli 13 s CiENCEWatCh  Jefferson Laboratory (US) Steven Corneliussen JINR Dubna (Russia) B Starchenko KEK National Laboratory (Japan) Nobukazu Toge 15 s t r O W a t C h Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (US) Spencer Klein a  Los Alamos National Laboratory (US) Rajan Gupta NCSL (US) Ken Kingery Nikhef (Netherlands) Robert Fleischer 17 a r C h i v E  Novosibirsk Institute (Russia) S Eidelman Orsay Laboratory (France) Anne-Marie Lutz PSI Laboratory (Switzerland) P-R Kettle F E a t u r E s Saclay Laboratory (France) Elisabeth Locci Science and Technology Facilities Council (UK) Julia Maddock 19 Global perspectives on major science facilities SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (US) Farnaz Khadem TRIUMF Laboratory (Canada) Marcello Pavan Physics societies provide valuable input to the planning process.

Produced for CERN by IOP Publishing Ltd IOP Publishing Ltd, Temple Circus, Temple Way, 23 Workshop looks towards High-Luminosity LHC BS1 6HG, UK Tel +44 (0)117 929 7481 A meeting in Aix-les-Bains looked at preparations for running at the HL-LHC. Publisher Susan Curtis Production editor Lisa Gibson Technical illustrator Alison Tovey 26 EuCARD comes to a successful end Group advertising manager Chris Thomas Advertisement production Katie Graham The project ends with most of its ambitious objectives fulfi lled. Marketing & Circulation Angela Gage

Head of B2B & Marketing Jo Allen 30 AdA – the small machine that made a Art director Andrew Giaquinto big impact Advertising The fi rst – collisions at a Tel +44 (0)117 930 1026 (for UK/Europe display advertising) or +44 (0)117 930 1164 (for recruitment advertising); storage ring were observed 50 years ago. E-mail: [email protected]; fax +44 (0)117 930 1178

General distribution Courrier Adressage, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland 34 How the Particle Physics Masterclasses began E-mail: [email protected] In certain countries, to request copies or to make address changes, contact: A look back to the origins of the masterclasses in 1996. • Digital Current Regulation Loop: • TURN-KEY Solution for • Precision current measuring China Keqing Ma, Library, Institute of High Energy Physics, PO Box 918, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China easiness to adapt to any load Beam Position Monitors and for transducers with closed-loop E-mail: [email protected] 39 F a C E s &P L a C E s  Germany Antje Brandes, DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 , Germany condition Power Supply System for Optics current transformer technology E-mail: [email protected] (Zero-Flux technology) Italy Loredana Rum or Anna Pennacchietti, INFN, Casella Postale 56, 00044 Frascati, 50 r E C r u i t M E N t  • High Modularity and Extreme • Low Noise and High Resolution Rome, Italy E-mail: [email protected] Configurability • Galvanic isolation between UK Mark Wells, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Polaris House, North Star 55 B O O k s h E L F  • Ethernet Connectivity Avenue, Swindon, Wiltshire SN2 1SZ primary and secondary conductor E-mail: [email protected] • Ethernet Connectivity US/Canada Published by Cern Courier, 6N246 Willow Drive, 58 v i E W P O i N t  • Firmware Remote Update St Charles, IL 60175, US. Periodical postage paid in St Charles, IL, US • Current-Output and Voltage- Fax 630 377 1569. E-mail: [email protected] • Firmware Remote Update POSTMASTER: send address changes to: Creative Mailing Services, PO Box 1147, Output versions available St Charles, IL 60174, US I NTERNATIONAL J OURNAL OF H IGH -E NERGY P HYSICS cerncourier

Published by European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, V OLUME 5 4 N UMBER 1 J ANUARY /F EBRUARY 2 0 1 4 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland Tel +41 (0) 22 767 61 11. Telefax +41 (0) 22 767 65 55

Printed by Warners (Midlands) plc, Bourne, Lincolnshire, UK CAENels is a dynamic company that provides power supplies and state-of- On the cover: R&D for the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) programme – now an the-art dedicated electronic systems to the community © 2014 CERN ISSN 0304-288X approved project (p12) – is well underway, for example with work at CERN on new Accelerator R&D high-fi eld magnets based on Nb3Sn coils, as in this example. While the EuCARD - e.g. sources and Free Electron Laser (FEL) facilities. advances project has co-ordinated R&D for frontier accelerators, including the HL-LHC (p26), ANNIVERSARY FACILITIES HOW IT ALL CERN celebrates Physics societies the LHC collaborations have also been preparing for a high-luminosity future (p23). 60 years of facilitate input BEGAN science for peace to planning The Particle Physics p58 p19 Masterclasses p34 (Image credit: Anna Pantelia/CERN.) www.caenels.com [email protected] 3

ESFR Ottobre 2013.indd 1 07/01/14 08:13 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 4 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 4

CERN Courier January/February 2014 MAGNETS BEAM TRANSPORT News POWER CONVERTERS

RF AMPLIFIERS i NtErNatiONaL CERN to admit Israel as fi rst new SIGMAPHI Magnets and the new member state since 1999 Following a resolution unanimously adopted SIGMAPHI Electronics team at the 169th session of the cern council on 12 December, cern is set to admit israel as the organization’s 21st member state. israeli wish you a membership will be effective from the date on which Israel formally notifi es UNESCO that it has ratifi ed the CERN Convention. cern was established under the auspices of UNESCO, and UNESCO remains the depository of the cern convention. israeli has been an associate member of cern HAPPY NEW YEAR since 2011. israel’s formal association with cern Following Council’s adoption of the resolution to accept Israel as the 21st member state, (left began in 1991, when the country was granted to right) Eliezer Rabinovici, chair of the Israeli Academy of Science’s National Committee for observer status by council in recognition of High Energy Physics, Eviatar Manor, Israel’s ambassador to the UN in Geneva, Rolf Heuer, the major involvement of israeli institutions CERN’s director-general, and Giora Mikenberg of the Weizman Institute. in the OPAL experiment at the Large electron–Positron , accompanied council established the status of associate still underway with Slovenia regarding by contributions to the running of the membership for countries wishing to have membership, and with Brazil, Pakistan, accelerator. Today, israel is involved with limited participation in cern’s programme, russia and Turkey, all of which have applied the ATLAS experiment at the LHC and the accompanied by limited benefi ts of for associate membership. romania has the ALPHA and COMPASS experiments, as membership. All new applicants for full status of candidate for accession, having well as experiments at the ISOLDE facility. membership must pass through a period of applied for full membership before the new in addition, israel contributes to the LHc at least two years as an associate member procedures came into effect. and to the cLic accelerator design study, before council takes a decision on full and operates a tier-2 centre of the Worldwide membership. A country can also apply for LHc computing Grid. israel also supports the associate membership in its own right. Sommaire en français involvement of Palestinian students at cern. Following this decision, israel became Israël devient le premier nouvel 5 israel’s forthcoming membership of CERN’s fi rst associate member in 2011, État membre du CERN depuis 1999 cern follows a decision taken by council followed by Serbia in 2012. Cyprus and in 2010 to enlarge the organization’s ukraine will become associate members IceCube observe la trace de neutrinos de 6 membership (CERN Courier July/ as soon as their national parliaments ratify haute énergie extraterrestres August 2010 p7). At the same time, the accession agreements. Discussions are Un premier faisceau d’ions hydrogène 7 négatifs accéléré au Linac 4 明けまして BONNE ANNÉE CERN’s 60th anniversary ATLAS et CMS observent des 8 désintégrations du boson de Higgs en fermions On 29 September, it will be 60 years since CERN – the European Organization for Nuclear Research – came おめでとう into being as the fi rst scientifi c pan-European endeavour. Just a few years after the Second World War, Combien de temps charme et beauté 9 12 European countries joined forces and built what has become the world’s largest particle-physics peuvent-ils coexister ? 新年快乐 laboratory. To mark the anniversary, this year CERN will celebrate 60 years of cutting-edge science for SCOAP3 : lancement du projet de 11 ございます peace. In this issue, CERN's current director-general writes how the organization has fulfi lled the vision publication en libre accès of its founders to provide for collaboration among European states in pure and fundamental scientifi c research “with no concern for military requirements” (p58). Celebratory events will take place throughout Le projet HL-LHC avance 12 the year in the member states – now numbering 21 – and at CERN. In particular, at the beginning of July a De nouveaux charmoniums atypiques 12 joint event with UNESCO in Paris will mark the anniversary of the initial signing, in 1953, of the convention observés à BESIII that was to establish the organization under the auspices of UNESCO a year later. On 29 September, Pourquoi la peinture rouge noircit 13 an event at CERN attended by high-level representatives from all of the member states will celebrate – 60 years to the day – the offi cial birth of the organization in 1954. Les jets issus des trous noirs contiennent 15 ● For more about 60 years of CERN in this and future issues of CERN Courier, look out for the logo! des noyaux lourds

www.sigmaphi.fr 5

Untitled-2 1 07/01/2014 11:09 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 4 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 4 CERN Courier January/February 2014 CERN Courier January/February 2014 News News Silicon Drift Detector • Solid State Design • Easy to Use a strOPartiCLE P h Y s i C s isotropic extra-terrestrial signal would also events, but observes no signifi cant clusters. be mostly downward-going because of this However, follow-up studies should further • Low Cost IceCube fi nds evidence for high-energy extra-terrestrial neutrinos absorption. of the 28 selected events, 24 characterize the radiation and pin down its are downward-going, which is more than source. Already, some tantalizing hints have TM (a) (b) southern sky (downgoing) northern sky (upgoing) expected from the background plus the been presented at the 2013 international FAST SDD background atmospheric 2 astrophysical component from the fi t. The cosmic ray conference (CERN Courier 10 10 flux excess is about 1.5σ. The angular agreement November 2013 p25 and Klein 2013). Count Rate = >1,000,000 CPS for a purely atmospheric fl ux is background atmospheric Resolution Peaking Time 8 neutrinos (π/K) even worse. ● Further reading 1 M G Aartsen et al. IceCube Collaboration 2013 125 eV FWHM 4 µs 10 background stat. and syst. This analysis shows that cosmic uncertainties accelerators emit a signifi cant fraction of Science 342 1242856. 130 eV FWHM 1 µs 6 S R Klein IceCube Collaboration 2013 140 eV FWHM 0.2 µs atmospheric neutrinos their as neutrinos. The collaboration has also studied the arrival directions of the arXiv:1311.6519 [astro-ph.HE]. 100 (benchmark charm flux) 160 eV FWHM 0.05 µs 4 atmospheric neutrinos L h C N E W s events per 662 days (90% CL charm limit) 5.9 events per 662 days SDD Spectrum keV –1 10 2 signal plus background First negative-hydrogen-ion beam 55Fe best-fit astrophysical E–2 spectrum eV FWHM

Counts 125 0 data accelerated at Linac4 25 mm2 x 500 µm 102 103 –1.0 –0.5 0 0.5 1.0 11.2 µs peaking time 6.4 keV deposited EM-equivalent energy in detector (TeV) sin(declination) P/B Ratio: 20000/1 Energy (keV) Fig. 1. (a) The deposited-energy spectrum and (b) zenith angle distribution for the 28 signal events, compared to the expected backgrounds Resolution vs Peaking Time from atmospheric (red), conventional atmospheric neutrinos (blue, with uncertainties given by the hatched region), perturbative QCD 180 predictions for prompt neutrinos and the 90% upper limit for prompt neutrinos (purple), plus the best-fi t E –2 astrophysical neutrino spectrum. 25 mm2 170 ν The icecube collaboration has reported analysis estimated the muon backgrounds or hadronic showers from e and most 160 Standard SDD evidence, at the 4σ level, for a diffuse (i.e. using two independent, nested veto regions ντ charged-current interactions, and TM isotropic) fl ux of high-energy extra-terrestrial around a smaller fi ducial volume. Events neutral-current interactions of any 150 FAST SDD neutrinos, mostly above 60 TeV (Aartsen et al. tagged in the outer veto that missed the fl avour. Most of the events that IceCube 140 2013). Using two years of data, the analysis inner veto were used to determine the sees are atmospheric νμ charged-current selected 28 events – including the two events veto-miss fraction. The veto also eliminated interactions, but the requirement that 130 previously reported with energies above 1 PeV energetic, downward-going atmospheric the events originate within the detector, Resolution (eV FWHM @ 5.9 keV) 120 (CERN Courier July/August 2013 p5). This is neutrinos, which should be accompanied by a depositing 6000 photoelectrons, changes 0 1 2 3 4 5 substantially above the background estimate cosmic-ray air shower with energetic muons the fraction. of the 28 events found, only Peaking Time (μs) of 12.1 events. that should trigger the veto. seven are classed as track-like. While this is The Linac4 3 MeV beam line, with the ion source at the back, the RFQ in the middle and the Throughput In the energy range 60 TeV to 2 PeV, The selection criteria were largely consistent with the 1:1:1 ratio of νe:νμ:ντ, it is chopping line at the front. 1,00,0000 the data are well described by a neutrino insensitive to the event topology, so the a lower fraction of tracks than expected for –2 0.2 μs energy spectrum that varies as e , with a analysis selected νe, νμ and ντ interactions, atmospheric neutrinos, which are mostly νμ. on 14 november, a beam of negative was assembled, installed and successfully 2 –8 –2 –1 –1 fl u x E ν φ < 1.2 ± 0.4 × 10 G eV c m s sr . providing they occurred inside the detector. Figure 1(a) shows the deposited energy hydrogen ions was successfully accelerated commissioned in the tunnel. After a short 100,000 1 μs This is near the Waxman–Bahcall bound The events fall into two classes: long for the 28 events, together with the expected for the fi rst time to 3 MeV in Linac4. rF commissioning period, the beam was – the fl ux expected if cosmic-ray nuclei tracks (muons) from νμ charged-current backgrounds for muons, conventional This marked the start of a two-year accelerated to 3 MeV and transported to the 4 μs undergoing acceleration interact strongly interactions, plus cascades, electromagnetic atmospheric neutrinos and prompt commissioning phase for the new linear beam dump at the end of the diagnostic line. 10,000 in their sources and transfer most of their atmospheric neutrinos from the decay accelerator that will replace Linac2 as the By the end of 2013 – only a few months energy to secondary particles (mainly π± of charmed particles. The atmospheric low-energy injector in cern’s accelerator into installation – most of the Linac4 Rate (OCR) Output Count and K±) whose decays produce neutrinos. Breakthrough of the Year neutrino fl uxes include the effect of the complex. When this chain of accelerators infrastructure was in place. not only have 1,000 For an e–2 spectrum, the data indicate that downward-going veto. There is a substantial that ultimately serves the LHc is in the RFQ and MEBT, with its fast beam 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,0000 The fi rst observations of high-energy cosmic Input Count Rate (ICR) there must be a cut-off at a few peta-electron- neutrinos by IceCube was named 2013 uncertainty for the prompt fl ux, which has operation, the negative hydrogen ions chopper, been placed in their fi nal locations, volts, otherwise more energetic events would Breakthrough of the Year by and not yet been observed – the range is based on will be stripped of their two and the majority of the rF klystrons on the have been seen. Alternatively, the energy theoretical estimates, with upper limits from converted into at injection into the surface have also been installed. in parallel, –2.2 also featured in Wired's list of top scientifi c spectrum might be somewhat softer: an e discoveries of 2013. Physics World highly previous IceCube studies. Although the two Synchrotron Booster. a second-generation negative-hydrogen-ion spectrum fi ts the data well. commended nine other achievements, including 1 PeV neutrinos are prominent, the signal In the fi rst months of 2013, the source has been commissioned on the test stand, delivering a beam in excess of 50 mA The analysis combined multiple techniques the discovery of pear-shaped nuclei at CERN's rises above the background at energies above Linac4 collaboration commissioned the to isolate the 28 events from a much larger 60 TeV. The black line shows the best fi t to an radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ) at a just before the end of the year. ISOLDE facility (CERN Courier June 2013 p5), background of downward-going cosmic-ray e–2 astrophysical signal. dedicated test stand. The 1.5-tonne rFQ, Once commissioning to 3 MeV is the Planck space telescope's most precise muons and atmospheric neutrinos. The event Figure 1(b) compares the zenith angle constructed completely at cern, sits at the completed in February, three more rF selection was simple. it involved choosing determination ever of the cosmic microwave distribution of the data with the same start of the Linac4 beam line and takes the accelerating sections will be installed events that originated within the detector background radiation and the South Pole background estimates. The muon background beam from 45 keV to 3 MeV in just 3 m. progressively to take the ion beam to its and produced more than 6000 observed Telescope's measurement of B-mode polarization is entirely downward-going, while the During the summer, the team moved the fi nal energy. Drift tube linacs (DTL) will Please see our web site for photoelectrons. The origination criteria used in the radiation. Wired also listed the dark-matter atmospheric neutrino background is largely rFQ, the medium-energy beam transport take the beam to 50 MeV; cell-coupled complete specifications and the outer portion of the detector as a veto, results from the LUX experiment (CERN Courier upward-going, owing to a combination of (MEBT) line and the diagnostic line to DTLs will take it to 100 MeV; and, fi nally, vacuum applications therefore removing events with early light, December 2013 p8). the downward-going veto and the absorption their fi nal location in the Linac4 tunnel. In pi-mode accelerating structures will take it which could be from entering tracks. The of high-energy neutrinos in the Earth. An parallel, a new negative-hydrogen-ion source up to 160 MeV. AMPTEK Inc. [email protected] www.amptek.com 6 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 4 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 4 CERN Courier January/February 2014 CERN Courier January/February 2014 News News

L h C P h Y s i C s of sophisticated analysis methods, the couples to and the mass to fermions. More data will allow contamination from backgrounds to the of the muon is 17 times lower than that of testing the Higgs couplings at a deeper ATLAS and CMS observe Higgs-boson decays to fermions τ+τ– fi nal state could be reduced greatly. the τ, the H → μ+μ– rate is expected to be level, where other models for physics remaining backgrounds were estimated around 290 times lower than that of H → τ+τ–. beyond the predict directly from the data, or taken from The absence of a signal in the ATLAS μ+μ– differences. The next LHC run, which Last year, the ATLAS and CMS simulation with their rates normalized to search, setting an upper limit of 9.8 times begins in 2015, is expected to produce CMS preliminary, 4.9 fb–1 at 7 TeV, 19.7 fb–1 at 8 TeV ATLAS preliminary data + –

GeV →μ μ collaborations confi rmed that the new H(125) → ττ (μ = 1.4) data in signal-free control regions. To avoid the H rate predicted by the Standard several times the existing data sample. In SM H(125 GeV)→ττ H → ττ VBF + boosted eμ, eτ , μτ , τ τ Z → ττ boson found in 2012 was indeed a Higgs h h h h 40 data – background 60 –1 any possible bias, the analysis was developed Model, therefore provides strong evidence that addition, the proton collisions will be at L dt = 20.3 fb 2500 bkg. uncertainty ∫ others boson with a mass around 125 GeV (cern 20 √s = 8 TeV fakes and optimized without looking at the signal the Higgs boson does not decay to in a higher energies, producing Higgs bosons at uncert. courier May 2013 p21). The discovery relied 0 40 in the data (blinded). fl avour-blind way, but favours decays to heavy higher rates. 2000 on the observation of decays to pairs of (1/GeV) After “unblinding”, ATLAS observes an leptons, as predicted by the Standard Model.

ττ –20 bosons, namely , Ws and Zs – the 20 excess of events (fi gure 2) in a region These results, which are derived from ● Further reading 1500 CMS carriers of the electromagnetic and weak 0 100 200 300 consistent with the previously measured mass the LHC’s fi rst run, are so far compatible – mττ (GeV) In(1+S/B) w. events/10 Standard Model Higgs to bb: arXiv:1310.3687 forces – and provided strong support for 0 of the Higgs boson (125 GeV) and a statistical with the Standard Model predictions. The 1000 SM H(125 GeV)→ττ σ σ [hep-ex], accepted by Phys. Rev. D. the idea that the Brout–Englert–Higgs observed H(125) → ττ (μ = 1.4) signifi cance of 4.1 , against 3.2 expected. broad physics programme of ATLAS, Z→ττ H(110) → ττ (μ = 1.8) + – – Standard Model Higgs to τ τ : CMS-PAS-HIG-13-004. mechanism is responsible for the mass of the tt 10 H(150) → ττ (μ = 5.9) The ratio of the observed signal to that which includes precision measurements of the , while leaving the photon 500 electroweak expected for a Standard Model Higgs properties of the Higgs boson, will continue to Standard Model Higgs to μ+μ–: CMS-PAS-HIG-13-007. /(S+B) weighted dN/dm QCD + – +0.4 S ATLAS massless. Now, with the full LHC data sets w. data-bkg 0 decaying to a τ τ pair yields μ = 1.4 –0.5, which test the Standard Model in the years to come. from 2011 and 2012, the two collaborations 0 is compatible with one. Higgs to τ+τ–:ATLAS-CONF-2013-108. 0 100 200 300 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 – have turned their attention to testing MMC ATLAS also searched for the decay of These results from the two collaborations Standard Model Higgs to bb: ATLAS-CONF-2013-079. mττ (GeV) m (GeV) whether the Higgs fi eld also gives mass to ττ a Higgs boson to a muon pair. Because the now establish the coupling of the Higgs Standard Model Higgs to μ+μ–:ATLAS-CONF-2013-010. fermions, i.e. and leptons. Fig. 1. Weighted mass spectrum for the Fig. 2. The invariant mass of the τ+τ– pair in τ+τ– system in CMS. The inset shows a ATLAS. The excess of data events (black The CMS collaboration background-subtracted view of the spectrum dots) is consistent with the presence of a How long can beauty and charm live together? announced its fi rst results with an excess around the mass of the Higgs boson at 125 GeV, indicated by the red on the coupling of the discovered Higgs boson. line. The main remaining background is recently discovered Higgs Z → τ+τ–. Background contributions with The LHcb collaboration three-muon decays without any requirement + – + + boson to pairs at different generations are not universal, in τ τ invariant mass away from 125 GeV are has recently made the 4 LHCb Bc → J/ψ μ X on the decay time, therefore not biasing the 10 combinatorial bkg the Rencontres de Moriond conference, in contrast to, for example, the couplings of the suppressed by the analysis. world’s most precise misid. bkg measured lifetime. using the data sample prompt peak (0.2 ps) March 2013 (CERN Courier May 2013 p21). Z bosons, which do not distinguish between measurement of the lifetime fake J/ψ bkg collected in 2012, about 10,000 signal /

2 + 10 wrong PV bkg At the time, the search for the Higgs-boson l e p t o n fl a v o u r .s The ATLAS of the Bc meson – a fascinating particle that data decays were selected – the largest sample – + – + decays to bb and τ τ had yielded evidence These measurements used the full collaboration has both beauty and charm. of reconstructed Bc decays to have ever with a combined signifi cance of 3.4σ for the capabilities of the CMS experiment, presented its fi rst The heavy fl avours of beauty and charm 1 been reported. Higgs coupling to third-generation fermions. combining information from all of the results on fermionic decays of the Higgs are produced in proton–proton collisions candidates The challenge with semileptonic decays + – + now, the updated search for decays to τ τ , detector’s components to reconstruct and boson using the full 2012 data set in the at the LHc in –antiquark pairs. The 0 123 4567 is that the Bc kinematics is not completely −1 – based on an improved analysis of 4.9 fb of measure the energy of each individual di-muon and bb decay channels at the winter resulting usually contain the tps (ps) reconstructed, because of the impossibility LHc data collected at a collision energy of particle emerging from the proton–proton and summer conferences in 2013, respectively. original pair, as in the case of quarkonia, or a of detecting the neutrino. This effect can be −1 + 7 TeV in 2011 and 19.7 fb collected at 8 TeV collision, via a “particle fl ow” algorithm. However, the results did not yet establish the single heavy quark bound to the abundantly Lifetime distribution of the Bc candidates, corrected on a statistical basis, although at in 2012, has revealed a 3.4σ excess at the This technique allows τ decays to be fermionic decays expected from a Standard produced light quarks. However, in rare with the fi tted components indicated. the cost of introducing an uncertainty owing – mass of the Higgs boson in this channel alone. identifi ed effi ciently, while rejecting Model Higgs boson. ATLAS has now found cases, a c quark and a b antiquark combine to the theoretical model of the decay used for + + Taken together with the 2.1σ excess found in the background from “jets” of particles strong evidence for Higgs decays to fermions, into a Bc. Since the , t, decays too determination for most Bc decay modes. the correction. LHcb developed a technique the earlier searches by CMS for b decays, this originating from quarks and . The using 20.3 fb−1 of LHc data taken at a proton quickly to form hadrons, this is the only Following initial investigation at the to constrain this model-dependence using + gives a combined signifi cance of 4.0σ for the precise charged-particle tracking of CMS collision energy of 8 TeV in the centre of meson composed of two particles carrying , the Bc meson is being studied data and found that the corresponding two channels, compared with an expectation helps identify jets coming from b quarks. mass. This is an important test of the Standard different heavy fl avours. As such, it offers extensively at the LHC. In particular, the systematic uncertainty is small. of 4.2σ for a Standard Model Higgs boson. in the case of Higgs-boson decays to τ+τ–, Model, which predicts such decays. a unique laboratory to test theoretical LHcb collaboration has already published The result for the lifetime is 509 ± 15 fs. The observed rate for Higgs production with the data have a strong peak at a τ+τ– mass Branching ratios for the Standard Model models of both the , several observations of new decay channels This is twice as precise as the current subsequent decay into b quarks or τ leptons corresponding to that of the Z boson, which Higgs boson are predicted to scale with the which accounts for its production, and the and the world’s most precise determination world-average from the Particle Data Group, + divided by the expected rate for a Standard is produced much more copiously than mass-squared of the decay products. Hence , via which the meson of the Bc mass. now, the collaboration obtained combining measurements by the Model Higgs gives the ratio μ = 0.90±0.26, Higgs bosons. The analysis was developed the two fermionic fi nal states expected to be has to decay. indeed, the lifetime of the has achieved the world’s most precise CDF and D0 experiments at the Tevatron, – + – + which suggests that the particle does indeed and optimized in a “blinded” way, i.e. not most abundant are bb quark pairs and τ τ Bc meson is one of the key parameters that measurement of the lifetime by studying the and opens the door for a new era of precision + + behave like a Standard Model Higgs boson. looking at the signal in the data, to avoid pairs, the most massive of the fermions provide a test-bench for theoretical models. semileptonic decays Bc → J/ψμν, with the Bc studies. By contrast, the search for decays of the introducing a bias. to which the Higgs boson can decay. Knowledge of the lifetime is also essential to subsequent decay J/ψ → μ+ μ–. The particle Higgs boson to μ+μ– yields no signal, just as By carefully measuring and controlling ATLAS has looked for all possible τ+τ– develop selection algorithms and to improve identifi cation capabilities of LHCb allow a ● Further reading expected from the fact that the μ has nearly this background, a clear signal from Higgs decay channels, namely to two leptons, to the accuracy of the branching-fraction high-purity sample to be selected for these LHCb-PAPER-2013-063, in preparation. 17 times less mass than the τ, making the decays remains after subtracting the one lepton plus hadrons and to hadrons only. decays of the Higgs to μ+μ– some 290 times background (fi gure 1). The analysis was optimized to test whether less frequent than those to τ+τ–. Likewise, the Armed with an array of techniques and a 125 GeV Higgs boson decays to a τ+τ– pair search for the Higgs-boson decay into a pair decay modes with which to study the Higgs and suppresses contributions that have a τ+τ– of electrons – which should be even more boson, CMS will continue to measure its invariant mass away from 125 GeV, including rare, given that the electron is 200 times properties ever more precisely – using the Z → τ+τ– background, although the main VACUUM VALVES lighter than the muon – returned empty present and future data – and to search for remaining background is still Z → τ+τ–. handed. From this, it can be inferred that the additional new particles, including possible Thanks to the detector’s powerful lepton couplings of the Higgs boson to leptons of cousins of the Higgs boson. identifi cation capabilities and the application Request our NEW catalogue: www.vatvalve.com

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After intense preparations and consensus in subscription fees for thousands of in co-operation with publishers, and use them to building, the SCOAP3 open-access publishing participating libraries worldwide have support the peer-review system directly instead. initiative started on 1 January. With the been arranged, making funds available for ● Partners in the following countries have support of partners in 24 countries, a large libraries to support SCOAP3. formalized their participation in SCOAP3: proportion of scientifi c articles in the fi eld The objective of SCOAP3 is to grant , Belgium, Canada, China, Denmark, of high-energy physics will become open unrestricted access to articles appearing in France, Germany, italy, Japan, norway, access at no cost for any author: everyone scientifi c journals, which so far have been Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, United will be able to read them; authors will retain available to scientists only through certain Kingdom and the United States of America. copyright; and generous licences will enable university libraries, and generally unavailable Partners in the following countries are wide re-use of this information. convened to the wider public. open dissemination completing the fi nal steps to formally join at cern, this is the largest-scale global of preliminary information, in the form of SCOAP3: the czech republic, Finland, open-access initiative ever built, involving pre-peer-review articles known as preprints, Greece, Hungary, Korea, the netherlands, an international collaboration of more than has been the norm in high-energy physics and Spain, South Africa and Turkey. 1000 libraries, library consortia and research related disciplines for two decades. SCOAP3 The following publishers and scientifi c organizations. SCOAP3 enjoys the support of sustainably extends this opportunity to societies are participating in SCOAP3 with funding agencies and has been established in high-quality peer-review service, making the 10 high-quality peer-reviewed journals in co-operation with leading publishers. fi nal version of articles available within the the fi eld of high-energy physics and related eleven publishers of high-quality open-access tenets of free and unrestricted disciplines: the Chinese Academy of Sciences, international journals are participating dissemination of science with intellectual Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft, elsevier, in SCOAP3. elsevier, ioP Publishing and property rights vested in the authors and wide Hindawi, Publishing, Springer, with their publishing partners, re-use opportunities. In the SCOAP3 model, Jagellonian University, Oxford University have been working with the network of libraries and funding agencies pool resources Press, Physical Society of Japan, SISSA SCOAP3 national contact points. reductions that are currently used to subscribe to journals, Medialab, Springer, Società Italiana di Fisica. © CERN 2007

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okazaki-cernad-193x125.indd 1 27/11/2013 14:45 11 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 4 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 4 CERN Courier January/February 2014 CERN Courier January/February 2014 News Sciencewatch u P G r a D E s meeting of the HiLumi LHC Design Study magnetic fi elds, such as the recently proposed C OMPILED BY J OHN S WAIN , N ORTHEASTERN U NIVERSITY HiLumi LHC design and the US LHC Accelerator Research . Program (LARP) took place in conjunction Highlights reported by the design-study Tests of red paint from study moves towards with the HL-LHc kick-off meeting. The work-package leaders at the meeting included a mural in the 14th event was held in november at Daresbury fi nal parameters for the layout and fi nalized Why red paint goes dark century Monastery of HL-LHC Laboratory in the uK, bringing together main layout for the machine; important Pedralbes in Spain more than 160 scientists from countries developments in crab-cavity hardware; a helped to solve the When the cern council approved the around the world, including Japan, russia detailed layout for improving collimation; Much of the red colour in old paintings During the past decade, earlier ideas that puzzling colour updated European Strategy for Particle and the US. Directors of major accelerator and the assembly and characterization of two is vermillion – one of the most ancient the mercury sulphide was converted into change. (Image Physics at a special meeting in last laboratories were present as invited speakers. 10-m-long MgB2 cables that have been tested pigments known to humans. Also known a black form of the compound gave way credit: J Chillida.) May, it recognized the High Luminosity The kick-off meeting underlined the up to 5 kA and at 20 K in the superconducting- as the mineral cinnabar, it is a form of the to the idea that metallic mercury formed, LHC (HL-LHC) project as the top priority role of the HL-LHc as a necessary tool for link confi guration. chemical compound mercury sulphide, appearing black in small amounts. However, that allow light to convert mercury ions for cern and europe (CERN Courier July/ extending physics beyond the LHC. The The HL-LHc project is currently in the α-HgS. However, vermillion turns black in electrons liberated by incident light do not to metallic mercury, small droplets of August 2013 p9). A month later, after Council important roles of cern and the high-energy design and prototyping phase and should old artworks, from ancient archaeological have enough energy to convert mercury ions which appear black. The work suggests had approved its integration into the cern physics community were also emphasized. release a Preliminary Design report in the sites such as Pompeii to rubens and italian into neutral mercury atoms. By combining useful conservation measures that include Medium Term Plan for 2014–2018, the Developing new technologies – for example, middle of 2014, with the Technical Design masters. until now no one has known why, X-ray-diffraction measurements performed preventing chloride salts from reaching HL-LHc entered a new phase, as it passed magnets with a fi eld 50% above the present report for construction at the end of 2015. but using a combination of many-body at DESY’s PETRA III storage ring with the artworks and avoiding exposure to from design study to an approved project. LHc technology – opens the way for a future ● https://indico.cern.ch/conferenceDisplay. theoretical spectroscopy and high-resolution ab initio calculations of light-induced wavelengths that are short enough to trigger To mark this approval, the 3rd joint annual higher-energy machine requiring even higher py?ovw=True&confId=257368 microscopic X-ray diffraction, Fabiana reactions of α-HgS, the team found the key the formation of metallic mercury. Da Pieve of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel and to lie with corderoite, a yellow compound E X O t i C s the University of Antwerp and colleagues of mercury, chlorine and sulphur. Exposed ● Further reading New charged charmonium-like states observed at BESIII have fi nally unravelled the mystery. to air, the corderoite develops defects F Da Pieve et al. 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 208302. Detection without absorption reproduces the four major taste categories: in studies at the Beijing electron–Positron 120 appear near the minimum required sweet, salty, sour and bitter. True taste Ice and the Forbidden City ) 2

Collider (BEPCII), the international team that ) to allow decays to pairs of D mesons (each until now, all photon detectors have required involves a fi fth – the savoury “umami”– 2 40 operates the Beijing Spectrometer (BESIII) 100 consisting of a charm quark and an anti-up that a photon be annihilated to be detected. and smells and textures, but these are still experiment has found evidence for a family of 80 20 or anti-down quark). The Zc(3900) has a This precluded any possibility of repeated to come. However, the group has already what could well be four-quark states. The new mass just above the combined mass of the measurements, but Stephan Ritter of the developed the idea of “taste messaging” and 60 events/(0.005 GeV/ c 0 – * results follow the discovery of the electrically D and D and the Zc(4020) has a mass just Max-Planck Institute for Quantum Optics a “taste over internet protocol”. 3.9 4.1 * 40 M + (GeV/c2) charged Zc(3900) in March last year (CERN π hc more than twice that of the D . So one idea is in Garching and colleagues have found a ● Courier May 2013 p7). that the Zc(3900) is a four-quark bound state way round the problem. in their scheme, an Further reading events/(0.005 GeV/ c 20 – These breakthroughs are the result consisting of a D and a D*, each composed incoming photon refl ects from an optical N Ranasinghe et al. 2013 submitted to Int. 0 of a dedicated study by the BESIII of two quarks. Similarly, the Zc(4020) resonator with a single atom – in this case J. Human-Computer Studies; New Scientist 3.95 4.05 4.15 4.25 * – * 2 23 November 2013. collaboration of the decays of the puzzling M ± (GeV/c ) could be a D D bound state. BESIII has rubidium-87 trapped in a 3D optical lattice Y(4260) state. Discovered by the BaBar π hc explored this piece of evidence further by in the centre of a Fabry–Pérot cavity – in a ± – * collaboration at SLAC in 2005, this state has Sum of simultaneous fi ts to theπ hc mass studying experimentally the charged D D superposition of two states. The refl ected Workers probably slid massive stones, such + – + – – * * Constancy of mass-ratios a well-established mass that is inconsistent distributions for e e → π π hc events at and D D systems, both of which show clear photon picks up a phase shift that affects the as this 300 tonne marble carving in front of with the interpretation that it consists only of centre-of-mass energies of 4.23 GeV, 4.26 GeV, enhancements with properties similar to relative phase of the two states of the atom, Since the identifi cation of a Higgs boson, the Hall of Supreme Harmony in the – + a charm quark, c, and an anti-charm quark, c. and 4.36 GeV; the inset shows the fi t to theπ hc those of the Zc(3900) and Z c(4020) (BESIII which is detectable by cavity-enhanced confi rming a mechanism for the “origin of Forbidden City, along artifi cial ice paths. Moreover, it tends to decay to charmonium distributions at 4.23 GeV and 4.26 GeV with collaboration 2013b and 2013c). fl uorescence. This permits the detection of mass”, a question is whether particle masses – (cc states) plus conventional mesons rather the Z c(3900) and Z c(4020) clearly visible. Dots Another clue to the nature of all of these photons without annihilating them with an – or, equivalently, the Yukawa couplings – How did the Chinese transport heavy stones than to a pair of charmed particles, as are data; shaded histograms are normalized states came with the discovery of what effi ciency of 74% and a survival probability have always been the same. J Bagdonaite of from a quarry west of Beijing in the 15th expected for a particle of this mass. So, more sideband background; the solid curves show appears to be a Y(4260) decaying to a of 66%. The effi ciency can be increased by the University of Amsterdam and colleagues and 16th centuries? According to historical complicated models for its composition need the total fi t, and the dotted curves the photon and another particle, designated repeated observations. The technique could have used the effelsberg 100 m radio accounts, stones of more than 300 tonnes to be considered, such as the addition of more backgrounds from the fi t. the X(3872) (BESIII collaboration 2013d). revolutionize quantum logic gates and the telescope in Germany, the institute de radio were moved 70 km on wooden sleds. After quarks to the system, the existence of excited unlike the Zc(3900) and the Zc(4020), the preparation of exotic quantum states of light. Astronomie Millimétrique 30 m telescope many years of speculation on the details, gluons binding the cc– system, or even more i.e., additional lighter quarks. Hence, it must X(3872) is electrically neutral and has been in Spain and the Atacama Large Millimeter/ Jiang Li of the University of Science and exotic scenarios. The problem has been to fi nd be (at least) a four-quark object. experimentally established for more than ● Further reading submillimeter Array in Chile to look at Technology in Beijing and colleagues have a way to distinguish experimentally between Since then, the BESIII collaboration 10 years. it has long been suspected of being A Reiserer et al. 2013 Science 342 1349. methanol absorption lines in PKS1830–211, translated a 500-year-old description of the different theoretical possibilities. has discovered a partner to the Zc(3900) a four-quark object, but it has been diffi cult a benchmark lensing galaxy at a redshift z of such a transportation and performed a By tuning the energy at which electrons – the Zc(4020). The new state appeared to distinguish this interpretation from others 0.89. using 10 different absorption lines, the detailed analysis of the engineering. They ± Digital lollipop and annihilate at BePcii to in the decay π hc (BESIII collaboration as it has no electric charge. Now that BESIII researchers looked for variations that could have confi rmed that the key was an artifi cial the mass of the Y(4260), the BESIII 2013a). Like the Zc(3900), the Zc(4020) is has observed it alongside the Zc(3900) and Virtual-reality experiences might soon be due to a change in the proton-to-electron ice path. Rather than the more common collaboration has been able to produce the electrically charged and decays to a particle Zc(4020), it seems that a defi nitive theoretical include taste, thanks to nimesha ranasinghe mass ratio and found a fractional variation of wood-on-wood sliding or the use of rollers, it – –7 state directly and collect large samples of its consisting of a cc – in this case, the hc – so the interpretation must be closer at hand. of the National University of Singapore 1.5 ± 1.5 × 10 at one standard deviation for a turns out that water-lubricated-wood-on-ice decays. The fi rst surprising result was the interpretation is the same: it must also be a and colleagues. The taste simulator is a look-back time of 7.5 thousand million years. sliding works perfectly for the job requirements ● discovery of the Zc(3900), a charged state four-quark object. it appears, therefore, that Further reading lollipop-shaped electrode that you put So it looks as though things are pretty much of heavy loads and low speeds. that decays π± J/ψ. To decay this way, the the BESIII collaboration has begun to unveil BESIII collaboration 2013a Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 242001. on your tongue. using small temperature the same as they were a long time ago. ● Zc(3900) must contain a charm quark and an a whole family of four-quark objects. 2013b arXiv:1310.1163, accepted by Phys. Rev. Lett. changes produced by small semiconductor Further reading anticharm quark (to form the neutral J/ψ), one possible clue for the interpretation 2013c arXiv:1308.2760, submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett. elements that can be made cool or warm, ● Further reading J Li et al. 2013 PNAS 110 20023. together with something else that is charged, of the Zc(3900) and Z c(4020) is that they 2013d arXiv:1310.4101, submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett. and alternating currents, the “lollipop” J Bagdonaite et al. 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 231101.

12 13 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 4 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 4 CERN Courier January/February 2014 Astrowatch

C OMPILED BY M ARC TÜRLER , ISDC AND O BSERVATORY OF THE U NIVERSITY OF G ENEVA , AND U NIVERSITY OF Z URICH

3 Black-hole jets contain heavy nuclei SCOAP MODEL NOW REALITY: PHYSICS one of the open questions of astrophysics doubt that the composition of black-hole jets is the composition of the powerful jets is much richer than only electrons. With iron JOURNALS TO CHANGE TO OPEN launched by black holes. Are the jets purely emission from both jets moving in opposite leptonic or do they also contain protons directions, the team was able to determine and nuclei? The latter are implied by the the ’s orientation and its speed at about ACCESS - WITHOUT AUTHOR FEES recent detection of X-ray emission from iron two-thirds of the speed of light. and nickel atoms in the relativistic jets of a This is the fi rst time that heavy nuclei stellar-mass black-hole candidate. Strong have been detected in the jets of a typical Physics Letters B and Nuclear Physics B changing to open access journals γ-ray and neutrino emission is expected in stellar-mass black hole. There is only one such baryonic jets. other X-ray binary, SS 433, which shows Stellar-mass black holes manifest their similar signatures from atomic nuclei in As of January 2014, Physics Letters B and Nuclear Physics B will change from a subscription presence by accreting material from a its jets, but this source is peculiar, having based journal into an open access journal. Both journals are included in SCOAP3, an companion star. Matter fl ows from the star an unusually high accretion rate. The new innovative project designed to bring open access to the high energy physics community. As towards the black hole, forming a disc of Artist’s impression of a binary system where observations of 4U 1630-47 should help active participant in SCOAP3, Elsevier is changing two high profi le journals to open access plasma around it with a temperature so matter fl ows from a star towards a astronomers to learn more about the physical high that it emits X rays. The circling of the black hole, forming an accretion disc and two mechanism that launches jets from a black without the need for authors to pay an open access publication fee. ionized gas at almost the speed of light is powerful jets of particles. (Image credit: ESA/ hole’s accretion disc. A model where the thought to generate a twisted magnetic fi eld ATG medialab.) jet is powered by the spin of the black hole What does this mean for our authors? perpendicular to the disc, which funnels rather than by the magnetic fi eld induced by Authors can simply continue to publish their research in these journals as they always have. some of the incoming matter away in the known to show outbursts of X rays across the accretion disc is disfavoured as it would Upon acceptance, articles will be published open access, under a CC-BY license. Authors do form of two powerful jets of particles. The periods of months and years. produce leptonic jets only. not have to pay any publication fees for open access as these are covered by the SCOAP3 ejected mass and energy prevents the black The researchers observed the source The authors of the paper published in project. hole from growing too quickly. twice in September 2012, using both Nature also point out that the presence of observations at radio and other XMM-Newton and the Australia Telescope mildly relativistic in the jets suggests Benefi ts of publishing Physics Letters B and Nuclear Physics B as part of the SCOAP3 model: wavelengths have already shown that Compact Array to study simultaneously that γ rays could be produced by interaction • Provide immediate and permanent open access to the fi nal published article on black-hole jets contain highly relativistic its X-ray and radio state. Following a fi rst with high-energy photons or with protons ScienceDirect electrons (CERN Courier July/August 2006 observation without detectable radio from the stellar wind of the companion star. p10). However, until now it was not clear emission from the jets, the team was lucky This could give rise to a signal that would be • Authors retain copyright whether the negative charge of the electrons enough to catch the source soon after jet detectable by the Fermi Space Telescope and • Articles are published under a CC BY user license which permits text and data mining is complemented by their anti-particles – reactivation. in this second observation, the the future Cherenkov Telescope Array. The • No open access fees need to be paid by authors positrons – or by heavier, positively charged astronomers found X-ray emission lines from hadronic interactions should also generate particles in the jets, such as protons or atomic two highly ionized heavy elements – iron an intense fl ux of neutrinos. Therefore, nuclei. in a new study, a team of astronomers and nickel. For iron, there is even a second high-luminosity outbursts from black-hole led by María Díaz Trigo of the European line displaced in energy, suggesting that it X-ray binaries could provide the best Nuclear Physics B is rejuvenating! Did you know that: Southern Observatory in Munich has used comes from the counter-jet moving away opportunities for neutrino detection. • A new editorial board has been appointed. The editors Tommy Ohlsson (KTH ESA’s XMM-Newton satellite to study from the point of observation. According to Stockholm), Hong-Jian He (Tsinghua University), Hubert Saleur (Southern California a binary system called 4U 1630-47. This Díaz Trigo, the discovery came as a surprise ● Further reading University) and Valerie Gibson (Cambridge, UK) will be supported by a team of high system hosts a black-hole candidate and is – and a good one, since it shows beyond M Díaz Trigo et al. 2013 Nature 504 260. profi le Advisory Editors. • Editors will ensure personal contact with authors and reviewers Picture of the month • Publication time is among the fastest in the fi eld, with articles citable online after 3.4 weeks from submission This image of the Hubble Space Telescope shows RS Puppis, a star belonging to a class of pulsating stars known as Cepheid variables, • New articles types will be introduced, such as Reviews and Frontier Articles which have relatively long periods – RS Puppis, for example, varies in • The journal is sponsoring a Young Researcher Award at a relevant conference each year brightness by almost a factor of fi ve every 40 days or so. What makes • Outstanding reviewers will receive recognition RS Puppis unusual, however, is its dusty environment, which enables a • The journal has a new face, with a new cover and a new subtitle phenomenon known as a light echo to illuminate different portions of the thick, dark clouds enshrouding the variable star. Repeated observations over a fi ve-week period have revealed how the regular stellar pulsations For more information: www.journals.elsevier.com/physics-letters-b produce waves of light streaming through the clouds. The process is www.journals.elsevier.com/nuclear-physics-b similar to the apparent expansion of a gas bubble illuminated by the fl aring star V838 Monocerotis (Picture of the month, CERN Courier June 2003 p13 and May 2005 p13). (Image credit: NASA, ESA, and the Hubble High Energy Physics Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)-Hubble/Europe Collaboration.)

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Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (PTEP) is an online- CERN Courier Archive: 1971 only fully open access journal. PTEP: Formerly entitled Progress of , it has published A LOOK BACK TO CERN C OURIER VOL . 11, F EBRUARY 1971, COMPILED BY P EGGIE R IMMER many signifi cant articles in theoretical physics, including several papers that have led to the . In 2012, the journal i s r expanded its scope to incorporate experimental physics on an read our equal footing with theoretical physics. Colliding beams A selection of our most read articles from most read 2012 and 2013 On 27 January, colliding beams were achieved at the Intersecting Storage Rings Accelerator control system at KEKB and the linac for the fi rst time. Atsuyoshi Akiyama et al. on 25 January, ring 2 was brought into papers free action. [ring 1 had been successfully tested Complex probability measure and Aharonov’s in october (CERN Courier november 2013 weak value p12)]. At 19.47h, the fi rst beam of protons Tatsuya Morita et al. from the PS was injected, went round and In the ISR control room. online stayed going round, 3.5 mA circulating. At Dynamics of a deformable self-propelled particle 20.20h, 15 mA were injected and the r.f. occurred. At 13.26h, a single shot from the with internal rotational force accelerating cavities were brought on. At PS was fi red into Ring 2 and 14.7 mA were Compiler’s Note Mitsusuke Tarama and Takao Ohta 21.20h, stacking was tried and the circulating left circulating. The one remaining worry The ISR was shut current built up to 370 mA. At 22.32h, the was that the big beam in ring 1 would cause down in 1984, A search for muon-to-electron conversion at peak current of 720 mA was stacked. serious loss on the small beam in ring 2. no as CERN shifted J-PARC: the COMET experiment On 27 January, it was decided to go for such noticeable beam–beam interaction was its sights to the Yoshitaka Kuno colliding beams. The run began at 10.00h. observed. The last remaining fear of the ISR Large Electron Shortly after midday, a very clean stack built team, that they would not be able to deliver a Positron collider, Mode-coupling theory and beyond: A diagrammatic the current in Ring 1 to 930 mA. After a few usable machine for physics, was swept aside. but its legacy lives approach minutes, this dropped abruptly to 586.6 mA close on top of this came the news from on (CERN Courier Grzegorz Szamel but didn’t change for more than an hour. At the at the intersections. At fi rst 14.30h, well over two hours later, the monitors tentatively, then with confi dence, they fed to January/February Primary proton beam line at the J-PARC were reading 586.5 mA, proving that they the control room the information that they were 2011 p27). experimental facility hadn’t got stuck. So good were conditions in recording particles coming from collisions The machine Keizo Agari et al. the ring that hardly a measurable proton was in the intersecting beams. At about 13.40h, was to be the proving ground for some pivotal lost. The decay rate was 5 × 10 –8 per second, Kjell Johnsen moved to the microphone [see concepts in , most notably Present-day star formation: From molecular cloud corresponding to a half-life of many months. the February cover thumbnail] to announce , which made it possible to cores to protostars and protoplanetary disks One wisecrack was that the ISR had made the fi rst ever observation of proton–proton accumulate antiparticle beams of suffi cient Shu-ichiro Inutsuka itself independent of PS shutdowns. interactions in colliding beams. intensity for useful physics. This paved the ● Meanwhile an even more signifi cant event Compiled from texts on pp31–33. way for proton– collisions, fi rst in 1981 at the ISR itself and at the Super Proton Physics achievements from the Belle experiment B a t a v i a Jolanta Brodzicka et al. Synchrotron operating as a collider, and Booster beams from 1987 in the Tevatron at . Since These articles are freely available to read online at Another “milestone” en route to completion of 2006, stochastic cooling has been used at http://oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/ptep/2013toppapers.html the 200–500 GeV accelerator at the National Brookhaven’s Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider. Accelerator Laboratory was passed at the The fi rst role of the Batavia (later Fermilab) beginning of February when beams were Booster was to accelerate protons from the accelerated for the fi rst time in the Booster. linac into the 400 GeV Main Ring for fi xed-target The Booster is designed to take the 200 MeV experiments – and the discovery in 1977 of the beam from the Linac and to accelerate it to . In 1983, the Main Ring became 3 8 GeV for injection into the Main Ring. The injector to the superconducting Tevatron PTEP participates in SCOAP last of the magnets moved into the Booster ring, which was soon to be transformed into a From 2014, the Article Processing Charge (APC) for high- ring on 14 December and installation was proton–antiproton collider. The Booster supplied energy physics articles published in PTEP will be supported virtually complete a week later. protons from the linac and from by SCOAP3. Many other organizations are supporting on 23, 24 January the beam was injected Looking over a model of the site at Batavia PTEP authors in other subject areas. See the full list and taken full circle. A pulsed kicker was on 25 January are the director of the a high-intensity source that used stochastic www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/ptep/sponsoring_ installed to push the beam from its injection National Accelerator Laboratory, cooling. After acceleration in the Main Ring, organizations.html orbit and on 29 January the fi rst multiple turn R R Wilson (left), and B P Gregory, these beams were further accelerated in the tests were carried out. on 6 February, half the director-general of CERN until the end of Tevatron, before colliding at 1.8 TeV in the centre r.f. cavities were brought on and protons were last year. (Photo NAL.) of mass – allowing the discovery of the top quark www.ptep.oxfordjournals.org accelerated to an energy of 1 GeV. It looks as in 1995. The Tevatron retired in September if the Booster will be in excellent shape to feed Helen edwards as associate section leader. 2011, as CERN’s LHC came into operation (CERN beams to the Main Ring in a few months’ time. The section are feeling very pleased with Courier November 2011 p28). construction of the Booster has been themselves. brought to completion by roy Billinge with ● Compiled from texts on p47.

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PTEP CernCourier ad 3 repro.indd 1 17/12/2013 16:27 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 4 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 4 CERN Courier January/February 2014 Policy Verify and optimize your designs with COMSOL Multiphysics.® Global perspectives on

RF COUPLER: This model computes the transmission probability major science facilities through an RF coupler using both the angular coefficient method available in the Free Molecular Flow interface and a Monte Carlo method using the Mathematical Particle Tracing interface. Multiphysics tools let you build simulations that accurately replicate the important characteristics of your designs. The key is Physics societies in Asia, Europe and the US the ability to include all physical effects that exist in the real world. provided valuable input in 2013 to the planning of future research facilities. To learn more about COMSOL Multiphysics, visit www.comsol.com/introvideo Given the broad international collaborations involved in major scientifi c user facilities, timely formal and informal discussions among leaders of physics societies worldwide contribute to for- tifying the scientific case that is needed to justify large, new enterprises. The past year, 2013, proved to be one of focused intro- © Copyright 2013 COMSOL spection and planning for major research facilities, conducted by learned societies and by government agencies in Asia, Europe and the US. All three regions developed visions for par ticle physics and in the US the government developed priorities and plans for a broad spectrum of scientifi c user facilities. A possible future scenario could see ILC construction in Japan. The Asia-Europe Physics Summit In July, in Makuhari, Chiba, Japan, the third Asia-Europe Physics user facilities differ widely, many of the underlying accelerator and Summit (ASEPS3) – a collaboration between the Association of detector technologies – as well as issues of policy, international co- Asia Pacifi c Physical Societies and the European Physical Society operation and training the next generation of technical physicists – provided a forum for leaders in the respective physics communi- and engineers – are nonetheless in common. ties to discuss strengthening the collaboration between europe and Because both the update to the European Strategy for Particle the Asia-Pacifi c region (Barletta and Cifarelli 2013). These sum- Physics and the Technical Design report for the international mits have three main goals: to discuss the scientifi c priorities and the Linear Collider (ILC) had been issued by the time of the summit, common infrastructure that could be shared between european and and because the Snowmass process in the US was well under way, Asian countries in various fi elds of physics research; to establish a major facilities for particle physics set a primary, although far from framework to increase the level of Euro-Asia collaborations during exclusive, context for the discussions. the next 20 years; and to engage developing countries in a range of physics research. This year’s summit centred on international strate- The European Strategy for Particle Physics gic planning for large research facilities. It also included a signifi cant in January, a working group of the cern council met in erice US perspective in three of the four round-table discussions. to draft an updated strategy for medium and long-term particle round Table 1 offered perspectives on the technologies that physics. That document was remitted to the council, which for- enable major research facilities, while round Table 2 looked to mally adopted the recommendations in a special meeting hosted FULL PRODUCT DETECTOR WARRANTY* WARRANTY* the issues of policy and co-operation inherent in the next genera- by the European Commission in Brussels in May (CERN Courier * After product registration on www.flir.com tion of large facilities. High-energy physics programmes received July/August 2013 p9). As expected, the updated strategy empha- particular focus in the discussion, where the three regions of Asia, sizes the exploitation of the LHC to its full potential across many Europe and the US have their own road maps and strategies. This years through a series of planned upgrades. It also explicitly sup- round table clearly provided a special opportunity for a number ports long-term research to “continue to develop novel techniques of leaders and stakeholders to exchange their views. Participants leading to ambitious future accelerator projects on a global scale” in round Table 4 discussed training, education and public out- and to “maintain a healthy base in fundamental physics research, reach – in particular the lessons learnt and challenges from large in universities and national laboratories”. In a period in which ▲ research laboratories. Although the science motivations for major research funding is highly constrained worldwide, these latter

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points are a strong cautionary note that maintaining “free energy” education and identifi es the need for an expanded, co-ordinated in national research budgets is essential for innovation. communication and outreach effort. Beyond the focus on the LHc, the strategy recommends being open to engaging in particle-physics projects outside of the euro- Summary pean region. in particular, it welcomes the initiative from the Japa- Although the activities of 2013 on possible perspectives and sce- nese high-energy-physics community to host the iLc in Japan and narios for major science facilities were neither a worldwide physics “looks forward to a proposal from Japan to discuss a possible par- summit nor a worldwide physics study, they served to open the door ticipation”. That sentiment resonated strongly with many partici- for extensive engagement by physicists to build a compelling sci- pants in the 2013 Community Summer Study in the US, especially ence case for major research facilities in Asia, Europe and the US. in the study groups on the energy-frontier study and accelerator They identifi ed ways to increase the scientifi c return on society’s capabilities. In September, the Asia-Pacifi c High Energy Physics investment and to spread the benefi ts of forefront physics research Panel and the Asian Committee for Future Accelerators issued a to developing countries. statement that “the International Linear Collider (ILC) is the most During the meetings in 2013, it became clear that a possible promising electron positron collider to achieve the objectives of future picture could be construction of the iLc in Japan and a long afterglow light pattern dark energy next-generation physics.” 375,000 years development of accelerated expansion baseline neutrino programme in the US, while Europe exploits dark ages galaxies, planets, etc the LHC and prepares for the next machine at the energy frontier, The 2013 US Community Summer Study which can be defi ned only after LHC data obtained at 14 TeV in in the spring of 2012, the Division of Particles and Fields of the i n fl a t i o n the centre of mass have been analysed. Therefore, despite highly American Physical Society (APS) commissioned an independent, WMAP constrained research budgets worldwide, future prospects look bottom-up study that would give voice to the aspirations of the US bright and promising. They represent today’s challenge for the next particle-physics community for the future of high-energy physics. generation(s) of scientists in a knowledge-based society. The idea of such a non-governmental study was welcomed by the quantum fl u c t u a t i o n s relevant offi ces of both the US Department of Energy (DOE) and ● Further reading the National Science Foundation (NSF). The APS study explic- 1st stars For more on the ASEPS3 round tables, see www.aseps2013.org/ about 400 million years itly avoided prioritizing proposed projects and experiments in expansion roundtables. favour of providing a broad perspective of opportunities in particle 13.77 billion years For the full text of the update to the European Strategy for Particle physics that would serve as a major input to an offi cial DOE/NSF Physics, see http://council.web.cern.ch/council/en/EuropeanStrat- Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5). The study was (Top) Upgrades will keep the LHC at the energy frontier for egy/esc-e-106.pdf. The Spot Size Calculation in LORENTZ v9.2 gives you the broadly structured into nine working groups along the lines of the many years to come. (Above) Mapping the evolution of the For the statement from the Asian High Energy Physics Community radius of a circle which encloses a specified fraction of “physics frontiers” – energy, intensity and cosmic – introduced in universe is one of the strategic themes to emerge from the on the iLc, see www.interactions.org/cms/?pid=1033193. the beam. This new calculation can be used during the 2008 P5 report and augmented with studies of particle theory, “Snowmass” process in the US in 2013. (Image credit: NASA/ For the Snowmass summary report, see www-public.slac.stanford. parametric analysis. accelerator capabilities, underground laboratories, instrumenta- WMAP Science Team.) edu/snowmass2013/SnowmassWorkingGroupReports.html. tion, computing and outreach. in turn, the two conveners of each W Barletta and L cifarelli 2013 APS News 22 10 www.aps.org/ working group divided their respective studies into several sub- ● Probe the highest possible energies and distance scales with the publications/apsnews/201311/international.cfm studies, each with three conveners, generally. existing and upgraded LHC and reach for even higher precision Beginning with a three-day organizational meeting in octo- with a lepton collider. Study the properties of the Higgs boson in Résumé Thanks to our Boundary Element Method (BEM), ber 2012 and culminating in a nine-day session at the end of July/ full detail. Perspectives mondiales sur les grandes installations scientifi ques designers don’t need to mesh the air volumes around beginning of August 2013 – “Snowmass on the Mississippi” – the ● Develop technologies for the long-term future to build the objects. No need to draw boxes or spheres with 2013 Community Summer Study involved nearly 1000 physi- multi-tera-electron-volt lepton and 100 TeV hadron Étant donné l’ampleur des collaborations internationales appropriate properties around the entire arrangement cists from the US plus many participants from Europe and Asia. colliders. nécessaires pour réaliser des installations scientifi ques as in FEM programs. The position of objects can be easily roughly 30 small workshops were held in 2013 to prepare for the ● Execute a programme with the US as host that provides precision d’envergure, les discussions, tant formelles qu’informelles, entre les shifted without any meshing. “Snowmass” session at the University of Minnesota, which was tests of the neutrino sector with an underground detector. Search responsables des sociétés de physique dans le monde contribuent attended by several hundred physicists. for new physics in quark and lepton decays in conjunction with à consolider les arguments scientifi ques justifi ant de nouvelles Snowmass activities connected with the energy frontier were precision measurements of electric dipole and anomalous mag- entreprises d’envergure. L’année 2013 a été l’occasion d’une strongly infl uenced by the discovery of a Higgs boson at the LHC. netic moments. réfl exion approfondie, avec l’élaboration de projets concernant les Not surprisingly, the scientifi c opportunities offered by the LHC ● identify the particles that make up dark matter through comple- grandes installations de recherche, de la part des sociétés savantes and its series of planned upgrades received considerable attention. mentary experiments deep underground, on the Earth’s surface et des organismes gouvernementaux en Europe, aux États-Unis et The study welcomed the initiative for the iLc in Japan, noting that and in space, and determine the properties of the dark sector. en Asie. Les trois régions ont mûri leur vision d’avenir concernant the iLc is technically ready to proceed to construction. one idea ● Map the evolution of the universe to reveal the origin of cosmic la physique des particules et, aux États-Unis, le gouvernement that gained considerable momentum during the Snowmass process infl ation, unravel the mystery of dark energy and determine the a établi des priorités et des plans concernant un large spectre was the renewed interest in a very large with an ultimate fate of the cosmos. d’installations scientifi ques ouvertes aux utilisateurs. energy reach well beyond the LHc. The study further identifi es and recommends opportunities for The conclusions of each of the nine working groups are pre- investment in new enabling technologies of accelerators, instru- William Barletta, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, sented in a summary report, which defi nes the most important mentation and computation. it recognizes the need for theoretical and Luisa Cifarelli, University of Bologna. Barletta was convener of the questions for particle physics and identifi es the most promising work, both in support of experimental projects and to explore Snowmass Accelerator Capabilities Study; Cifarelli was one of the conveners opportunities to address them in several strategic physics themes: unifying frameworks. it calls for new investments in physics of ASEPS3.

20 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 4 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 4 CERN Courier January/February 2014 LHC experiments thermodynamicscompetent www.reuter-technologie.de

Your Expert for Vacuum Brazing Workshop looks towards

UHV compatible joining of Ceramic to Stainless Steel High-Luminosity LHC First wall cooling structure Waveguide structures

Ceramic chamber

Members of the four big LHC collaborations met in Aix-les-Bains to share results, explore synergies and strengthen links with the machine and theoretical communities in Vacuum brazing of Diamond to Copper preparation for a high-luminosity future.

Pumping port

Following the presentations at the Open Symposium in Cracow in REUTER TECHNOLOGIE GmbH • Roentgenstr. 1 • 63755 Alzenau • Germany • E-Mail: [email protected] • Tel.: +49 (0)6023 / 5044 - 0 September 2012 and a great deal of work by the European Strategy Group for Particle Physics, the update to the 2006 European Strategy for Particle Physics was published in 2013 and adopted at a special CERN’s director-general, Rolf Heuer, gave the laboratory’s European Strategy Session of CERN Council in Brussels on 30 May perspective on the HL-LHC programme. (Image credit: (CERN Courier July/August 2013 p9). In developing its vision for Nanni Darbo.) the future, the updated strategy took full account of the massively important discovery of a Higgs boson at the LHc in 2012 and of the After a concer ted effor t, colleagues in theory, the four big LHC col- global research landscape. For the programme at cern, it contains laborations and the accelerator community – co-ordinated through the clear message: “Europe’s top priority should be the exploita- eight preparatory groups – organized three intensive days of work- Your guide to products, services and expertise tion of the full potential of the LHc, including the high-luminosity shop at the Centre des Congrès, Aix-les-Bains, on 1–3 October. upgrade of the machine and detectors with a view to collecting ten A f ter a n op en i ng on beha l f of ECFA by its cha i r Ma n f red K ra m mer, times more data than in the initial design, by around 2030. This cern’s Frédérick Bordry presented the latest plans for the accel- upgrade programme will also provide further exciting opportuni- erator upgrade. The ALICE, ATLAS, CMS and LHCb collabora- ties for the study of fl avour physics and the quark– plasma.” tions then gave overviews of their strategy to follow the planned Connect your business today The priority given to the high-luminosity upgrade, dubbed the increase in machine luminosity. This will proceed with staged High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), underlines the importance of the upgrades, installed across a decade during end-of-year technical ongoing machine and detector developments for this facility, includ- stops and two long access periods (long shutdowns) required for the ing supporting studies on performance and physics reach. indeed, major modifi cations. Many of the detailed plans are already docu- there has been highly active r&D in the required accelerator and mented in reports to CERN’s LHC Committee (LHCC) and more detector technologies, following the recommendations of the 2006 are in advanced stages of preparation. To round off the fi rst morning, strategy document. Much of this work has been conducted within the cern’s director-general, rolf Heuer, gave the laboratory’s perspec- FREE four large LHC experimental collaborations or – for the accelerator tive on the HL-LHC programme, underlining planning for the next complex – within the framework of the EU-funded HiLumi LHC 20 years at the LHc and the thinking on future directions, taking Design Study (CERN Courier March 2012 p19). cern forward to its centenary celebrations in 2054. Find out how to get your business The experimental collaborations presented many updates to the A three-day forum studies on physics’ prospects that were documented at the cracow or institution connected. With the recent update of the European Strategy, the HL-LHC Open Symposium and at the “Snowmass” meeting in Minneapolis project is expanding rapidly and the idea of an HL-LHC Experi- in summer 2013, based on a better understanding of the expected ments Workshop sponsored by the european committee for experimental performance. This was complemented with a broad physicsworld.com/connect Future Accelerators (ECFA) was conceived to offer a forum for the theoretical survey of the rich physics programme at the energy experimental collaborations to share results, explore synergies and frontier offered by the HL-LHC facility. The extremely high num- ▲ to strengthen links with the machine and theoretical communities. ber of collisions to be recorded in a year at the HL-LHc provides

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the opportunity to look for rare processes, study systems with high mass and make high-precision measurements. The HL-LHc is designed to deliver in every year of operation 10 times the number of collisions collected at the LHc to date, yielding 10 times more data by the end of HL-LHc operation than the LHC is expected to have delivered by around 2022. This gives unprecedented sensitivity in measurements of a range of properties of the newly found Higgs boson, as well as in searches for new high- mass particles, and allows precision studies of a variety of funda- mental particles and processes. In addition, should the 13–14 TeV running this decade lead to further discoveries of new particles, the HL-LHc will be essential to measure their properties. Pleasant weather allowed the opportunity to continue Discussion then focused on areas where the machine and experi- discussions during lunch outdoors. (Image credit: Nanni Darbo.) ment teams need to work most closely: beam parameters, instrumen- tation and interfaces, shutdown planning and radiation protection. key themes from the workshop, which were formulated in a short There were presentations of exciting new ideas that might allow the report to ECFA at its meeting on 21–22 November. This report inherent problem of high-luminosity operation – the huge number refl ects the interest of those organizing the sessions in seeing more of interactions every bunch – to be mitigated by extending specialist follow-up meetings and a similar plenary meeting, pos- the interaction region along the beam direction. sibly in autumn 2014. This “pile-up” of interactions, the high data rates and the level The organizers would like to thank all those who contributed to of integrated radiation doses, will be the major experimental chal- the work of the preparatory groups, the speakers and chairs, the con- lenges for operation in the HL-LHc’s beam conditions. For the ference support from CERN and particularly the ATLAS and CMS workshop, the areas of detector-upgrade preparations were split secretariats. The success of the event was a great testament to the into those relating to tracking, calorimetry, muon systems, read-out enthusiasm of the 326 registered participants and the many more electronics and triggering, data acquisition, offl ine software and researchers worldwide working on r&D towards this major further computing. each topic was covered in a dedicated session, where step in the LHc’s unique adventure at the high-energy frontier. joint presentations across the four big experiments addressed the motivation, requirements and conceptual designs for upgrades, ● Further reading as well as the ongoing R&D programmes to provide effi cient and For more about the workshop in Aix-les-Bains, see http://indico. cost-effective technical solutions. cern.ch/conferenceDisplay.py?confid=252045. For HL-LHC operation, major activities in ATLAS and CMS are Update to the European Strategy for Particle Physics http://council. related to the replacement of the tracker, owing to the high number web.cern.ch/council/en/EuropeanStrategy/esc-e-106.pdf of tracks per bunch crossing, the read-out bandwidth limitations and Cracow Open Symposium http://espp2012.ifj.edu.pl/ the integrated radiation levels that go far beyond the capabilities of Snowmass 2013 www.snowmass2013.org/tiki-index.php available technologies at the time of their original construction. The Report to ECFA ECFA-13-284 much higher data rates also motivate a number of upgrades to other reports to LHcc https://cds.cern.ch/collection/LHCC%20 parts of the experiments, especially to their read-out electronics. In Public%20Documents particular, the complexity of the collision events will complicate Announcing our NEW greatly the ability of the vital on-detector data-reduction (trigger- Résumé ing) to retain only those events that are interesting to physics. Many Atelier sur le LHC haute luminosité improvements are aimed at refi ning this online selection. The detec- Manufacturing Cell in Europe tor, electronics, trigger and data-acquisition upgrades in ATLAS and Avec la récente mise à jour de la stratégie européenne pour la CMS have been designed to optimize the physics acceptance, espe- physique des particules, le projet LHC haute luminosité (HL-LHC) Recent Innovations. Continuous Improvement. cially for the key decay channels of the Higgs boson, including those prend un nouvel essor. C’est ainsi qu’est née l’idée d’un atelier rare decays that can be reached only at the HL-LHc. sur les expériences auprès du HL-LHC organisé par le Comité The rich programmes in fl avour and heavy-ion physics were dis- européen sur les futurs accélérateurs. Il s’agissait de fournir • Highest quality craftsman cussed from the perspective of all four experiments, but the focus aux collaborations des expériences un lieu d’échange, où elles for upgrades was on the dedicated experiments, LHCb and ALICE, pourraient mettre en commun les résultats et explorer les synergies, • Faster delivery on custom products which are designed to optimize their sensitivity to these areas of et également renforcer les liens avec la machine et les communautés physics. Detector upgrades will extend that sensitivity and allow a de la théorie. Lors de trois journées intensives, du 1er au 3 octobre, greatly increased number of collisions to be recorded, improving au Centre des congrès d’Aix-les-Bains, des membres des quatre • Competitive pricing that meets budget the statistical precision for measurements and studies of rare pro- grandes collaborations LHC se sont réunis pour préparer l’avenir à cesses signifi cantly. These upgrades do not rely on implementing haute luminosité. the HL-LHc machine upgrades and so can be undertaken earlier to bring these improvements sooner. Phil Allport, University of Liverpool, and Didier Contardo, Université | Enabling Technology for a Better World There were a number of closing presentations emphasizing the Claude Bernard Lyon 1. www.lesker.com 13-214

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(Left) Fig. 3. A high-fi eld 13 T EuCARD comes to a magnet structure in Nb 3Sn with dummy aluminium coil. (Image credit: J Muñoz Garcia successful end and J-C Perez.) (Right) Fig. 4. A cryo-catcher prototype for the FAIR project. (Image credit: After more than four years, the EuCARD project TLEP (80–100 km, e+e–, up to GSI.) for accelerator R&D has ended with most of ~350 GeV c.m.) PSB PS (0.6 km) LHC(26.7 km) its ambitious objectives fulfi lled, including new HE-LHC (33 TeV) ones added during its lifetime. SPS (6.9 km) Physics by allowing the community to discuss strategies and prepare Under EuCARD, R&D was initiated in Europe for the fi rst time LEP3 summary documents, one of which was submitted to the update pro- on high-fi eld Nb3Sn magnets (fi gure 3) and on high-temperature (e+e–, 240 GeV c.m.) VHE-LHC cess. The community acknowledges the conclusions of the updated superconducting (HTS) yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO) The EuCARD project for accelerator R&D came to an end on 31 July (pp, up to strategy, which recognizes the need to re-establish an accelerator- inserts. Together, these initiatives are ushering in the era of magnets 2013, more than four years after starting on 1 April 2009 (CERN 100 TeV c.m.) based programme at cern. with fi elds in the 20 T range. After overcoming many challenges with “same” detectors Courier November 2009 p16). The project’s focus has been generic ± A major outcome of the accelerator networks is an ambitious these delicate superconductors – such as the high strains, insulation also e (120 GeV) – p (7, 16 & 50 TeV) collisions ([(V)HE-]TLHeC) and targeted R&D for frontier accelerators in the fi elds of particle vision for future facilities for high-energy physics, from the LHc and required resistance to radiation – the work is well advanced, with physics, nuclear physics and synchrotron radiation applications. luminosity and energy upgrades through unconventional lepton the fi nal results expected in two years. Success will open the door Many accelerator infrastructures or projects were involved, includ- and photon colliders to hadron colliders in the 100 TeV range to a new generation of accelerators at the energy frontier, including ing the upgrades for the LHC at CERN; the Facility for Antiproton (fi gure 1). This effort, which included helping to defi ne key R&D the energy upgrade of the LHc. in the nearer future, it will allow and Ion Research (FAIR); the European free-electron laser project, areas for the coming decades, has the potential to guide debates on the upgrade of CERN’s FRESCA test station for superconducting XFEL, and FLASH at DESY; and the studies for the Compact Linear the future of frontier accelerators at a european level. cables, which is used also by the ITER fusion project, for example. Collider (CLIC) and International Linear Collider (ILC). other possible application areas could be nuclear magnetic reso- A framework for collaborative R&D fi nds its justifi cations in the Transnational access nance and magnetic resonance imaging. extreme technological challenges, the synergies between projects or Two test facilities were open in EuCARD to transnational access: The HTS electrical-link demonstrator at CERN is fully opera- studies and the complementary competences of laboratories, univer- HiRadMat at CERN’s Super (SPS) and MICE tional. It will allow energy-effi cient remote powering of magnets. sities and institutes. r&D naturally precedes the design stage but is at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL). The European This will have a positive impact on the LHc upgrade, allowing pow- not confi ned to it. It continues during the lifetime of the accelerator to commission funding of these activities was dedicated mostly to ering away from radiation areas. The principle, studied in collabora- allow the large infrastructures to remain at the forefront of research the support of visits and research by new users. tion with industry, may also fi nd applications in the energy domain. and make the best use of society’s signifi cant investments. HiRadMat – the High Irradiation to Materials facility – was Studies of new robust materials for beam collimation have The EuCARD project was initiated by the European Steer- constructed at cern in 2011 to provide high-intensity pulsed pointed to metal–diamond or metal–graphite composites that ing Group on Accelerator R&D (ESGARD) as successor to the (Top) Fig. 1. A vision for proton and lepton accelerator beams to an irradiation area where material samples as well as offer promising solutions when increasing the energy or power Coordinated Accelerator Research in Europe (CARE) project, which developments for high-energy physics in Europe. (Image credit: accelerator components can be tested (fi gure 2). During the dura- of accelerator beams. The use of HiRadMat was instrumental in ran under FP6 from 2004 to 2008. its total cost was €36 million, EuCARD WP4 and CERN.) (Above) Fig. 2. Transnational access tion of EuCARD, nine user projects and 19 users were supported the characterization of these novel, more robust materials. The with €10 million covered by a European Union Seventh Frame- in EuCARD provided new users for CERN’s HiRadMat facility. via transnational access (HiRadMat@SPS). When the SPS restarts “smart” LHC collimator and the cryo-catcher for FAIR (fi gure 4) work Programme (FP7) grant. The remaining €26 million came in autumn 2014, the facility will be open to transnational access in were designed, built and successfully tested with beams. through matching funds from the 38 EuCARD partners, who repre- to long-term visions of future developments. the framework of EuCARD-2. Several communities have already EuCARD’s contribution to linear colliders is deeply integrated sent most of the european accelerator laboratories, as well as a large The networks originally included neutrino facilities, accelerators expressed interest. in the CLIC and ILC studies. Signifi cant progress was made in number of universities and specialized institutes. cern provided and colliders (performance and RF technologies). Later, another The UK’s Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) the ultra-precise assembly and integration of rF modules, thermal co-ordination and project management. The project’s work was network was launched on laser-, with the pri- provided transnational access to a specialized precision beamline stabilization, ultra-precise phase control to 20 fs and beam control. organized around three poles: scientifi c networks, open access to mary goal of federating the many european research teams around at the Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment (MICE) at the ISIS The active mechanical stabilization of magnets to a fraction of facilities and collaborative research activities. a common road map. The ambitious objective was to collaborate on facility at RAL. A total of 19 researchers from eight institutes were a nanometre is especially impressive, as are the highly sophisti- Following CARE, the EuCARD networks have consolidated a transition from the demonstration of the plasma-wakefi eld concept supported for 131 visits during EuCARD’s lifetime. cated simulations of rF breakdowns, which show new microscopic their positions as recognized platforms for the international to operational accelerators. The network bridges the gap between Joint research activities had the lion’s share in EuCARD, with mechanisms and offer directions for mitigation. The study of an exchange of ideas and experts – from Europe, Japan, the US, and accelerator, laser and plasma communities and after a successful 87% of the total budget, about 50 objectives that led to concrete innovative compact crab cavity also gave momentum to this r&D beyond. Providing support for accelerator centres, they organized start is now funded fully in EuCARD’s successor – EuCARD-2. results and as many repor ts containing scientifi c results. Many of the line, going well beyond the original plans with the fabrication of a more than 50 topical workshops on diverse themes, from electron- A main objective and result of the neutrino networks was to developments are described in the EuCARD Final Report, soon to be bulk-niobium superconducting unit. This is now part of the base- ▲ cloud mitigation, through rF test stations, crab cavities and so on, contribute to the update to the European Strategy for Particle published as a EuCARD monograph. Here are a few highlights. line LHc luminosity upgrade project.

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in other work on superconducting rF, the strategy for fabrica- More than tion and processing of cavities for proton linacs should set a new higher standard for accelerating gradients. This is of relevance for PhDs resulted project members from the project all proton linacs, for example for the European Spallation Source 260 46 and accelerator-driven systems. Progress has been made on the publications were collected in the CDS database VERSATILITY IN HIGH VOLTAGE. delicate process of sputtering a thin fi lm of niobium onto a copper including MEET ISEG. GERMANY@CERN. BOOTH 28. RF cavity, but full validation remains to be done. Experts believe 250 conference papers that this technique – pioneered for phase 2 of cern’s Large >500 76 journal publications 18 monographs electron-Positron collider – could reach much higher gradients, Up to More than well in excess of the performance of bulk niobium, which has subscribers to reached close to its theoretical limit. High-performance cavities Accelerating 3750 News also require higher-performance rF couplers to feed them. The monthly visits to the website 1060 r&D on an automatic cleaning machine is a step forward, needing issues of the EuCARD newsletter/Accelerating News a demonstrator, and promises to decrease signifi cantly the cost and were published, featuring all of the duration of the processing of couplers for large accelerators. work packages In the fi eld of diagnostics and control, FLASH is benefi ting from 17 11 an upgraded modular low-level rF, with the novelty that it is based Fig. 5. Some fi nal statistics for the EuCARD project. on a commercial telecommunication standard. Already being com- missioned, it provides a signifi cant gain in fi eld stability. Such a con- being a full member of HiLumi-LHC. EuCARD also established trol system could be used by the XFeL or adapted for the iLc. a bridge with the FP7 project ICAN, with its focus on high-power EuCARD also set aside about 10% of its budget for joint research high-repetition-rate lasers potentially suitable for laser acceleration studies on unconventional concepts, such as crab-waist crossing, (CERN Courier November 2013 p21). diagnostics for the nonscaling fixed-field alternating gradient Experience with EuCARD has enabled the concept for Enhanced HIGH POWER PRECISION MODULARITY PERFECT machine EMMA at Daresbury Laboratory, and emittance meas- European Coordination for Accelerator R&D – EuCARD-2 – to be AT HIGH PRECISION. FOR LABS. FOR DETECTORS. CONTROL. urements for the widely diverging beams of laser-plasma accelera- defi ned in ESGARD. This next phase of co-ordinated accelerator tors. This could lead to interesting contributions to the fi eld. R&D started on 1 May. It will run for four years with a total budget www.iseg-hv.com of €23.4 million and provide a framework for 40 research institutes Making an impact across the world. EuCARD-2 has networks on innovation, energy By co-funding scientific research, the European Union (EU) effi ciency, accelerator applications, extreme beams, low-emittance aims to strengthen the collaboration between european institutes rings, and novel accelerators. HiRadMat@SPS will continue to and universities, to implement the well-known adage “union is provide access for new users, as will the ionisation cooling Test strength”. Therefore each project must evaluate its impact on a Facility – ICTF@RAL. The R&D activities will address the tech- progressive integration of effort. nological limits of current machines with regard to magnetic fi elds, EuCARD’s main impact has probably been to encourage sci- rF gradients and technologies, and collimator materials. There entists at accelerator centres to adapt to collaborative working will also be dedicated activity on plasma-wakefi eld acceleration methods that involve distributed work and decision making. chal- as an alternative to current approaches. lenges are, in a fi rst phase, the minimization of overheads as a result of collaborative working methods requiring more reporting, for Résumé example; and in a second phase, to make best use of the added EuCARD arrive à bon port potential of collaborative work. Like CARE and other European Ultra precise positioning system, which operates perfectly projects, EuCARD has provided invaluable hands-on experience Après plus de quatre ans d’existence, le projet EuCARD de R&D down to 10-9 mbar. PI miCos offers for years now many in this context to its members – inspired by the organization of the sur les accélérateurs est arrivé à son terme le 31 juillet 2013, ayant systems, which were designed especially for these vacuum particle-physics community, but adapted to the fi eld of accelerators réussi à atteindre la plupart de ses objectifs, pourtant ambitieux. Le applications. So – take a breath and call us. with its different boundary conditions. projet était axé sur la R&D générale et ciblée pour des accélérateurs Beyond this qualitative impact, EuCARD’s legacy will include a de pointe dans les domaines de la physique des particules, series of scientifi c monographs on accelerator sciences. In addition, de la physique nucléaire et des applications de rayonnement a quarterly newsletter, Accelerating News, created by EuCARD, synchrotron. Parmi les aspects abordés, des travaux sur les aimants was extended to all EU accelerator projects and beyond, and now supraconducteurs à champ élevé et des avancées importantes reaches more than 1100 subscribers. Both will continue serving concernant l’assemblage et l’intégration, avec une précision extrême, the community via EuCARD-2 and the TIARA project (CERN de modules radiofréquence pour un futur collisionneur linéaire BREATHTAKING. Courier June 2011 p28). électron-positon. De plus, deux installations d’essai ont été ouvertes other impact has been at the eu policy level, where accelerator à l’« accès transnational » et un réseau scientifique a été constitué sur r&D was ranked highly in a survey among eu project co-ordinators. le sujet de l’accélération laser dans un plasma. The project has contributed to the birth of other FP7 ventures, such For more information see www.pimicos.com Jean-Pierre Koutchouk, CERN, EuCARD coordinator, and as HiLumi-LHc, and allowed stronger co-operation via networks PI miCos GmbH · Telephone +49 (0) 7634 5057-0 Motion Control with laboratories in the US and with KEK in Japan, the latter now Agnes Szeberenyi, CERN, EuCARD/EuCARD-2 communications.

28 pim_131147_image_anz_193x125.indd 1 18.12.13 15:53

CCJanFeb14_p29.indd 1 08/01/2014 10:07 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 4 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 4 CERN Courier January/February 2014 CERN Courier January/February 2014 Anniversary Anniversary

Bruno Touschek. (Image AdA installed at LAL, where the fi rst electron–positron AdA on display today, back at Frascati. Jacques Haïssinski at the LAL The control room of the historic linac at Orsay, now a Unveiling the EPS plaque for AdA, with Luisa Cifarelli, credit: INFN.) collisions were observed. (Image credit: LAL.) (Image credit: LNF/INFN.) event. (Image credit: LAL.) museum piece. (Image credit: LAL.) left, and Fernando Ferroni. (Image credit: INFN/LNF.) AdA – the small machine that made a big impact

Fifty years ago, a pioneering machine called afternoon’s more ceremonial events took place in the Pierre Marin stored electrons and positrons circulated on 27 February 1961, but hall, which hosts the Anneau de Collisions d’Orsay (ACO) – AdA’s diffi culties in siting AdA close to the synchrotron meant that the AdA and LAL become EPS Historic Sites AdA moved from Italy to France, where the fi rst successor at LAL (1965–1988) and now the core of the Sciences stored intensities were low and proof of collisions had to wait until ACO museum. Events included the inauguration at the museum of the storage ring was taken to orsay. In a ceremony on 5 December at the LNF, the European Physical Society experimental evidence of electron–positron the historic linac’s restored control room, which has been moved and The move to LAL stemmed from a visit to Frascati in the sum- (EPS) declared AdA an EPS Historic Site. The ceremony, which was collisions in a storage ring was observed. reassembled exactly as it was. mer of 1961 by Pierre Marin, who found AdA to be un vrai bijou. chaired by LNF’s director, Umberto Dosselli, featured talks by Giorgio The linac at LAL delivered its fi rst beam of electrons, at 3 MeV, By the end of the year, preliminary studies for a 1.3 GeV electron– Salvini, LNF’s director in 1961 at the time that construction of AdA near the end of 1958. By 1964 the beam energy reached 1.3 GeV – a positron storage ring at LAL had started, but the project was soon was agreed, and Carlo Bernardini, who gave a personal recollection of world record for electron linacs at that time (CERN Courier June considered too close to the proposal for the ADONE collider at the main steps in building AdA and the exciting atmosphere pervading The story of the world’s fi rst electron–positron storage ring, the 2004 p27). However, from 1963, the accelerator was also equipped Frascati. in early 1962, a small group of scientists and engineers the LNF at that time. INFN’s president, Fernando Ferroni, also had the Anello di Accumulazione (AdA), started in Italy at INFN’s Frascati to deliver a positron beam, and this would become a valuable tool in from orsay went to Frascati to discuss, among other items, ways opportunity to comment briefl y on the present status of the laboratory and National Laboratory (LNF). Built there under the leadership of the implementation of collider and storage rings at LAL, beginning of operating AdA at the Orsay linac to benefi t from the high beam its future perspectives. EPS vice-president, Luisa Cifarelli, spoke on the Bruno Touschek, it stored its first beams in February 1961. A with the pioneering studies on AdA. intensity and easier photo-injection from the linac. At the begin- EPS Historic Sites initiative and also described the society’s foundation, year later, the machine travelled to France, to the Laboratoire de ning of July, AdA was packed onto a lorry and set off across the development and links with INFN. The EPS Historic Site plaque was l’Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL) in Orsay – now part of CNRS/IN2P3 The story of AdA Alps with a fully evacuated beam pipe, and batteries to last about then unveiled by Ferroni and Cifarelli. The programme continued in the and Paris Sud University – so that it could benefi t from the new state- At the start of the 1960s, several groups worldwide were following up three days to power the vacuum pumps and avoid losing the high afternoon with the Frascati edition of BTML 2013, in which Samuel Ting, of-the-art linac as injector. The fi rst electron–positron collisions ideas for electron–electron and proton–proton colliders. in contrast, vacuum that had taken months to obtain. A month later, the col- of the Massuchusetts Institute of Technology, presented the latest results were observed and studied there from late 1963 to spring 1964, lay- Touschek’s vision was to make electrons and positrons collide and lider was installed in orsay – although not without incident. While from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, which is studying antiparticle ing the foundations for a technique that would revolutionize investi- annihilate in such a way that the centre of mass of the system is at being positioned by a crane, AdA was almost smashed against a production in cosmic rays (CERN Courier October 2013 p22). CERN’s gations of fundamental particles and their interactions. rest in the laboratory frame and to produce time-like photons with wall. Later, a heavy detector tipped over while being moved close Luigi Rolandi then gave a public lecture on the recent discovery of a To celebrate this anniversary, LAL and LNF organized a spe- enough energy to excite resonant modes of the vacuum correspond- to the ring and broke Marin’s foot. Higgs boson. cial meeting in the series of Bruno Touschek Memorial Lectures, ing to the masses of the vector mesons. With the blessing of Giorgio In Orsay, in a series of runs between December 1963 and April Two months earlier, during the special edition of BTML 2013, LAL and BTML 2013, which took place at LAL on Friday 13 September – a Salvini, LNF’s director at the time, a small group of inspired physi- 1964, collisions were fi nally observed and important aspects of beam the LURE complex became the 8th EPS Historic Site. AdA’s shutdown date chosen to take advantage of the following weekend of european cists started work on designing and building a prototype electron– dynamics studied (Bernardini et al. 1964). One impor tant effect was at LAL was followed by the start-up of the ACO ring in 1965, allowing Heritage Days in France. Associated public events took place during positron storage ring, which they named AdA (Bernardini 2004). immediately explained by Touschek. Large-angle Coulomb colli- important measurements in accelerator and particle physics. Later, the three days, including a public lecture on “LAL and CERN” in the AdA consisted of a ring-shaped vacuum chamber, 160 cm in diam- sions in the electron (or positron) bunches give rise to momentum ACO and then SuperACO became leaders in the use of synchrotron light evening of 13 September and open days at LAL on 14–15 September. eter, which was embedded in a magnet of 8.5 tonnes to keep beams transfers into the longitudinal phase space, which can in turn lead for other research fi elds, such as materials science and chemistry. The The special BTML 2013 meeting began with a talk about Touschek circulating with energies up to 200 MeV. Challenges included main- to particle loss, limiting the machine luminosity. Known as the Laboratoire pour l’Utilisation du Rayonnement Électromagnétique (LURE) and the memorial lectures. This was followed by recollections from taining a high vacuum to guarantee the lifetime of the beam and Touschek effect, it is manifest through a progressive decrease in the was created in 1973 to develop this activity, becoming independent LAL’s Jacques Haïssinski – who did his doctoral thesis work at AdA working out how to inject both electrons and positrons. injection was beam lifetime while the number of stored particles increases – and it from LAL in 1985. Today, LURE has led to the SOLEIL synchrotron on the – and by the fi rst showing of a new fi lm on the period when AdA was achieved through the conversion of γ rays in a tantalum plate installed remains one of the factors that limit the beam lifetime in accelerators. Saclay plateau, a fi rst-class third-generation light source. at LAL. A second session focused on accelerators, their applications in the vacuum chamber, the γ rays being produced by bremsstrahlung Experiments with AdA ended with these results. The project in society and the future programmes for both LAL and LNF. The from the electron beam of LNF’s electron synchrotron. The fi rst to build ADONE – a bigger 1.5 GeV collider proposed at the end

30 31 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 4 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 4 Werkstoffe_193x262_uk:Mise en page 1 22/10/12 12:33 Page 1

CERN Courier January/February 2014 Anniversary

LAL today

Although the large linear accelerator, which gave its name to LAL, was turned off at the end of 2003, the lab’s involvement in the www.goodfellow.com particle-accelerator fi eld continues to be important. R&D activities at PHIL – a 10 MeV electron accelerator built in the lab and recently completed – will allow the development of future particle injectors (CERN Courier September 2008 p9). The facility will also be open to a large community that will use its unique beam-properties for dedicated experiments. The lab is also responsible for the building and conditioning of the 640 couplers for the new free-electron laser, XFEL, under construction at DESY. In addition, LAL has started the construction of an innovative X-ray Metals source, ThomX. This fi rst-class equipment – designated Equipement d’Excellence by the French National Research Agency in 2011 – will have many applications, from medical research to non-invasive studies of art masterpieces. Thanks to its small size and limited cost, it is likely to interest many labs and private companies worldwide. More fundamental and materials activities are also ongoing, such as the commissioning of beams with record emittance at the Accelerator Test Facility 2 at KEK, in Japan, and the UA9 experiment at CERN, which is investigating a new collimation method for beam-halo studies in the and LHC. for research of 1960 by Touschek and his collaborators – had already been approved at LNF and was to start up in 1967. However, despite AdA’s short scientifi c life, it remains a milestone in the because it set the stage for many future electron–positron colliders. The confi guration became one of the most powerful tools in modern high-energy physics, allowing, in 1974, the discovery of the J/ψ – a particle built of a new type of quark, charm, and its antiquark – and culminating in the late 1980s with the Large electron–Positron collider at cern. Cerium Bromide (CeBr3) scintillation detectors ● Further reading C Bernardini et al. 1964 Nuo. Cim. 34 1473. 70 000 SMALL FAST CUSTOM ● High resolution C Bernardini 2004 Phys. Perspect. 6 156. PRODUCTS QUANTITIES DELIVERY FABRICATION ● No 138La background ● 76 x 76 mm available Résumé AdA – petite machine, gros impact Goodfellow 4% @ 662 keV Il y a cinquante ans, une équipe travaillant avec un petit collisionneur Cambridge Limited de particules appelé AdA trouvait la première preuve expérimentale de collisions électron-positon dans un anneau de stockage, ouvrant Ermine Business Park ON-LINE CATALOGUE ainsi une nouvelle ère de la physique des particules. Cette histoire a Huntingdon commencé en Italie, au Laboratoire national de Frascati. Construit sous la direction de Bruno Touschek, l’AdA a stocké ses premiers PE29 6WR UK faisceaux en 1961. Un an plus tard, la machine était transportée en France, au Laboratoire de l’Accélérateur linéaire, à Orsay, dont Tel: 0800 731 4653 or elle a pu utiliser le nouveau linac comme injecteur. Les premières +44 1480 424 800 SCIONIX Holland B.V. collisions électron-positon y ont été observées et étudiées de la fi n de Tel. +31 30 6570312 1963 jusqu’au printemps 1964. Fax: 0800 328 7689 or Fax. +31 30 6567563 Email. [email protected] This article is based on material in the brochure that accompanied the +44 1480 424 900 www.scionix.nl special BTML 2013 events, available from the website in English, French and Italian. Visit http://events.lal.in2p3.fr/BTML2013/index-en.html. [email protected]

32 CCMar13Ad_Scionix.indd 1 04/02/2013 15:22

Untitled-1 1 07/01/2014 10:37 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 4 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 4 CERN Courier January/February 2014 CERN Courier January/February 2014 Education Education How the Particle Physics Masterclasses began

As the international masterclasses in particle physics for schools prepare for their 10th year, Roger Barlow looks back at their origins in the UK in 1996. National labs also took up the idea. Here students get down to The use of computer clusters – here at Queen Mary University of some basic physics with the “left-hand rule” at the 2012 classes London – that were not used much outside of university term organized by the Cockcroft Institute and Daresbury Laboratory. Today, the Particle Physics Masterclasses are so well established time, was a key part of the original idea. (Image credit: QMUL.) (Image credit: STFC.) that they seem always to have been there. As many as 10,000 school students in 37 countries participate each year at an international of the IOP HEPP group conference, which in 1997 was to be held out. We learnt our lesson and the following year we provided level. Perhaps those who are involved in these events that enthuse in cambridge to celebrate the centenary of J J Thomson’s discov- smaller plates. The other pilot sites were similarly positive. There and inform the younger generation never wonder about how they ery of the electron at the cavendish Laboratory. Ken arranged for was high demand from the schools – some places ran a second started. But there was a time when there were no such things as video recording (with all of the legal and copyright details) of the day – and both pupils and teachers who attended were enthusiastic masterclasses in particle physics and they had to be invented. talks given by and Frank Close. The videos afterwards. The start can be dated precisely: it was in a discussion between were shown at the masterclasses just a few days later and each The basis for the masterclasses was “Think globally, act locally”. Ken Long and myself that took place during a coffee break at the The Particle Physics Masterclasses became international in participating school was given a copy to take home. It was a national campaign – we always specifi cally refer red to it as committee meeting of the UK Institute of Physics (IOP) High- 2005. Here students participate at Orsay, France, in 2011. While Ken was arranging the video, i was organizing the univer- the National Particle Physics Masterclass – with central publicity Energy Particle Physics (HEPP) group on 17 October 1996. We (Image credit: CNRS/LAL.) sities. On 13 February we had a planning meeting in Manchester, and preparation of materials. However, the shows were run by local were frustrated at diffi culties with outreach – or the public under- with Swansea and Lancaster joining as well. We also discussed groups, in their own way and with local variations. They could plug standing of science, as it was then called – to schools. Particle point and click, but in the early days we had to be concerned with publicity, arrangements and the provision of “goody bags” for their own institution as much as they pleased – the Oxford website physics had a great story to tell, with fi ne pictures and enthusiastic network speed, so the programs were painstakingly pre-loaded to pupils and teachers. We tried out the software, which included the managed to include the word “Oxford” six times on one small page speakers, but schools were slow to respond to our offers to visit each Pc before the sessions. Lancaster relativistic-kinematics package and Terry Wyatt’s web- – and adapt the material freely, using events from the DeLPHi and give talks. our words and pictures could not compete with the I suggested the name “Masterclasses” with some hesitation based “Identifying Interesting Events at LEP”. experiment, rather than OPAL, for example. colour and noise of chemists and the experiments they included because it seemed pretentious: we were not offering one-to-one The scheme was written up in the HePP group newsletter (Janu- in their lectures. Surely it was impossible to show real particle violin tuition with Yehudi Menuhin. However, it did capture some- The real thing ary 1998), stressing what we saw as the key parts of the scheme: physics in the classroom? As Ken and I talked, bits of the answer thing of what we were trying to do and the name has stuck. At the Terry’s package was revolutionary in that it gave school stu- ● it is not just talks. using Pc clusters can get the participants came together and more followed over e-mail discussions in the meeting of the IOP HEPP group committee in January 1997, Ken dents real particle-physics data and real tools, and asked them to involved in an activity that is not far from real research. succeeding weeks: and I presented our plans for Imperial College and Manchester make decisions. Presented with simple Z decays from the OPAL ● A central organization spreads the administrative load. ● rather than go to schools and talk to a dozen pupils, we would University (where I worked then), and people liked them. Christine experiment at CERN’s Large Electron–Positron (LEP) collider, ● A national scheme spreads the publicity. invite them to come to us, in university lecture theatres that could Sutton at Oxford, Mike Pennington at Durham and Tim Greenshaw the students had to classify them as electron, muon, tau or quark ● it runs every year at the same time, linked to the annual ioP accommodate hundreds of people. at Liverpool decided to take decays, according to the patterns in the detector. The only differ- HePP group conference in the spring vacation, so there is no ● A full-day event would make the trip worth their while and allow part. These were the individual ence from actual analysis was that such a classifi cation would not problem in deciding when to do it. time for a range of topics and activities. enthusiasts but we also received be done by a , but by a program using criteria devised The idea snowballed, so that ● We would run the event from local universities but consider it a Particle physics had tremendous support from many by a physicist. Terry and i had spent a lot of time puzzling over in 1998 nearly every university national event and organize publicity centrally using the ioP. a great story to tell, colleagues, both in the particle- the OPAL event display to understand the detector for the fi rst particle-physics group in the The basis for the ● Most important, we would use the new computer clusters that with fi ne pictures physics groups and from the muon-pair results, so I can certify that this exercise was close to uK ran a masterclass – and have were being installed for undergraduates but not used much outside computing staff. real research. masterclasses done ever since. The national and enthusiastic of university term time. We decided that although we After the annual IOP conference in Cambridge I came back to was “Think globally, rutherford and Daresbury labs The computer clusters could run serious software experiments speakers. could not provide a big-name Manchester, and the next day – 11 April – we ran our fi rst Parti- joined a year or so later. directly related to real particle physics – participants could learn speaker for every session, we cle Physics Masterclass. In my journal I wrote “nice talks, kids act locally”. The Particle Physics Master- through doing. The World Wide Web, which was new at that time, could distribute a video of a co-operate and teachers are enthusiastic and appreciative”. The classes have fl ourished. There ▲ could be used for distributing the programs and data. Today, we just public session arranged as part only glitch was that we under-estimated appetites and lunch ran was continued strong support

34 35 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 4 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 4 CERN Courier January/February 2014 Education

from the IOP HEPP group – Val Gibson took over the co-ordination interested and excited about the LHC and the Higgs boson. Agreed, when i came off the committee – and from the Particle Physics the masterclasses cannot claim all of the credit for this, but they can and Astronomy Research Council, where Andrew Morrison did certainly claim some of it. a splendid job of liaison. They provided co-ordination and litera- Now, the Particle Physics Masterclasses face the challenge of ture, respectively, but not money. We received repeated offers of evolving as technology moves on and people – especially young fi nancial assistance but turned them down as the scheme basically people – change with it. i hope they see continued success by build- cost nothing. it was run by enthusiast particle physicists who did ing on the basic ideas that they started with, and that they will not need extra support. continue to provide fun for students and organizers for many years to come. Onwards and upwards The masterclasses have adapted with time. The LeP events were Résumé replaced by ones from the Tevatron and from the LHc. The number Master classes en physique des particules : comment tout a of pupils who have attended the classes must be into the tens of commencé thousands. A prime minister has been photographed with partici- pants, and the masterclasses idea has spread to continental europe Les master classes en physique des particules font tellement partie and across the Atlantic. du paysage qu’on a l’impression qu’elles ont toujours existé : pas i think this success comes from a combination of many factors. moins de 10 000 élèves de 37 pays y participent chaque année. Et Particle physics has, of course, a great story to tell. Masterclasses peut-être que les personnes qui contribuent à ces manifestations, are run by enthusiasts who do it purely for fun and because they qui attirent tant de jeunes enthousiastes, ne se demandent jamais want to, and they treat the material with familiarity rather than comment tout cela a commencé. Cependant, il fut un temps où les respectful awe. We grasped the technical development of the uni- master classes de physique n’existaient pas. Ici Roger Barlow, l’un versity Pc clusters for analysis and the power of the web for distri- des « inventeurs », revient sur les idées qui ont inspiré la création de bution at the right moment. ces ateliers au Royaume-Uni, en 1996. This success has brought benefi ts: applications to study physics in uK universities are rising, and the public and the media are Roger Barlow, Huddersfi eld University.

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Untitled-1 1 03/12/2013 11:49 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 4 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 4 General Chair, Anthony Lavietes • NSS Chair & Deputy, Ingrid-Maria Gregor & Adam Bernstein MIC Chair & Deputy,& Chair MIC RTSDParodi Katia & Fakhri • El Georges Co-Chairs, Bernstein Fiederle & Michael & James Ralph Adam Gregor Deputy,Ingrid-Maria & Chair NSS • Lavietes Chair, Anthony General NOVEMBER8-15 2014 SEATTLE,USA WA CONVENTION CENTER WASHINGTON STATE CERN Courier January/February 2014 Seattle 2014 Faces & Places

Image Processing • Simulation and Modeling • Small and Large Medical Imaging Devices • Solid-State Detectors • Trigger and Front-end Systems Front-end• and TriggerDetectors Solid-State • Devices Imaging Medical Large and andSmall Signal • Modeling • and • Photodetectors Simulation and Monitoring • Portal Processing • Image and Imaging Safeguards, Medical Inspections, Nuclear of Nuclear Aspects • Mathematical Detectors and Engineering Neutron Physics, • • Beam TherapyParticle Imaging MR and Optical, X-Ray, of Methodologies • Security Homeland for Instrumentation • Instrumentation Physics Energy •High Electronics Hybridization,andInterconnects,and Detector/ASIC • Acquisition Systems Data Analysis • Characterization Defects and Materials, Growth, Crystal • Instrumentation Space and Astrophysics Circuits Digital and Analog IEEE NSS/MIC a W a r D s CERN receives UNESCO Gold Medal

in a ceremony that was held on 5 December in the ceremonial Hall of the university of Copenhagen, the UNESCO Niels Bohr Gold Medal was awarded for special contributions to ground-breaking research in physics and open international collaboration. cern received the medal “in recognition of its outstanding global action in promoting scientifi c co-operation across borders”, which is particularly appropriate given the themes of the 60th anniversary this year (p5 and p58). Also honoured with the medal were Jimmy Wales, the founder of Wikipedia – in recognition of “his invaluable contribution 21 IEEE NUCLEAR SCIENCE SYMPOSIUM SEMICONDUCTOR X-RAY AND GAMMA-RAY DETECTORS & MEDICAL IMAGING& MEDICAL CONFERENCE to free, quality knowledge access” – and of Ecole Polytechnique,

ST “for his contribution to understanding the non-locality of ”. Rolf SYMPOSIUM ON ROOM-TEMPERATUREON SYMPOSIUM Heuer, cern’s director-general, accepted the medal on behalf of the laboratory. Left to right: Getachew Engida, deputy director-general of UNESCO, Jens Jørgen Gaardhøje, The medal, which UNESCO created in Niels Bohr Institute and chair of the UNESCO-Niels Bohr awards, Princess Marie of 1985 to commemorate the centenary of Denmark, Jimmy Wales, Rolf Heuer and Alain Aspect. (Image credit: Hasse Ferrold.) niels Bohr’s birth, was awarded previously in 1998, 2005 and 2010. The 2010 laureates celebrations of the centenary of Bohr’s international co-operation. The conference included Sir Tim Berners-Lee, who created atomic model. in 1950, Bohr wrote an open aimed to reinvigorate Bohr’s vision and the World Wide Web while at cern. The letter to the United Nations (UN) in which he analyse the relevance of openness in today’s award ceremony this year took place during urged world leaders to address the challenges context. It concluded with the writing of a the “An Open World conference”, held as of new technologies. His ideal was “an open new open letter to the people of the world, the part of the university of copenhagen’s world” with free sharing of knowledge and UN and UNESCO.

of construction”. Evans, who joined CERN IEEE honours in 1970 as a research fellow in the Proton Synchrotron Division, was appointed Associate Director of Future Accelerators Lyn Evans with in 1993 and became responsible for the design of the LHc and preparation of the 2014 Simon Ramo project for approval by the cern council. He was project leader from 1994 until fi rst Medal beam in 2008. The Simon Ramo Medal, which is given “for exceptional achievement in systems Lyn evans, currently director of the Linear engineering and systems science”, is one http://www.nss-mic.org/2014 [email protected] 11 MAY2014 ABSTRACT SUBMISSION DEADLINE collider collaboration and formerly project of the ieee’s most prestigious honours, Lyn Evans in the LHC magnet test hall in 2008. leader of the LHc at cern, has been awarded each year to a small number awarded the 2014 IEEE Simon Ramo Medal, of individuals whose “outstanding profession”. Evans will receive the award at for “systems leadership of the LHC Project contributions have made a lasting impact the ieee Honours ceremony to be held on from conceptual design through completion on technology, society and the engineering 23 August in Amsterdam.

Les physiciens des particules du monde entier sont invités à apporter leurs CERN Courier welcomes contributions from the international contributions aux CERN Courier, en français ou en anglais. Les articles retenus particle-physics community. These can be written in English or French, seront publiés dans la langue d’origine. Si vous souhaitez proposer un article, and will be published in the same language. If you have a suggestion for faites part de vos suggestions à la rédaction à l’adresse [email protected]. an article, please send proposals to the editor at [email protected].

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IEEE_ifc.indd 1 08/11/2013 10:03 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 4 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 4 CERN Courier January/February 2014 CERN Courier January/February 2014 Faces & Places Faces & Places

Karl-Ludwig Kratz New Horizons The European Organization for Nuclear Research came receives 2014 Prize rewards formally into being on 29 September 1954, Prize retaining the acronym, CERN, of the young Conseil européen pour la recherche nucléaire that had preceded it and The American Physical Society has awarded theoreticians done much preparatory work. The the 2014 Hans Bethe Prize to Karl-Ludwig choice of Geneva as the site had Kratz, professor for nuclear chemistry already been agreed in 1953 and the fi rst ground broken in May 1954 in at the Johannes Gutenberg university of on 5 november, the Fundamental Physics fi elds close to the village of Meyrin, Mainz and adjunct professor of physics Prize Foundation announced the 2014 near the border between Switzerland at the university of notre Dame, indiana. winners of the new Horizons in Physics and France. The aerial photograph The award recognizes “outstanding work Karl-Ludwig Kratz. (Image credit: Prize. Theorist Vyacheslav “Slava” Rychkov taken in January 1963, left, shows how much the laboratory grew during its fi rst 10 years. The wheel-like structure marks the Proton in theory, experiment or observation in the Wikipedia Commons CC-BY-SA-3.0-DE.) from CERN and the Pierre-and-Marie-Curie Synchrotron, which had come on line in 1959, with the large building of the East Hall to its lower right. Below it are the fi rst blocks of areas of astrophysics, nuclear physics, nuclear university was one of the recipients. offi ces and small labs – including Buildings 1–4 and the Main Building. Further up the photo lie snow-covered fi elds in France. astrophysics, or closely related fi elds”. and nuclear theorists, and the geochemical He received the award for developing Clearly visible is the triangular shape that was to become part of CERN when the laboratory extended into France in 1965 to construct Katz receives the prize “for his analyses of meteorites”. His research has new techniques in conformal fi eld the Intersecting Storage Rings. The aerial view from January 2004, right, shows how the site fi lled up during the following 40 years. ground-breaking and visionary work taken him to the institut Laue–Langevin theory, reviving the conformal bootstrap The East Hall is still visible, near the centre of the photo, but buildings extend from those that provide offi ces for the LHC towards developing a cohesive picture of the high-fl ux reactor in Grenoble and to various programme for constraining the spectrum of collaborations, at the left of the image, to the far apex of the triangle on French territory, top right. r-process by employing novel experimental international accelerator facilities including operators and the structure constants in 3D techniques to study the decay of nuclei far ISOLDE at CERN, for experiments on and 4D theories. from stability, working with observations isotopes relevant to the astrophysical Also honoured are Freddy Cachazo of the L E a r N E D s O C i E t Y of astronomers, models of astrophysicists r-process. Perimeter institute, for uncovering numerous structures underlying scattering amplitudes Giudice becomes member of Accademia Galileiana in gauge theories and gravity, and Shiraz Rafael Ballabriga wins Naval Minwalla of the Tata Institute of Fundamental research, for his pioneering on 10 november, Gian Giudice, of the theory Elena Cornaro Piscopia, the fi rst woman contributions to the study of string theory group at cern, was nominated to become in europe to receive a university diploma. IEEE NPSS award and quantum fi eld theory, in particular a member of the Accademia Galileiana In 1997, the academy changed its name to his work on the connection between the for his work on and extra Accademia Galileiana di Scienze Lettere equations of fl uid dynamics and Albert dimensions. ed Arti in Padova, therefore honouring einstein’s equations of general relativity. Accademia Galileiana is one of the oldest the most illustrious co-founder of the The Fundamental Physics Prize learned societies still active today. it was institution. Foundation is a not-for-profi t corporation founded in Padua, italy, in 1599 under established by the Milner Foundation. The the name Accademia dei Ricovrati by Gian Giudice (left) receiving the diploma new Horizons Prize is awarded to up to three 25 renowned scholars, including Galileo from Carlo Giacomo Someda, president of promising junior researchers in fundamental Galilei. in 1669, unusually for the time, Accademia Galileiana. (Image credit: physics research. the academy admitted a female member, Accademia Galileiana.)

h O N O u r s University recognitions for

Universities in Denmark, Germany, Sweden deep involvement with ATLAS. He is now an and Switzerland have recently honoured honorary professor there. Peter Jenni, in particular for his numerous Jenni’s close collaboration with physicists Left to right: Michael Campbell, spokesperson for the Medipix2 and 3 collaborations, Rafael years of leadership with the ATLAS in Stockholm was recognized with the award Ballabriga and Xavier Llopart of the Medipix design team. (Image credit: Paula Collins.) experiment at the LHC, preparing the of an honorary doctorate from Stockholm ground with many colleagues for the recent University on 27 September, which he cern’s rafael Ballabriga, co-designer of Ballabriga received the award at the discovery of a Higgs boson. received during a ceremony in the famous the Medipix3RX chip, has been awarded the 2013 Nuclear Science Symposium and After joining CERN in 1980 to work with City Hall. A few weeks later, he was in 2013 radiation instrumentation early career Medical Imaging Conference in Seoul, the UA2 experiment – which together with Denmark to receive an honorary doctorate Award of the IEEE Nuclear and Plasma on 28 october. This award, presented UA1 discovered the W and Z bosons – from at the 2013 commemoration at copenhagen Peter Jenni, underground at the ATLAS Sciences Society for the “implementation annually, recognizes an individual, early 1984 Jenni worked on studies for the LHc and university, on 15 november. This annual experiment. (Image credit: C Marcelloni.) of a new approach to spectroscopic X-ray in their career, who has made signifi cant was spokesperson for ATLAS for many years event – which is attended by the Danish imaging, with registration of photon and/or innovative technical contributions after its approval (1995–2009). Following royal family – celebrates the university’s in physics at ETH in 1976 for studies energies, using semiconductor devices with to the fi elds of radiation instrumentation his retirement from CERN in April 2013, founding in 1479. The following day it was undertaken at CERN’s Proton Synchrotron, in-pixel processing for each individual and measurement techniques for Slava Rychkov in his offi ce at CERN. (Image he became a guest scientist at the Albert- the turn of eTH Zurich to celebrate the 158th was awarded a second doctorate – this time incident photon”. ionizing radiation. credit: Luisa Doplicher.) Ludwigs-universität Freiburg, continuing his “ETH Day”. Jenni, who gained his doctorate honorary – during the celebrations.

40 41 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 4 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 4 CERN Courier January/February 2014 CERN Courier January/February 2014 Faces & Places Faces & Places

D E t E C t O r s M E E t i N G s E X h i B i t i O N Visitors examine An Advanced Workshop on LHC Physics examples of the Nuclear emulsions under and Cosmology will be held in cairo on The LHC transition-radiation 3–14 February 2014. organized by the World tracker in ATLAS scrutiny in Romania Laboratory for cosmology and Particle comes to life (left) and the Physics, the egyptian center for Theoretical time-projection Physics and the international center for chamber in ALICE Experts from Italy, Japan, Russia and Theoretical Physics, it is designed to Collider, a new exhibition about the LHC, (right), just some of Switzerland came to Romania on complement graduate education, especially opened to the public on 13 november at the artefacts on 13–18 october to attend the Workshop on in African countries, and provide direct London’s Science Museum. It will run until display at the nuclear Track emulsion and its Future, contact with leading researchers. While 6 May before a planned international tour. collider exhibition. which took place in the south carpathian open to any young researchers, it is primarily The exhibition blends theatre, video and (Image credit: Nick Mountains in Predeal, near Sinaia. The intended to serve the African academic sound art with real artefacts from cern. Rochowski for the meeting was hosted by the Institute for Space community, so MSc and PhD students and it begins in a small amphitheatre, where Science Museum.) Science (ISS), Bucharest, where a group young postdocs from the southern countries visitors get the feeling of sitting in the has been involved in research using nuclear are particularly encouraged to apply. The laboratory’s main auditorium during the emulsion since 1958, mainly in collaboration workshop will bring together cosmologists 2012 Higgs boson announcement. on-screen with Jinr Dubna. and particle physicists with the intention of actors bring to life the excitement while engineering and science behind the LHc. was also an audience with Stephen Hawking nuclear emulsions have a long history Particpants outside the Rozmarin Hotel discussing implications for the two fi elds of explaining the basics of particle physics. The real objects on display range from rF and a discussion about science and art with dating back to the use of photographic where the workshop took place. (Image recent LHc results on QcD matter. For more What follows gives visitors the sense cavities to detector electronics, while an writer and Man-Booker-Prize-winner Ian fi lm by at the end of the credit: ISS.) details and the registration form, visit http:// of a real visit to the laboratory. They can immersive video animation conveys the McEwan and theorist Nima Arkani-Hamed. 19th century, and they remain unsurpassed wlcapp.net/confs/ICTP_2014_SMR2619/ wander through recreations ranging from scale of the particles and detectors. ● To fi nd out more aboutCollider, see when high spatial resolution is required for dark matter and – last but not least – Scientifi cProgram.html. the LHc tunnel to the corridor of Building 2, The exhibition’s launch was preceded by www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/collider. in detecting the tracks of ionizing gravitational effects on , as in the complete with posters and cartoons. notes a series of webcast events on 12 november, Tickets are available via the Science particles. An outstanding example of the AEgIS experiment at CERN. Reports on QcD 14, the 17th Montpellier scribbled on whiteboards and life-size video during which answered Museum website and entry is free for CERN modern (tracking) emulsion technique is results from Jinr demonstrated that new International Conference on Quantum recordings of people at CERN explain the questions from high-school students. There access-badge holders. represented by the OPERA experiment automatic technology could provide a boost Chromodynamics, will take place on at the Gran Sasso Laboratory, which to the traditional applications of emulsions 30 June–14 July in Montpellier. The meeting, a F r i C a features 10 million emulsion fi lms and a for nuclear research. Several interesting which traditionally involves equal mixtures large number of state-of-the-art automatic applications were also presented in medical of experimentalists and theorists, and of Developing high-energy physics in Madagascar microscopes. physics, muon radiography and neutron young and senior physicists, will cover The workshop in Predeal reviewed all dosimetry. A group at the Lebedev Institute different aspects of QcD – perturbative, aspects of the technique and notable projects has developed an interesting technique non-perturbative and the interface with other The 6th High-energy Physics international Participants at HEP-MAD 13, with Stephan in both fundamental and applied science. incorporating emulsions with neighbouring fi elds. For further information, seewww. Conference in Madagascar, HEP-MAD 13, Narison at front, centre right. (Image credit: Reports from the Slavich Company in Russia solid plastic detectors, used in the search lupm.univ-montp2.fr/users/qcd/qcd14/. took place on 4–10 September at the Ministry HEP-MAD.) and the group at nagoya university in Japan for exotic transuranic elements in olivine of Foreign Affairs in Antananarivo. This described new insights into the production meteorite inclusions. C O r r E C t i O N series of conferences – initiated in 2001 by African School of Physics (CERN Courier of emulsion gels with features tailored The workshop ended with a round Stephan Narison of the Laboratoire Univers November 2012 p36). A second activity to specifi c applications. Other speakers table. Participants decided to strengthen The short article on the bi-centenary of et Particules in Montpellier and formerly centred on the popularization of high-energy addressed progress in the building of co-ordination of worldwide r&D the Scuola Normale Superiore in Pisa supported by IN2P3/CNRS – alternates with physics at high schools and the general modern scanning systems, for example, with efforts and create a unifi ed standard for unfortunately omitted to name Lorenzo Foa the series of QcD conferences that narison public in different regions of Madagascar. super-fast image read-out and tracking based emulsion-data digitization for archiving among the particle physicists who had been started in Montpellier in 1985. There were An elementary introduction to the fi eld on graphic processing units. emulsion images from past and future students there. There was also another nobel around 50 participants, including 12 from – the book Particle Physics: From the Experiments employing emulsions experiments. laureate who was educated there: Giosuè other countries. Ionian School to the Higgs Boson – is under were reviewed in the fi elds of astrophysics, ● For more information, see www. carducci, who received the nobel Prize in New results from the ATLAS, CMS and developing countries, according to the ideas preparation. neutrinos, heavy-ion physics, searches spacescience.ro/wnte2013. Literature in 1906. LHCb experiments were presented, as well expressed by the late while To manage these various activities and as from NA48 at CERN, Belle at KEK and narison was a postdoc at the internationai other developments, narison created Babar at SLAC. There were also theoretical Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) the Association Gasy Miara-Mandroso Last year, Italo Mannelli, left, celebrated his 80th birthday. A former research contributions on Higgs-like models and in Trieste in 1979. (He continues to be (AGMM) – Malagasy growing and director at CERN and chair of the Scientifi c Policy Committee, he is well known for QcD non-perturbative approaches such supported by ICTP as a consultant.) advancing together – in 2009. More recently, his work on the measurement of direct CP violation with the NA31 experiment at as QcD spectral sum-rules. in addition In addition to the HEP-MAD the University of Antananarivo offered CERN and its successor NA48, which provided incontrovertible proof for the effect in to high-energy physics, this conference conferences, two other main activities land inside the campus for construction of a 1999. Mannelli is seen here with at the centenary celebrations held series includes contributions from national have been established. The creation of a high-energy-physics research institute. for Bruno Pontecorvo in Pisa last September. The two have known each other since researchers on other branches of physics high-energy-physics research institute in in recognition of these activities and for they worked together in 1957 and found the asymmetry in the decay Λ → πp, which such as climatology, nuclear physics and Madagascar in 2004 provides a platform developing science in Madagascar, Narison demonstrated that violation is not an effect caused by neutrinos. After joining the environment. This allows researchers in for training PhD students, some of whom was nominated Grand Offi cier de l’Ordre CERN in 1968, Steinberger worked again with Mannelli, in particular on NA31, the Madagascar to have international visibility have gone to cern as summer students and National Malgache in January 2012 and fi rst experiment to fi nd evidence for direct CP violation. (Image credit: G Fausto.) and publication of their research in the SLAC worked for up to two months with LHcb, Associate Member of the Malagasy National This year is the 50th anniversary of the discovery of CP violation in the system econf online proceedings. thanks to the effort of John ellis, who was Academy in February 2013. at Brookhaven Laboratory in 1964. The breakthrough work led to the award of the The HEP-MAD conferences are part of one of cern’s advisers for non-member ● For more about HEP-MAD 13, see www. to and Val Fitch in 1980. a programme for promoting high-energy states, and the LHCb collaboration. Some lupm.univ-montp2.fr/users/qcd/econf13/ physics in Madagascar and, more generally, of the students also participated in the index13.htm.

42 43 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 4 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 4 CERN Courier January/February 2014 CERN Courier January/February 2014 Faces & Places Faces & Places

W O r k s h O P s u M M E r s C h O O L Theory and experiment study strangeness in the universe Heidelberg focuses on diffraction at the LHC

Experts and young researchers from across Another rapidly evolving fi eld – based With the interest of the diffractive-physics the world converged on the european centre on increasing amounts of experimental community currently focused on results for Theoretical Studies in Nuclear Physics data in strangeness physics and advances in from the fi rst run of the LHC, the status and and Related Areas – ECT* – in Trento, microscopic theories, together with new data prospects of the ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, italy, on 21–25 october for the international coming from astronomy and astrophysics – is LHCb and TOTEM experiments were key workshop “Strangeness in the Universe? the study of the possible role of strangeness topics for the 2nd Wilhelm and else Heraeus Theoretical and Experimental Progress and in the universe. items such as the equation of School on Diffractive and Electromagnetic Challenges”. They discussed the most recent state for neutron stars including strangeness Processes at High energies, which took achievements and challenges in antikaon ( or ), or even (strange) quark place in Heidelberg on 2–6 September with nuclear physics, as described by low-energy stars or strangelets, are fl ourishing fi elds 48 participants. The programme consisted of QcD, and its possible role in astrophysics of research. Wolfram Weise, director of invited talks on diffractive research at HERA Participants at the school in front of the new building of the Physikalisches Institut in and the universe. Participants outside the Villa Tambosi, ecT*, presented a fascinating report on – DESY’s former electron–proton collider – Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg. (Image credit: Rainer Schicker, Heidelberg.) Strangeness nuclear physics has a wide home to ECT*. (Image credit: C Curceanu.) these issues, starting from the discovery of the Tevatron proton–antiproton collider at impact on contemporary physics. Lying neutron stars of two solar masses (CERN Fermilab and the LHc. Participating students University. Suh-Urk Chung from CERN/ Ronan McNulty from University College at the intersection of nuclear physics and to assign the status of these states. Courier December 2010 p10). Isaac Vidaña also had the opportunity to present their own TU-Munich discussed the latest results on Dublin and Gerardo Herrera corral from particle physics, it also has signifi cant On the theoretical side, refi ned of the center for computational Physics, research results. diffractive excitations of the from the CINVESTAV Mexico discussed diffractive implications for astrophysics. it is a rapidly calculations and methods – such as effective university of coimbra, gave an ecT* The lectures began with an introduction COMPASS experiment and reviewed the physics with ALICE. evolving fi eld, with new data coming from fi eld theories, lattice calculations, few- and colloquium where he explored in detail by Alan Martin from the Institute of Particle status of searches for in central The lecture programme ended with a numerous experiments. many-body approaches – are yielding the connection between hyperons, quarks Physics Phenomenology, Durham. cern’s production in the WA76, WA91 and WA102 review of exclusive processes by Antoni Among recent results, the fi rst exploratory results with steadily improving precision. and neutron stars. Japanese plans in this Martin Poghosyan then summarized the experiments, all at CERN. Szczurek from IFJ PAN. The prize for best measurement of kaonic deuterium by Combined with the experimental fi ndings, direction, under the Neutron Star Matter general principles of diffractive scattering, Several speakers covered the on-going poster was awarded to Hector Bello Martinez SIDDHARTA at the DAΦne facility at these allow a better and more accurate Project, were discussed by Hirokazu Tamura and Laszlo Jenkovzsky from the Bogoliubov programme in diffractive physics at the from Puebla university for his work on the Frascati national Laboratory now understanding of the processes occurring of Tohoku university. institute of Theoretical Physics, Kiev, LHc. The status of diffractive and forward event-shape analysis in ALICE. Participants allows detailed planning of the precision in the low-energy QcD sector. However, in addition, a special event on 23 october discussed diffractive processes with physics in the CMS and ATLAS experiments were also able to learn about the history of measurement at SIDDHARTA-2. many open problems are still to be solved, was dedicated to “Paul Kienle’s Scientifi c low-mass proton excitations. A model that was discussed by Katerina Kuznetsova from physics in Heidelberg in an evening lecture When combined with SIDDHARTA’s some of which play a key role. These include Heritage”, where his broad scientifi c and treats the pomeron as effective rank-two KiT Karlsruhe and christoph royon from by Peter Glässel from , measurement of kaonic hydrogen, this the nature of the Λ(1405), on which new managerial activities were reviewed, tensor exchange was discussed by Otto IRFU Saclay, respectively, and CERN’s and had the opportunity to visit the old part will enable the fi rst extraction of the results are coming from AMADEUS; together with memories of his unique nachtmann from the institute of Theoretical Mario Deile reviewed the latest results from of the town in a guided tour. isospin-dependent antikaon–nucleon the kaon–nucleon/nucleus and – personality (CERN Courier May 2013 p47). Physics, Heidelberg. connecting regge TOTEM. LHCb’s programme of diffractive ● For more about the school, visit http:// scattering lengths, which are fundamental nucleon/nucleus interactions at very low The workshop was organized by phenomenology with quantum fi eld theory, and forward physics was presented by school-diff2013.physi.uni-heidelberg.de. quantities in the understanding of energies – including the possible existence of Catalina Curceanu (LNF-INFN, Italy), the model is based on a formulation of low-energy QcD in the strangeness sector. deeply bound kaonic nuclear states – where Carlo Guaraldo (LNF-INFN, Italy), Jiri effective vertices and for The experiments E15 at the Japan Proton a proposal for J-PARC was discussed; and Mares (Nuclear Physics Institute, Rez C = +1 and C = –1 singlet exchanges. Such a Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) the issue of hyperon–hyperon interactions Prague, Czech Republic), Johann Marton formulation naturally incorporates equal-sign and AMADEUS at DAΦne have gained and systems with double strangeness, which (SMI-, Austria) and Johann Zmeskal coupling of the pomeron to protons and preliminary results in the search of the will be studied in the proposed PANDA (SMI-Vienna, Austria). antiprotons, as opposed to vector exchange, deeply-bound kaonic states, but these are not experiment at the Facility for Antiproton and ● For full details and the presentations, see which implies an opposite-sign coupling. yet conclusive. Further studies are necessary ion research. http://hades.smi.oeaw.ac.at/ect_star_2013/. Strong electromagnetic fi eld effects in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions E D u C a t i O N were covered by Valeriy Serbo from Students from Simon Langton Grammar Novosibirsk State University and School joins the School for Boys, with Katherine Evans ultra-peripheral heavy-ion reactions (right), and teacher Becky Parker (left), in were discussed by Joakim nystrand from MoEDAL the MoEDAL experimental area. Bergen University. Wolfgang Schäfer from the Henryk Niewodniczański Institute ionizing stable massive particles (CERN of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of collaboration Courier September 2012 p10). Sciences (IFJ PAN), Cracow, summarized under the leadership of teacher Becky diffractive processes in hadron-nucleus and The principal investigator for any institute Parker, Langton school has taken a photon-nucleus reactions and Mike Peardon joining an experimental collaboration is ground-breaking approach to science, of discussed the Despite bad weather, almost 1600 people visited the ALBA synchrotron near Barcelona generally a self-assured researcher with encouraging its students to participate in hadron spectrum in lattice QcD. during its open day on 16 November. Following an itinerary of about 1.5 hours, they had evident leadership skills and in-depth fundamental research alongside established reviews of the lessons learned at cern’s the opportunity to learn from ALBA’s scientists and technicians what a synchrotron is, knowledge of their subject gained over many research institutes and universities. Students Intersecting Storage Rings and at HERA how it works and what the main applications are. Visitors were also able to see the years. Katherine Evans fi ts the brief in every there have been working with Timepix chips were presented by Mike Albrow from accelerator tunnel. Activities for children – one of the novelties this year – proved very respect, except that she is 17 years old and her The school has just joined the MoEDAL on a variety of projects for some time (CERN Fermilab and by Lidia Goerlich and Jan successful. The open day is part of an outreach programme that also includes guided research institute is the Langton Star Centre, collaboration – a small-scale experiment Courier May 2010 p22). It is this knowledge Figiel, both from IFJ PAN. The results tours inside the facility, and in 2013 ALBA received more than 5000 visitors in total. based at the Simon Langton Grammar at the LHc that is designed to search for of Timepix, and specifi cally using it to from the Tevatron were summarized by (Image credit: Pepo Segura.) School for Boys. magnetic monopoles and other highly monitor radiation, that interested MoEDAL. Christina Mesropian from Rockefeller

44 45 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 4 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 4 CERN Courier January/February 2014 CERN Courier January/February 2014 Faces & Places Faces & Places

v i s i t s O B i t u a r i E s

Miguel Temboury Redondo, left, deputy secretary of the Spanish Ministry for Gustav-Adolf Voss 1929–2013 Economic Affairs and Competitiveness, visited CERN on 21 October, with Maria Luisa Poncela García, the Gustav-Adolf Voss, an eminent and highly During the HERA construction and ministry’s secretary-general for respected accelerator scientist, passed away commissioning phase, Voss realized science, technology and innovation, in Hamburg on 5 october at the age of 84, the potential of linear accelerators and and Jaime Pérez Renovales, deputy after a short serious illness. discussed with an initially small group of secretary of the ministry for the Voss was director of the DESY accelerator scientists both conventional and innovative presidency, right. Here they are seen in the division from 1973 to 1994. He had a major approaches towards a next-generation LHC superconducting magnet test hall. impact on the development of both the colliding beam facility. After retirement DESY laboratory and the fi eld of particle in 1995, he remained closely connected accelerators worldwide. With his strong, to DESY and was often a curious and charismatic personality, sharp mind and constructively critical partner in discussions extraordinarily high motivation, he also had on topics where advice or technical- Peter Gluckman, chief science adviser to the prime minister of New Former US vice a formative infl uence on many people who scientifi c discourse was sought. In later Zealand, visited CERN on 22 October. After a general introduction to president Al Gore had the privilege to work closely with him. years he became passionately engaged in CERN’s activities by director-general Rolf Heuer, he visited the CMS visited the CMS After obtaining his PhD at the Technical the synchrotron radiation facility SESAME, underground experimental area. experimental cavern University of Berlin, Gustav-Adolf Voss had which is under construction in Jordan. and the LHC tunnel his fi rst contact with DESY in 1958/1959. He As an international project, SESAME on 28 October, was sent to Harvard University in the US to brings together in science the states in the before signing study injector concepts for the new electron Middle East. the guest book accelerator that was to be built at DESY. He Gustav-Adolf Voss. (Image credit: DESY.) For his long-standing accomplishments alongside Sergio then decided to stay at Harvard and join the in science, his essential contributions to Bertolucci,CERN’s bypass project to upgrade the cambridge the competent leadership of Voss during the development of particle accelerators, director for research Electron Accelerator (CEA) to a colliding 1975–1978 and became an outstanding his commitment to supporting scientists and scientifi c electron–positron beam facility. This success. The construction time was about from eastern europe after the breakdown of computing. extremely challenging project generated a one year shorter than planned and the cost the Soviet Union and for his dedication to number of innovations to which he made was well below budget. PETRA was ahead of SESAME, Voss received numerous awards, essential contributions. Voss himself the competing project PEP at Stanford and, among them the Order of Merit of the spoke about these years with the small but shortly after commissioning, one of DESY’s Federal republic of Germany, the honorary outstandingly competent and innovative most outstanding scientifi c successes was doctorate of the university of Heidelberg, CEA team as the most infl uential, exciting obtained there with the discovery of the the Wilson Prize of the American Physical and challenging time of his career. Here gluon in 1979. Society and the Tate Medal of the American the foundation was also laid for what later The HERA electron–proton collider institute of Physics. For his numerous became known as the legendary “Voss style”. project started in 1984, led jointly by Björn contributions to DESY, in 2009 he became In 1973, Voss was appointed a member Wiik and Voss, with Voss in charge of the fi rst person to receive the DESY Golden of the DESY directorate (and as professor the electron ring, buildings and technical Pin of Honour. On 29 October, Hans Blix, former director-general of the International at Hamburg University in 1975) and took infrastructure. First colliding electron and With the death of Gustav-Adolf Voss, the Atomic Energy Agency, left, visited CERN on the occasion of the over as head of the accelerator division. proton beams were obtained in 1991. one accelerator-based scientifi c community has Thorium Energy Conference (ThEC13). He toured the LHC tunnel with The DORIS electron–positron storage unique feature of the electron ring was the lost one of its most infl uential fi gures and an Egil Lillestol, middle, chair of the ThEC13 organization committee, and ring was commissioned in 1974 and, soon possibility of longitudinal spin-polarization, outstanding personality to whom many of us Arjan Verweij, of CERN’s Technology Department. after, plans for a much larger storage ring, which was successfully established in owe a great debt. PETRA, began to take shape. This project 1993 and then available for many years of ● Reinhard Brinkmann, Norbert Holtkamp was successfully implemented under experimentation at HERA. and Herman Winick. Kenneth Wilson 1936–2013

Physics visionary Kenneth G Wilson, winner Waltham, Massachusetts. He earned his later said in his Nobel autobiography, “My of the 1982 nobel Prize in Physics for his PhD in 1961 from the california institute very strong desire to work in quantum fi eld research at cornell, died on 15 June. He was of Technology, studying under Murray theory did not seem likely to lead to quick 77. In the words of fellow Nobel laureate Gell-Mann. Subsequently, as a junior fellow publications; but I had already found out that Greek deputy minister of health Zoi Makri, right, visited CERN on 27 November , “Ken Wilson was one at Harvard, while waiting for output from i seemed to be able to get jobs even if i didn’t with governor of Thessaly, Konstantinos Agorastos, left. After a visit to the of a very small number of physicists who a computer, he proved a mathematical publish anything so i did not worry about ATLAS underground experimental area and the LHC tunnel, they visited the changed the way we all think, not just about conjecture proposed by . .” LHC superconducting magnet test hall, where they are seen here, and the specifi c phenomena, but about a vast range of in 1963, Wilson joined the cornell physics Wilson’s nobel-Prize-winning research . different phenomena.” department and was soon given tenure stemmed from work on phase transitions Wilson was born on 8 June 1936 in even though he had hardly published. As he by and Benjamin Widom at

46 47 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 4 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 4 CERN Courier January/February 2014 CERN Courier January/February 2014 Faces & Places Faces & Places

cornell and at the university of Illinois. Their fi ndings motivated Wilson to ask whether his own work on quantum James White 1953–2013 fi elds would be amenable to a similar approach, for all of these phenomena involve huge numbers of variables describing a range In 2010, the Texans came to Valencia collider physics – he was the leader of the of length scales. In the 1970s, this inspired and brought with them the fi eld cage of D0 TAMU group and part of the team that Wilson to formulate a mathematical scheme NEXT-DEMO, a large prototype of the discovered the top quark. At some point, called the group, for which NEXT detector – a high-pressure xenon however, James became a knight in the he received the nobel Prize. time-projection chamber to search for quest for the holy grail of fi nding new stuff. Following this work on phase transitions, neutrinoless double beta decay events, inevitably, that led him to searches for dark Wilson turned again to quantum fi eld theory now being constructed at the canfranc matter, fi rst with the ZEPLIN experiment, and (QCD), Underground Laboratory in Spain. It was a then with LuX and LZ. He was a major then newly proposed. He created a version beauty – the sleek cylinder, the dented peek player in each of those experiments. of QcD on a space–time lattice that made bars, which made the backbone that held the it is widely recognized that James was it possible for the fi rst time to analyse the aluminum rings, the Tefl on panels, arranged one of the very few physicists in the US who strong force that binds quarks together. in a pretty hexagon that shone in blue after had appreciated the scientifi c opportunities “He was decades ahead of his time with Kenneth Wilson, centre, with Hans Bethe, right, and Boyce McDaniel, left, at Cornell, we coated them with wavelength shifter. We available with the noble elements in the gas respect to computing and networks as well,” celebrating the award of the Nobel Prize in Physics to Wilson in 1982. Bethe had received assembled it in two days of frenzy. none of phase. His contributions in the area advanced says Paul Ginsparg, professor of physics and the Nobel Prize in 1967 and McDaniel was the lab director from 1967 to 1985. (Image us moved from the lab, except for pizzas, the fi eld. Indeed, without his help, expertise information science, who was one of Wilson’s credit: Cornell-LEPP Laboratory.) showers and a few hours of sleep, until it was and know-how, launching the neXT project advisees when he was a graduate student at ready to go in. “Will it work, James?” I dared would have been much more diffi cult, if Cornell in the 1970s. “After inventing lattice supercomputing centres, one at cornell. science education. to ask fi nally, before we switched on. “Sure it possible at all. in 1974, he found he didn’t Wilson was widely recognized for other Wilson is survived by his wife, Alison will,” he said. “These things are easy.” Beyond his wizardry as an instrumentalist have adequate computing power to solve the scientifi c accomplishments, with awards Brown, his brother, David Wilson, a Yes, these things were easy for James and his can-do approach that made theory numerically, so he wanted easy ways including israel’s in professor of molecular biology at cornell, White. He was, as aptly put by a close impossible problems “easy”, James was a to use large numbers of parallel processors.” 1980 and an honorary doctorate of science four other siblings and a stepmother. colleague and friend, “one of the top James White. (Image credit: Bob Webb.) friend, teacher and role model for all of us So Wilson became a pioneer in the fi eld from Harvard University in 1981. In 1987, he ● Based – with permission – on the obituary practitioners in the art of experiment”. who had the privilege to work with him. He of supercomputing, and was instrumental left Cornell for Ohio State University, where on the cornell chronicle website, http:// James was born in El Paso, Texas, in 1953 the University of California, San Diego, and was, and always will be, our own, private, in the US National Science Foundation’s he helped to found the Physics education news.cornell.edu/stories/2013/06/physics- and grew up close to the border between in 1986 he arrived at Texas A&M University, Texan hero. establishment of fi ve national scientifi c research Group and focused on physics and nobel-laureate-kenneth-wilson-dies. Texas and Mexico, in the words of another where he would eventually become a full ● Dave Nygren, Bob Webb and Juan José friend, “chasing snakes, scorpions and professor. Gómez-Cadenas, on behalf of NEXT, LUX any other varmints that he might fi nd His career spanned many areas, from the and LZ collaborators, and friends and Bengt Lörstad 1941–2013 entertaining”. He attended graduate school at measurement of hadronic cross-sections to colleagues everywhere. N EW P r O D u C t s

Bengt Lörstad passed away all too soon on elliptic fl ow v2. Elytt Energy has announced the capacitive 320 nm to 900 nm. They can be operated at voltages of 3.3, 5, or 12 VDC and providing 19 november after a two-year struggle with Besides his scientifi c skills, Bengt Discharge Generator CDG 7000. The low voltage (< 80 V) and are insensitive to outputs of 3.3, 5, 9, 12, or 15 VDC. Murata has cancer. also possessed a remarkable social and CDG Series is designed for the detection of magnetic fi elds. For further information, also announced the D1u54P series of 54 mm Bengt’s remarkable career started with administrative talent, which led to his insulation failures in wound products such e-mail [email protected] or visit www. wide, 1200 W front-end power supplies. With PhD studies in physics election as head of the physics department as magnets, solenoids or motors. With a hamamatsu.com. effi ciency above 94% and power density at the collège de France and orsay where in Lund during 1988–1998, and in capacitive discharge of up to 7000 V through greater than 28 W per cubic inch, the units he received his docteur d´etat ès sciences 1999–2004 an appointment as president of the device under test and maximum output Maxon Motor AG has expanded its DCX measure 54.5 × 321.5 × 40 mm and fi t the 1U in 1969. He was then employed at Lund Kristianstad Högskola, a college for higher peak current of 500 A, it is possible to detect series with two new Dc motors. The DcX package format. For further information, University, fi rst working with an experiment education. When fi nishing there he became insulation failures by graphical comparison 10S is a shorter version of the DCX 10L. With contact Aya Tonooka: tel +44 1252 811666, at the Lund electron synchrotron but soon a senior adviser to the vice-chancellor of of the waveforms of a sound device and the an output power of up to 1.4 W in a 10 mm e-mail [email protected], or visit www. also participating in the experiments of Lund University. At CERN, Bengt was a device under test. in addition, the high-voltage diameter, it works at approximately 35 dBA. murata.eu. the British–Scandinavian collaboration member of the Advisory Committee on test can provide the value of the inductance The DcX 22L is the new longer version of at CERN’s Intersecting Storage Rings. computing and Data Handling Policy and and information about the output waveform. the DCX 22S. With a diameter of 22 mm, The RUBIS-PRECIS/MICROPIERRE/ He was a CERN fellow during 1973–1975 also contributed to the High-energy Physics For more details, e-mail leticia.vaquero@ it outperforms the re 25, while achieving HTC group has developed new assemblies in and afterwards became involved in the Network, and locally in Lund to the Swedish elytt.com or visit www.elytt.com. the same power but with 30% less volume high-tech materials, including titanium and Axial-Field Spectrometer (R807), the NA34 university network and the Lund university and weight. The GPX 22 gearhead is also ceramics used in new leading markets such as and NA44 experiments at the Super Proton Bengt Lörstad. (Image credit: Lund computer centre for many years. Hamamatsu Photonics has introduced an available in a version with reduced noise level space, aeronautics, medicine and analysis. The Synchrotron, and fi nally the DELPHI University.) Bengt was an excellent fl ute player, early updated range of Multi-Pixel Photon Counter and with ceramic axes. For more details, tel assembly technologies used are metallizing experiment at the Large Electron–Positron on playing with Bleckhornen – the Lund (MPPC) detectors. The MPPC detectors use a +41 41 666 15 00, fax +41 41 666 16 50 or visit and brazing, laser welding and crimping. Collider. During this “golden” period of when he started a Buda–Lund collaboration university brass band – and later as a soloist Geiger-mode pixelated avalanche photodiode www.maxonmotor.com. These high-tech assemblies can solve many new understanding of the phenomena with Tamas csörgö, which resulted in in classical chamber-music groups. He was structure for ultra-low-level light detection. diffi cult problems, such as wear or corrosion of the strong interaction he contributed several papers with many citations. The a devoted golfer, sharing the interest of Each pixel contains a quenching circuit so that Murata has announced the MEU1 series resistance in harsh environments, insulation at in particular through measurements of analysis from this work also included a his wife Ylva, and until the end remained simultaneous photon events can be counted of ultra-miniature single isolated output ultra-high temperature or voltage, resistance pion–pion and kaon–kaon interferometry fi t to data from Brookhaven’s Relativistic positive and in remarkably good spirits. We separately and accurately. The detectors 1 W DC–DC converters. Measuring in ultra-high vacuum or high pressure. For – the so-called Bose–einstein correlation. Heavy-Ion Collider, for example the various all miss him very much. feature gains from 250,000 to several million 8.30 × 6.10 × 7.55 mm, a total of 14 models are more details, e-mail [email protected] This interest carried on into the 1990s, hydrodynamical scaling relationships of the ● Göran Jarlskog and Torsten Åkesson. and high photon detection effi ciency from available across the series, catering for input or visit www.rubis-precis.com.

48 49 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 4 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 4 CERN Courier January/February 2014 CERN Courier January/February 2014

Accelerators Photon Science Particle Physics Diamond Light Source is the | | Recruitment UK’s national synchrotron science Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron A Research Centre of the Helmholtz Association facility. Located at Harwell Science and Innovation Campus in Oxfordshire, F o r advertising e n q u i r i e s , c o n ta c t CERN C o u R i E R recruitment / c l a s s i F i e d, ioP P u b l i s h i n g , te m P l e c i r c u s , te m P l e Way, b r i s t o l bs1 6hg, uK. te l +44 (0)117 930 1264 Fa x +44 (0)117 930 1178 e- m a i l s a l e s @ cerncourier . c o m Diamond enables world-leading research P l e a s e c o n ta c t u s F o r inFormation a b o u t r at e s , c o l o u r o P t i o n s , Publication d at e s a n d d e a d l i n e s . across a wide range of scientific disciplines PHOTO and industrial applications. Deputy Director, Accelerator Division Power Supplies: Head of Group/ Brookhaven National Laboratory – INJECTOR Engineer/Technician Vacancies National Synchrotron Light Source II Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-based • Sciences and Education (CLASSE) DESY, Zeuthen location, is seeking: The Accelerator Division of the new NSLS-II synchrotron, which will Diamond’s accelerators contain over 1200 magnet start delivering beam to users by the Fall of 2014, is seeking a Deputy Several Postdocs and PhD-Students (f/m) power supplies of various types including DC, cycling Accelerator Division Director. The successful candidate will report to Postdoctoral Associate the Division Director and provide support in managing the operations and pulsed systems. High stability, reproducibility and of the NSLS-II accelerator, executing upgrade projects, and reporting The Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-based Sciences and DESY reliability are essential for these systems which are Education (CLASSE) invites applications for a Postdoctoral status to Laboratory management and DOE. The Deputy will also assist DESY is one of the world’s leading research centres for photon science, critical to the operation of the facility. Diamond is now Associate position with its effort on Fermilab E989, the Muon particle and astroparticle physics as well as accelerator physics. in supervising and providing guidance to the excellent technical and g-2 experiment. The Cornell group plays significant roles in seeking a number of staff to work in the Power Supply scientific staff of the accelerator division. the development of both the detector and the muon storage ring The Photo Injector Test Facility PITZ in Zeuthen (near Berlin) develops high Group at various possible grades. Qualifications Required: beam instrumentation. Hardware responsibilities range from for brightness electron sources for Free Electron Lasers (FELs) like FLASH and • PhD in Physics or a related discipline development of a new, fast injection kicker, which is required to European XFEL. As part of the accelerator R&D program of the Helmholtz Head of the Power Supply Group • Proven record as a successful accelerator physicist/engineer store the muon beam, to the development of the electromagnetic Association the focus of the research program at PITZ is the: (DIA0889-a/NH) recognized in the accelerator community calorimeter electronics for detecting decay electrons. The Cornell ultimate optimization of high brightness electron beams by generating • • 10 years experience in operating accelerators group also plays a leading role in a broad range of simulation 3D ellipsoidal electron bunches, and You will report to the Technical Director and have • Success in managing accelerator projects and analysis efforts covering muon beam dynamics, detector beam driven plasma acceleration experiments on the self-modulation of overall responsibility for the operation, maintenance • • Experience in overall project management, operations management, performance, and the spin precession analysis. The successful particle beams and on the efficient generation of beam driven plasma applicant will assume key responsibilities in the electronics and future development of Diamond’s magnet power and the management of human resources wakes. supplies. You will be required to provide technical • Understanding of typical interface issues in a multifaceted complex design and construction projects, as well as in the development of reconstruction and analysis techniques for the determination direction to the development of new power supplies. synchrotron environment of g-2, and in the commissioning / analysis activities of the The position • Excellent communication and interpersonal skills and the ability to Work in a world-leading international group of physicists and engineers experiment. To maintain continuity of effort, the postdoc position • Senior Power Supply Engineer (DIA0889-b/NH)/ interact effectively with a diverse group of technical staff will ideally begin late Spring or early Summer, 2014. for the development of photo injectors • Comprehensive organizational skills and demonstrated success Development of innovative concepts and techniques for the diagnostics Power Supply Engineer (DIA0889-c/NH) • in roles requiring execution of multiple tasks while responding to Applicants must have a PhD in experimental high energy, nuclear of high-quality laser and electron beams You will play a key role in the Power Supply Group, multiple priorities Perform numerical simulations to study and optimize subcomponents of or accelerator physics. Applications should be submitted at • leading power supply design and development projects • Strong supervisory or mentoring abilities. https://academicjobsonline.org/ajo/jobs/3676 and should include the photo injector with respect to applications of high brightness electron a CV, a list of publications, a statement of research interests, beams for FELs and in plasma acceleration experiments that are required to meet the evolving requirements of Participate in the shift operation of PITZ for accelerator R&D Please apply at www.bnl.gov/hr/careers and apply to Job ID# 16555. and three letters of recommendation. All materials, including • the accelerators. You will also coordinate planning and all letters of recommendation, must be received by January 31, maintenance activities and analysing fault statistics to 2014. For information about the position, contact Prof. Lawrence Requirements identify power supply enhancements that will improve Excellent university degree in physics or engineering (for Postdoc appli- Gibbons at [email protected]. • CI_Advert_Layout 1 12/12/2013 11:06 Page 1 cants: PhD degree) reliability. Cornell University is an equal-opportunity/affirmative action employer. Knowledge of accelerator physics and accelerator techniques • Senior Power Supply Technician (DIA0889-d/NH)/ Knowledge of laser and incoherent optics and/or plasma acceleration is • of advantage Power Supply Technician (DIA0889-e/NH) Experience in beam dynamics simulations and numerical methods is • You will contribute to the work of the Power Supply Fully-funded PhD studentships useful Very good knowledge of English is required and knowledge of German Group, including planned maintenance activities and at the Cockcroft Institute of Accelerator Science and Technology • is of advantage the installation and commissioning of new power supplies that are required to meet the evolving The Cockcroft Institute – a collaboration between academia, national PhD places are currently available at the Cockcroft Institute in: For further information please contact Dr. Frank Stephan, phone +49 33762- laboratories, and industry based in the north west of – brings • RF Science and Engineering 77338. requirements of the accelerators. together the best particle accelerator scientists, engineers, educators • Particle Tracking and Beam Dynamics and industrialists to conceive, design, construct and use particle Salary and benefits are commensurate with those of public service organi- These positions offer comprehensive benefits, • Mathematical Physics accelerators at all scales and lead the UK’s participation in flagship sations in Germany. Classification is based upon qualifications and assigned competitive salary, dependent on qualifications and • Beam diagnostics and instrumentation international experiments. duties. DESY operates flexible work schemes. Handicapped persons will relevant experience, and a relocation package • Photonics and Metamaterials Students will join an internationally leading education program with 40+ be given preference to other equally qualified applicants. DESY is an equal where applicable. PhD students at the Cockcroft Institute. Students will be placed in one of • Laser applications in accelerators opportunity, affirmative action employer and encourages applications from women. the partner universities (Lancaster, Liverpool or Manchester) in either • Antimatter and Dark Matter research Closing date: 31 January 2014. Physics or Engineering departments, depending on the applicant’s • Current and Future Particle Colliders (inc. LHC) aptitude, preference and suitability to the posts. Please send your application quoting the reference code, • Next generation light source facilities also by E-Mail to: For further information on these vacancies see Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY www.diamond.ac.uk Human Resources Department Code: PITZ | More detail on in dividual projects can be found at: Prospective students should forward a CV Notkestraße 85 22607 Hamburg Germany Phone: +49 40 8998-3392 | | | | http://www.cockcroft.ac.uk/education/informationPhd.htm and supporting materials to: Janis Davidson, E-Mail: [email protected] Queries can be sent to Dr G. Burt. Email: [email protected] Deadline for applications: Until the positions are filled Email: [email protected] Closing date for applications: 28th February, 2014 www.desy.de www.diamond.ac.uk The Helmholtz Association is Germany’s Science & Technology Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Facilities Council largest scientific organisation. Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE www.helmholtz.de

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FACULTY POSITION The European Spallation Source is Physics preparing to construct a world-leading European materials research centre in NYU SHANGHAI Lund, Sweden. ESS is an international partnership of 17 European countries. NYU Shanghai’s Department of Physics is currently inviting applications for a faculty position at all levels (assistant, associate, and full professor) in the The Department of Physics at the Technische Universität general areas of hard condensed matter, atomic molecular and optical physics Darmstadt has an opening for a and quantum information. The opening is for a theoretical physicist, but experimental physicists will also be considered.

Candidates must have completed a Ph.D. and are expected to establish a Full Professor (W3) in leading research program in their field, as well as teach at the undergraduate Full Professor (W3) “Theoretical Nuclear Physics” (Code. No. 475) level. This position is part of an initiative to create a strong program in in Theoretical Astroparticle Physics and Cosmology Science for Society this area, through the hiring of several faculty, with the aim of establishing research programs that relate strongly to those at other NYU campuses. Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Natural Sciences The appointment could begin as soon as September 1, 2014, pending The Professorship is part of the new Theory Center at the Institute administrative and budgetary approval. for Nuclear Physics. We are seeking qualified applicants for teaching and research in has established itself as a Global Network University, the area of theoretical astroparticle physics and cosmology. The with three degree-granting campuses - New York, Shanghai, and Abu Dhabi - We are seeking an outstanding individual who will broadly con- complemented by twelve additional academic centers across five continents. starting date is the winter term 2014/15. The professorship should tribute to theoretical physics in research and teaching, and NYU Shanghai is the first Sino-US higher education joint venture to grant a establish theoretical astroparticle physics and cosmology as a enhance the activities at the Institute for Nuclear Physics. Applica- degree that is accredited in the U.S. as well as in China. A research university Be part of the future! with liberal arts and sciences at its core, it resides in one of the world’s great central reasearch activity at the RWTH Aachen University and at tions are invited in the area of the field-theoretical description of cities which is also a vibrant intellectual community (http://shanghai.nyu. the ForschungszentrumVisit Jülich through the Jülich-Aachen strongly interacting systems within the framework of Quantum We are looking for a highly qualified: edu/). NYU Shanghai will recruit scholars who are committed to our global research alliance JARA-FAME. A close collaboration with the Chromodynamics. Active participation in existing and future col- vision of transformative teaching and innovative research. laborative research activities of the Institute of Nuclear Physics and groups of theoretical particle physics and experimental astro The terms of employment in NYU Shanghai are comparable to U.S. for your next career movethe Department of Physics is expected. Present initiatives include institutions. Faculty may also spend time at NYU New York and other sites of particle physics will be appreciated. Contributions to the teaching the Helmholtz International Center for FAIR, the Helmholtz Technical Director the global network, engaging in both research and teaching opportunities. ESS Technical Directorate is responsible for delivery of the in our bachelor porgram in physics and in our international Extreme Matter Institute (EMMI), and the Collaborative Research Applicants should submit curriculum vitae, statement of research and teaching master's program in physics is expected. Center 634. ESS Accelerator, Target and Integrated Control Systems. interests, electronic copies of up to five recent relevant publications, and the The Technical Director provides leadership and professional names and email addresses of three references. The search will remain open until the position is filled, but review of applications will begin January 21, 2014. A Ph.D. degree is required; additionally, Habilitation (post-doctoral The position is tenured with a remuneration package commensu- direction to the staff, and manages the planning lecturing qualification), an exemplary record of research rate with experience and qualifications, following the German and implementation of the Directorate’s work Please visit our website at http://shanghai.nyu.edu/about/open-positions- “W-Besoldung”. The regulations for employment are specified faculty for instructions and other information on how to apply. If you have any achievement as an assistant / an associate / a junior professor or under §§ 61 and 62 HHG (Hessisches Hochschulgesetz). scope. questions, please e-mail [email protected]. university researcher and/or an outstanding career outside For more details, have a look at: academia are highly desirable. Ability in and commitment to The Technische Universität Darmstadt intends to increase the num- teaching are essential. German is not necessary to begin but will ber of female faculty members and encourages female candidates http://europeanspallationsource.se/vacancies be expected as a teaching language within the first 5 years. to apply. In case of equal qualifications applicants with a degree of disability of at least 50 or equal will be given preference. The application should include supporting documents regarding Applications including a curriculum vitae, list of publications,Visit as NYU Shanghai is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer. Visit success in teaching. well as a description of research and teaching activities should be sent by February 28, 2014 to the Head of the Department of Endowed Chair in Please send a cover letter stating research aims and a CV to: An Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Pankratiusstr. 2, den Dekan der Fakultät 1 der RWTH Aachen, Prof. Dr. Stefan D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany. Theoretical Physics Kowalewski, 52056 Aachen, Germany. The deadline for applications is February, 28th, 2014. Stony Brook University seeks a senior faculty appointment in theoretical physics at the level of full professor to occupy the Chen Ning Yang-Deng Wei Chair, now Publication: CERN COURIER being established. This appointment will be in the C.N. Yang Institute for This position is also available as part-time employment per request. Theoretical Physics, with affiliation to the Department of Physics and Astronomy. Issue: January/February issue due Jan. 2 RWTH Aachen University is certified as a family-friendly university and Candidates should have demonstrated exceptional scholarly achievement and Size: 2 (3.7) col x 5.125 offers a dual career program for partner hiring. We particularly welcome potential in research. The ability to attract external funding and leadership poten- PHYSICS WORLD (UK) and encourage applications from women, disabled people and ethnic tial will also be considered for this position. The position will include an indepen- 1/2/2014Cost: $2,860 includes 60 day web minority groups, recognizing they are underrepresented across RWTH dent research fund and carry a nationally-competitive salary. 5161167-NJ00606Web only - $860 for 60 days Aachen University. The principles of fair and open competition apply and The C. N. Yang Institute for Theoretical Physics was established in 1966 and is NEWYOU appointments will be made on merit. named for its founding director. It carries on a proud tradition of front-line The National University of Ireland Maynooth (NUI Maynooth) is research and committed education and training. Its faculty, graduates and post- 94.5” x 5.5” the fastest growing university in Ireland with over 8,500 students doctoral alumni are active throughout the international scientific community. Karen Mrakovcic v.5 The jobs site for physics and engineering Current faculty carry on research in a wide range of theoretical physics, including and outstanding research and scholarship in the sciences, humanities field and string theory, particle phenomenology, and quan- and social sciences. The university is now entering a new and tum information. The research interests of candidates for this position may be in exciting phase of its development, with a new strategic plan centred any area of theoretical physics, astrophysics and cosmology. on further enhancing our academic programmes, providing a The Institute is an independent unit of Stony Brook University, reporting to the distinctive student experience of the highest quality, focusing our Provost. It has numerous collaborative interactions with the Department of Physics and Astronomy, the Department of Mathematics and the Simons Center research activities on a small number of priorityThe themes, jobs and further site for Geometry and Physics, and with other departments at Stony Brook University internationalising the university. To support this development, the and with nearby Brookhaven National Laboratory. Stony Brook University is locat- w ed on the scenic North Shore of Long Island. It has active cultural programs and university is seeking to recruit outstanding academics, with a strong www for physics and is convenient to New York City. It has numerous leading graduate programs, and w track record of research and teaching, to the following position: its 1,100 acre campus and 13,500 faculty and staff serve over 24,000 students.

Assistant Lecturer / Lecturer in Mathematical The University is a member of the Association of American Universities and co- w manager of Brookhaven National Laboratory, a multidisciplinary research labora- Physics engineering tory supporting world-class scientific programs utilizing state-of-the-art facilities. For job specification and application information, please see To view application procedure, full position description or to apply online visit http://humanresources.nuim.ie/vacancies.shtml www.stonybrook.edu/jobs (Ref. # F-8330-13-11). Nominations and sugges- tions from our colleagues as well as direct applications are welcome at The deadline for applications is 2nd March 2014. http://max2.physics.sunysb.edu/chairsearch/. The jobs site for physics and engineering Stony Brook University/SUNY is an equal opportunity, From software engineers to administrators, from fire fighters to National University of Ireland Maynooth is an equal opportunities employer affirmative action employer. health and safety officers – every kind of thinking is welcome here. Take your career somewhere special. Take part ce r 52 rn.ch/caree

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www. cerncourier Untitled-3 1 10/12/2013 11:45 V o l u m e 5 4 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 4 CERN Courier January/February 2014 CERN Courier January/February 2014 Bookshelf

Effective Theories in Physics: From Planetary Orbits to Elementary Particle CERNCOURIER Masses By James D Wells has gone digital Springer Verlag Paperback: £44.99 €52.70 $49.95 E-book: £35.99 €41.64 $39.95 This remarkable and charming book introduces the idea of effective fi eld theories from a novel point of view, making the concepts natural and – in retrospect – inevitable. As the author makes clear, all theories are effective theories. At just 73 pages, it is easily accessible to a graduate student or a bright undergraduate. it will also be welcomed by professional physicists for its readability and clear, compelling style. in introducing the idea of effective theories, the author begins by considering Galileo’s law for falling bodies, neglecting air resistance. Keeping the symmetries assumed for the problem – here translational invariance – and the idea that the constant downward acceleration might be an approximation to a more complete theory that involves a dependence of g on height Here the author considers in some detail the leur masse aux particules, en passant par above the ground, Wells derives the form origin of mass and in particular neutrino la physique quantique, cet ouvrage aborde of the leading correction by taking into masses beyond the Standard Model. He then le plus simplement possible les notions account newton’s law of gravitation without concludes with a discussion of naturalness qui permettront à chacun d’appréhender le explicitly invoking the inverse square law. and the hierarchy problem – all from the monde complexe des particules ainsi que les Such an effective theory could have been viewpoint of effective theories. lois du Modèle standard. Les nombreuses used to search for an extension to Galileo’s The fi fth and fi nal chapter is more analogies – souvent drôles – aident à law or to accommodate data, even in the philosophical in nature, emphasizing rendre concrets des phénomènes le plus absence of newton’s more complete theory how and why effective theories are more souvent abstraits que seul le formalisme of gravity. The second chapter continues the than truncations of more comprehensive mathématique est en mesure de réellement discussion of gravity, this time assuming theory. it also looks at how one can go about retranscrire. Vous découvrirez notamment circular orbits (and the simple harmonic choosing between theories, before closing dans cet ouvrage pourquoi le père noël oscillator) and the sorts of deviations that with implications for the LHc. ne peut être qu’un objet quantique vu son might be allowed for, using the ideas of i was pleasantly surprised by this book. comportement (c’est de saison), ou encore effective theories to analyse deviations from The approach is original and makes the pourquoi la recherche du boson de Higgs perfect circularity. whole concept of effective theories clear and revient à chercher un tibia de mammouth chapter 3 considers effective theories natural. i will be urging all of my students dans un immense cimetière d’éléphants ! of classical gravity, arguing for the general to take an afternoon to read this wonderful Bien sûr, les spécialistes et les puristes expectation of perihelion precession and introduction – and to think carefully and trouveront certainement des défauts à

Image credit: ESO. credit: Image that something like black holes could have deeply about the many points that the author certaines analogies : nul doute que nous been predicted and the Schwarzschild radius makes so well. n’avons pas terminé de discuter sur la estimated before the discovery of general ● John Swain, Northeastern University. meilleure manière de présenter simplement relativity. using both Lagrangian and le mécanisme de Higgs… L’avantage Hamiltonian formulations of the problem, À la recherche du boson de Higgs de ce petit livre, c’est aussi qu’en moins this discussion is not only enlightening De Christophe Grosjean et Laurent Vacavant d’une centaine de pages, il aborde les but a delight to read. The presentation of Librio grandes étapes de l’aventure du LHc en effective theories in these simple contexts Broché : €3 les replaçant dans le contexte historique et – requiring neither fi eld theory nor even Vous n’avez rien compris au boson international. il rend également compte des quantum mechanics – makes their meaning, de Higgs ? Alors ce petit livre est peut-être stratégies et technologies mises en œuvre importance and universality clearer than the fait pour vous. il faut saluer en effet le très dans les expériences ATLAS et CMS pour Download your copy today http://cerncourier.com/digital usual, more advanced introductions. grand effort des auteurs pour tenter de enregistrer et traiter une quantité de données Assuming some knowledge of the rendre accessible à tous les concepts qui vraiment phénoménale. Standard Model, chapter 4 shows how se cachent derrière l’une des plus grandes Je recommande donc sans hésitation la the Fermi theory can be thought of as an découvertes de ces dernières années. lecture de cet ouvrage pour sa concision, sa effective fi eld theory that approximates it. De la relativité au mécanisme qui donne simplicité et son approche légère qui devrait

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ravir tous ceux dont la vue d’une simple This book attempts to provide Volume 2 includes his pioneering work on équation est en mesure de provoquer une an introduction to quantum non-perturbative methods in 2D quantum indigestion. fi eld theory by emphasizing fi eld theory and on integrable models. ● Arnaud Marsollier, CERN. conceptual issues. The aim Both volumes can be used as an advanced is to build up the theory textbook by graduate students specializing Books received systematically from clearly in string theory, conformal fi eld theory and stated foundations. The fi rst section, integrable models of quantum fi eld theory. Compound Semiconductor Radiation “Origins”, consists of two historical They are also highly relevant to experts in Detectors chapters that situate quantum fi eld theory these fi elds. By Alan Owens in the larger context of modern physical CRC Press theories. The three remaining sections Exploring Quantum Mechanics: A Hardback: £82 follow a step-by-step reconstruction of this Collection of 700+ Solved Problems for Also available as an e-book framework, beginning with a few basic Students, Lecturers, and Researchers Bringing together information assumptions: relativistic invariance, the By Victor Galitski, Boris Karnakov, Vladimir Kogan and scattered across many basic principles of quantum mechanics, Victor Galitski Jr disciplines, this book and the prohibition of physical action at Oxford University Press summarizes the status a distance embodied in the clustering Hardback: £95 $165 of research in compound principle. Problems are included at the Paperback: £45 $84.99 semiconductor radiation ends of the chapters and solutions can be Also available as an e-book detectors. It examines the properties, requested via the publisher’s website. Mastering quantum physics growth and characterization of compound is a non-trivial task and a semiconductors as well as the fabrication Silicon Solid State Devices and Radiation deep understanding can of radiation sensors, with emphasis on Detection only be achieved through the X- and γ-ray regimes. It explores the By Claude Leroy and Pier-Giorgio Rancoita working out real-life limitations of compound semiconductors World Scientifi c problems and examples. It is and discusses current efforts to improve Hardback: £89 notoriously diffi cult to come up with new spectral performances, pointing to where E-book: £67 quantum-mechanical problems that would future discoveries might lie. A resource using their many years of be solvable with a pencil and paper, within for the established researcher, this book experience both in research a fi nite amount of time. This book presents serves as a comprehensive and illustrated with silicon detectors and in more than 700 original problems in reference on material science, crystal giving lectures at various levels, quantum mechanics, together with detailed growth, metrology, detector physics and Leroy and rancoita address solutions covering all aspects of quantum spectroscopy. it can also be used as a the fundamental principles science. Collected during 60 years, fi rst textbook for those who are new to the fi eld. of interactions between radiation and by the late Victor Galitski Sr, the material matter, together with working principles is largely new to an english-speaking Lectures on LHC Physics and the operation of particle detectors audience. new problems were added and By Tilman Plehn based on silicon solid-state devices. They the material polished by Boris Karnakov. Springer cover a range of fi elds of application Finally, Victor Galitski Jr, has extended the Paperback: £40.99 €47.43 $ 59.95 of radiation detectors based on these material with problems relevant to modern E-book: £31.99 €35.69 $39.95 devices, from low- to high-energy physics science. Anyone trying to apply the solid experiments, including those in outer space knowledge of quantum fi eld and medicine. Their book also covers Reminiscences: A Journey through Particle theory to actual LHc physics – state-of-the-art detection techniques in the Physics in particular to the Higgs sector use of such radiation detectors and their By Adrian Melissinos and certain regimes of QcD read-out electronics, including the latest World Scientifi c – inevitably meets an intricate developments in pixellated silicon radiation Hardback: £28 maze of phenomenological know-how, detectors and their applications. E-book: £21 common lore and intuition, often historically A personal account as a research grown, about what works and what does not. Quantum Field Theories in Two physicist for more than 50 years These lectures are intended to be a brief but Dimensions: Collected Works of Alexei in areas of particle physics suffi ciently detailed primer on LHC physics Zamolodchikov (2 volumes) and related fi elds, Adrian that will enable graduate students and any By Alexander Belavin, Yaroslav Pugai and Alexander Melissinos’s insights into the newcomer to the fi eld to fi nd their way Zamolodchikov (ed.) ways that general research was through the more advanced literature, as well World Scientifi c carried out and the evolution of particle as helping them to start work in this timely Hardback: £124 physics from 1958 to 2008 will prove and exciting fi eld of research. These two volumes contain interesting to science-history enthusiasts original contributions of and particle physicists alike. Through The Conceptual Framework of Quantum Alexei Zamolodchikov this mix of personal reminiscences and Field Theory (1952–2007), who was a professional journey, readers can relive the By Anthony Duncan prominent theoretical physicist joy and excitement of research and teaching Oxford University Press of his time. Volume 1 contains in small groups during those early years, Hardback: £77.50 his work on conformal fi eld theories, 2D while gaining a partial historical perspective Also available as an e-book quantum gravity and Liouville theory. of particle physics since the late 1950s.

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Untitled-1 1 08/01/2014 09:17 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 4 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 4 CERN Courier January/February 2014 Viewpoint LEYVAC A celebration of science for peace Dry Vacuum Pumps

At the start of CERN’s the organization came into being – an earlier 60th anniversary year, the event will take place at the headquarters of the current director-general looks united nations educational, Scientifi c and Cultural at the organization’s role in Organization (UNESCO) in Paris on 1 July. cern was bringing nations together. born under the umbrella of UNESCO, and it was in Paris on that day in 1953 that the On 29 September 1954, the convention was signed. european organization for What drives this huge Nuclear Research offi cially collaborative effort is, of came into being, after the course, the science – the convention to establish the organization On 17 May 1954, the fundamental physics remains had been ratifi ed by a suffi cient number of seeds for peaceful scientifi c research as exciting as ever and the 12 founding member states. Since then, were sown as the fi rst shovels of earth were continues to attract people to cern, from cern has in many ways become a model for turned on CERN’s Meyrin site. bright young scientists and engineers to the what europe can do when it unites, bridging general public of all ages and from all walks nationalities and bringing different cultures scientists and engineers from around the of life. The discovery of a new particle at together to work towards a common goal. world work together at cern – and those the LHC and the confi rmation last year that During the past 60 years, cern has from cern contribute to projects around it was indeed a Higgs boson, emissary of grown to become a world-leading physics the world. The dissemination of information, the Brout–englert– that

laboratory, fulfi lling the dreams of its education and training also continue to endows fundamental particles with mass, ©BICOM_12152.02 0.12.2013 founders as summarized in the convention, be key guiding factors in the programme has been the latest success – and a major which states that “The Organization shall today – all in the spirit of the convention. reward for the effort, in many countries, provide for collaboration among european Knowledge gained through the laboratory’s that went into the design, construction and States in nuclear research of a pure scientifi c frontier research is made available for running of the LHC and its experiments. and fundamental character, and in research applications that benefi t society. CERN The award of the 2013 nobel Prize in Your new option in dry pump technology essentially related thereto. The organization schools held in many different countries Physics to François englert and Peter Higgs shall have no concern with work for allow a new generation of scientists and ( sadly passed away in 2011), military requirements and the results of its engineers not only to learn about frontier which recognized the importance of this Demand for the maximum experimental and theoretical work shall research but also to form friendships across key piece of fundamental physics, was a ■ be published or otherwise made generally national boundaries. marvellous early 60th birthday present. Excellent performance data including high pumping speed from atmosphere available.” The convention goes on to As we advance further into the The result of more than two decades to process pressure for air and light gases assert that, in addition to the construction of 21st century, the organization is still going of effort by thousands of scientists and ■ High reliability and process safety accelerators, experiments and infrastructure, strong and maintaining its attraction of engineers from around the world, this the basic programme should encompass international scientifi c collaboration. It discovery exemplifi es the collaborative ■ Durable dry pump technology with no oil contact to process gases international co-operation in research, has grown steadily since 1954, with the nature of research at CERN. It also refl ects ■ Hermetically tight design for safe pumping of toxic gases along with the promotion of contact latest country to join – israel – bringing the the freedom to work together with open between scientists, training of scientists and total number of member states to 21. other minds towards a common goal – a freedom ■ Rugged design - ready to cope with harsh process requirements dissemination of knowledge across borders. countries are in the stages leading up to that has underpinned advances in science ■ Enhanced pump performance in combination with roots booster pumps Times have changed, but the spirit of becoming members or associates and still throughout the ages. This freedom to think openness and peaceful collaboration others are expressing interest. CERN is and to communicate was prominent in the LEYVAC - when your process requires maximized reliability, Easy, direct coupling of roots enshrined in the visionary words of the becoming a global success, while retaining minds of those who came together more than system uptime and process throughput! booster pumps without frames convention continues to shape cern to this its original, European fl avour. 60 years ago to establish an organization in day. The nature of the laboratory’s research This year’s events for the 60th anniversary which fundamental science could fl ourish. has gone far beyond the atomic nucleus will celebrate the theme of international Thanks to the work of the many people who to encompass the basic particles of matter collaboration. in particular, there will be have been involved with the organization Oerlikon Leybold Vacuum GmbH and how they interact through fundamental activities in all of the member states, refl ecting since then, i believe that cern has more Bonner Strasse 498 D-50968 Köln forces to form the fabric of the universe. The the fact that cern is their laboratory. While than fulfi lled the hopes and dreams of T +49 (0)221 347-0 organization’s collaboration now extends the main celebration at cern will be on advancing science for peace. F +49 (0)221 347-1250 far beyond the boundaries of europe, as 29 September – the exact anniversary of when ● Rolf Heuer, CERN. E-mail : [email protected] http://www.oerlikon.com/leyboldvacuum

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Anz_LEYVAC_CERN_EN_V2 2013.indd 1 12.12.13 15:25 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 4 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 4 Untitled-3 1 08/01/2014 13:29 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 4 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 4 cerncourier V o l u m e 5 4 N u m b e r 1 J a n u a r y /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 4 Contents

5 N ew s 17 A r c h i v e  30 AdA – the small machine that made a big impact CERN to admit Israel as first new member state since 1999 • The first electron–positron collisions at a storage ring were observed CERN’s 60th anniversary IceCube finds evidence for Features • • 19 Global perspectives on major science facilities 50 years ago. high-energy extra-terrestrial neutrinos • First negative-hydrogen- ion beam accelerated at Linac4 • ATLAS and CMS observe Physics societies provide valuable input to the planning process. 34 How the Particle Physics Masterclasses began Higgs-boson decays to fermions How long can beauty and charm • 23 Workshop looks towards High-Luminosity LHC A look back to the origins of the masterclasses in 1996. live together? • SCOAP3 open-access initiative gets going A meeting in Aix-les-Bains looked at preparations for running at the 39 F a ce s &P l a ce s  • HiLumi LHC design study moves towards HL-LHC • HL-LHC. New charged charmonium-like states observed at BESIII 50 R ec r u i t men t 26 EuCARD comes to a successful end  13 S c i encew a t c h  The project ends with most of its ambitious objectives fulfilled. 55 B oo k s h elf  15 A s t r ow a t c h  58 V i ewpo i n t  cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 4 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 4