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CERN Courier–Digital Edition
CERNMarch/April 2021 cerncourier.com COURIERReporting on international high-energy physics WELCOME CERN Courier – digital edition Welcome to the digital edition of the March/April 2021 issue of CERN Courier. Hadron colliders have contributed to a golden era of discovery in high-energy physics, hosting experiments that have enabled physicists to unearth the cornerstones of the Standard Model. This success story began 50 years ago with CERN’s Intersecting Storage Rings (featured on the cover of this issue) and culminated in the Large Hadron Collider (p38) – which has spawned thousands of papers in its first 10 years of operations alone (p47). It also bodes well for a potential future circular collider at CERN operating at a centre-of-mass energy of at least 100 TeV, a feasibility study for which is now in full swing. Even hadron colliders have their limits, however. To explore possible new physics at the highest energy scales, physicists are mounting a series of experiments to search for very weakly interacting “slim” particles that arise from extensions in the Standard Model (p25). Also celebrating a golden anniversary this year is the Institute for Nuclear Research in Moscow (p33), while, elsewhere in this issue: quantum sensors HADRON COLLIDERS target gravitational waves (p10); X-rays go behind the scenes of supernova 50 years of discovery 1987A (p12); a high-performance computing collaboration forms to handle the big-physics data onslaught (p22); Steven Weinberg talks about his latest work (p51); and much more. To sign up to the new-issue alert, please visit: http://comms.iop.org/k/iop/cerncourier To subscribe to the magazine, please visit: https://cerncourier.com/p/about-cern-courier EDITOR: MATTHEW CHALMERS, CERN DIGITAL EDITION CREATED BY IOP PUBLISHING ATLAS spots rare Higgs decay Weinberg on effective field theory Hunting for WISPs CCMarApr21_Cover_v1.indd 1 12/02/2021 09:24 CERNCOURIER www. -
PRODUCTION of HIGH MASS Cv and E'e' PAIRS in the UA2
142 PRODUCTION OF HIGH MASS cv AND e'e' PAIRS IN THE UA2 EXPERIMENT AT THE CERN pp COLLIDER The UA2 Collaboration (Berne, CERN, CopenhagenT Orsay;" Pavía, Sacïay) Dî 84100S6163 presented by J. SCHACHER University of Berne, Switzerland ABSTRACT We present new results on intermediate vector boson production at the CERN pp collider. A comparison is made with the predictions of the standard model of the unified electroweak Glashow-Salam-Weinberg theory. - 143 - 1, INTRODUCTION We report here the results from a search for electrons with > 15 GeV/c produced at the CERN pp collider (Vs = 540 GeV) during its 1982 and 1983 periods of operation. Following a general discussion of the topology of the events containing an electron candidate, we shall compare the data with expectations in the framework of the electroweak standard model [1] for the reactions p + p - W~ + anything (1) - e" • v (?) p • p - Z° + anything (2) -* e* + e" or e* + e" + y where W~ and Z° are the postulated charged and neutral Intermediate Vector Bosonc (IVB), respectively, According to the amount of data collected we are now in the position to study some details of the IVB production, e.g. the influence of emission of gluon radiation on the distribution of the W transverse momentum (Fig.1). Fig.l Typical diagram for W and Z production, taking into account emission of gluon (g) radiation. 7T : parton in p or p. - 144 - Preliminary results from the study reported here have already been presented elsewhere [2] and a more complete discussion can be found in a recent publication [3]. -
Fabiola Gianotti
Fabiola Gianotti Date of Birth 29 October 1960 Place Rome, Italy Nomination 18 August 2020 Field Physics Title Director-General of the European Laboratory for Particle Physics, CERN, Geneva Most important awards, prizes and academies Honorary Professor, University of Edinburgh; Corresponding or foreign associate member of the Italian Academy of Sciences (Lincei), the National Academy of Sciences of the United States, the French Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society London, the Royal Academy of Sciences and Arts of Barcelona, the Royal Irish Academy and the Russian Academy of Sciences. Honorary doctoral degrees from: University of Uppsala (2012); Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (2013); McGill University, Montreal (2014); University of Oslo (2014); University of Edinburgh (2015); University of Roma Tor Vergata (2017); University of Chicago (2018); University Federico II, Naples (2018); Université de Paris Sud, Orsay (2018); Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Annecy (2018); Weizmann Institute, Israel (2018); Imperial College, London (2019). National honours: Cavaliere di Gran Croce dell'Ordine al Merito della Repubblica, awarded by the Italian President Giorgio Napolitano (2014). Special Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics (shared, 2013); Enrico Fermi Prize of the Italian Physical Society (shared, 2013); Medal of Honour of the Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen (2013); Wilhelm Exner Medal, Vienna (2017); Tate Medal of the American Institute of Physics for International Leadership (2019). Summary of scientific research Fabiola Gianotti is a particle physicist working at high-energy accelerators. In her scientific career, she has made significant contributions to several experiments at CERN, including UA2 at the proton-antiproton collider (SpbarpS), ALEPH at the Large Electron-Positron collider (LEP) and ATLAS at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). -
Annual Report to Industry Canada Covering The
Annual Report to Industry Canada Covering the Objectives, Activities and Finances for the period August 1, 2008 to July 31, 2009 and Statement of Objectives for Next Year and the Future Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics 31 Caroline Street North Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5 Table of Contents Pages Period A. August 1, 2008 to July 31, 2009 Objectives, Activities and Finances 2-52 Statement of Objectives, Introduction Objectives 1-12 with Related Activities and Achievements Financial Statements, Expenditures, Criteria and Investment Strategy Period B. August 1, 2009 and Beyond Statement of Objectives for Next Year and Future 53-54 1 Statement of Objectives Introduction In 2008-9, the Institute achieved many important objectives of its mandate, which is to advance pure research in specific areas of theoretical physics, and to provide high quality outreach programs that educate and inspire the Canadian public, particularly young people, about the importance of basic research, discovery and innovation. Full details are provided in the body of the report below, but it is worth highlighting several major milestones. These include: In October 2008, Prof. Neil Turok officially became Director of Perimeter Institute. Dr. Turok brings outstanding credentials both as a scientist and as a visionary leader, with the ability and ambition to position PI among the best theoretical physics research institutes in the world. Throughout the last year, Perimeter Institute‘s growing reputation and targeted recruitment activities led to an increased number of scientific visitors, and rapid growth of its research community. Chart 1. Growth of PI scientific staff and associated researchers since inception, 2001-2009. -
Il Nostro Mondo
IL NOSTRO MONDO THE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND PERFORMANCE OF THE CERN INTERSECTING STORAGE RINGS (ISR) A RECOLLECTION OF WORLD’S FIRST PROTON-PROTON COLLIDER KURT HÜBNER CERN, Geneva, Switzerland 1 Design which had a beam energy of 160 MeV. The interaction points to increase the collision rate The concept of colliding beams appeared design of these colliders started in 1957. but without special lattice insertions as one first in a German patent by Rolf Widerøe In 1961, the Accelerator Research Group would use these days. registered in 1943 and published in 1952. Division was expanded into the Accelerator Combined-function magnets were chosen However, at that time the intensity of beams Division as experienced manpower had as in the PS, i.e. the main magnets had a was too low for an exploitable collision rate as become available after the running-in of the magnetic dipole field to bend the beam and a beam accumulation had not yet been invented. PS in 1960. At the same time it was decided quadrupole field to focus the beam. This type The first ideas of a realistic design were to construct a small accelerator to test rf of magnet provided space for the elaborate published in 1956 by Gerard O’Neill and by the stacking, a technique to be experimentally pole-face windings foreseen to control the MURA Group lead by Donald Kerst in the USA. proven, as it was essential for the performance magnetic field to a very high precision. It also MURA had come up with beam accumulation and success of the ISR. -
6.2 Transition Radiation
Contents I General introduction 9 1Preamble 11 2 Relevant publications 15 3 A first look at the formation length 21 4 Formation length 23 4.1Classicalformationlength..................... 24 4.1.1 A reduced wavelength distance from the electron to the photon ........................... 25 4.1.2 Ignorance of the exact location of emission . ....... 25 4.1.3 ‘Semi-bare’ electron . ................... 26 4.1.4 Field line picture of radiation . ............... 26 4.2Quantumformationlength..................... 28 II Interactions in amorphous targets 31 5 Bremsstrahlung 33 5.1Incoherentbremsstrahlung..................... 33 5.2Genericexperimentalsetup..................... 35 5.2.1 Detectors employed . ................... 35 5.3Expandedexperimentalsetup.................... 39 6 Landau-Pomeranchuk-Migdal (LPM) effect 47 6.1 Formation length and LPM effect.................. 48 6.2 Transition radiation . ....................... 52 6.3 Dielectric suppression - the Ter-Mikaelian effect.......... 54 6.4CERNLPMExperiment...................... 55 6.5Resultsanddiscussion....................... 55 3 4 CONTENTS 6.5.1 Determination of ELPM ................... 56 6.5.2 Suppression and possible compensation . ........ 59 7 Very thin targets 61 7.1Theory................................ 62 7.1.1 Multiple scattering dominated transition radiation . .... 62 7.2MSDTRExperiment........................ 63 7.3Results................................ 64 8 Ternovskii-Shul’ga-Fomin (TSF) effect 67 8.1Theory................................ 67 8.1.1 Logarithmic thickness dependence -
Epn2006-37-2.Pdf
europhysicsnews Fermionic atoms in an optical lattice 37/2 The origin of the Earth’s magnetic field 2006 I V 9 n CP violation in weak decays of neutral K mesons 9 o s l t e u i u t m u r o Physics in daily life: Cycling in the wind t e i s o 3 n p 7 a e l An interview with Sir Anthony Leggett r • s y n u e u b a m s r c b r i e p r t i 2 o n p r i c e : http://www.europhysicsnews.org Article available at European Physical Society contents europhysicsnews 2006 • Volume 37 • number 2 cover picture: © CNRS Photothèque - ROBERT Patrick Laboratory: CETP, Velizy, Velizy Villacoublay. Three-dimensional representation of the Terrestrial magnetic field, according to the model of Tsyganenko 87. The magnetic field is visualized in the form of "magnetic shells" of which the feet of the tension fields on the surface of the Earth have the same magnetic latitude. The sun is on the right. EDITORIAL 05 Physics in Europe Ove Poulsen HIGHLIGHTS 06 The origami of life A high-resolution Ramsey-Bordé spectrometer for optical clocks ... 07 Transportation of nitrogen atoms in an atmospheric pressure... ᭡ PAGE 06 Refractive index gradients in TiO2 thin films grown by atomic layer deposition Highlights: transportation of NEWS 08 2006 Agilent Technologies Europhysics Prize nitrogen atoms 09 Letters on the EPN 36/6 Special Issue 12 Report on ICALEPCS’2005 14 Discovery Space 15 EPS sponsors physics students to participate in the reunion of Nobel Laureates 16 EPS Accelerator Group and European Particle Accelerator Conference 17 Report on the 1st European Physics Education Conference FEATURES 18 Fermionic atoms in an optical lattice: a new synthetic material ᭡ PAGE 18 Michael Köhl and Tilman Esslinger Fermionic atoms in an 22 The origin of the Earth’s magnetic field: fundamental or environmental research? optical lattice: a new Emmanuel Dormy 26 First observation of direct CP violation in weak decays of neutral K mesons synthetic material Konrad Kleinknecht and Heinrich Wahl 29 Physics in daily life: Cycling in the wind L.J.F. -
Issue 21 March 2019 : Ray Dolby Centre
MARCH 2019 ISSUE 21 EDITORIAL The construction of the New Cavendish Laboratory is underway in no uncertain terms, as recorded on these pages. These are very exciting and challenging times. As we keep emphasising, the future Ground-breaking for will be different from the past, but the opportunities for new areas of research and new collaborations are the New Cavendish to be greatly welcomed. At the same time, the show goes on with excellent Laboratory new science, generous benefactions and inspiring outreach. The formal start of the construction phase of the New Cavendish Laboratory took place on 10 January 2019 with a ground- It is with great sadness that we report breaking ceremony, hosted by the main contractor Bouygues. the loss of James Stirling, formerly The photograph shows the ground-breaking team led by Vice- Jacksonian Professor of Natural Chancellor Stephen Toope. Philosophy and Head of Department, whose early death robs us of an individual of outstanding academic and personal qualities. INSIDE Ground-breaking for the New Cavendish Laboratory 2 Opening of the Henry Royce Institute facilities in West Cambridge 4 P.C. Ho and the evolution of the Wilson cloud chamber 6 Dislocation plasticity and the Cavendish FIG 1 Laboratory 10 Making Quantum Mechanics work – The formal ground-breaking was followed by speeches in the nearby Interferometry with atoms 12 Maxwell Centre. Andy Parker, Head of Department of Physics, said 2018 Winton Symposium Machines: from cosmic to the nanoscale 14 ‘This is a great step in the development of physics research and learning at the University of Cambridge. We look forward to moving James Stirling 1953–2018 16 in to our new facilities and opening our doors to the wider research Aston’s Positive Ray Spectrograph community and the public to increase understanding and foster Chemistry Breakthrough Award 17 discovery’. -
Nobel Lectures™ 2001-2005
World Scientific Connecting Great Minds 逾10 0 种 诺贝尔奖得主著作 及 诺贝尔奖相关图书 我们非常荣幸得以出版超过100种诺贝尔奖得主著作 以及诺贝尔奖相关图书。 我们自1980年代开始与诺贝尔奖得主合作出版高品质 畅销书。一些得主担任我们的编辑顾问、丛书编辑, 并于我们期刊发表综述文章与学术论文。 世界科技与帝国理工学院出版社还邀得其中多位作了公 开演讲。 Philip W Anderson Sir Derek H R Barton Aage Niels Bohr Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Murray Gell-Mann Georges Charpak Nicolaas Bloembergen Baruch S Blumberg Hans A Bethe Aaron J Ciechanover Claude Steven Chu Cohen-Tannoudji Leon N Cooper Pierre-Gilles de Gennes Niels K Jerne Richard Feynman Kenichi Fukui Lawrence R Klein Herbert Kroemer Vitaly L Ginzburg David Gross H Gobind Khorana Rita Levi-Montalcini Harry M Markowitz Karl Alex Müller Sir Nevill F Mott Ben Roy Mottelson 诺贝尔奖相关图书 THE PERIODIC TABLE AND A MISSED NOBEL PRIZES THAT CHANGED MEDICINE NOBEL PRIZE edited by Gilbert Thompson (Imperial College London) by Ulf Lagerkvist & edited by Erling Norrby (The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences) This book brings together in one volume fifteen Nobel Prize- winning discoveries that have had the greatest impact upon medical science and the practice of medicine during the 20th “This is a fascinating account of how century and up to the present time. Its overall aim is to groundbreaking scientists think and enlighten, entertain and stimulate. work. This is the insider’s view of the process and demands made on the Contents: The Discovery of Insulin (Robert Tattersall) • The experts of the Nobel Foundation who Discovery of the Cure for Pernicious Anaemia, Vitamin B12 assess the originality and significance (A Victor Hoffbrand) • The Discovery of -
Pos(ICRC2019)446
New Results from the Cosmic-Ray Program of the NA61/SHINE facility at the CERN SPS PoS(ICRC2019)446 Michael Unger∗ for the NA61/SHINE Collaborationy Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany E-mail: [email protected] The NA61/SHINE experiment at the SPS accelerator at CERN is a unique facility for the study of hadronic interactions at fixed target energies. The data collected with NA61/SHINE is relevant for a broad range of topics in cosmic-ray physics including ultrahigh-energy air showers and the production of secondary nuclei and anti-particles in the Galaxy. Here we present an update of the measurement of the momentum spectra of anti-protons produced in p−+C interactions at 158 and 350 GeV=c and discuss their relevance for the understanding of muons in air showers initiated by ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays. Furthermore, we report the first results from a three-day pilot run aimed at investigating the ca- pability of our experiment to measure nuclear fragmentation cross sections for the understanding of the propagation of cosmic rays in the Galaxy. We present a preliminary measurement of the production cross section of Boron in C+p interactions at 13.5 AGeV=c and discuss prospects for future data taking to provide the comprehensive and accurate reaction database of nuclear frag- mentation needed in the era of high-precision measurements of Galactic cosmic rays. 36th International Cosmic Ray Conference -ICRC2019- July 24th - August 1st, 2019 Madison, WI, U.S.A. ∗Speaker. yhttp://shine.web.cern.ch/content/author-list c Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). -
Advanced Information on the Nobel Prize in Physics, 5 October 2004
Advanced information on the Nobel Prize in Physics, 5 October 2004 Information Department, P.O. Box 50005, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden Phone: +46 8 673 95 00, Fax: +46 8 15 56 70, E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.kva.se Asymptotic Freedom and Quantum ChromoDynamics: the Key to the Understanding of the Strong Nuclear Forces The Basic Forces in Nature We know of two fundamental forces on the macroscopic scale that we experience in daily life: the gravitational force that binds our solar system together and keeps us on earth, and the electromagnetic force between electrically charged objects. Both are mediated over a distance and the force is proportional to the inverse square of the distance between the objects. Isaac Newton described the gravitational force in his Principia in 1687, and in 1915 Albert Einstein (Nobel Prize, 1921 for the photoelectric effect) presented his General Theory of Relativity for the gravitational force, which generalized Newton’s theory. Einstein’s theory is perhaps the greatest achievement in the history of science and the most celebrated one. The laws for the electromagnetic force were formulated by James Clark Maxwell in 1873, also a great leap forward in human endeavour. With the advent of quantum mechanics in the first decades of the 20th century it was realized that the electromagnetic field, including light, is quantized and can be seen as a stream of particles, photons. In this picture, the electromagnetic force can be thought of as a bombardment of photons, as when one object is thrown to another to transmit a force. -
The Charm of Theoretical Physics (1958– 1993)?
Eur. Phys. J. H 42, 611{661 (2017) DOI: 10.1140/epjh/e2017-80040-9 THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL H Oral history interview The Charm of Theoretical Physics (1958{ 1993)? Luciano Maiani1 and Luisa Bonolis2,a 1 Dipartimento di Fisica and INFN, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy 2 Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Boltzmannstraße 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany Received 10 July 2017 / Received in final form 7 August 2017 Published online 4 December 2017 c The Author(s) 2017. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract. Personal recollections on theoretical particle physics in the years when the Standard Theory was formed. In the background, the remarkable development of Italian theoretical physics in the second part of the last century, with great personalities like Bruno Touschek, Raoul Gatto, Nicola Cabibbo and their schools. 1 Apprenticeship L. B. How did your interest in physics arise? You enrolled in the late 1950s, when the period of post-war reconstruction of physics in Europe was coming to an end, and Italy was entering into a phase of great expansion. Those were very exciting years. It was the beginning of the space era. L. M. The beginning of the space era certainly had a strong influence on many people, absolutely. The landing on the moon in 1969 was for sure unforgettable, but at that time I was already working in Physics and about to get married. My interest in physics started well before. The real beginning was around 1955. Most important for me was astronomy. It is not surprising that astronomy marked for many people the beginning of their interest in science.