APPENDIX 1: CONVERSION TABLES

Metric to English Units—Equivalents of Length

1 micron (␮) ϭ 0.001 millimeter (mm) ϭ 0.00004 inch (in.) 1 mm ϭ 0.1 centimeter (cm) ϭ 0.03937 in. 1000 mm ϭ 100 cm ϭ 1 meter (m) ϭ 39.37 in. ϭ 3.2808 feet (ft) 1mϭ 0.001 kilometer (km) ϭ 1.0936 yard (yd) 1000 m ϭ 1 km ϭ 0.62137 mile (mi) 12 in. ϭ 1 ft ϭ 0.3048 m 1 cm ϭ 0.39370 in. ϭ 0.032808 ft 1kmϭ 105 cm ϭ 0.62137 mi 1 fathom ϭ 6 ft ϭ 1.8288 m 1 nautical mile ϭ 1.85325 km 1 in. ϭ 2.54001 cm 1 ft ϭ 30.480 cm 1 statute mile ϭ 1.60935 km ϭ 5280 ft 1 astronomical unit ϭ 1.496 ϫ 108 km ϭ 92,957,000 mi 1 light year ϭ 9.460 ϫ 1012 km ϭ 5.878 ϫ 1012 mi 1 parsec ϭ 3.085 ϫ 1013 km ϭ 1.917 ϫ 1013 mi

Square Measures

1 square foot ϭ 0.00002295684 acre ϭ 929.0 cm2 1 acre ϭ 43,560 ft2 ϭ 0.0015625 mi2 1 yd2 ϭ 0.836127 m2 1 hectare ϭ 2.471054 acre 1mi2 (statute) ϭ 640 acres ϭ 2.5900 km2 1 cm2 ϭ 0.1550 in.2 ϭ 0.0010764 ft2 1 km2 ϭ 1010 cm2 ϭ 0.3861 mi2 1mm2 ϭ 0.00155 in.2 1 in.2 ϭ 6.452 cm2 1 m2 ϭ 10.764 ft2 1 ft2 ϭ 0.09290 m2 1km2 ϭ 0.3861 mi2 1mi2 ϭ 2.5900 km2 1088 CONVERSION TABLES

Cubic Measures

1 gal (UK) ϭ 4.5461 liters ϭ 1.200956 gal (US) 1 liter ϭ 0.219969 gal (UK) ϭ 0.264173 gal (US) 1 gal (US) ϭ 3.7854 liters ϭ 0.832670 gal (UK) 1 cc ϭ 0.0610 cu. in. ϭ 0.000035314 cu. ft 1 cu in. ϭ 16.387 cc 1 cu ft ϭ 28317 cc 1mm3 ϭ 0.000061 in.3 1 in.3 ϭ 16.387 cm3 (cc) 1 cm3 (cc) ϭ 0.0610 in.3 1 ft3 ϭ 0.028317 m3 1m3 ϭ 35.315 ft3 1mi3 ϭ 4.1681 km3 1 km3 ϭ 0.239911 mi3

Statute Miles to Nautical Miles to Kilometers

Statute Nautical Kilometers Statute Nautical Kilometers

1 /4 0.22 0.40 9 7.82 14.48 1 /2 0.43 0.80 10 8.68 16.10 3 /4 0.65 1.21 20 17.36 32.20 1 0.87 1.61 30 26.05 48.30 2 1.74 3.22 40 34.74 64.35 3 2.61 4.84 50 43.42 80.45 43.486.45 6052.10 96.55 5 4.35 8.05 70 61.00 113.00 6 5.22 9.65 80 69.60 129.00 7 6.08 11.27 90 78.16 145.00 8 6.96 12.90 100 87.00 161.00

Fathoms to Feet to Meters

Fathoms Feet Meters Fathoms Feet Meters

1 /4 1.5 0.5 61/2 39.0 11.9 1 /2 3.00.9 63/4 40.5 12.3 3 /4 4.5 1.4 7 42.0 12.8 16.0 1.8 8 48.0 14.6 1 1 /4 7.5 2.3 9 54.0 16.5 1 1 /2 9.02.7 10 60.0 18.3 3 1 /4 10.53.21166.020.1 212.0 3.7 12 72.0 21.9 1 2 /4 13.54.1 1378.023.8 1 2 /2 15.0 4.6 14 84.0 25.6 3 2 /4 16.55.0 15 90.027.4 3 18.0 5.5 16 96.0 29.3 1 3 /4 19.55.9 17 102.031.1 1 3 /2 21.0 6.4 18 108.0 32.9 3 3 /4 22.5 6.9 19 114.034.7 424.07.3 20 120.036.6 1 4 /4 25.5 7.8 30 180.0 54.9 1 4 /2 27.0 8.2 40 240.073.2 3 4 /4 28.5 8.7 50 300.0 91.4 530.0 9.1 60360.0 109.7 1 5 /4 31.5 9.6 70 420.0 128.0 1 5 /2 33.0 10.1 80480.0 146.3 3 5 /4 34.5 10.5 90 540.0 164.6 6 36.0 11.0 100 600.0 182.9 1 6 /4 37.511.4 APPENDIX 2: JOURNALS

Professional journals, periodicals, gazetteers, government publications, and subscribe to hard copies of journals because they rely on a central source trade magazines are a primary means of communicating information for interlibrary loan or use electronic services to order requested papers. among coastal scientists. These information sources are usually provided to This is an increasingly electronic age where much research is conducted in users as hard copy on paper stock, but there is an increasing trend toward front of a computer screen. dual publication with electronic versions becoming more widely available. There are pros and cons in these new venues for dissemination of Consideration of the topic in terms of content, availability, and cost is, information related to coastal research. There are many physical and psy- however, not as simple as it might first appear. There have been many recent chological disadvantages to spending long hours in front of computer changes in the media of communication. Most senior researchers are famil- screens. Back radiation from monitors, eyestrain, carpal tunnel syndrome, iar with paper copy volumes that were searched via perusal of tables of con- and lack of physical exercise are but a few of the drawbacks. Positive tents in various research publications (e.g., Current Contents) or by tracking aspects focus on access to vast amounts of information not heretofore pos- down references cited in research papers. Prior to the last decade, journals sible to the average person. But, again there are pros and cons to the flood were generally inexpensive enough for most professionals to subscribe on of data offered by computer searches. Search results require much sifting a personal basis. Many researchers built up a personal research library of data for relevancy and computer searchers often miss critical, non- comprised by books and journals, the latter supplying the most recent cut- mainline sources of information. It is a trade-off, computer searchers ver- ting edge information. These private libraries were often conveniently sus perusal of personal hard copies or visits to the stacks in libraries. located at a university or home office. Notes kept on index cards or book- Journals, the basic resource for armchair research, cover all aspects of marks often signaled important articles or passages in journals. The coastal coastal research but inclusion of all relevant or pertinent journals researcher was conversant with the literature and it often was mostly at becomes problematic depending on the definition of coastal research hand for immediate perusal in the office or research laboratory. (see Introduction; Management) and specific fields of interest. Even Sometimes professional organizations publish lists of citations in more basic is consideration ofwhat is “coastal” from a definitional specialized fields for specific time frames, as a means to facilitate or expe- point of view, at least as far as reporting research results is concerned. dite the compilation and perusal of the coastal literature. Examples Greater diffusivity of the concept of what constitutes a coastal topic include supplements to the Annotated Bibliography of Quaternary relates to viewpoints, perspectives, and orientation of study problems. Shorelines published by the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia The focus or content of journals is relatively clear-cut for the basic (e.g., Special Publication No. 6, 1965; Special Publication No., 10, 1970; sciences (e.g., biology, geology) but becomes blurred in applications Special Publication No. 11, 1974), GeoAbstracts (East Anglia, UK) (Third (e.g., coastal engineering, ecology, geophysics, geochemistry, geotech- Supplement, 1979),and Journal of Coastal Research (Fourth Supplement, nique, biogeochemistry,hydrophysics, hydrochemistry,hydrobiology, 1986). The International Bibliography of Coastal Geomorphology sedimentology, remote sensing), and extremely broad ranging in the (Sherman, 1992; Kelletat, 1996), published by the Journal of Coastal management subfields (e.g., coastal environments; marine pollution; Research and the International Geographical Union (Commission on use of maritime and marine resources; legal, political, social, and eco- Coastal Systems), is another example of efforts to summarize a great liter- nomic analyses). Although studies in the pure sciences (e.g., physics, ature of coastal research in comprehensive bibliographic lists for special- chemistry) can be very specific, coastal research is mostly conducted ized fields. Such efforts are noteworthy in themselves because they are not from the purview of some application or for greater understanding of common. When available in electronic format on a CD, for example, the coastal shape or configuration due to wave action (e.g., coastal mor- search capabilities are enormously increased and the research value of the phodynamics). The scope of coastal science is thus potentially vast and compendium is substantially increased over paper copy. the possibilities of research materials are almost limitless. As an exam- The convenience and familiarity of yesteryear is but a memory of the ple of the wide range of source materials for coastal research, Table past. Research procedures and access to information was changed forever A2.1 is the result of a partial and edited printout of holdings in the with the advent of the modern personal computer. With the development coastal library at NOAA’s Coastal Services Center (Charleston, South of online databases and electronic libraries, it became possible to conduct Carolina).This eclectic assemblage of journals represents one perspec- global searches via the Internet without leaving the office. With advances tive of what constitutes a useful public research library in the coastal in modern technology came many innovations that assisted the document sciences. Even though data fields in the compilation are sometimes search process, but there were also downsides. With declining numbers of incomplete, the list illustrates a broad interest base for a national coastal subscribers, journal costs increase to the point where it becomes impossi- service center. Fortunately, the central core of coastal science clumps ble for individuals to maintain complete personal libraries of hard together lines of research that focus on biological and geological princi- (paper) copies. Publishers, responding to declining subscriberships thus ples, engineering practices, and to a lesser extent various management offer electronic copies of individual articles or entire issues. Most journals issues and mathematical modeling. The objectives, goals, and interests now provide access to free abstracts of papers in an effort to encourage of the supporting organization thus restrain the universe of serials purchase of the article for a royalty or access fee. There are also service retained in any library devoted to coastal research. If nothing else, the bureaus and search services that provide electronic summaries of search list in Table A2.1 emphasizes the wide range of subject matter that must results that list papers in a wide range of journals. Not only has the shelf be considered in a government service center library. Some holdings in space in the professorial office shrunk, but libraries as well often do not the library are mainline professional journals, as listed in Table A2.2, 1090 JOURNALS f e tion u a g on stems i h y tion a y . n e est, Inc. atio ig tut n , Inc. i d y o dom: Ecos i te na Coastal Lea na Sea Grant g i i i ne Educators n stems Researc i ers i m c Center for c Center for y i g i ating the diverse range o range ating the diverse . r t p er L s ted K ne Research Federat ne Research i ees News D ees News us p i i y ll y a fe Foundat p n Mana lo i onal Mar et i i i ams Laux Co. p la ldl i p ina), i Ad g l na: South Carol na: South Carol i i a: Earth Island Inst lus Press, Inc i A a: Nat i ) st News i i lor & Franc land: Estuar y a, Canada: Atlant Caro y i y forn usetts: h i forn of Oceans r er-Verla h i inia: The Cousteau Societ g g g n amon Press, Inc. amon Press, Inc. n Cal i a: Em Federal i g g i Cal , r , n c, Mar p South Carol South Carol i gi , , sco r i . :Per : Press, Pergamon Inc. i , Massac on of Flood State d ubl k k ton, DC: Ta ton, DC: Naut ton, DC: W World r i d eston, Sout p g g g eake, Vir l Inc nster Newton, Dorset, Un at i ngton, DC: NOA n n n p i , i i i i ar fic Grove h i M Institute, Inc. Consortium Association (NMEA Association Remote Sens Remote Limite ew Yor ewport, North Carolina: Coastal Feder North Carolina ew York:ew Elsevie ew York: S ew York: Per ew Yor York:ew The Cousteau Soc ew York: United National Environment Program York:ew Environment United National edford, Scot Nova arnstable, Massachusetts: Horsley & Witten, Inc O an Franc turm idcup, Kent, England: & Co. Brace Harcourt Washington, DC: Agenc Protection Environmental Troy State Universit State Troy Washington, DC: & Francis, Taylor Inc. Republic,Port Maryland: Feder Estuarine Research Wash Cambridge, Massachusetts: Science, Blackwell Inc. Maynar Wash N Falls Church,Falls Virginia: FCW Grou N Washington, DC: Defense Council Resources National Redlands, California: S Environmental B Miami, Florida: of University Miami Chesa Charleston Wash B Charleston Wash N N Pac N N N Westport, Connecticut: Earth Action Network, Inc. S S London: The Econom E Re Port S Reston, V Assoc Publishe N Charleston, Consortium Sea Grant South Carolina f Ocean Service, C o l y y y y y y y y y y n y y y y y y ly ly l ly l l y y y y y hly hl hl hl uenc kly q ont onthly ont ont onthl onthl ont annual -monthl -monthl -monthl -monthl -monthl -monthl -monthl eekly ee i-monthl i-monthl i-monthl i re Quarterly Quarter Quarterly Quarterly Quarterl F Quarterly M Quarterly Quarter Ti B B M Semi-annuallyBi Washington, DC: Marine Conserv Center for Bi Quarterly Quarter Bi M Quarterly M M M M B Quarterl Bi Bi Monthly Quarter Quarterly W W Bi Quarter B AA, Nationa O s g .or 1 y interest u m et i ch r ne.co g i g g 2 e e e e e s.or l l l l l d 354 6 [email protected] Quarter ab ab ab ab ab 7 8 3 X 3 3 8 6 1 7 - l l l l oo il d 01 0 96 06 14 70 6 fl a ai ai ai ai 2 977 2 4 34 9 al@eomonl i v v v v v 7 61 6766 0 0637 0 3131 0613 8 77 75 @ - - -4 - -554 - - - - a a a a a @nccoast.org 8

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Most i ) ted i ated by general and spec general by ated Un i ( t ssues per volume on an annual bas on an annual ssues per volume i i ence 0037-0738 lable. n i i s, unless otherw i i y) ons s i as for institutions.for some journal for given are rates Personal ches er Sc ly ava r i cat i p i on, the ISSN number, of date first om lackwell Scientificlackwell 0037-0746 1952 ublications (USA ublications ublisher ubl German ti Kingdom) ( C P P B P a able numbers of numbers able ent olume cost bas i i ways read ways v l r a v r ncludes n i e ournal: Elsev e, o j gy n p i l of o gy ng scope and or l i on a 2000–2001 n az o $ g onal i ph es, not a are these rates i t mentolo i ce noted thus i i ) ontent, sco ure and applied ure eomor d nternational journalnternational Elsevier nternat nternationa journal:nternational K. Triltsch, Wuzburg 0044-2798 s based on Internet-based computer sea society affiliatio g News ma News I I I p I Associatio sed Sedimentologists C i y ournals j r Continued ogie ( ü l y f ogy l o t .2 f st of i ph ri l h s l i A2 ress in ress ogy sed to fill out comments concern l olume per year. The pr ates for members of for ates soc imentar imento g r v u d d ceanography eitsc eo able ourna 1) Prices are quoted on an annual basis, quoted on an annual 1) Prices are unless otherwise noted, 2) Journal prices are quoted in US prices are 2) Journal 3) Th T J Geomor ( Z ( O Sea Technolog Se G Se ( Pro JOURNALS 1099 but there are also a large number of “soft” information sources that are endorsement of journal contents or a reflection of citability or credibil- required for effective coastal zone management. Even though some of ity. It is benign in the sense that it tries to steer interested readers to these tertiary information sources have a definite corporate bias (e.g., sources most likely to contain information related to the coast. ARC News, Calypso Log, Geo Info Systems, GIS Worldd, GPS Worldd, Most of the journals listed in Table A2.2 have international audiences Meeting News, Publish!, Spotlight, Successful Meetings, Sun Expert, in mind, but the scope of coverage may be limited to biophysical or geo- UNIX Review, Visual Developer), they provide practical information to graphic subdivisions of the coastal zone, define rather specific subject coastal researchers who require expertise in diverse technical and socioe- areas, or narrowly focus on legal or conceptual issues viz. Continental conomic fields to supplement their professional or academic expertise. Shelf Research, Coral Reefs, Estuaries, Helgoland Marine Research, There are thus many different possibilities for the organization of a International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, Journal of Great journal list. One approach might be to list journals alphabetically with- Lakes Research, Marine Biology, Marine Chemistry, Netherlands out comment or consideration of frequency of use, relative importance, Journal of Sea Research, International Journal of Remote Sensing.On by coastal researchers. The choice of what journal should be listed in a the other hand, some journals offer a wide-ranging approach to many “coastal” list thus becomes subjective and some criteria must be applied different considerations in the coastal zone, for example, Bulletin of for selective inclusion, in preference to personal impressions or bias. Marine Science, Journal of Coastal Research, Journal of Marine Science Another approach might be to organize the list in terms of frequency of and Technology, Geo-Marine Letters, Ocean and Coastal Management. citation in articles relating to the coast. Such an effort would be tedious The scope and interests of journals covering the coastal zone are thus to do by hand, but could be accomplished by a commercial citation focused and yet multidisciplinary in approach. indexing service. Criteria for selection would be difficult to set up and Coastal science, as a discrete subject area, is a relatively young would, of course, again be subjective. Another approach would be to discipline. Recognition of diverse subject areas as a coherent corpus is rely on the expertise of seasoned (longtime) researchers who could lend evidenced in the journals themselves, the oldest continuously surviving professional opinions to the selection. This approach is clearly subjec- primary journal being Shore & Beach (established in 1926). Some of the tive but no approach identified here can be regarded as unambiguous. other older primary journals include, for example, Australian Marine and The approach that I have adopted is to use the Journal of Coastal Freshwater Research (1950); Bulletin of Marine Science (1951); Coastal Research (JCR) as a baseline that is fairly representative of the central Engineering Journal (1959); Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean tendency of scientific research in the coastal zone. Although the JCR Engineering (1956); and Marine Geology (1964). A recent primary player considers all aspects of coastal research, experience has shown over the is the Journal of Coastal Conservation (1995), the official publication of years that most papers feature coastal aspects of biology (incl. ecology), the European Union of Coastal Conservation. Papers of interest to geology (incl. geomorphology,hydrology, sedimentology), physical coastal researchers appear in other venerable journals, listed in Table A2.2 geography (incl. classification and mapping, GIS/LIS/MIS), littoral as secondary or tertiary journals, which have broad-ranging interests that oceanography,hydrography, coastal hydraulics, environmental overlap or subsume the coastal zone as aspects of it, as for example, (resource) management, engineering, and remote sensing. Policy and Journal of Geology (1893); Journal of Oceanography (1942); Journal of legal aspects of are most often appropriately considered in other jour- Sedimentary Research (1926); and Sedimentology (1952). A relative new- nals (e.g., Journal of Coastal Conservation, Coastal Management, comer to the field is the Journal of Coastal Research (1984) which covers Marine Policy, Coastal and Ocean Management). Even though the basis a wide range of topics that include but are not limited to geology,biology, of the journal selection process is biased, it is hoped that it represents a geomorphology (physical geography), climate, littoral oceanography, fair appraisal of primary sources. Another limitation is language; this hydrography, hydraulics, environmental (resource) management, engi- list features journals where papers are primarily published in English. neering, and remote sensing. The Journal of Coastal Research invites con- Although definition of the term “coastal” is specifically avoided here, tributions dealing with theory, methodology, techniques, and field or the reader is referred to topics in this volume that provide insight into applied topic studies on interdisciplinary issues within the broad subject the scope and dimension of the subject area (see types of coasts, man- areas listed above. agement and engineering topics, ecology ofspecific geographic regions). To assist the researcher in gaining access to the journals, the list in The list of professional (academic) journals presented in Table A2.2 is Table A2.2 highlights critical information such as publisher, ISSN, and not comprehensive in the sense that it contains all journals that may frequency of publication. A brief description of journal content has contain papers related to some aspect of the coast. Journals listed here been abstracted from the journal itself, a journal or professional society will direct neophytes to a spectrum of coastal journals and as such it Website, or from Ulrichs International Periodicals Directory (New serves as an introduction. This is a starting point that will get the inter- Providence, New Jersey: R.R. Bowker). ested coastal researcher into the literature. Professionals who have been conducting specialized coastal research for many years will know of Charles W. Finkl more obscure sources that are useful in narrow lines of inquiry. The list points to journals that essentially deal with coastal topics on a regular basis or those that occasionally contain relevant articles. Journals listed in Table A2.2 are broadly organized into three categories that indicate whether the journal provides primary, secondary or tertiary support to Bibliography the average coastal researcher. Some journals are dedicated to coastal Kelletat, D.H., 1996. International Bibliography of Coastal research whereas others might have a different primary focus (e.g., Geomorphology, 1991–1994. Journal of Coastal Research, Special oceanography, ecology, marine mammals, marine technology, ocean law Issue No. 19, 203 pp. and policy, seabed resources, fisheries science, meteorology,engineer- Richards, H.G., Gallagher, W.B., and Colquhoun, D.J., 1986. ing) but often include coastal-based subject matter. The secondary jour- Annotated Bibliography of Quaternary Shorelines, Fourth nals are mostly based in the marine realm whereas those considered to Supplement 1978–1983. Journal of Coastal Research,Special Issue be tertiary sources are primarily focused on other disciplines where the No. 2, 88 pp. subject matter might occur in the coastal zone or be related to coastal Sherman, D.J., 1992. International Bibliography of Coastal processes in some way (e.g., journals dealing with biological, geological, Geomorphology, 1987–1992. Journal of Coastal Research, Special or engineering topics). The listings in Table A2.2 are thus not an Issue No. 16, 146 pp. APPENDIX 3:ORGANIZATIONS

In the last two decades there has been an explosion of organizations Before the widespread use of the Internet, it was possible to keep dealing with the coast. Most coastal researchers probably initially think track of coastal-marine researchers through printed directories such as in terms of scientific groups that consider academic, theoretical, or the International Directory of Marine Scientists (UNESCO, 1983), practical applications of scientific principles or engineering practices. Orbis Geographicus (IGU, 1992), or to locate major repositories of With coastal populations increasing worldwide (e.g., Culliton etal., information as listed, for example, in the International Directory of 1992), there have been a number of movements that attempt to organize Marine Science Libraries and Information Centers (IAMSLIC, 1987). political and public opinion in favor of limiting overexploitation of Organizations could be gleaned from these kinds of source materials coastal resources (see discussions in Clark, 1996). Disregard for the (i.e., from their contained institutional lists) but there was no easy way coast is not a new trend, but public awareness is increasing as coastal to compile lists of coastal organizations. With the development of digi- living space becomes more limited and use of coastal environments tal information systems, access changed and large amounts of informa- becomes more belligerent. In many ways, the coastal zone is becoming tion became available and retrievable to coastal researchers almost a battleground (Finkl, 1997) for different interest groups. In many instantly. Because there is no comprehensive published list of coastal places, coastal environments have been totally replaced by urbanization organizations worldwide, these lists are conceived as part of an attempt and industrialization, seriously degraded by overuse and effluent to indicate the range of organizations, public and private, that provide disposal, or are presently threatened by various facets of human action. services to researchers of the coastal zone. Addresses, phone and fax There are now many conservation groups interested in organizing vari- numbers, e-mail addresses or websites are provided when available in ous types of resistance to degradation of coastal and marine resources. the following lists. Statements of purpose, objectives or goals, mottoes Today the coastal zone is seen from many divergent points of view or slogans, or advertizing self-images of various organizations are listed ranging from commercial and industrial use (e.g., ports and harbors, in table format as examples. The information provided here is not to be petroleum tank farms, transportation facilities, free trade zones), inclusive, but it is comprehensive and global in perspective. If there are tourism, urban, and suburban living space, waste disposal sites, land organizations that are not listed in the following tables (1–16), it is an reclamation (e.g., drainage of coastal wetlands), parks and reserves oversight resulting from the vagaries of computer searches on the net. (including marine parks), military installations, and finally as political All reasonable efforts were made to include as many organizations as and military battlespace (e.g., strategic choke points, sites for amphibi- possible but, of course, no list can be complete in a subject area where ous landings, approachways for invasion from the sea).With all of these groups come together for a period of time and then disperse or where diverse, and often conflicting, uses of coastal space, it would be a dis- there are name changes, as so frequently happens in government with service, to perception of the problems and potential remedies, to list changes in political parties. In any case, the tables presented here are only organizations of interest to academic researchers. Indeed, many of submitted in good faith in the belief that they represent a fair and unbi- the most exciting and important considerations of the coast reside in ased summary of what can be found on the Internet. Access to these nontraditional organizations that have as agendas the protection and organizations is thus possible through traditional means by mail, tele- preservation of coasts through avenues of public information cam- phone, or fax. The Internet offers new possibilities for rapid personal paigns, education, and private or nongovernmental organizations interaction and a means of rapidly acquiring information without much (NGO). Response to issues of coastal use is, unfortunately, largely not effort on the part of the searcher. The collection and availability of data met by public agencies responsible for the care and protection of coasts. more or less dictated organizational groupings, which turn out to be Leaders of coastal protection are thus often found in nonauthoritarian quite subjective. Mostly, the assembly of organizations was by conti- organizations that do not pander to political whims or inaction. On the nental or subcontinental geographic regions but sometimes a hemi- other side of the coin, there are many examples of government agencies spheric approach was more convenient whereas some other that have taken appropriate steps to better understand coastal environ- organizations are essentially global in focus. It is thus anticipated that ments and the natural processes responsible for them. By and large, most readers will have interests in specific geographic regions rather however, the response by governments worldwide is too little too late, than an organizational focus. except possibly in North America and Western Europe, and Oceana. Table A3.1, for example, lists some of the main North American agen- Presentation of the organizations dealing with coastal issues requires cies that are maintained by federal governments. In some cases it is not organization because their number is legion. A mere decade ago if one entirely logical nor convenient to list subdepartments and so parent organ- were to conduct a computer search on the Internet by requesting a izations are indicated viz. the National Science Foundation (NSF),US search based on the word “coastal,” the response would have been Department of the Navy (USN), National Oceanographic and minimal. Today, it is a different story. An Internet search using the word Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), US Army Corps of Engineers “coastal” as a key term would return literally hundreds of hits (e.g., web (USACE). For these larger organizations, some of the larger coastal pro- pages containing that word or access to other sources of information). grams and projects are indicated. In the United States there are 33 state With such vast amounts of information now readily available, it is clear coastal zone management programs (Table A3.2). Alaska and Hawaii that many organizations are involved with coasts in a way that was probably come readily to mind as programs separated from the contermi- unimaginable in the recent past. nous United States but territories and commonwealth programs are also ORGANIZATIONS 1101 included in the number of “state” programs, viz. Guam, Northern in the coastal zone that are not available from governmental organizations. Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Indiana, Michigan, Again, this list is not comprehensive and represents the kinds of results Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin have coastal management programs that can be obtained from simple computer searches based on critical key for management of Great Lakes shores. Other organizations having words. Most of the consulting companies deal with environmental issues responsibility for management of freshwater and marine shores include and coastal engineering, although some consultants are lawyers (e.g., government agencies and quasi-government bodies that feature concerted Conservation Law Foundation) or lobbyists (e.g., The Coastal Advocate). efforts to manage wildlife (e.g., Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation A related list contains coastal consulting companies based in the United Commission), protect natural coastal resources (e.g., Columbia River States but with branches or additional offices overseas (Table A3.9). These Estuary Study Task Force, San Francisco Bay Conservation and are listed in alpha-order with indications of overseas location where the Development Commission), or restore coastal areas (e.g., Office of Coastal companies are active. Some consulting companies listed in Table A3.10 are Restoration Indiana, Plan to Restore America’s Everglades) (Table A3.3). truly worldwide in scope and operations. Clearly, there are many other Some worldwide government agencies and programs related to consulting companies that deal with coastal conservation, shore protec- the coastal zone are listed in Table A3.4. Some entries here appear to tion, dredging, and so on, but they do not show up in this computer search be national, and they are, but affiliated agencies also work overseas as the main focus was not engineering,dredging, etc. in a related capacity (e.g., Coastcare or the Coast Protection Board in Other kinds of organizations active in the coastal zone that have not Australia) as for example seen in the Australian Antarctic Division (AAD) yet been considered include those that are comprised by professional as part of the Australian Government’s Department of the Environment societies, either governmental or private, that can include societies, and Heritage. The European Union for Coastal Conservation (EUCC) federations, coalitions, campaigns, associations, not-for-profit corpora- attempts to ensure wise use and protection of Baltic Sea coasts and makes tions, foundations, alliances, clubs, projects, etc. These organizations concerted efforts to ensure cooperation between government and non- listed in Table A3.11, include a broad range of interests in the coastal government organizations viz. local communities, scientific organizations, zone. Primary here are groups that have interest in protecting or and individuals involved in conservation of the coastal zone. The EUCC preserving coastal resources such as beaches (e.g., American Shore and fosters participation in intergovernmental movements connected with Beach Preservation Association, Florida Shore and Beach Preservation coastal conservation and management as well as the integration of science Association), habitat (e.g., American Littoral Society; Canadian Ocean and management in the coastal zone. Another example listed in Table A3.4 Habitat Protection Society, Newellton, Nova Scotia, Canada),rivers is the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO and estuaries (e.g., Clean Annapolis River Project, Annapolis Royal, that promotes marine scientific investigations and related ocean services. Nova Scotia, Canada; Clean Water Fund, Washington, DC), and The Eastern African Coastal Area Management effort strives to assist historic cultural sites (e.g., Coastal America, Washington, DC). Some East African countries to implement and coordinate coastal management groups appeal to professional coastal researchers and academics rather activities as follow-up to the Arusha Resolution and the Seychelles than lay people and they attempt to foster study and research of coastal Statement on Integrated Coastal Zone Management. problems and issues (e.g., American Geological Institute, American The main North American research and educational institutions Society of Civil Engineers, American Society of Limnology and that deal with coastal zone management and related topics are listed in Oceanography, The Coastal Education & Research Foundation, the Table A3.5. This sort of table is problematic because it is impossible to Coastal Research and Education Society of Long Island, Marine include every institution that deals with coasts. This table is thus the result Technology Society). Different examples are found in other kinds of of a computer search that turned up more than 60 organizations that organizations that fight coastal erosion (e.g., Beach Erosion Authority conduct coastal research or instruction in coastal zone management for Clean Oceans and Nourishment, Ventura, California), or strive to related topics. Even though the list is not complete, it provides entry into revitalize ocean resources (e.g., American Oceans Campaign) or which the sphere of coastal zone research and education in North America. focus on maintaining sustainable tourism (e.g., Bay of Fundy.com, Some organizations, although they are part of state or private university Chance Harbour, New Brunswick, Canada). There are thus many systems, can be obscure (e.g., the Center for Coastal and Land-Margin different orientations and the scope of effort is great in professional Research (CCALMR) is part of the Oregon Graduate Institute of Science organizations that have the wellbeing of the coastal zone at heart. Those and Technology,Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, organizations listed in Table A3.11 are but a few of the many different Oregon) or well known as part of major research centers of long-standing kinds of organizations that can be accessed via the Internet. excellence (e.g., Center for Coastal Studies, Scripps Institution of Table A3.12 continues the previous line of inquiry but the organizations Oceanography,University of California, La Jolla, California; Department noted here are for coastal regions beyond the shores of North America. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute Some of these organizations have a global outlook (e.g., Estuarine and of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts). Although some organiza- Coastal Sciences Association, Greenpeace International, Seas at Risk, tions do not grant academic degrees as from colleges and universities, they Surfers Against Sewage, United Nations Environment Programme) while do provide useful short courses, study groups and projects, applied others have a national perspective (e.g., Asociación Oceánica de Panamá, research, and in-service training as, for example, seen at the US Army Australian Coral Reef Society) or regional charge (e.g., European Artificial Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory (Engineer Research and Reef Research Network, European Coastal Association for Science and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi). Other organizations func- Technology). These interest groups outside North America have similar tion as clearinghouses for digital information (e.g., Oregon Coastal orientations and thrusts of purpose as those listed in Table A3.11. Geospatial Clearinghouse) or as providers of overarching regional Asian groups that focus their attention on coastal research in general research guidance and facilitation (e.g., Regional Association of Research and marine science specifically are listed in Table A3.13. This regional on the Gulf of Maine) as associations of institutions or organizations of listing is given as an example of concern for the coast in one of the most organizations (e.g., Coastal Resources Research Network based at densely populated regions on earth. Oceanographic organizations and Dalhousie University, funded by the International Development Research institutes ofmarine science conduct most of the coastal effort here. In Centre, and working with partners in South East Asia). a similar vein, Brazilian coastal organizations are listed separately in Similar comments could be made with regard to Table A3.6, which lists Table A3.14. There is concern in Brazil for maintaining clean coasts and some of the main European research and educational institutions that deal there are numerous state divisions of IBAMA, the Brazilian environ- with the coastal zone. For convenience, the institutions here are listed in mental protection agency. Fisheries research institutes are listed here as alpha-order by host country. The list contains organizations of interna- well because of their concern for maintaining good coastal environ- tional renown (e.g., Danish Hydraulics Institute, Institut Oceanographique, mental quality that will support coastal fisheries, which in turn provide Delft Hydraulics Institute, Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, employment for small villages and towns along the coast. Cambridge Coastal Research Unit, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, By way of an example of another very specialized list, Table A3.15 Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory) as well as those that are perhaps lists coastal resource management companies in Hawaii. The island is less well known (e.g., Center for Marine Research, Zagreb, Croatia; clearly a Mecca for coastal consulting companies due to its strategic Sandgerdi Marine Centre, Sandgerdi, Iceland). In either case, these organi- geographic location. Companies based here have ready access to North zations enjoy “hits” from web searches due to their websites. Last among America, especially the West Coast, and to the eastern Asian continent the tables listing the main research and educational institutions that deal and Oceana. Full contact information is provided for most of these with the coastal zone is Table A3.7, which takes a hemispheric perspective companies based in Hawaii. Some of these companies are also listed in in Australia, Brazil, New Zealand, and South Africa. Additional short list- Tables A3.11, A3.12 or A3.13, depending on the location of their home ings are included for Argentina, Chile, southern India, and the Philippines. office or branches. Others are not listed in these previous three tables Proprietary consulting companies provide useful services to both public because they did not show up in the computer search for those listings. and private sectors in the coastal zone (Table A3.8). These organizations The list in Table A3.15 is particularly comprehensive and complete and are mostly “for profit” but they often provide information to the public in is a good example of an effort to provide useful information for a spe- the form of competitive bidding for projects, reports, public debates and cific region, in this case the State of Hawaii. A smaller complimentary journal publishing, and participation in public meetings and forums. list is found in Table A3.16, which summarizes coastal resource man- Nevertheless, these kinds of organizations provide many useful functions agement companies in Hawaii based on nonprofits. 1102 ORGANIZATIONS

Table A3.1 Primary North American agencies and programs related to the coastal zone, as maintained by federal governments in the United States and Canada

Canadian Hydrographic Service (Canada) Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center 615, Booth Street (US Department of the Navy) Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E6 Commanding Officer: [email protected] Phone: (613) 995 4413 Executive Officer: [email protected] Fax: (613) 947 4369 Command Master Chief: [email protected] Public Affairs: [email protected] Canadian Ice Service (Canada) 373, Sussex Drive National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) (USA) Block E, Third Floor NOAA Fisheries Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3 1315, East West Highway SSMC3, Silver Spring, MD 20910 Coastal America (USA) The NMFS administers NOAA’s programs which support the domes- Coastal America Reporters Building 300, 7th Street, SW Suite 680 tic and international conservation and management of living marine WA 20250 resources. Phone: (202) 401 9928 National Ocean Service (NOAA, National Oceanography & Fax: (202) 401 9821 Atmospheric Administration) (USA) E-mail: [email protected] National Ocean Service A Decade of Commitment to Protecting, Preserving, and Restoring 1305, East West Highway America’s Coastal Heritage Silver Spring, MD 20910 Department of Fisheries & Oceans—Maritimes Region (Canada) Phone: (301) 713 3074 P.O. Box 1035 As the nation’s principal advocate for coastal and ocean stewardship, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4T3 the National Ocean Service develops the national foundation for Phone: 1 800 782 3058 coastal and ocean science, management, response, restoration, and E-mail: [email protected] navigation. The National Ocean Service maintains its leadership role in coastal stewardship by bridging the gap between science, Environment Canada (Canada) management, and public policy. 45, Alderney Drive Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 2N6 Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command Phone: (902) 426 7231 (US Department of the Navy) Fax: (902) 426 6348 1100, Balch Boulevard E-mail: [email protected] Stennis Space Center MS 39529 EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)—Office of Water (USA) Phone: (228) 688 4187 Fax: (228) 688 5743 Deals with coastal waters and related aspects, has sub-offices of E-mail: [email protected] wetlands, oceans, and watersheds. The Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command’s mission is Contacts—Headquarters: to collect, interpret and apply global data and information for safety Rick Hoffmann at sea, strategic and tactical warfare, and weapons system design, USEPA, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW-4305 development, and deployment. The command provides meteorological, WA 20460 oceanographic, and geospatial information and services to increase Phone: 202 260 0642 the effectiveness of our Navy in both peacetime and in war. Fax: 202 260 9830 E-mail: [email protected] Naval Oceanographic Office (US Department of the Navy) Charles Kovatch N24 Customer Service Division USEPA, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW-4305 1002, Balch Boulevard WA 20460 Stennis Space Center, MS 39522-5001 Phone: 202 260 3754 Phone: (228) 688 5661/5216/5382 Fax: 202 260 9830 DSN: 828 5661/5216/5382 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: (228) 688 4688 Promotes a watershed approach to manage, protect, and restore the E-mail: [email protected] water resources and aquatic ecosystems of our marine and fresh waters. Naval Research Laboratory (US Department of the Navy) This strategy is based on the premise that water quality and ecosystem problems are best solved at the watershed level and that local citizens 4555, Overlook Ave., SW play an integral role in achieving clean water goals. Through its many WA 20375 programs, OWOW provides technical and financial assistance and The Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) is the Navy’s corporate develops regulations and guidance to support the watershed approach. laboratory. NRL conducts a broadly based multidisciplinary program of scientific research and advanced technological Fisheries & Oceans Canada (Canada) development directed toward maritime applications of new and Communications Branch improved materials, techniques, equipment, system, and ocean, 200, Kent Street atmospheric, and space sciences and related technologies. 13th Floor, Station 13228 Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E6 NOAA Coastal Service Center (USA) Phone: (613) 993 0999 2234, South Hobson Avenue Fax: (613) 990 1866 Charleston, SC 29405-2413 TDD: (613) 941 6517 Phone: 843 740 1200 Fax: 843 740 1224 The CCG will ensure the safe and environmentally responsible use of Canada’s waters, support understanding and management of oceans The mission of the NOAA Coastal Services Center is to foster resources, facilitate the use of our waters for shipping, recreation and and sustain the environmental and economic wellbeing of the fishing, and provide marine expertise in support of Canada’s domestic nation’s coast by linking people, information, and and international interests. technology. ORGANIZATIONS 1103

Table A3.1 Continued

NOAA Coral Health Program (USA) TEC’s Mission is to provide the Warfighter with a superior knowledge Located at NOAA’s of the battlefield, and support the Nation’s civil and environmental Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory initiatives through research, development, and the application of 4301, Rickenbacker Causeway expertise in the topographic and related sciences. Miami, FL 33149-1026 The mission of the Coral Health and Monitoring Program is to US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) (USA) provide services to help improve and sustain coral reef health Headquarters: throughout the world. 441, G. Street, NW WA 20314 Phone: 202-761-0008 NOAA Office of Public Affairs (USA) 14th Street & Constitution Avenue, NW US Coast Guard (USA) Room 6013 Headquarters: WA 20230 2100, Second Street, SW Phone: (202) 482 6090 WA 20593-0001 Fax: (202) 482 3154 Website: www.uscg.mil

US Fish & Wildlife Service (USA) NSF (National Science Foundation) Division of Information about the Coastal and National Coastal Wetlands Ocean Sciences (USA) Conservation Grant Programs, contact: 4201, Wilson Boulevard Room 725, Arlington, VA 22230 US Fish and Wildlife Service, Branch of Habitat Restoration Phone: 703 292 8580 4401, N. Fairfax Drive, Arlington, VA 22203 Fax: 703 292 9085 Phone: (703) 358 2201 Fax: (703) 358 2232 The Division of Ocean Sciences (OCE) supports basic research and Information about the Coastal Barrier Program, contact: education to further understanding of all aspects of the global oceans and their interactions with the earth and the atmosphere. The division US Fish and Wildlife Service, Branch of Federal Activities also offers opportunities to participate in global change research 4401, N. Fairfax Drive, Arlington, VA 22203 programs and other focus programs. Phone: (703) 358 2183 Fax: (703) 358 2232 The US Fish and Wildlife Service is working to conserve coastal Topographic Engineering Center (US Department of the Army) resources to benefit present and future generations. Three programs Tammy Scroggins, CEERD-TG-S form the core of these coastal conservation efforts which are: The Alexandria, VA Coastal Program, the Coastal Wetlands Conservation Grants, and the Phone: (703) 428-6902 Coastal Barriers Resources System. E-mail: [email protected]

Table A3.2 US state coastal zone management programs

Alabama Coastal Area Management Program program oversees almost all activities on the coast, from adding a deck ADECA, Coastal Programs Office to a private home to building a new refinery. 1208, Main Street Daphne, AL 36526 Connecticut Coastal Management Program Phone: (334) 626 0042 Connecticut DEP Fax: (334) 626 3503 Office of Long Island Sound Programs E-mail: [email protected] 79, Elm Street Alabama’s coastal program balances coastal activities to ensure that Hartford, CT 06106-5127 the environment on which Alabama business depends remains Phone: (860) 424 3034 healthy for generations to come. Alabama’s coast faces wetlands Connecticut’s coastal management program addresses water quality loss; coastal erosion; residential, commercial, port, and industrial issues including runoff pollution, habitat protection and restoration, development; population growth; and nonpoint source pollution public access to the coast, and the use of public lands and waters. The problems. state manages its coastal resources by applying coastal policies to land uses, by overseeing activity in fishery habitats and coastal waters, and Alaska Coastal Management Program by demanding consistency between local, state, and federal actions. Division of Governmental Coordination Delaware Coastal Management Program P. O.Box 110030 Delaware DNREC Juneau, AK 99811-0030 89, Kings Highway Phone: (907) 465 3562 Dover, DE 19903 With key industries like timber harvesting, oil and gas development, Phone: (302) 739 3451 mining, and seafood processing, Alaska’s coast faces pressures from To keep Delaware’s coast healthy and productive, the state coastal resource development and subsistence use of resources. The coastal program monitors activities in the coastal zone. Major challenges are program balances these uses and the needs of the environment runoff pollution and cumulative and secondary impacts of population for the long-term health of the state’s coastal industries. growth and urban development. California Coastal Management Program Florida Coastal Management Program California Coastal Commission The Department of Community Affairs 45, Fremont Street, Suite 2000 Florida Coastal Management Program San Francisco, CA 94105 2555, Shumard Oak Boulevard, Tallahassee, FL 32399-2100 Phone: (415) 904 5200 Phone: (850) 922 5438 For California’s extensive coast, resource management and conservation Fax: (850) 487 2899 means minimizing the impact of port and residential development, oil The Florida Coastal Management Program (FCMP) coordinates transportation, and runoff pollution. To deal with coastal problems, the among local, state, and federal entities involved in coastal 1104 ORGANIZATIONS

Table A3.2 Continued management activities. In addition to working with DCA’s programs, growth, water quality, public access, and the impacts of development. the FCMP coordinates among the eight state agencies, five water The coastal management program manages activities in or on management districts, and local governments that have responsibilities wetlands, flood plains, sand dunes, and other coastal resources. for coastal management under the federally approved Florida Coastal Management Plan. The FCMP also develops partnerships with local Maryland Coastal Zone Management Program communities to actively solve problems related to coastal development. Maryland DNR Coastal Zone Management Division Georgia Coastal Management Program 580, Taylor Avenue Georgia DNR Annapolis, MD 21401 Coastal Resources Division Phone: (410) 974 2784 One Conservation Way, Suite 300 Maryland’s coastal program encourages sound economic development Brunswick, GA 31520-8687 and minimizes the impact people have on vital coastal resources, such Phone: (912) 264 7218 as fisheries. Georgia’s major coastal issues include pollution, a rapidly growing coastal population, and erosion on the state’s developed barrier Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Program islands. To deal with these and other issues, the state has developed Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management a federally approved coastal zone management program. 251, Causeway Street, Suite 900 Boston, MA 02114-2119 Guam Coastal Management Program Phone: (617) 626 1200 Bureau of Planning E-mail: [email protected] Coastal Management Program Because of the beauty and bounty of the coast, many different P.O.Box 2950 interests compete for use of coastal resources. Massachusetts’ coastal Agana, Guam 96910 program must balance the competing demands of dredging and dredge Phone: (617) 472 4201 material disposal, coastal erosion, runoff pollution, public access, Coastal hazards, public access, urban growth, and wetlands ocean resource management, port revitalization, and harbor planning. degradation are some of the key issues for Guam’s coastal manage- Michigan Coastal Zone Management Program ment program. In an effort to combat coastal problems, the program cooperates with other territory agencies that require permits for Michigan DNR coastal activities. Land & Water Manangement Division P.O. Box 30028 Hawaii Coastal Management Program Lansing MI 48909 Hawaii Office of Planning Phone: (517) 373 1950 Hawaii Coastal Zone Management Program With coasts on four Great Lakes, Michigan has the world’s largest Hawaii Department of Business, Economic Development, and freshwater coastline. The state uses coastal management to encourage Tourism responsible growth and development along the coast, improve public P.O. Box 2359, Honolulu, HI 96804 access to the coast, and aid winter navigation. The program manages Phone: (808) 587 2846 coastal activities such as shipwreck salvaging,building piers and With no point in Hawaii more than 29 miles from the shore, almost marinas, development, and changes to the coast. The program is any activity that accurs inland will impact Hawaii’s coastal and ocean working creatively to find solutions to the loss of agricultural resources. Hawaii’s coastal program balances the needs for economic land and wildlife habitat to sprawling development. growth, a clean environment on which that growth depends, and a vibrant local culture that reflects Hawaii’s uniqueness. Minnesota Coastal Program Minnesota DNR, Division of Waters Indiana Coastal Coordination Program 1201, E. Highway 2 Indiana DNR Grand Rapids, MN 55744 Division of Water Phone: (218) 327 4417 402, W. Washington Minnesota is considering participation in the federal Coastal Zone Room W264 Management program through the program development process. The Indianapolis, IN 46204-2748 4-year process is addressing concerns and evaluating benefits of the Phone: (317) 233 0132 program. Local issues which the program could help to address Indiana’s most challenging coastal issues include public access to the include: shoreline erosion, inadequate sewage and stormwater systems, shore, beach closures, water quality, brownfields dredging, shoreline local watershed and land use planning,habitat restoration, waterfront erosion, and preservation of natural areas. revitalization, and water access.

Louisiana Coastal Resources Program Mississippi Coastal Program Louisiana DNR Mississippi Department of Marine Resources Coastal Management Division 1141, Baywiew Avenue P.O. Box 44487 Suite 101 Baton Rouge, LA 70804 Biloxi, MS 39530 Phone: (225) 342 7591 Phone: (228) 374 5000 To ensure the environment on which its industry depends is healthy for Fax: (228) 374 5008 generations, Louisiana’s coastal program must turn around declining Wetlands preservation and restoration is a key issue for Mississippi fishery habitats, such as wetlands, and reduce erosion. The coastal coastal management, as are dockside gambling and casinos. resources program works with parishes to design programs which Construction, public access, land acquisition, and fisheries are some resolve conflicting local uses of the coast. of the coastal activities supervised by the state agencies watching out for the state’s coast. Maine Coastal Management Program Maine State Planning Office New Hampshire Coastal Program Coastal Programs NH Office of State Planning State House Sta. 38 Coastal Program Office Augusta, ME 04333 2-1/2 Beacon Street Phone: (207) 287 3261 Concord, NH 03301 Maine’s coastal managers contend with challenges of population Phone: (603) 271 2155 ORGANIZATIONS 1105

Table A3.2 Continued

New Hampshire’s coastal program strives to protect and improve Portland, OR 97232 water quality, restore fishery habitat (wetlands), and balance coastal Phone: (503) 731 4065 resource use. The program monitors coastal and estuarine waters to Oregon is nationally recognized as a leader in coastal ocean planning. identify the runoff pollution in the state. As a result, some of the Two major initiatives for Oregon’s coastal managers are mitigating clam flats in the Hampton-Seabrook estuary have been conditionally coastal hazards and managing Pacific Ocean resources. Oregon’s reopened for recreational clamming. waters, which extend 3 miles from the coast,include intertidal areas, offshore rocks, and reefs—wildlife habitat susceptible to damage from New Jersey Coastal Management Program human recreation. Local governments oversee activity along the state’s New Jersey DEP coast by following local land use plans that are consistent with Office of Coastal Planning and Program Coordination statewide goals for the coast. 401, East State Street, Box 418 Trenton, NJ 08625 Pennsylvania Coastal Zone Management Program Phone: (609) 777 3251 Pennsylvania DEP A densely populated coast brings challenges of water quality, Coastal Zone Management Program overdevelopment, coastal hazards, and runoff pollution to the P.O. Box 8555 forefront of coastal management in New Jersey. Barnegat Bay, for Harrisburg, PA 17105 example, loaded with fish and plant life, faces intense fishing, Phone: (717) 787 5259 recreational uses, and polluted runoff. Pennsylvania’s Lake Erie and Delaware Estuary coasts face threats from runoff pollution, shoreline erosion, bluff recession, and wetlands New York Coastal Management Program loss. The state oversees construction and other activities that alter New York Department of State wetlands. The coastal program also offers free site analysis and Division of Coastal Resources recommendation services to coastal property owners. The services 41, State Street include site inspections and recommendations on surface and Albany, NY 12231 groundwater control, stabilizing bluffs, and the use of vegetation Phone: (518) 474 6000 to stabilize loose soil. New York’s coast faces issues such as wildlife habitat protection and Puerto Rico Coastal Management Program coastal hazards such as floods and erosion. The coastal management program does not directly restrict any activities on the coast, but it Puerto Rico DNER does work with other state agencies to make sure the permits they Bureau of Reserves, Refuges, and Coastal Resources issue comply with coastal management efforts. Department of Natural and Environmental Resources Pda. 3-1/2, Ave. Munoz Rivera North Carolina Coastal Management Program Puerta de Tierra, Box 9066600 San Juan, Puerto Rico 00906-6600 North Carolina DENR Phone: (787) 721 7593 Division of Coastal Management 1638, Mail Service Center Puerto Rico’s coastal program confronts the challenges of sedimenta- Raleigh, NC 27699-1638 tion, erosion, coastal hazards, and illegal use of the island’s maritime Phone: (919) 733 2293 zone (its shoreline, territorial waters, and submerged lands). Wetlands loss, coastal hazards, and the impacts of population growth Rhode Island Coastal Management Program and development are among the pressures confronted by the North Carolina coastal management program. The state ensures responsible Coastal Resources Management Council 4808, Tower Hill Road development and the use of the coast by overseeing coastal activities. Stedman Building Setback laws keep property out of harm’s way during storms, and a Wakefield, RI 02879 prohibition on erosion structures keeps the beaches, vital for tourism, Phone: (401) 783 3370 from starving. Fax: (401) 783 3767 Northern Mariana Islands Coastal Resources Management Program The Coastal Resources Management Council is an environmental Coastal Resources Management Office regulatory and management agency responsible for the preservation, Office of the Governor protection, development and where possible the restoration of the 2nd floor, Morgen Building coastal areas of the state. San Jose Saipan, Mariana Islands 96950 Phone: (670) 234 6623 South Carolina Coastal Management Program Solid waste disposal and water pollution are two of the major threats South Carolina DHEC to the Northern Marianas’ coasts. To combat these threats, the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management program oversees activities along the shoreline, in lagoons and reefs, 1362, McMillan Avenue Suite 400 in wetlands and mangrove swamps, and for port and industrial Charleston, SC 29405 activities. Phone: (843) 744 5838 Ohio Coastal Management Program South Carolina’s coastal program protects marine resources from Ohio DNR declining water quality, protects fish habitats such as wetlands, and Office of Real Estate and Land Management reduces the risk to coastal property from storms and other hazards. 1952, Belcher Drive To meet these challenges, the program oversees wetlands filling and Building C-4 commercial and residential construction, including docks and piers. Columbus, OH 43224 The program also sets construction back a safe distance from the ocean. Phone: (614) 265 6413 Managing activities in erosion-prone areas and restoring and enhanc- Texas Coastal Management Program ing coastal marshes are the major challenges facing the Ohio coast. Texas GLO Coastal managers in 1997 completed a program for federal approval to Coastal Division deal with these and other coastal issues. 1700, North Congress Street Austin Building Oregon Coastal Management Program Austin, TX 78701 Coastal and Ocean Management Program Phone: (512) 463 5054 Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development Texas coastal managers are confronting issues of dredging, erosion, 800, NE Oregon Street #18 beach access, and wetlands and dune protection. The coastal resources 1106 ORGANIZATIONS

Table A3.2 Continued program seeks to balance commercial and recreational activity with barrier island lagoon system. The Virginia Coastal Resources preservation of its unique coastal resources. Management Program supports its coastal residents and industries, and the plants and animals that rely on these coastal habitats. Virgin Islands Coastal Zone Management Program Virgin Islands Department of Planning & Natural Resources Washington Coastal Zone Management Program Coastal Zone Management Program Washington Department of Ecology Cyril E. King Airport P.O. Box 47600 2nd Floor Olympia, WA 98504-7600 St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands 00802 Phone: (360) 407 6000 Phone: (809) 774 3320 Fax: (809) 775 5706 Wetlands degradation, population growth, and coastal erosion and flooding are among the major challenges facing the Washington To keep the islands beautiful and a source of pride and productivity coastal management program. To counter these problems, the program into the next generation, the Virgin Islands emphasizes the importance oversees most activities on the state’s shoreline except agriculture and of healthy terrestrial and coastal resources as development takes place. activities related to single-family homes. The territory’s coastal program oversees construction and other coastal uses throughout the territory to meet these goals. Wisconsin Coastal Management Program Wisconsin DOA Virginia Coastal Resources Management Program Wisconsin Coastal Management Program Virginia Coastal Program P.O.Box 7868 Virginia Department Of Environmental Quality Madison, WI 53707 629, East Main Street, 6th Floor Phone: (608) 267 7982 Richmond, VA 23219 To balance competing uses of its Great Lakes coast, Wisconsin’s Phone: (804) 698 4320 coastal management program encourages wetlands protection and Virginia’s coastal zone encompasses the eastern third of the state awareness; solutions to runoff pollution, primarily from agriculture; including the Chesapeake Bay and its tributary rivers, part of the greater public access to the shoreline; solutions to erosion; and Albemarle-Pamlico watershed, and the Atlantic coast with its vast resolving water quality threats from failing septic systems.

Table A3.3 Other US state agencies, programs and organizations within the coastal zone (cf. Tables A3.1 and A3.2)

California Coastal Commission California’s diverse fish, wildlife, and plant resources, and the habitats Headquarters: upon which they depend, for their ecological values and for their use 45, Fremont Street, Suite 2000 and enjoyment by the public. San Francisco, CA, 94105-2219 Phone: (415) 904 5200 Columbia River Estuary Study Taskforce Fax: (415) 904 5400 750, Commercial Street, Room 205 The California Coastal Commission was established by voter initiative Astoria, OR 97103 in 1972 (Proposition 20) and made permanent by the Legislature in 1976 Phone: (503) 325 0435 (the Coastal Act). The primary mission of the Commission, as the lead Fax: (503) 325 0459 (please call first) E-mail: [email protected] agency responsible for carrying out California’s federally approved coastal management program, is to plan for and regulate land and water CREST is Council of Governments that includes the local counties, uses in the coastal zone consistent with the policies of the Coastal Act. cities, and port districts surrounding the Columbia River Estuary in both Oregon and Washington. CREST is not a regulatory agency. It is California Coastal Conservancy a regional organization providing a forum for members to identify and discuss issues of regional importance; to monitor and comment on 1330, Broadway 11th Floor governmental activities related to the development and management of Oakland,CA 94612 the natural, economic, and human resources of the Columbia River Phone: (510) 286 1015 Estuary; and to improve communication and cooperation between Fax: (510) 286 0470 member governments. Works to preserve, improve, and restore public access and natural Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental resources along the California coast and on San Francisco Bay. Control California Department of Boating and Waterways Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control 2000, Evergreen, Suite 100 89, Kings Hwy Sacramento, CA 95815-3888 Dover, DE 19901 Phone: (888) 326 2822 Phone: (302) 739 4403 (916) 263 4326 Fax: (916) 263 0648 Protecting Delaware’s Environment for Future Generations. Protect[s] significant natural resources through its programs to provide Florida Department of Environmental Protection for public access to the waterways, and promot[es] recreational boating DEP Office of Ombudsman safety. These programs include funding and designing the construction 3900, Commonwealth Blvd. M.S. 49 and improvement of boating facilities, beach erosion control, aquatic Tallahassee, FL 32399 weed control, boating safety education, and supporting and training local boating law enforcement officers. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission Our mission is the managing fish and wildlife resources for their California Department of Fish and Game long-term wellbeing and the benefit of people. 1416, Ninth Street Northwest Region: Sacramento, CA 95814 Lt. Col. Louie Roberson, Regional Director Phone: (916) 653 7664 3911, Hwy. 2321 Fax: (916) 653 1856 Panama City, FL 32409-1658 The Mission of the Department of Fish and Game is to manage Phone: (850) 265 3676 ORGANIZATIONS 1107

Table A3.3 Continued

North Central Region (formerly Northeast Region): The Division of Coastal Resources is responsible for administering Lt. Col. Julie L. Jones, Regional Director New York State’s Coastal Management Program, adopted in 1982 Route 7, Box 440 under the Waterfront Revitalization of Coastal Area and Inland Lake City, FL 32055-8713 Waterways. In voluntary partnership with local governments, the Phone:(904) 758 0525 Coastal Management Program seeks to meet the needs of coastal Northeast Region (formerly Central Region): residents and visitors, while striving to advance economic Dennis David, Regional Director development opportunities and protect our natural coastal 1239, SW 10th Street resources. Ocala, FL 34474-2797 Phone: (352) 732 1225 Office of Coastal Restoration Indiana Southwest Region (formerly South Region): P.O. Box 44487 Greg Holder, Regional Director Baton Rouge, LA 70804-4487 3900, Drane Field Road Lakeland, FL 33811-1299 Oregon Department of fish and Wildlife Phone: (863) 648 3203 2501, SW First Avenue South Region (formerly Everglades Region): P.O.Box 59 Mark Robson, Regional Director Portland, OR 97207 8535, Northlake Boulevard Phone: 503 872 5268 West Palm Beach, FL 33412 Phone: (561) 625 5122 San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission Florida Public Interest Research Group 704, West Madison Street 50, California Street Tallahassee, FL 32304 Suite 2600, San Francisco CA 94111 Phone: (415) 352 3600 Michigan Department of Environmental Quality Fax: (415) 352 3606 E-mail: [email protected] P.O. Box 30458 Lansing, MI 48909-7958 BCDC is the California coastal management agency responsible E-mail: [email protected] for the San Francisco Bay-Delta portion of the coastal zone. The core programs of the Land and Water Management Division protect Michigan’s sensitive natural resources and the public trust at South Florida Water Management District the land/water interface. Development and construction activities are 3301, Gun Club Road regulated on the Great Lakes, on inland lakes and streams, floodplains, West Palm Beach, FL 33416-4680 wetlands, and sand dunes to minimize environmental disruption and Phone: (561) 686 8800; 1 800 432 2045 (Florida Only) to protect the public health and safety. Information and technical assistance are also provided to the public and to the private sector. The Plan to Restore America’s Everglades The programs promote wise management and use of the State’s natural resources for present and future generations. US Army Corps of Engineers: Jacksonville District P.O. Box 4970, Jacksonville, FL 32232-0019 Minnesota’s Lake Superior Coastal Program 400, West Bay Street (map/directions) DNR Information Center Jacksonville, FL 32235 500, Lafayette Road Phone: 904 232 2235; 800 291 9405 St. Paul, MN 55155-4040 Fax: 904 232 2237 Phone: 651 296 6157 or 888 MINNDNR TTY: 651 296 5484 or 800 657 3929 South Florida Water Management District For DNR Info: [email protected] 3301, Gun Club Road (map/directions) P.O. Box 24680, West Palm Beach, FL 33416-4680 The goal of Minnesota’s Lake Superior Coastal Program is to Phone: 561 686 8800 preserve, protect, develop, and where possible restore or enhance 877 Glades1 (1 877 452 3371) In Florida coastal resources along Minnesota’s North Shore of Lake Superior. Fax: 561 682 6010 This plan is a work in progress. Technical studies and more detailed Mississippi Department of Marine Resources designs, involving several pilot projects will come next. We will 1141, Bayview Avenue, Suite 101 continue to involve the public throughout the process of implementing Biloxi MS 39530 the Comprehensive Plan. Find out more about the plan and help Phone: 228 374 5022/5254 us improve it. Help us to better involve your community in this E-mail: [email protected] effort. Please contact us for information.

New York Division of Coastal Resources WA State Department of Ecology Division of Coastal Resources Mailing Address: P.O. Box 47600, Olympia WA 98504-7600 George Stafford, Director of Coastal Resources Physical Address: 300, Desmond Drive, Lacey WA 98503 41, State Street, Albany, NY 12231-0001 Shorelands and environmental assistance program: Works to protect Phone: (518) 474 6000 and enhance Washington’s shorelands, wetlands and other land Fax: (518) 473 2464 resources through education, technical assistance, and E-mail: [email protected] collaborative environmental management.

Table A3.4 A brief overview of worldwide government agencies and programs related to the coastal zone

Australian Antarctic Division (Australia) Fax: ϩ613 6232 3288 Headquarters: E-mail: [email protected] Australian Antarctic Division Administering Australia’s wide-ranging activities in Antarctic and Channel Highway subantarctic regions is the responsibility of the Australian Antarctic Kingston Tasmania 7050 Division (AAD),a part of the Australian Government’s Department Phone: ϩ613 6232 3209 of the Environment and Heritage. 1108 ORGANIZATIONS

Table A3.4 Continued

Coastcare (Australia) Federal Waterways Engineering and Research Institute, Marine and Water Division Coastal Division (Germany) Environment Australia, G.P.O. Box 787 BAW—Dienststelle Hamburg Canberra Act 2601 Wedeler Landstraße 157 Phone: (02) 6274 1967 D-22559 Hamburg Fax: (02) 6274 1006 Phone: [ϩ49] 40 81908 0 ϩ Coastcare is a national program that encourages community involve- Fax: [ 49] 40 81908 373 ment in the protection, management and rehabilitation of our coastal E-mail: [email protected] and marine environments. The program assists local communities to The department Hydraulic Engineering in Coastal Areas is consultant form partnerships with local land managers to undertake projects that for the coastal offices in the Federal Waterways and Shipping aim to improve and protect our coastal and marine habitats. Administration in the field of hydraulic, soils, and foundation engineering. It carries out field measurements, laboratory investigations Coast Care (South Africa Coastal Information Center) and theoretical studies, operates physical and numerical models of (South Africa) the large German estuaries and does standardization work. It is Zain Jumat, Project Manager also engaged in research and development projects. Coastal Management Office Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism Forum Skagerrak (Sweden) Private Bag X2, Roggebaai 8012 Pege Schelander, Project Leader Phone: (ϩ27 21) 402 3030 BOSAM, Box 305, Fax: (ϩ27 21) 418 2582 S-451 18 Uddevalla E-mail: [email protected] Phone: ϩ46 522 15980 The Coastal Management Office of the Department of Environmental Fax: ϩ46 522 511796 Affairs and Tourism recognizes that the more the people are E-mail: [email protected] informed about our coast, the easier it will be to protect it and Forum Skagerrak is a common initiative of the regions surrounding ensure that its development is to the benefit of current and future Skagerrak, in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, to find solutions generations. To this end, it established a special programme, to prioritized environmental problems where cooperation can lead CoastCARE, to assist in the education and exchange of information to effective measures. about coastal issues. Gerência Executiva do Ibama no Distrito Federal (Brazil) Eulália Arlete Machado de Carvalho Coast Protection Board (Australia) SAS, Qd. 05, Lote 05, Bl. “H”, 1Њ Andar Office for Coast and Marine 70.070 000, Brasília/DF. Department for Environment and Heritage Phone: 225 1686, 223 6155, 323 1150/1132/9962 7834 6th Floor, Australis House Fax: 321 6964; R: 367 5150 77, Grenfell Street Adelaide SA 5000, Australia Inter-Agency Committee on Marine Science and Technology The Coast Protection Board is specifically responsible under the (United Kingdom) Coast Protection Act (1972). Southampton Oceanography Centre, European Way, Empress Dock, Southampton SO14 3ZH Danish EPA (Denmark) Phone: 023 8059 6611 29, Strandgade, DK-1401 København K The IACMST maintains an overview of marine activities across Phone: ϩ45 32 66 01 00 Fax: ϩ45 32 66 04 79 Government. It encourages links between Government and the E-mail: [email protected] national marine community, the wider application of marine science and technology,optimum use of major UK marine facilities, training The Danish Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) spheres of activ- and education, and international links. ity are concentrated on preventing and combating water, soil, and air pollution. The Agency belongs under the Danish Ministry of Instituto de Conservacao da Natureza (Portugal) Environment and Energy and some 425 employees. Rua da Lapa, 73 1200 701 Lisboa Environmental Protection Agency (Ireland) Phone: (351) 213938900/3974044 P.O. Box 3000 Fax: (351) 213938901/3901048 E-mail: [email protected] Johnstown Castle Estate, Co. Wexford, Ireland O ICN é o instituto responsável pelas actividades nacionais nos Phone: ϩ353 53 60600 domínios da conservação da natureza e da gestão das áreas Fax: ϩ353 53 60699 protegidas. Mission: To promote and implement the highest practicable standards Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of ofenvironmental protection and management which embrace the UNESCO (France) principles of sustainable and balanced development. The IOC is composed of its Member States, an Assembly, an European Union for Coastal Conservation (Poland) Executive Council and a Secretariat. The Secretariat is based in Paris, Europejska Unia Ochrony Wybrzeza—Polska ul. Wa˛ska 13 France. Additionally the IOC has a number of Subsidiary Bodies. 71-415 Szczecin, Poland Service des Ressources humaines Phone/fax: (0 91) 421 00 97 213, rue La Fayette E-mail: [email protected] 75480 Paris Cedex 10, France Phone: (1) 48 03 76 77 Established at 1996 to realize the following most important aims: Website: ioc.unesco.org strengthening the importance of Baltic Sea coasts and solving problems connected with wise using and protection; creating platforms for Or contact the UNESCO office at your country. cooperation between G.O., NGOs, local communities, scientific The work of the IOC, over the three decades since its inception, has organizations and individuals involved in conservation problems of focused on promoting marine scientific investigations and related coastal zone; participation in international movements connected ocean services, with a view of learning more about the nature and with coastal conservation and management; integration science and resources of the oceans. This has laid the foundation toward an management in the coastal zone. expanded role of the IOC in meeting new challenges. ORGANIZATIONS 1109

Table A3.4 Continued

Marine and Coastal Management (South Africa) Scottish Coastal Forum (Scotland) P.O. Box X2 Martyn Cox, Coastal Project Officer, Scottish Coastal Forum Roggebaai, 8012 1 J—South, Victoria Quay,Edinburgh, EH6 6QQ Cape Town Phone: 0131 244 1540 Phone: (27 21) 4023111 Fax: 0131 244 4071 Fax: (27 21) 252920 E-mail: [email protected] To provide for responsible custodianship of South Africa’s marine and [email protected] coastal resources and ecosystems for the benefit of current and future Secretariat for Eastern African Coastal Area Management generations of South Africans. (Mozambique) Marine and Water Division Environment Australia (Australia) 874, Av. Amílcar Cabral, 1st floor Caixa Postal 4220 G.P.O. Box 787, Canberra Act 2601 Maputo Phone: (02) 6274 1967 Phone: (258) 1 300641/2 Fax: (02) 6274 1006 Fax: (258) 1 300638 MMA—Ministerio do Meio Ambiente (Brasil) E-mail: [email protected] Esplanada dos ministerios bloco B, do andar 5 ao 9 Has as main objective to assist the Eastern African coastal Cep 70-066-900 countries to implement and coordinate coastal management Brasilia, DF activities following up on the Arusha Resolution and the Seychelles Statement on Integrated Coastal Zone National Coastal Management Office (South Africa) Management. The Coastal Management Office Department of Environmental Affairs & Tourism Private Bag X2, Roggebaai 8012 Servicio de Oceanografía, Hidrografía y Meteorología de la Phone: 021 402 3228 Armada (Uruguay) Fax: 021 418 2582 Servicio de Oceanografía, Hidrografía y Meteorología de la E-mail: [email protected] Armada The Coastal Management Office of the Department of Environmental Capurro 980, Casilla de Correos 1381 Affairs & Tourism acts as the government’s national coordinating Montevideo, R.O.del Uruguay coastal management agency, empowering coastal users, Phone: (598 2) 309 3861/309 3775 decisionmakers and the public to manage the coastal zone and its Fax: (598 2) 309 9220 resources wisely, in order to ensure its continued wellbeing. National Oceans Office (Australia) SRH—Secretaria de Recursos Hídricos (Brasil) SGAN, Qd. 601 Veronica Sakell, Director Њ National Oceans Office Lote 01 Ed.Codevasf,4 Andar Phone: (03) 6221 5001 CEP: 70.830-901, Brasília/DF E-mail: offi[email protected] The National Oceans Office is the lead Commonwealth agency for Standing Conference on Problems Associated with the Coastline implementing Australia’s Oceans Policy. (United Kingdom) SCOPAC National Institute of Ocean Technology (India) C/o Isle of Wight Council National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT) County Hall, Newport Velacherry–Tambaram Main Road Isle of Wight PO30 1UD Narayanapuram SCOPAC works to promote sustainable shoreline management, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 601 302 Phone: 91 44 2460063/2460064/2460066/2460067 and to facilitate the duties and responsibilities of local authorities Fax: 91 44 2460645 and other organizations managing the coastal zone of central southern England. Telex The Department of Ocean Development, Government of India in coordination with Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras has established the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT). The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (Sweden) institute’s main aim is technology and development. Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (Naturvårdsverket), SE-106 48 Stockholm Natural Heritage Services (Finland) Phone: ϩ46 8 698 10 00 Metsähallitus Fax: ϩ46 8 20 29 25 Director, Natural Heritage Services E-mail: [email protected] Rauno Väisänen, Ph.D. A governmental authority which coordinates and promotes Vernissakatu 4, P.O. Box 94, 01301 Vantaa environmental work. Phone: ϩ358 205 64 4386 Fax: ϩ358 205 64 4350 E-mail: rauno.vaisanen@metsa.fi

Table A3.5 Overview of some main North American research and educational institutes (academic units) that deal with the coastal zone

Acadia Centre For Estuarine Research (Canada) the hydrographically related Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank. Acadia University Wolfville, Nova Scotia B0P 1X0 Bay of Fundy Marine Resource Centre (Canada) Phone: (902) 585 1113 Bay of Fundy Marine Resource Centre Fax: (902) 585 1054 P.O. Box 273 The primary objective of the Centre is to focus research attention Cornwallis Park, Nova Scotia CANADA B0S 1C0 on the estuaries and nearshore coastal waters of Eastern Canada, Phone: 902 638 3044 with emphasis on the estuarine systems of the Bay of Fundy and Fax:902 638 3284 1110 ORGANIZATIONS

Table A3.5 Continued

Website: http://www.bfmrc.ns.ca/ 59, Commercial St., Provincetown, MA 02657 The Bay of Fundy Marine Resource Centre is a community-based E-mail: [email protected] nonprofit, nongovernmental organization offering services, facilities, A private nonprofit organization for research, conservation, and and technical support to all sectors of the marine economy and education in the coastal and marine environments. For 25-years, CCS ecosystem. The MRC was established in 1997 through the efforts of has worked to increase our understanding and protection of coastal the Western Valley Development Authority and the Fundy Fixed and marine environments. Gear Council in order to give the Digby and Annapolis region the capacity to take on a greater role in the integrated management of Center for Coastal Studies (CCS), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (USA) its coastal resources. Center for Coastal Studies Belle W. Baruch Institute (USA) Scripps Institution of Oceanography Belle W. Baruch Institute for University of California, San Diego Marine Biology and Coastal Research La Jolla, CA 92093-0209 University of South Carolina Phone: (858) 534 4333 Columbia, SC 29208 Fax: (858) 534 0300 Phone: (803) 777 5288 The Center for Coastal Studies (CCS) is a research division of Scripps Fax: (803) 777 3935 Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California, San E-mail: fl[email protected] Diego (UCSD). Located adjacent to the SIO pier, the Center engages The Belle W. Baruch Institute conducts basic and applied research in in worldwide scholarly studies of the coastal environment, the develop- marine and coastal environments—research that addresses the critical ment of data acquisition systems and research instrumentation, and need for knowledge and improved understanding of these essential advising on coastal protection and sediment management. ecosystems. Centre for Earth and Ocean Research, Bodega Marine Laboratory (USA) University of Victoria (Canada) 2099, Westside Road Petch Building, Room 169 P.O. Box 247 P.O. Box 3055, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 3P6 Bodega Bay,CA 94923-0247 Phone: (250) 721 8848 Phone: (707) 875 2009 Fax: (250) 472 4100 The Centre for Earth and Ocean Research (CEOR) was established in California Environmental Education Interagency Network (USA) 1987 to initiate, foster, promote, and coordinate research in earth, Gray Davis, Governor 2000, State of California. ocean, and atmospheric sciences at the University of Victoria and to Consortium of environmental educators representing California engage in collaborative projects and programs with other institutions agencies with oversight responsibilities to protect California’s and agencies. environment. Center for Marine Science, University of NC at Wilmington (USA) Center for Alaskan Coastal Studies (USA) 5600, Marvin K. Moss Lane P.O. Box 225, Homer,AK 996003 Wilmington, NC, 28409 Phone: 907 235 6667 019.052.2300 E-mail: [email protected] CMS General Information: The Center for Alaskan Coastal Studies’ mission is to foster responsi- Nancy Stevens ble interaction with our natural surroundings, and to generate Phone: 910 962 2300 knowledge of the marine and coastal ecosystems of Kachemak Bay E-mail: [email protected] through education and research programs. Dedicated to providing an environment that fosters a multidisciplinary Center for Applied Coastal Research, University of Delaware (USA) approach to questions in basic marine research. The mission of the Ocean Engineering Laboratory center is to promote basic and applied research in the fields of University of Delaware oceanography, coastal and wetland studies, marine biomedical and Newark, DE 19716 environmental physiology, and marine biotechnology and aquaculture. Phone: 302 831 6531 Fax: 302 831 1228 Center for the Study of Marine Policy,University of Delaware (USA) E-mail: [email protected] 301, Robinson Hall, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 This interdisciplinary center provides a focal point for research in Phone: 1 302 831 8086 Fax:1 302 831 3668 coastal processes and coastal engineering. Members of the center are E-mail: [email protected] coastal engineers, coastal geologists and oceanographers, primarily from the University of Delaware and the Middle-Atlantic region. The Center conducts a broad range of research and policy studies emphasizing the application of policy analysis and other analytical Center for Coastal and Land-Margin Research, Oregon Health & tools to the management of ocean and coastal areas on national, Science University (USA) regional, and global scales. A major emphasis of the Center has been Department of Environmental Science and Engineering on integrated coastal and ocean management, particularly on the OGI School of Science and Engineering development of governance approaches that move beyond present Oregon Health & Science University single-sector approaches toward multiple-use management regimes. 20000, NW Walker Rd. Beaverton, OR 97006 Phone: (503) 690 1147 CEROS—National Defense Center ofExcellence for Fax: (503) 690 1273 Research in Ocean Sciences (USA) The Center for Coastal and Land-Margin Research (CCALMR) of 73-4460, Queen Kaahumanu Highway, Suite 111 the Oregon Graduate Institute of Science & Technology addresses, Kailua-Kona, HI 96740 through advances in scientific understanding, technology, and educa- Phone: (808) 327 4310 tion, society’s need to manage increased development and manipula- Fax: (808) 327 4320 tion of coasts and landmargins while preserving and enhancing their E-mail: [email protected] environmental integrity, and protecting human populations from CEROS’ mission is to support the Department of Defense technology natural and man-made hazards. requirements; encourage leading edge R&D in ocean sciences and technology in Hawaii; foster use of ocean R&D facilities in Hawaii; CCS—Center for Coastal Studies (USA) provide an interface between specialized small businesses with expert- Center for Coastal Studies ise in ocean-related R&D and DoD users of advanced technology and ORGANIZATIONS 1111

Table A3.5 Continued develop avenues to ocean science expertise and facilities at the and the environment in coastal British Columbia and coastal University of Hawaii (UH). Newfoundland and Labrador have affected, or will affect, the health of people, their communities and the environment over Chesapeake Bay Research Consortium (USA) the long run. Chesapeake Research Consortium 645, Contees Wharf Rd. Columbia River Estuary Study Taskforce (USA) Edgewater, MD 21037 750, Commercial Street, Room 205 Phone: 410 798 1283 Astoria, OR 97103 Fax: 410 798 0816 Phone: (503) 325 0435 The Scientific and Technical Advisory Committee (STAC) provides Fax: (503) 325 0459 (please call first) scientific and technical guidance to the Chesapeake Bay Program on E-mail: [email protected] measures to restore and protect the Chesapeake Bay. As an advisory CREST is Council of Governments that includes the local counties, committee, STAC reports quarterly to the Implementation Committee cities, and port districts surrounding the Columbia River Estuary in and annually to the Executive Council. both Oregon and Washington. CREST is not a regulatory agency. It is a regional organization providing a forum for members to identify and Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory (USA) discuss issues of regional importance; to monitor and comment on Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory governmental activities related to the development and management Engineer Research and Development Center of the natural, economic, and human resources of the Columbia 3909, Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180 River Estuary; and to improve communication and cooperation Phone: (601) 634 3111 between member governments.

Coastal Morphodynamics Laboratory, Louisiana Département D’océanographie (Canada) State University (USA) UQAR 300, allée des Ursulines Coastal Studies Institute Rimouski, Québec G5L 3A1 336, Howe-Russell Geoscience Complex Phone: (418) 724 1770 Louisiana State University, LA 70803 Fax: (418) 724 1842 Fax: 225 388 2520 E-mail : [email protected] The Coastal Morphodynamics Laboratory (CML) was founded in 1991 to facilitate graduate student and faculty research in coastal Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences (Canada) morphodynamics. The CML offers a wide range of state-of-the-art The University of British Columbia field, laboratory equipment and computers for research in coastal 6339, Stores Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4 processes including wave hydrodynamics, hurricane impacts, sediment Phone: 604 822 2449 transport, beach and nearshore profile measurements, GIS/RS, Fax:604 822 6088 mapping, database, and sedimentology. Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia (USA) Coastal Ocean Observation Lab, Rutgers University (USA) Department of Marine Sciences Rutgers University Marine Sciences Bldg Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences University of Georgia Coastal Ocean Observation Lab Athens, GA 30602-3636 71, Dudley Road Phone: (706) 542 7671 New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8521 An interdisciplinary department of biological, chemical, and physical Phone: (732) 932 6555 Fax: (732) 932 1821 oceanography, with special emphasis on coastal and estuarine processes. COOL’s research focus is on New Jersey coastal waters, primarily within an area we call “LEO-15.” Since 1996 we have been acquiring Department of Oceanography at Dalhousie University (Canada) data from above and below the ocean. Below is a table of contents for 1355, Oxford Street the site, beginning with the real-time ocean data that we know you will Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4J1 love if you are planning on spending any time in or on the ocean. Phone: 902 494 3557 Fax: 902 494 3877 Coastal Resources Research Network (Canada) E-mail: [email protected] 1321, Edward Street Dalhousie is a world leader in oceanographic research with Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3H5 state-of-the-art fac Phone: (902) 494 1842 ilities. The Department of Oceanography pursues Fax: (902) 494 1216 specialized and interdisciplinary research and consists of 23 faculty members, 40 graduate students and 41 research support staff. The Coastal Resources Research Network (CoRR) supports researchers in developing countries in their efforts to research and Department of Ocean Engineering, promote Community Based Coastal Resources Management University of Rhode Island (USA) (CBCRM). The Network is based at Dalhousie University, is funded College of Engineering by the International Development Research Centre (IDRC, Canada) Department of Ocean Engineering and is primarily working with partners in South East Asia. 217, Sheets Building, Narragansett Bay Campus Coasts Under Stress (Canada) Narragansett, RI 02882 Phone: 401 874 6139 Dr. Rosemary E. Ommer, Director Fax: 401 874 6837 Phone: (403) 220 7238 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: (403) 282 7822 E-mail: [email protected] The Department of Ocean Engineering provides a challenging and diverse intellectual environment offering academic programs leading The Calgary Institute for the Humanities to B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees. 2500, University Drive NW Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4 Department of Ocean Engineering, Florida Atlantic University (USA) Analyzes the Impact of Social and Environmental Restructuring on Department of Ocean Engineering Environmental and Human Health in Canada. Florida Atlantic University Our goal is to identify the important ways in which changes in society 777, Glades Road 1112 ORGANIZATIONS

Table A3.5 Continued

P.O. Box 3091 subtropical environments, especially the issues and problems of Boca Raton, FL 33431 water-dominated ecosystems. Phone: 561 297 3000; 954 236 1000 The Department’s mission is to provide an outstanding academic Florida Institute of Oceanography (USA) environment and offer unique programs in engineering education, 830, First Street South research, and technology development. Undergraduate Ocean St. Petersburg, FL 33701 Engineering students benefit from a traditional university campus life Phone: (727) 553 1100 on the Boca Raton campus followed by a senior year spent entirely at Fax: (727) 553 1109 the SeaTech complex. The Florida Institute of Oceanography (FIO) was established by the State University System (SUS) to support and enhance Florida’s Department of Geography and Geology coastal marine science, oceanography and related management 777, Glades Road programs through education, research, and public outreach. P.O. Box 3091 Boca Raton, FL 33431 Florida Institute of Technology (USA) Phone: 561 297 3000; 954 236 1000 Florida Institute of Technology Duke University Marine Laboratory (USA) College of Engineering, Nicholas School of the Environment Department of Marine and Environmental Systems 135, Duke Marine Lab Road 150, West University Boulevard Beaufort, NC 28516-9721 Melbourne, FL 32901-6975 Phone: 252 504 7503 Phone: (321) 674 8096 Fax: 252 504 7648 Fax: (321) 674 7212 Website: www.env.duke.edu/marinelab/ E-mail: dmes@marine.fit.edu Our mission is to integrate oceanography, ocean engineering, Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, environmental science, meteorology, and related academic Massachusetts Institute of Technology (USA) concentrations into interdisciplinary knowledge-based optimal Program in Atmospheres, Oceans and Climate solutions to vital contemporary issues through education, research, Bldg. 54, Room 1524 and service. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology Florida Marine Research Institute (USA) 77, Massachusetts Avenue Education & Information Program Cambridge, MA 02139-4307 100, Eighth Avenue SE Fax: (617) 253 4464 St. Petersburg, FL 33701-5095 Field Research Facility,US Army Corps of Engineers (USA) Through effective research and technical knowledge, we provide timely USACE, Field Research Facility information and guidance to protect, conserve, and manage Florida’s 1261, Duck Road marine and coastal resources. Kitty Hawk, NC 27949-4472 Phone: 252/261 3511 Florida State University,Department of Oceanography (USA) Fax: 252/261 4432 Department of Oceanography Open since 1977, the FRF is internationally recognized for its coastal 329 OSB, West Call Street studies. Instruments at the facility constantly record the changing Florida State University waves, winds, tides, and currents. Central to the facility is a 560-m-long Tallahassee, FL 32306-4320 (1840 ft) pier and unique specialized equipment like the LARC, Phone: (850) 644 6700 CRAB, and SIS. Fax: (850) 644 2581 Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial University of Geological Survey of Canada (Atlantic) (Canada) Newfoundland (Canada) Jacob Verhoef, Director Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial University of Geological Survey of Canada (Atlantic) Newfoundland Bedford Institute of Oceanography P.O. Box 4920 1, Challenger Drive, P.O. Box 1006 St. John’s, Newfoundland A1C 5R3 Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2 Phone: (709) 778 0200; 1 (800) 563 5799 Phone: (902) 426 3448 Fax: (709) 778 0346 Fax: (902) 426 1466 Website: http://www.mi.mun.ca Marine Resources Geoscience (Don McAlpine) Phone: (902) 426 2730 Florida Caribbean Science Center (USA) Fax: (902) 426 4465 7920, NW 71st Street Marine Environmental Geoscience (Dick Pickrill) Gainesville, FL 32653 Phone: (902) 426 5387 Tel.: 352 378 8181 Fax: (902) 426 4104 Fax: 352 378 4956 GSC Atlantic is the principle marine geoscience facility in Canada a Florida Center for Environmental Studies (USA) division of the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) co-located at the Florida Center for Environmental Studies Bedford Institute of Oceanography, with the Department of Fisheries Florida Atlantic University and Oceans, a part of an Atlantic Provinces marine research and Northern Palm Beach Campus technology community centerd in the Halifax-Dartmouth 3932, RCA Boulevard metropolitan region of Nova Scotia. Palm Beach Gardens, FL 33410 Phone: (561) 691 8554 Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution (USA) Fax: (561) 691 8540 5600, US 1 North The center acts as a facilitator and coordinator ofresearch and Fort Pierce, FL 34946 training related to the environment and as a locus for environmental Phone: (561) 465 2400; (800) 333 4264 information. Grounding its activities in the Florida subtropical Fax: (561) 465 2446 environment, its mandate encompasses global tropical and E-mail: [email protected] ORGANIZATIONS 1113

Table A3.5 Continued

Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University (USA) Mote Marine Laboratory (USA) 2030, SE Marine Science Dr 1600, Ken Thompson Parkway Newport, OR 97365 Sarasota, FL 34236 Phone: 541 867 0100 Phone: (941) 388 4441 Fax: 541 867 0138 E-mail: [email protected] NSU Oceanographic Center (USA) NSU (Nova Southeastern University) Oceanographic Center Huntsman Marine Science Centre (Canada) 8000, North Ocean Drive Dr. Mark J. Costello, Executive Director Dania Beach, FL 33004 Phone: 506 529 1200 Phone: (800) 39 OCEAN; (954)262 3600 Fax: 506 529 1224 Website: http://www.nova.edu/ocean E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Reception: [email protected] Through research and education, the Huntsman Marine Science Ocean Engineering Program, Texas A&M University (USA) Centre will enhance knowledge and provide the leadership necessary Ocean Engineering Program to achieve sustainable development and effective management of the Department of Civil Engineering coastal environment. Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-3136 Institute of Ocean Sciences (Canada) Ocean Engineering Studies (USA) P.O. Box 6000 9860, West Saanich Road Prof. Spyros A. Kinnas Sidney,British Columbia, V8L 4B2 Department of Civil Engineering (ECJ 8.604) The University of Texas at Austin The Institute of Ocean Sciences is the departments center for research Austin, TX 78712 on the coastal waters of British Columbia, the North Pacific Ocean, the western Canadian Arctic and the navigable fresh waters east to the The University of Texas at Austin is committed to providing a top-quality Manitoba/Saskatchewan border. education to highly qualified students who wish to pursue graduate studies in the department of Civil Engineering with a focus on the field of Ocean Engineering. The ocean engineer of the present and future must International Oceans Institute of Canada (Canada) not only have a strong grasp of the principles in the related fields, but International Oceans Institute of Canada also be capable of using and or developing sophisticated computational Dalhousie University tools for the design and assessment of engineered or natural systems. 1226, LeMarchant Street Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 3P7 Oregon Coast Geospatial Clearinghouse (USA) Phone: 1 902 494 3879 Fax:1 902 494 1334 Department of Geosciences E-mail: [email protected] 104, Wilkinson Hall Oregon State University The International Oceans Institute of Canada is a nongovernmental Corvallis, OR 97331-5506 organization dedicated to promoting and supporting the sustainable Phone: 541 737 1229 and rational use, management, and regulation of ocean and coastal resources, as well as the protection and conservation of the marine Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (USA) environment in Canada and internationally. NOAA R/PMEL 7600, Sand Point Way NE Kalakaua Marine Education Center (USA) Seattle, WA 98115-6239 200, W. Kawili St., Hilo, HI 96720-4091 Phone: 206 526 6239 E-mail for general information: [email protected] Fax: 206 526 6815 As a leader in undergraduate marine science education in the Pacific, our mission is to offer high-quality experiential undergraduate educa- Regional Association for Research on the Gulf of Maine (USA) tion in marine sciences relevant to the needs of the Pacific region. Eugenia F. Braasch, Executive Director RARGOM Marine Law Institute (USA) Dartmouth College University of Maine School of Law 8000, Cummings Hall 246, Deering Avenue, Portland, ME 04102 Hanover, NH 03755 The Marine Law Institute is the research and public service compo- Phone: 603 646 3480 Fax: 603 646 3856 nent of the Ocean and Coastal Law Program and is the only law E-mail: [email protected] school-affiliated marine policy research program in the Northeast. MLI has dedicated its program of legal and policy research to the The Regional Association for Research on the Gulf of Maine is analysis of ocean and coastal resource issues for the express purpose an association of institutions which have active research interests in of improving management practices and public understanding. the Gulf of Maine and its watershed. The Association was founded in 1991 and is presently housed at Dartmouth College. The basic missions of the Association are to advocate and facilitate a coherent Maryland Sea Grant, University of Maryland (USA) program of regional research; to promote scientific quality; and to 0112, Skinner Hall provide a communication vehicle among scientists and the public. College Park MD 20742 Phone: (301) 405 6371 School of the Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University (USA) Fax: (301) 314 9581 (Formerly CCEER, Center for Coastal, Energy, and Environmental E-mail: [email protected] Resources) Website: http://www.mdsg.umd.edu/ Louisiana State University The Maryland Sea Grant College supports innovative marine research E302, Howe-Russell, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 and education, with a special focus on the Chesapeake Bay.With fund- Phone: (225) 388 6316 ing from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and The School of the Coast and Environment exists to provide the State of Maryland, Sea Grant-supported research targets practical knowledge, technology, and human resources for successful problems, with the aim of promoting wise decisionmaking. management of natural resources and resolution of environmental 1114 ORGANIZATIONS

Table A3.5 Continued issues important to Louisiana, the Gulf of Mexico region, and Center for Coastal Geology and Regional Marine Studies comparable areas throughout the nation and the world. 600, Fourth Street South St. Petersburg, FL 33701-4846 School of Marine Sciences (USA) The Center investigates geologic processes related to societal problems 214, Libby Hall arising in coastal and marine environments including natural hazards, University of Maine resources, and environmental change. Increased understanding of these Orono, ME 04469-5741 topics will provide the basis for predicting future coastal erosion, the Phone: (207) 581 4381 fate of wetlands, accumulation of sediments, sediment transport Fax: (207) 581 4388 E-mail: [email protected] and stability, circulation, movement of pollution through aqueous environments, and the locations of economically valuable hard The University of Maine’s School of Marine Sciences (SMS) is the minerals. center of excellence for marine education in Maine. USM College of Marine Sciences (USA) School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (USA) University of Southern Mississippi School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology 703, East Beach Drive (39564) University of Hawaii P.O. Box 7000 1680, East-West Road, POST 802 Ocean Springs, MS 39566-7000 Honolulu, HI 96822 Phone: (228) 872 4200 SOEST brings together in a single-focused ocean, earth sciences and Fax: (228) 872 4204 technology group, academic departments, research institutes, federal cooperative programs, and support facilities of the highest quality in Vero Beach Marine Laboratory (VBML) (USA) the nation to meet challenges in the ocean and earth sciences. Division of Marine and Environmental Systems Scientists of SOEST intend to understand the subtle and complex Florida Institute of Technology interrelations of the seas, the atmosphere, and the earth in order to 150, West University Boulevard learn how to preserve the quality of our lives. Melbourne, FL 32901-6988 Phone: (407) 674 7273 School of Oceanography,University of Washington (USA) E-mail: harris@marine.fit.edu School of Oceanography The Vero Beach Marine Laboratory (VBML) is a field laboratory Box 357940 University of Washington established in 1981 in support of marine science research and educa- Seattle, WA 98195-7940 tion for the academic programs and research institutes of Florida Phone: (206) 543 5060 Institute of Technology. The School of Oceanography is a national leader in oceanographic Virginia Institute of Marine Science (USA) research and instruction of graduate and undergraduate students. With its roots in the UW Oceanographic Laboratories founded in 1930 P.O. Box 1346 (mailing) Rt. 1208, Greate Road (shipping) and directed by Professor Thomas G. Thompson, the School was Gloucester Point, VA 23062-1346 organized formally in 1951. Phone: 804 684 7000 Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of Fax: 804 684 7097 California San Diego (USA) Chartered in 1940, the School of Marine Science/Virginia Institute of UC San Diego Marine Science (SMS/VIMS), has a tripartite mission of research, 9500, Gilman Drive education, and advisory service in marine science. La Jolla, CA 92093 Phone: (858) 534 2839 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (USA) (858) 534 5306 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Mission: To seek, teach, and communicate deep scientific understand- Information Office ing of the oceans, atmosphere, earth, and other planets for the benefit Co-op Building, MS #16 of society and the environment. Woods Hole, MA 02543 Phone: (508) 548 1400 Skidaway Institute of Oceanography (USA) Fax: (508) 457 2034 10, Ocean Science Circle E-mail: [email protected] Savannah,GA 31411 Research Departments and Centers at Whoi Phone: (912) 598 2453 Applied Ocean Physics & Engineering; Biology; Geology & Fax: (912) 598 2310 Geophysics; Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry;Physical SkIO is an autonomous research unit of the University System of Oceanography; Marine Policy Center; Rinehart Coastal Research Georgia. The mission of the Institute is to provide the State of Center; Cooperative Institute for Climate & Ocean Research. Georgia with a nationally and internationally recognized center of WHOI is dedicated to research and higher education at the frontiers excellence in marine science. of ocean science. Its primary mission is to develop and effectively communicate a fundamental understanding of the processes and US Geological Survey, Coastal Marine and Geology Program (USA) characteristics governing how the oceans function and how they US Geological Survey interact with earth as a whole.

Table A3.6 Overview of some of the main European research and educational institutes (academic units) that deal with the coastal zone

BELGIUM Phone: ϩϩ32 3224 60 35 Fax: ϩϩ32 3224 60 36 Flanders Hydraulics Institute E-mail: [email protected] Flanders Hydraulics is a research institute of the Waterways and Marine Affairs Administration of the Department of Environment Laboratory of Oceanology and Infrastructure of the Ministry of the Flemish Community. University of Liège Flanders Hydraulics Sart Tilman B6 B-4000 Liège Berchemlei 115 Fax: ϩ32 4 3663325 B-2140 Antwerp ORGANIZATIONS 1115

Table A3.6 Continued

Renard Centre of Marine Geology FRANCE Universiteit Gent Geologisch Instituut Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer—France Krijgslaan 281 S8, B-9000 Gent Technopole BREST-IROISE Phone: ϩ32 (0)9 264 45 94 Place Nicolas Copernic Fax: ϩ32 (0)9 264 49 67 29280 Plouzane Phone: 02 98 49 86 00 L’IUEM est d’abord un pôle pluridisciplinaire de recherche et d’obser- CROATIA vation dont l’objectif général est l’étude et la modélisation du système Center For Marine Research couplé atmosphère-océan-géosphère-biosphère de la planète Terre. Bijenicka c. 54 Institut Océanographique HR-10000 Zagreb Institut océanographique Phone: ϩϩ385 1 425 808 ϩϩ 195, rue Saint-Jacques, F-75005 Paris Fax: 385 1 420 437 Phone: ϩ33 1 44 32 10 70 Hydrographic Institute of the Republic of Croatia (HHI) Fax: ϩ33 1 40 51 73 16 21000 Split L’Institut océanographiquegpq est une fondation françaiseç de droit pprivée, reconnue d’utilité publique et non subventionnée par l’État. Elle a été Zrinsko-Frankopanska 161 er Phone: ϩ385 (0)21 361 840/344 433 créée en 1906 par Albert I , prince de Monaco. Fax: ϩ 385 (0)21 347 208/347 242 La Fondation est un organisme autonome, indépendant, doté de la Telex: 26 270 HIRH RH personnalité civile et juridique. Elle regroupe l’établissement de Paris, E-mail: dhi-offi[email protected] où est fixé son siège social, et le Musée de Monaco. Chacun des deux Hydrographic Institute of the Republic of Croatia (HHI) carries out éléments a son directeur. scientific research, development, and professional works with regard to Observatoire Océanologique safety of navigation in the Adriatic, hydrographic–geodetic survey of the Adriatic, marine geodesy, design, and production of maps and BP.44-66651 charts, as well as nautical publications and aids, oceanographic Banyuls sur Mer Cedex research, submarine geology research, and finally publishing and Phone: 04 68 88 73 00 Fax: 04 68 88 16 99 printing activities. Observatoire Océanologique DENMARK Observatoire Océanologique de Villefranche-sur-Mer F-06234 Villefranche-sur-Mer Cedex Department of Earth Sciences Marine Geology Program Dernière modification le 29.06.01 University of Aarhus C.F. Møllers Allé 110 8000 Århus C GERMANY ϩ Phone: 45 8942 2899 Centre for Marine and Climate Research Fax: ϩ45 86139248 Bundesstraße 55 DHI—Danish Hydraulics Institute D-20146 Hamburg Phone: ϩ49 40 42838 4523/5 DHI Water & Environment ϩ Agern Allé 11 Fax: 49 40 42838 5235 DK-2970 Hørsholm Phone: ϩ45 4516 9200 Center for Tropical Marine Ecology,University of Bremen Fax: ϩ45 4516 9292 Zentrum für Marine Tropenökologie E-mail: [email protected] Fahrenheitstraße 6 Institute of excellence in coastal zone deals mainly with shoreline D-28 359 Bremen Phone: ϩ49 ϩ421 23800 21 management, sedimentation in harbors and navigation channels, Fax: ϩ49 ϩ421 23800 30 tidal inlet stabilization, dredging and reclamation, storm surges and coastal flooding,environmental impact assessment studies, ports and ZMT takes an integrated interdisciplinary approach to ecosystem hydraulic Structures, survey and monitoring, ecology and research and coastal management in tropical coastal areas. water quality. Coastal Research Laboratory, Christian Albrechts University,Kiel National Environmental Research Institute—Coastal Zone Ecology Otto-Hahn-Platz 3 Department of Coastal Zone Ecology D-24118 Kiel Phone: ϩ49 431 880 2851 Grenåvej 12 ϩ DK-8410 Rønde Fax: 49 431 880 7303 Phone: ϩ45 89 20 17 00 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: ϩ45 89 20 15 14 The Coastal Research Laboratory (Corelab) at the University of The department of Coastal Zone Ecology undertakes research Kiel is a research and teaching unit established to foster research focusing on the ecology and population dynamics of vertebrate in coastal environments. The Laboratory is jointly coordinated by the species, and is responsible for national monitoring of species and Institute of Geosciences in Kiel and the Research and Technology habitats in terrestrial and marine coastal areas. Centre West Coast on the North Sea coast. The National Environmental Research Institute (NERI), Denmark Forschungs Zentrum Kueste (Coastal Research Center) National Environmental Research Institute Forschungszentrum Küste Frederiksborgvej 399 Merkurstraße 11 4000 Roskilde D-30419 Hannover Phone: 45ϩ 46 30 12 00 Phone: (0511) 762 92 27 Fax:45ϩ 46 30 11 14 Fax: (0511) 762 92 19 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: offi[email protected] The National Environmental Research Institute (NERI) is a research Universities of Hannover and Braunschweig, and home of the institute in the Ministry of Environment and Energy, Denmark. Grossen Wellen Canal. 1116 ORGANIZATIONS

Table A3.6 Continued

Terramare Research Centre Sherkin Island Marine Station Schleusenstraße 1 Sherkin Island D-26382 Wilhelmshaven County Cork Phone: ϩ49 4421/944 0 Phone: ϩ353 28 20187 Fax: ϩ49 4421/944 199 Fax: ϩ353 28 20407 Center for research on shallow seas, coastal zones, and the marine Website: [email protected] environment. ICELAND ITALY Marine Research Institute Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Insular Coastal Dynamics Skulagata 4 Foundation for International Studies P.O. Box 1390 University of Malta 121 Reykjavik St. Paul Street Phone: ϩ354 552 0240 Valletta VLT07, Malta ϩ Phone: ϩ356 240746 Fax: 354 562 3790 ϩ E-mail: [email protected] Fax: 356 230551/245764

Sandgerði Marine Centre Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale Sandgerdi Marine Centre, Gardvegi 1 Borgo Grotta Gigante 42/C IS-245 Sandgerdi 34016 Sgonico, Trieste The essential objective of the TMR LSF-programme is to provide Phone: 39 (40) 21401 researchers or research teams throughout the Member States of the Fax: 39 (40) 327307 Community and the Associated States with access to facilities Telex: 460329 OGS I in Europe that are important for high-quality research and to E-mail: [email protected] complement national efforts in respective field. Tethys Research Institute IRELAND Venice Natural History Museum Santa Croce 1730, 30135 Venezia Coastal Resources Centre Phone: ϩ39 0412750206 Coastal Resources Center Fax: ϩ39 041721000 Environment Research Institute E-mail: [email protected] Old Pres Building, Western Road The Tethys Research Institute, founded in 1986, is a nonprofit NGO University College, Cork dedicated to the preservation of the marine environment. It focuses on Phone: ϩ353 (0)21 4904129 marine animals and particularly on cetaceans inhabiting The Coastal Resources Centre (CRC) is a multidisciplinary group the Mediterranean Sea, and aims at protecting its biodiversity within University College, Cork. As an integral part of the overall by promoting the adoption of a precautionary approach for Environment Research Institute (ERI), the CRC serves as a critical the management of natural resources. source of expertise dedicated to ocean and coastal research and resource studies. NETHERLANDS Coastal Studies Research Group at the University of Ulster Delft Hydraulics institute School of Environmental Studies University of Ulster at Coleraine Visiting address: Coleraine, County Londonderry Rotterdamseweg 185 BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland 2629 HD Delft Phone: 00 44 (0)28 70324428 Postal address: Fax: 00 44 (0)28 70 324911 P.O. Box 177 2600 MH Delft The Coastal Studies Research Group (CSRG) was formed in 1991 Phone: ϩ31 (0)15 285 8585 and comprises ca. 40 Academic Staff, Research Officers and Fax: ϩ31 (0)15 285 8582 PhD/MRes Students. The group examines various aspects of coastal environments, from the physical processes to the human impacts on Founded in 1927, WL|Delft Hydraulics is an independent today’s coastline. consulting and research institute located in the Netherlands. WL|Delft Hydraulics has a long-standing reputation for excellence Coastal Zone Institute in hydrology,hydraulics, morphology, water quality, and ecology. Construction and design matters related to Coastal Zone Institute offshore, coasts, harbors, estuaries, rivers and canals, and Munster Institute industry. University College Cork Website: [email protected] Netherlands Centre for Coastal Research The location of the Coastal Zone Institute (CZI), established under the aegis of University College Cork (UCC),arises from a strong The Centre is housed at WL|Delft Hydraulics traditional base of research and expertise in coastal studies. P.O.Box 177 2600 MH Delft ϩ Irish Marine Institute Phone: 31 15 2858577 Fax: ϩ31 15 2858582 The Irish Marine Institute E-mail: [email protected] 80, Harcourt Street Dublin 2 RIVO Netherlands Institute for Fisheries Research Phone: ϩ353 1 476 6500 Fax: ϩ353 1 478 4988 Visitors address: Haringkade 1 Principal function: to undertake, to coordinate, to promote, and to IJmuiden assist in marine research and development, and to provide such services related to marine research and development, that in the Correspondence: opinion of the Institute will promote economic development and P.O.Box 68 1970 create employment and protect the environment. AB IJmuiden ORGANIZATIONS 1117

Table A3.6 Continued

Phone: ϩ31 255 56 46 46 5020 Bergen Fax: ϩ31 255 56 46 44 Phone: ϩ47 55 58 44 00 ϩ Biological, technical, technological, environmental hygiene, and Fax: 47 55 58 44 50 quality research. Institutt for fiskeri- og marinbiologi (IFM) holder til i Høyteknologisenteret i Bergen. Instituttet har som formål å drive forskning og gi undervisning innen fagområdene marinbiologi. The Department of Marine Biology,University of Copenhagen fiskeribiologi og akvakultur inkl. Fiskehelse. University of Groningen Biological Center The Institute of Marine Research, Ministry of Fisheries Department of Marine Biology Institute of Marine Research—Havforskningsinstituttet Kerklaan 30, P.O. Box 14 Postboks 1870 9750 AA Haren (Gn) Nordnes Phone: 050 3632259 5817 Bergen Fax: 050 3632261 Phone: ϩ47 55 23 85 00 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: ϩ47 55 23 85 31 E-mail: [email protected] The Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht (IMAU) The Institute of Marine Research is Norway’s largest research institu- IMAU Secretariat tion in the fields of marine resources, marine environment, and aqua- P.O.Box 80005 culture. With over 500 employees the Institute is among the largest in NL-3508 TA Utrecht the world in this area and is an international leader in several areas of Phone: (ϩ31/0) 030 253 3275 research. The Institute of Marine Research is the research arm of the Fax (ϩ31/0) 030 254 3163 Ministry of Fisheries. E-mail: [email protected] The IMAU is an interfaculty University research institute POLAND established on September 24, 1991. It is composed of the Meteorology and Physical Oceanography Department of the Institute of Oceanology,Polish Academy of Sciences faculty of Physics and Astronomy and the section Coastal research Powstancow Warszawy 55 of the Physical Geography Department of the faculty of P.O.Box 68 Geographical Sciences. 81 712 Sopot Phone: (ϩ48 58) 551 72 81; (ϩ48 58) 550 32 32 The Netherlands Working Group of International Wetland Experts ϩ E-mail: mailto:[email protected] Fax: ( 48 58) 551 21 30 The Netherlands Working group of International Wetland-experts Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydroengineering (WIW) wants to provide a platform for free exchange of information Koscierska 7 and opinions concerning activities carried out by Dutch institutions or P.O.Box 61 persons in wetlands outside our own country. The WIW secretariat is 80 953 Gdansk supported by WWF, the Netherlands. Phone: ϩ48(0)58 552 20 11 ϩ48(0)58 552 39 03 The Netherlands Institute for Sea Research Fax: ϩ48(0)58 552 42 11 The visitor’s address of NIOZ is: E-mail: [email protected] Nederlands Instituut voor Onderzoek der Zee The Institute of Hydroengineering was established in 1953 as a Landsdiep 4 ’t Horntje research institution belonging to the Polish Academy of Sciences. Texel The Institute’s research activities cover the basic problems of The mailing address of NIOZ is: inland and maritime hydroengineering, geotechnics, and Nederlands Instituut voor Onderzoek der Zee geomechanics, as well as other disciplines related to environmental P.O.Box 59 engineering. NL-1790 AB Den Burg, Texel University of Szczecin Institute of Marine Sciences Phone: (ϩ31) (0)222 369300 Fax: (ϩ31) (0)222 319674 University of Szczecin Institute of Marine Sciences The Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ) was founded in Waa˛ska S. 13, 71-415 Szczecin July 1876 as the Marine Zoological Station and is presently one of the Phone: (ϩ48 91) 422 64 11 ext. 236 major European oceanographic institutes. NIOZ is a research institute Fax: (0 91) 455 31 20 under the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO). Its mission is to pursue multidisciplinary marine research related to PORTUGAL phenomena and mechanisms in coastal and shelf seas as well as the open ocean and involves close cooperation between physicists, IMAR—Institute ofMarine Research chemists, geologists, and biologists. “Centro Interdisciplinar de Coimbra” c/o Department of Zoology University of Coimbra 3000 Coimbra NORWAY Phone: ϩ351 39 836386 Fax: ϩ351 39 823603 Coastal and Ocean Engineering E-mail: [email protected] Coastal and Ocean Engineering NO-7465 Trondheim National Laboratory of Civil Engineering, Phone: ϩ47 73 59 23 38 Hydraulic Department Fax: ϩ47 73 59 23 76 Av. do Brasil, 101 E-mail: coastal.request@fish.sintef.no 1700-066 Lisboa The activities of the department center on harbor, coastal, and ocean Phone: ϩ351 21 8443000 engineering, oceanography, marine environmental modeling, and Fax: ϩ351 21 8443016 maritime IT. LNEC’s Hydraulics Department (DH), created in 1949, carries out research activity on water and the environment. Special areas Institutt for fiskeri- og marinbiologi (IFM), University of Bergen of interest are: hydrology and river hydraulics, groundwater, hydraulic Institutt for fiskeri- og marinbiologi structures, estuaries and inlets, maritime works, water supply, and Thormøhlensgt. 55 sewages. 1118 ORGANIZATIONS

Table A3.6 Continued

Secção Biologia Marinha e Oceanografia Phone: ϩ34 93 401 64 68 Departmento de Biologia, Universidade da Madeira Fax: ϩ34 93 401 18 61 Praça do Município, 9000 Funchal/Madeira E-mail: [email protected] Phone: ϩ351 91 233012 The Laboratori d’Enginyeria Marítima (LIM/UPC) is a Research Centre within the Departament d’Enginyeria Hidràulica, Marítima Unidade de Ciências e Tecnologias dos Recursos Aquáticos i Ambiental (E.T.S. Eng. Camins, Canals i Ports de Barcelona) of the Universidade do Algarve Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) in Barcelona. LIM/UPC Campus de Gambelas is thus a nonprofit public Research Centre, with the sole aim of 8000 117 Faro generating and transferring technology in the field of Maritime This department is located on the Gambelas Campus, about Engineering and Ocean Sciences. 10 km from the center of Faro, South Portugal, Europe. UCTRA runs courses and carries out research in the area of Planificación y Gestión de Zonas Costeras aquatic resources. Area de ordenación del litoral Centro andaluz superior de estudios marinos, (c.a.s.e.m.) Campus universitario-polígono rio san pedro SPAIN Puerto real, 11510 cádiz Canary-Island Institute of Marine Sciences Phone: 34 956 015546/34 956 016091 Office of Research and Universitie Fax: 34 956 015501/34 956 016040 Address: E-mail: [email protected] Aptdo. 56 Telde 35200, Las Palmas SWEDEN Phone: 34 28 132900, 34 28 132904 Göteborg University Marine Research Fax: 34 28 132908 Göteborg University Marine Research Center The Council of Education, Culture and Sports of Box 460 Canary-Island Government Taliarte, Telde, Grand Canaria, 405 30 Göteborg Canary Islands, Spain Phone: ϩ46 31 772 2295 ϩ Institut de Ciències del Mar CIMA Fax: 46 31 772 2785 Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37–49 Göteborg University Marine Research Center was established in 1989 E-08003 Barcelona by the Government. It belongs to Göteborg University. ϩ Phone: 34 93 230 95 00 Umeå Marina Forskningscentrum Fax: ϩ34 93 230 95 55 Norrbyn Founded in 1951 as the Institute of Fisheries Research, it belongs to 910 20 Hörnefors the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), within its Phone: 090 786 79 74 (kansli) natural resources area. Its main objective is the multidisciplinary study of the sea, through research projects focusing on different aspects of the marine environments and ecosystems. UNITED KINGDOM Instituto Español de Oceanografía British Marine Life Study Society Instituto Español de Oceanografía 14, Corbyn Crescent Servicio de Coordinación y Publicaciones Shoreham-By-Sea Avda. del Brasil, 31 28020 Madrid Sussex BN43 6PQ Phone: ϩ34 914 17 54 11 Phone: 01273 465433 Fax: ϩ34 915 974 770 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Cambridge Coastal Research Unit En la actualidad el IEO es un Organismo autónomo con personalidad jurídica y patrimonio propios, que depende orgánicamente del Department of Geography Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología a través de la Secretaría General de University of Cambridge Política Científica, y está clasificada como un Organismo Público de Downing Place Investigación según la Ley de Fomento y Coordinación General de la Cambridge CB2 3EN Phone: ϩ44 (0)1223 339775; ϩ44 (0)1223 333350 Investigación Científica y Técnica de 14 de abril de 1986, siendo su ϩ campo de actividad el estudio de la mar y sus recursos por lo que Fax: 44 (0)1223 355674 actúa como asesor de la Administración. E-mail: [email protected] Providing highest quality scientific research to underpin sustainable International Centre for Coastal Resources Research coastal management. Jordi Girona, 1-3 Edif. D-1 08034 Barcelona CEFAS Phone: ϩ34 93 280 6400 CEFAS Lowestoft Laboratory Fax: ϩ34 93 280 60 19 Pakefield Road The International Centre for Coastal Resources Research (CIIRC) is a Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 OHT coordination center for interdisciplinary applied coastal resources Phone: ϩ44 (0) 1502 562244 research created by the Generalitat de Catalunya (Departament de Fax: ϩ44 (0) 1502 513865 Política Territorial i Obres Públiques, Comissionat d’Universitats i E-mail: [email protected] Recerca, Departament de Medi Ambient and Departament CEFAS is a scientific research and advisory center for fisheries d’Agricultura, Ramaderia i Pesca), the Universitat Politècnica de management and environmental protection. We provide contract Catalunya (UPC) and the International Federation of Institutes for research, consultancy, advice, and training in fisheries science and Advanced Study (IFIAS),with support of the United Nations management, marine environmental protection, aquaculture, and Environment Programme (UNEP). fish and shellfish disease and hygiene to a large number of public and private sector clients around the world. Laboratori d’Enginyeria Marítima (LIM/UPC) Laboratori d’Enginyeria Marítima (LIM/UPC) Centre for Coastal Conservation and Education Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Centre for Coastal Conservation and Education Jordi Girona, 1-3, Campus Nord-UPC, Edif. D-1 School of Conservation Sciences 08034 Barcelona Bournemouth University ORGANIZATIONS 1119

Table A3.6 Continued

Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB POL—Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory ϩ Phone: 44 (0)1202 59 53 52 Bidston Observatory ϩ Fax: 44 (0)1202 59 52 55 Birkenhead CH43 7RA Promoting care and understanding of our oceans through Phone: ϩ44(0)151 653 8633 science, research, and education. The Centre for Coastal Fax: ϩ44(0)151 653 6269 Conservation and Education was established in January 1998 at POL’s scientific research focuses on oceanography encompassing Bournemouth University in recognition of the School of global sealevels and geodesy, numerical modeling of continental shelf Conservation Science’s growing reputation and expertise in seas and coastal sediment processes. This research alongside activities coastal conservation, management, and education. Under the Directorship of Dr. Carolyn Heeps, the Centre provides a focus of surveying, monitoring, data management, and forecasting provides for a wide range of scientific, research, and educational activities strategic support for the wider mission of the Natural Environment and opportunities. Research Council.

CCM—Centre for Coastal Management Scott Polar Research Institute Ridley Building,University of Newcastle University of Cambridge Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU Lensfield Road Phone: ϩ44 (0)191 222 5607 Cambridge CB2 1ER, England Fax: ϩ44 (0)191 222 5095 Phone: SPRI Switchboard: 01223 336540; ϩ44 1223 336540 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: 01223 336549; ϩ44 1223 336549 The mission of CCM is to promote coastal management through the Welcome to the website of The Scott Polar Research Institute (SPRI), coupling of fundamental and applied research in coastal systems with the oldest international research center in the world covering both the advice on practical and policy issues. Arctic and Antarctic regions. The Scott Polar Research Institute is part of the Faculty of Earth Sciences and Geography in the School of Centre for the Economics and Management of Aquatic Physical Sciences of the University of Cambridge. Resources (CEMARE) Department of Economics Southampton Oceanography Centre University of Portsmouth University of Southampton Milton Campus, Locksway Road Waterfront Campus, European Way Portsmouth PO4 8JF Southampton SO14 3ZH Phone: ϩ44 (0) 23 9284 4082 Phone: 023 8059 6666 Fax: ϩ44 (0) 23 9284 4037 Fax: 023 8059 6667 E-mail:[email protected] The Southampton Oceanography Centre (SOC) opened in 1996 and is a £49 million development creating a center for some 450 European Artificial Reef Research Network research scientists, lecturing and support staff as well as 600 under- Dr. Antony Jensen graduate and postgraduate students. With a turnover of around School of Ocean and Earth Science £20 million per annum, the new centre’s objective is clear and University of Southampton, Southampton Oceanography Centre ambitious: to play a strategic role in global interdisciplinary marine European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH and earth sciences. Phone: ϩ44 1703 593428 Fax: ϩ44 1703 596642 E-mail: [email protected] OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES The European Artificial Reef Research network (EARRN) formed in Coastal Research Center For Environment Conservation May 1995 with funding from the European Commission (EC) AIR (CRCEC) (Romania) programme. The 51 scientists from 36 laboratories that formed Mail Address: EARRN were all active in artificial reef research and the network has O.P. 54 provided recommendations for the direction of future research to the P.O.Box 3 EC. The formal EC funding has finished but EARRN continues its Bucharest activities using Internet, e-mail (discussion groups) and “meetings of opportunity” to continue its work; expanding its membership beyond Visiting Address: the original 51 members. Building on the professional relationships Bd. Nicolae Balcescu and friendships developed between 1995 and 1998 members will No. 1, Floor IV, Room 404 ϩ ϩ undoubtedly prepare proposals for Framework V. EC-funded Phone: 40 1 314 35 08; 40 1 220 45 18 ϩ collaborative research between members will be the next goal for Fax: 40 1 315 30 74 EARRN. E-mail: [email protected] CRCEC is a coastal research center affiliated to the University of Institute of Marine Studies, University of Plymouth Bucharest, Department of Geography. Its mission is to promote Drake Circus, Plymouth research and conservation of the coastal environment with a special Devon PL4 8AA emphasis on the Romanian Black Sea Coast, and providing education Phone: ϩ44 (0) 1752 232470 and training in coastal science. ϩ Fax: 44 (0) 1752 232472 Department of Oceanology, Moscow E-mail: [email protected] State University (Russia) Plymouth Marine Laboratory Vorobijvy Gory Moscow 119899 Plymouth Marine Laboratory Phone: (095) 939 2215 Prospect Place, The Hoe Fax: (095) 932 8836 Plymouth, England PL1 3DH E-mail: [email protected] Phone: ϩ44 (0)1752 633100 Fax: ϩ44 (0)1752 633101 Administrator: Dr. Arkhipkin Victor Semenovich The Plymouth Marine Laboratory undertakes fundamental and E-mail: [email protected] strategic research to underpin the marine requirements of the United Kingdom. The PML executes its mission through key Institute of Marine Biology of Crete (Greece) partnerships and collaborations with organizations throughout the P.O. Box 2214, world. GR 71003, Iraklio, 1120 ORGANIZATIONS

Table A3.6 Continued

Crete Merentutkimuslaitos—Finnish Institute of Marine Research Phone: ϩ30 81 0346860 (Finland) The IMBC is one of Europe’s newest institutions, founded in 1987 Lyypekinkuja 3 A as an independent research organization by the then Greek Ministry P.O.Box 33 of Industry, Energy, Research, and Technology, under the direct FIN-00931 Helsinki supervision of the General Secretariat for Research and Phone: ϩ 358 9 613 941 Technology. E-mail: forename.surname@fimr.fi

Table A3.7 Overview of some of the main Southern Hemisphere research and educational institutes (academic units) that deal with the coastal zone

AUSTRALIA Queensland Government Hydraulics Laboratory Australian Institute of Marine Science 27, Quinlan Street Deagon, Queensland 4017 Australian Institute of Marine Science Phone: ϩ61 7 3869 9500 PMB No. 3, Townsville MC, Fax: ϩ61 7 3869 9501 Queensland 4810 Phone: ϩ61 7 4753 4444 The Queensland Government Hydraulics Laboratory (QGHL) is a Fax: ϩ61 7 4772 5852 premier facility for evaluating hydraulic and coastal structures before their construction, and investigating coastal processes by using scale The Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) was established models. Since 1975, the Laboratory has provided extensive services for by the Commonwealth government in 1972 to generate the knowledge governments and private organizations in Australia and overseas. needed for the sustainable use and protection of the marine environ- ment, through innovative world-class scientific and technological School of Environmental Science and Management research. School of Environmental Science & Management Southern Cross University Centre for Marine Studies P.O. Box 157 The University of Queensland Lismore, NSW 2480 Brisbane, Queensland 4072 School of Environmental Science & Management Phone: 61 7 3365 4333 Fax:61 7 3365 4755 Southern Cross University E-mail: [email protected] Military Road Director: Professor Ove Hoegh-Guldberg Lismore NSW 2480 E-mail: [email protected] Our School focuses on the challenges facing Australia—conservation of marine resources, restoring land and water quality, coastal Coastal CRC—Cooperative Research for Coastal Zone Estuary and management, wildlife conservation, and sustainable forest and Waterway Management fisheries. Brisbane (Centre Office): Sedimentary, Marine & Environmental Geoscience Indooroopilly Sciences Centre Research Group 80, Meiers Road School of Earth Sciences Indooroopilly, Queensland 4068 James Cook University Phone: ϩ61 7 3362 9399 ϩ Townsville, Qld 4811 Fax: 61 7 3362 9372 Phone: ϩ61 7 4781 4536 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: ϩ61 7 4725 1501 The Coastal CRC provides decisionmaking tools and knowledge E-mail: [email protected] necessary for the effective management and ecosystem health of Australia’s coastal zone, estuaries, and waterways. University of Sydney, Coastal Studies Unit Coastal Studies Unit, Division of Geography School of Geosciences Lincoln Marine Science Centre Sydney University Madsen Building F09 Physical Address: Sydney NSW 2006 Hindmarsh Street, Kirton Point Phone: ϩ61 2 9351 2886 Port Lincoln, South Australia Fax: ϩ61 2 9351 3644 Postal Address: The Unit is responsible for research and communication on P.O. Box 2023 problems related to the geomorphology and management of coastal Port Lincoln, SA 5606 environments. Lincoln Marine Science Centre (or LMSC) has been established to support research and tertiary level education in marine science. Water Research Laboratory Located on the shore of Boston Bay in Port Lincoln, South Australia, King Street it is situated in the heart of a region with a temperate climate, clean Manly Vale waters, abundant marine life and many developing aquaculture Sydney NSW 2093 industries. Phone: ϩ61 2 9949 4488 Fax: ϩ61 2 9949 4188 Manly Hydraulics Laboratory E-mail: offi[email protected] Manly Hydraulics Laboratory 110B King Street Manly Vale NSW 2093, Sydney BRAZIL Phone: ϩ61 2 9949 0200 Fax: ϩ61 2 9948 6185 Centro de Estudos Do Mar, UFPR, Brasil Mr. Tony Bolton Av. Beira-mar s/n, Caixa Postal 02 E-mail: tbolton @mhl.nsw.gov.au Pontal do Sul Manly Hydraulics Laboratory (MHL) provides specialist services in Pontal do Parana, PR the area of water, coastal, and environmental solutions. CEP: 83255-000 ORGANIZATIONS 1121

Table A3.7 Continued

Phone: ϩ55 41 4551333 fundamental purpose is to benefit the region and the nation through Fax: ϩ55 41 4551105 science and technology.

CTTMar, Centro de Ciências Tecnológicas da Terra e do Mar National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) Universidade do Vale do Itajai—UNIVALI Private Bag 999 40 Centro de Ciencias Tecnologicas da Terra e do Mar—CTTMAR 269, Khyber Pass Road Curso de Oceanografia Newmarket, Auckland P.O. Box 360 Itajai, SC Phone: ϩ64 9 375 2090 CEP: 88202-302 Fax: ϩ64 9 375 2091 E-mail: www.cttmar.univali.br Established in 1992 as one of nine New Zealand Crown Research Institutes (CRIs), NIWA’s mission is to provide a scientific basis for the INPE—Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais sustainable management of New Zealand’s atmospheric, marine and Av. dos Astronautas,1.758 freshwater systems, and associated resources. Jd. Granja São José dos Campos, SP SOUTH AFRICA CEP: 12227-010 Phone: 55-12-3945-6000 Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town RW James Building Instituto Oceanográfico (IO), Brasil 9, University Avenue Praça do Oceanográfico Phone: (021) 650 3278 191, Cidade Universitária Fax: (021) 650 3979 São Paulo CEP: 05508-900 University of Cape Town’s Centre for Marine Studies Phone: (011) 3818 6501 Fax: (011) 3032 3092 Centre for Marine Studies E-mail: [email protected] University of Cape Town Private Bag Laboratório de Estudos Costeiros (LEC), UFBA Rondebosch 7701 Laboratório de Estudos Costeiros University of Cape Town’s center of marine expertise, controlled by Instituto de Geociências, UFBA a Board and a Steering Committee and run by a full-time manager. Campus Ondina Consultancy service which draws on the tremendous resource of Salvador, Bahia 40210-340 highly skilled specialists in marine and coastal sciences among its Phone: ϩ55 71 332 0550/237 0408 teaching and research staff to provide multidisciplinary marine Fax: ϩ55 71 247 3004 expertise to the broader community. O Laboratório de Estudos Costeiros do CPGG/UFBA foi criado no ano de 1995, com a missão institucional de integrar, estimular OTHER SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE COUNTRIES e dar suporte aos estudos na Zona Costeira do Estado da Bahia e da Região Nordeste do Brasil. Center of Excellence in Coastal Resources Management (The Philippines) Núcleo de Educação e Monitoramento Ambiental (NEMA) Silliman University 6200 Dumaguete City CGC 911 00 909/ 0001-77 Rua Maria Araújo Phone: (63 35) 225 6711/225 6855 450, Cassino, Rio Grande Fax: (63 35) 225 4608 Rio Grande do Sul E-mail: [email protected] CEP: 96207-480 Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera (Argentina) Phone: 0532 362420 CIMA/CONICET-UBA Fax: 0532 361435 Pabellón II-2do. piso E-mail: [email protected] Ciudad Universitaria A Principal finalidade do NEMA é a harmonização da relação (1428) Buenos Aires homem-ambiente para a melhoria da qualidade ambiental e de vida. Phone: (54)(1) 787 2693; (54)(1) 781 5020/29 Int. 388 Fax: (54)(1) 788 3572 Programa Train-Sea-Coast, Brasil E-mail: [email protected] Avenida Itália, km 8 Campus Carreiros El Programa Regional de Oceanografía Física y Clima (Chile) Caixa Postal 474 Universidad de Concepción (Cabina 7) Rio Grande, RS Casilla 160-C CEP: 96.201-900 Concepción 3 Fax: (0532) 33 6560 Phone: (ϩ56) 41 203585 Fax: (ϩ56) 41 239900 NEW ZEALAND National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) (India) Cawthron Institute 2000, Dona Paula Goa 403 004 98, Halifax Street East Nelson Fax: 91 (832) 223340 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: (ϩ64) 03 548 2319 Fax: (ϩ64) 03 546 9464 NIO, the premier oceanographic institution in India, was founded in E-mail: [email protected] 1966 on completion of the International Indian Ocean Expedition (1962–65). From an initial emphasis on marine biology, NIO’s research Cawthron Institute is a private, independent, not-for-profit research and development activities have evolved in the last 35 years to include center which has been operating for more than 75-years. Our almost all major branches of coastal and high seas oceanography. 1122 ORGANIZATIONS

Table A3.8 Some North American consultant companies

Acqua Engineering Inc. (Canada) environmental hazard management & planning, flooding & erosion Otavio Sayao, Ph.D. P.Eng. evaluation, project management guidelines & criteria development. Acqua Engineering Inc. 4496, Credit Pointe Dr. ASL Environmental Sciences (Canada) Mississauga, Ontario L5M 3M2 1986, Mills Road Phone: (905) 821 2985 Sidney, BC V8L 5Y3 Fax: (905) 821 9617 Phone: 1 877 656 0177 E-mail: [email protected] When it comes to physical aquatic measurement problems, whether Acqua Engineering Inc., of Ontario, Canada is a consulting company it is wave, ice, current or flow, ASL is uniquely qualified to meet the established in 1995 to provide expert professional services in the fields challenge. of port and waterways, shoreline management, coastal engineering, environmental hydraulic, and construction reviews. AXYS Environmental Consulting Ltd. (Canada) ADAMA Engineering Inc. (USA) Head Office: 600-555, Fourth Ave. SW 33, The Horseshoe, Covered Bridge Farms Calgary, Alberta, T2P 3E7 Newark, DE 19711-2066 Phone: (403) 269 5150 Phone: (302) 368 3197 Fax: (403) 269 5245 Fax: (302) 731 1001 As one of Canada’s leading environmental consulting firms, we have consistently applied innovative and precise science in achieving Anchor Environmental L.L.C. (USA) balanced solutions. Since 1974, our professional staff has been Tom Schadt offering clients a range of experience and knowledge to meet the 1411, 4th Avenue, Suite 1210 diverse needs of each project.—Robert H. Seager, President. Seattle, WA 98101 Phone: 206 287 9130 Fax: 206 287 9131 Baker Coastal Services (USA) Anchor is an environmental science and engineering firm whose Alexandria, VA expertise and focus is shoreline projects, addressing issues in Phone: 703 960 8800 sediment management, environmental review, natural resources, and Annapolis, MD waterway, coastal, and geotechnical engineering. It has offices in Phone: 410 571 8706 Seattle (WA), Long Beach, Oakland and San Francisco (CA), and Virginia Beach, VA College station (TX). Phone: 804 468 8243 Elmsford,NY Phone: 914 333 5300 Andrews, Miller & Associates, Inc. (USA) Tampa, FL 401, Academy St. Phone: 813 2897546 Cambridge, MD 21613 Deals with port & harbor engineering, coastal engineering, coastal Phone: 410 228 7117 zone management, dredging strategies & disposal designs, marina Complete coastal & civil engineering services. planning & design, and hydrografic surveying/digital mapping.

Applied Coastal Modeling (USA) Cammaert Consultants—Newfoundland (Canada) Consulting Services Dr. Gus Cammaert Jon M. Hubertz, Ph.D. Cammaert Consultants 2733, Deborah Drive 1, Winter Place Punta Gorda, FL 33950-8182 St. John’s, Newfoundland A1B 1J5 Phone/Fax: 941 505 4079 Phone: (709) 738 3581 A resource for the expert application of numerical models to coastal Fax: (709) 738 3588 problems, analysis of data, display, and interpretation of results. Cammaert Consultants provides specialized consulting and testing services in the field of coastal engineering for the fishing,aquaculture, Applied Coastal Research and Engineering, Inc. (USA) and boating interests. The company offers design and analysis of 766, Falmouth Rd. coastal facilities and prediction of wave and ice climates. Building A, Unit 1-C Mashpee, MA 02649 Canadian Hydraulic Centre (Canada) Phone: (508) 539 3737 Ottawa, Ontario, K1A OR6 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: (613) 993 2417 Applied Coastal Research and Engineering, Inc. focuses on developing Fax: (613) 952 7679 and implementing scientifically defensible solutions to problems in the For all physical & numerical modeling and analysis needs in the marine environment. general fields of hydraulics. Applied Fluids Engineering, Inc. (USA) Cashin Associates, P.C. (USA) Private Mail Box #237 1200, Veterams Memorial Hwy, 5710 E, 7th Street Hauppauge, NY, 11788 Long Beach, CA 90803 Phone: (516) 348 7600 E-mail: phil.watts@appliedfluids.com 50, Tice Blvd,Woodcliff lake, NJ 07675 A consulting firm specializing in: air and water motion, suspension 601, Brickell Key Drive, Miami, FL 33131 dynamics, rapid phase change, and vertebrate locomotion. Engineering and environmental consulting.

Aqua Solutions (Canada) Coastal Engineering Company, Inc. (USA) Judy Sullivan, P.Eng. 260, Cranberry Highway 3405, Greenwood Road Orleans, MA 02653 Greenwood, Ontario L0H 1H0 Phone: 508 255 6511 (Orleans); 508 778 9600 (Hyannis); 508 487 9600 Phone/fax: 905 428 3365 (Provincetown) E-mail: [email protected] Fax: 508 255 6700 Coastal & river engineering coastal zone management planning, E-mail: [email protected] ORGANIZATIONS 1123

Table A3.8 Continued

The Mission of Coastal Engineering Company is to help our clients Coastal Systems International strives to be customer focused, achieve their goals. We do this by understanding our clients’ needs, identifying and resolving clients’ needs throughout the design process. understanding the issues that impact their projects, and by providing appropriate consulting, engineering, and surveying solutions. Coastal Zone.com (USA) Coastal Zone.com Coastal Engineering Consultants, Inc. (CEC) (USA) P.O. Box 359 Lee County Office Solomons, MD 20688 17595, S. Tamiami Trail, #102 Phone: (571) 212 9587 Fort Myers, FL 33908 Coastal Watershed Environmental; Planning & Management; Phone: (941) 590 9900 Constructed Wetlands & Sustainable Development. Fax: (941) 590 9909 Charlote County Office Conservation Law Foundation (USA) 20020, Veterans Blv. #12 62,Summer Street Port Charlote, FL 33948 Boston, MA 02110-1016 Phone: (941) 743 6611 Phone: (617) 350 0990 Fax: (941) 743 6694 Fax: (617) 350 4030 Founded in 1977, Coastal Engineering Consultants, Inc. (CEC) is a The Conservation Law Foundation is the largest regional team of experienced professionals who possess a sound understanding environmental advocacy organization in the United States. We are of the disciplines of Engineering and Geology. Our staff of engineers, based in New England, where our attorneys, scientists, economists, geologists, environmental specialists, and planners design workable and policy experts work on the most significant threats to the alternatives to produce timely, cost-effective results that are in natural environment of the region, and to the health of its harmony with natural ecosystems. residents.

CIS—Coastal Information Services (USA) 12932, Victory Church Road David A. Lienhart, FGS (USA) Raleigh, NC 27613 7229, Longfield Drive Phone: (919) 676 8684 Cincinatti, OH 45243 2209 Deals with beach erosion and beach nourishments, storms and Phone: 513 561 7049 storm damages, inlet dynamics and stabilization, marine and coastal E-mail: [email protected] litigation. The US armourstore expert.

Coastal Planning & Design, Inc. (USA) Emerald Ocean Engineering (USA) Coastal Planning & Design, Inc. 107, Ariola Dr. 849, Cormier Road Pensacola Beach, FL 32561 Green Bay, WI 54304 Toll Free (877) 932 9111 Phone: (920) 499 6006 Fax: (850) 932 9111 Fax: (920) 499 6116 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Coastal Planning & Design, Inc. specializes in providing professional engineering services for waterfront development, lake and harbor First Coastal Corporation (USA) restoration, shore protection, erosion control, stormwater manage- ment, flood studies, and wetland delineations. First Coastal Corporation 4, Arthur Street P.O.Box 1212 Coastal Planning & Engineering, Inc. (CPE) (USA) Westhampton Beach, NY 11978 2481, NW Boca Raton Blvd. Phone: 631 288 2271 Boca Raton, FL 33431 Fax: 631 288 8949 Phone: (561) 391 8102 E-mail: mail@firstcoastal.net Fax: (561) 391 9116 Long Island coastal incorporation firm. E-mail: [email protected] Coastal Planning & Engineering, Inc. (CPE) is a coastal engineering firm that provides services in coastal engineering, coastal planning, Foster Wheeler Environmental Corporation (USA) coastal surveying,environmental science, and regulatory permitting. Headquarters: Established in 1984, CPE has an office in Boca Raton, Florida. 1000, The American Road Morris Plains, NJ 07950 Coastal Resource Management Phone: (973) 630 8000 Fax: (973) 630 8025 Box 133 E-mail: [email protected] Franktown, VA 23354 Phone: (804) 442 5640 Foster Wheeler Environmental Corporation is a leading environmental Fax: (804) 787 4039 consulting, engineering and remediation firm employing more than 2,900 dedicated professionals in 24 US offices and 19 international Coastal Resource Management is a diverse company, with environ- locations. We provide our clients with a full range of traditional and mental and steel fabrication departments. The Environmental depart- innovative services, that are delivered cost-effectively,timely and in ment specializes in alternative forms of shoreline erosion control, compliance with applicable regulations and requirements. wetlands delineation, design and creation, soils delineations, water sampling, and marsh and beach vegetation. Gahagan & Bryant Associates (USA) Coastal Systems (USA) 3802, W. Bay to Bay Blvd Coastal Systems—USA Suite B-22 464, South Dixie Highway P.O.Box 18505 Coral Gables, FL 33146 Tampa, FL 33679 Phone: 305 661 3655 Dredging consultants, coastal engineering, beach erosion, and Fax: 305 661 1914 hydrographic surveys. 1124 ORGANIZATIONS

Table A3.8 Continued

Halltech Environmental Inc. (Canada) Phone: 203 268 5007 Exploration Outfitters/Halltech Atmospheric Systems Fax: 203 268 8821 503, Imperial Rd. N. Ocean and Coastal Consultants, Inc. is a consulting firm founded in Unit #4, Guelph order to provide the private and public sector with unique expertise Ontario N1H 6T9 for solving problems in the offshore and coastal environments. Phone: (519) 766 4568 Fax: (519) 766 0729 Olko Engineering (USA) E-mail: [email protected] 136, West 21st Street New York, NY 10011 Holmberg Technologies, Inc. (USA) Phone: 212 645 9898 1800, Second St. Suite 714 Bulkheads, piers, marinas, beach stabilization, site development Sarasota, FL 34236 structures, and expert witness testimony. Phone: (941) 351 1144 E-mail: [email protected] Olssen Associates Inc. (USA) Breakthrough in Beach Restoration Technology. Patented beach 4438, Herschel Street restoration technology reverses erosion without the addition of Jacksonville, FL 32210 artificial fill, and without causing adverse side-effects to adjacent Phone: (904) 387 6114 shorelines. Fax: (904) 384 7368 We are a coastal engineering firm located in Jacksonville, Florida HydroQual, Inc. (USA) specializing in the study, design, permitting, and management of One Lethbridge Plaza projects located in coastal, insular, and estuarine Mahwah, NJ 07430 environments. Phone: (201) 529 5151 Fax: (201) 529 5728 Philip Williams & Associates, Ltd. (USA) HydroQual, Inc. is an environmental engineering and science firm San Francisco Bay Area Office that combines the latest scientific research with sound engineering 770, Tamalpais Drive Suite 401 principles to solve environmental problems. Established in 1980 and Corte Madera, CA 94925 with a staff of over 100 employees, HydroQual’s range of services Phone: 415 945 0600 addresses issues dealing with water quality, Total Maximum Daily Fax: 415 945 0606 Load (TMDL) analyses, floatables pollution, ecological risk assessment, E-mail: [email protected] watershed management, marine circulation, thermal discharge plume Our professional services include all important aspects of hydraulic and mixing zone analyses, water and wastewater treatment, hazardous engineering and environmental hydrology, from field data collection waste management, and permitting, to name a few. and analysis to sophisticated hydrodynamic computer modeling. It has offices in San Francisco, Seattle, and Portland. Langley and McDonald, P.C. (USA) Virginia Beach Rock Products Consultants (USA) Phone: (757) 473 2000 7229, Longfield Drive Williamsburg Cincinnati, OH 45243-2209 Phone: (757) 253 2975 Phone: 513 561 7094 Erosion control studies, hydrographic surveys, dredging, beach Specialists in the assessment of suitability of armor/stone riprap replenishment, marinas, bulkheads, terminals. sources for rubble mound breakwaters and shore protection structures. Moffat & Nichol Engineers (USA) Headquarters: Scientific Marine Services, Inc. (SMS) (USA) Moffatt & Nichol Engineers Main office: 320, Golden Shore, Suite 300 101, State Place, Suite N Long Beach,CA 90802 Escondido, CA 92009 Phone: (562) 590 6500 Phone: (760) 737 3505 Fax: (562) 590 6512 Scientific Marine Services, Inc. (SMS) provides specialized technical E-mail: [email protected] consulting services and custom-engineered products to the marine and We are a leading multidisciplinary any engineering firm providing offshore industries applying advanced methods and technologies. integrated services from concept through planning and design to The multidisciplinary nature of the solutions to projects in the marine construction support for a diverse array of projects for public, environment demands expertise in a wide range of fields. corporate, and private clients. Shiner Moseley and Associates Inc. (USA) Noble Consultants (USA) Headquarters: San Francisco Bay Area (Marin County) 555, N. Carancahua, Suite 1650 359, Bel Marin Keys Blvd., Suite 9 Corpus Christi, TX 78478 Novato, CA 94949-5637 Phone: (361) 857 2211 Phone: (415) 884 0727 Fax: (361) 857 7234 Fax: (415) 884 0735 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Shiner, Moseley, and Associates is a civil, structural, and marine A civil, coastal & harbor engineering firm that specializes in the inves- engineering and consulting firm with offices in Houston and Corpus tigation studies, regulatory permitting, planning, field surveying/ Christi. SMA has multiple successful projects locally and nationally monitoring,engineering design, construction management and that incorporate innovative techniques to reach definite and inspection services for coastal, beach restoration, waterfront implementable solutions with outstanding results. structures, dredging and marine/harbor projects. Shoreplan Engineering Limited (Canada) Ocean and Coastal Consultants, Inc. (USA) 298, Belsize Drive Main Office: Toronto, Ontario M4S 1M8 35, Corporate Drive Phone: (416) 487 4756 Trumbull, CT 06611 E-mail: [email protected] ORGANIZATIONS 1125

Table A3.8 Continued

Smith Warner International Limited Our mission is simply to provide the very best professional voice for Phone: (876) 978 8950; (876) 978 7415 you who live, work and invest at the Jersey shore. As a registered Fax: (876) 978 0685 lobbying firm in Washington and Trenton we take your cause to the E-mail: [email protected] decisionmakers, and we are effective. Please join us, for your home [email protected] and your coast. Smith Warner International Limited is a dynamic company focusing on the coastal and marine environments. Since incorporation in 1995, we have undertaken a number of projects throughout the Caribbean The Sand Web Systems (USA) for a variety of clients, including individuals, private sector developers, 100, Aviation Drive South, Suite 202 industry and international funding agencies. Naples, FL 34104 Phone: 941 403 7107 520, People street The Coastal Advocate (USA) Corpus Christ, TX 78401 2101, Central Ave. Phone: 888 818 5325 P.O. Box 475 The sand web systems harnesses nature’s own energy to reclaim Ship Bottom, NJ 08008 eroded beaches. Phone: (609) 361 0550 Fax: (800) 901 0550

Table A3.9 Coastal consultant companies, with US main offices and branches in other countries

Baird & Associates Coastal Engineers (Canada, USA & Chile) Collins Engineers, Inc. (CEI) (All over USA and Ireland) Canada: W.F. Baird & Associates Coastal Engineers US Headquarters: 1145, Hunt Club Rd., Suite 1 300, West Washington, Suite 600 Ottawa, Ontario K1V 0Y3 Chicago, IL 60606-1217 Phone: (613) 731 8900 Phone: (312) 704 9300; (877) 346 3234 Fax: (613)731 9778 Fax: (312) 704 9320 E-mail: [email protected] USA:W.F. Baird & Associates Ltd. International (Ireland): 2981, Yarmouth Greenway Regus House Block 4 Madison, WI 53711 Harcourt Centre Phone: (608) 273 0592 Harcourt Road Fax: (608) 273 2010 Dublin Phone: (01) 417 4339; (877) 346 3234 Fax: (01) 402 9590 Chile: Atria Baird Consultores S.A. E-mail: [email protected] Fidel Oteiza 1953, oficina 602 Collins Engineers, Inc. (CEI) is a civil, structural, and water resources Providencia, Santiago de Chile engineering firm established in 1979 to provide engineering services to Phone: (56 2) 341 4833 various private and public clients. The initial expertise of the firm was Fax: (56 2) 204 6094 in the areas of structural and transportation analysis, design, and Innovation Excellence & Service Oceans, Lakes & Rivers. underwater engineering. Taylor Engineering (US, Mexico, and Argentina) Coastal Systems (USA and South America) Headquarters: USA: 464, South Dixie Highway 9000, Cypress Green Drive Coral Gables, FL 33146 Suite 200 Phone: (305) 661 3655 Jacksonville, FL 32256 Fax: (305) 661 1914 Phone: 904 731 7040 South America Fax:904 731 9847 Buenos Aires, Argentina Founded in Jacksonville, Florida in 1983, Taylor Engineering began Phone: (011) 54 11 4149 8685 as a coastal engineering consulting company. While we continue to Fax: (011) 54 11 4751 1323 devote much of our energy to coastal work, we have expanded our Coastal Systems International, Inc. (Coastal Systems) is a professional services to include dredging and dredged material management, consulting engineering firm specializing exclusively in projects within hydrology and hydraulics, environmental services, and construction the coastal and marine environment. support services.

Table A3.10 Coastal zone consultantancy companies worldwide

Ecological Consultancy Services Ltd. (Ireland) Fugro Group (Worldwide) 17, Rathfarnham Road Headquarters: Terenure, Dublin 6W Fugro N.V., Veurse Achterweg 10 Phone: 00 353 1 4903237 P.O. Box 41, 2260 Fax: 00 353 1 4925694 AA Leidschendam, The Netharlands E-mail: [email protected] Phone: ϩ31 (0) 70 3111422 A company providing technical environmental services, including Fax: ϩ31 (0) 70 320 2703 impact and nature conservation assessment, ecotoxicology, E-mail: [email protected] monitoring, evaluation and authoritative analysis, interpretation Pro Natura (Germany) and management of computerized data, with specialization in marine and freshwater system. Göteborg Träringen 66 1126 ORGANIZATIONS

Table A3.10 Continued

S-416 79 Göteborg offshore hydraulic engineering and research, aiming to bring Phone: ϩ 46 31 14 24 80 fit-for-purpose advice and services of a high quality onto the Fax: ϩ 46 31 14 24 80 market at competitive price. E-mail: [email protected] The preservation of biodiversity and the development of methods for Nouel Engineering Consultants (Venezuela) sustainable use of natural resources will be among the most important Grupo Nouel, C.E. La Pirámide, issues in the environmental field for a long time to come. Pro Natura Piso 1, Ofic. 106, Urb. Prado Humboldt. has been working many years with these tasks. Our main fields of Apdo Postal: 80680, Caracas activity are biological inventories, management plans, education, Phone: (582) 979 8111; (582) 979 6311 research, and investigations in Swedish terrestrial ecosystems. Fax: (582) 979 5427 Allan Willians Coastal Engineering and Consultant Services (UK) Nouel Engineering Consultants, since 1952, has been the leader 104, Thurstaston Road in Venezuela in the areas of ports, terminals and marine consulting Thurstaston Wirral engineering, embracing, and also in other areas like industrial facili- CH61 0HG ties, environmental engineering, and public infrastructure. Phone: ϩ44 (0)151 648 8896; 07771 697403 Fax: ϩ44 (0) 151 648 8896 OCEANOR—Oceanographic Company of Norway (Norway) E-mail: [email protected] Pir-Senteret, N-7462 Alan Williams is a Chartered Coastal Engineer based in the UK with Trondheim over 20 years experience in the field of Coastal & Maritime Phone: ϩ47 73 54 52 00 Engineering. Fax: ϩ47 73 54 52 01 E-mail: [email protected] Hidrosfera Consultoria Ambiental (Brazil) OCEANOR is a high-tech company specializing in delivering Rua Agenor de Oliveira Costa, 255 integrated real-time environmental monitoring and information Cassino, Rio Grande/RS systems for oceans, rivers, lakes, groundwater, and soil. Caixa Postal 1011-96200 972 Phone: ϩ55 (53) 236 5655 Fax: ϩ55 (53) 236 5655 The Coastline Surveys Limited (UK) A HIDROSFERA é uma empresa voltada à prestação de serviços Headquarters: técnicos, especializada em diagnosticar e avaliar problemas relaciona- Bridgend Farmhouse dos à Oceanografia e Meio Ambiente. Bridgend Stonehouse Gloucestershire, GL10 2AX Phone: ϩ44 01453 826772 HR Wallingford (UK) Fax: ϩ44 01453 826762 Howbery Park, Wallingford, Marine Operations: Oxfordshire OX10 8BA Unit 17 & 18 Phone: ϩ44 (0) 1491 835381 ϩ Frampton on Severn Industrial Park Fax: 44 (0) 1491 832233 Bridge Road, Frampton on Severn E-mail: [email protected] Gloucestershire, GL2 7HE HR Wallingford is an independent research and consultancy organization Phone: ϩ44 01452 740941 specializing in civil engineering hydraulics and the water environment. Fax: ϩ44 01452 740811 Coastline Surveys Ltd (CSL) Group provides a professional lkyon Hydraulic Consultancy & Research (The Netherlands) independent marine data acquisition, interpretation and consultancy Postal address: service worldwide from operating bases in England. P.O. Box 248, 8300 AE Emmeloord W.S. Ocean Systems Ltd. (UK) Visiting address: Omni Business Centre, Voorsterweg 28 Omega Park, Alton, 8316 PT Marknesse Hampshire, GU34 2QD E-mail: [email protected] Phone: ϩ44 (0) 1420 541555 An independent Dutch company, founded in 1996 by a group of Fax: ϩ44 (0) 1420 541499 experts and consultants with an extensive record in coastal and E-mail: [email protected]

Table A3.11 North American professional societies, nongovernmental, and nonprofit organizations active in the coastal zone

American Coastal Coalition (USA) importance of well-maintained beaches to the national economy and American Coastal Coalition to national disaster protection policy; and support these objectives in 5460, Beaujolais Lane an environmentally and fiscally sound manner. Fort Myers, FL 33919 American Fisheries Society (USA) Phone: (941) 489 2616 Fax: (941) 489 9917 5410, Grosvenor Lane E-mail: [email protected] Bethesda, MD 20814 Phone: (301) 897 8616 The American Coastal Coalition is a national membership Fax: (301) 897 8096 organization composed of governmental entities, government officials, E-mail: main@fisheries.org business people, academics, national and regional interest groups and advocacy organizations, property owners’ associations, individual The mission of the American Fisheries Society is to improve the con- coastal community residents, and others. It has been organized to serve servation and sustainability of fishery resources and aquatic ecosys- as the voice of the nation’s coastal communities in Washington, DC. tems by advancing fisheries and aquatic science and promoting the ACC’s goals are to preserve the role of the federal government in shore development of fisheries professionals. protection; support policies and programs which promote travel and tourism to coastal regions of the United States; promote the preservation, American Geological Institute (USA) protection, and restoration of sandy beaches along America’s coastline, American Geological Institute including the Great lakes; foster public understanding of the 4220, King Street ORGANIZATIONS 1127

Table A3.11 Continued

Alexandria, VA 22302-1502 The Association recognizes Coastal Engineering as the skills, The American Geological Institute is a nonprofit federation of knowledge, expertise, and theory associated with purposeful 37 geoscientific and professional associations that represent more than engineering intervention in the coastal system. 100,000 geologists, geophysicists, and other earth scientists. Founded Atlantic Coastal Action Program Saint John (Canada) in 1948, AGI provides information services to geoscientists, serves as a voice of shared interests in our profession, plays a major role in 76, Germain Street, strengthening geoscience education, and strives to increase public P.O. Box 6878, Station A awareness of the vital role the geosciences play in mankind’s use of Saint John resources and interaction with the environment. New Brunswick E2L 4S3 American Littoral Society (USA) Phone: (506) 652 2227 Fax: (506) 633 2184 Building 18, Sandy Hook E-mail: [email protected] Highlands, NJ 07732 Phone: (732 ) 291 0055 ACAP Saint John is a nonprofit community-based environmental management and research organization. In this capacity, we represent The American Littoral Society (ALS) is a national, not-for-profit, all of the interests in the Saint John community and work with the membership organization, dedicated to the environmental stakeholders to move toward better management of our local wellbeing of coastal habitat. environment. American Oceans Campaign (USA) Atlantic Coastal Watch (USA) 600, Pennsylvania Ave SE, Suite 210 Sustainable Development Institute Washington, DC 20003 3121, South St., NW Phone: (202) 544 3526 Washington, DC 20007 Fax: (202) 544 5625 Phone: (202) 338 1017 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] American Oceans Campaign is working in Washington (DC), Website: www.susdev.org Los Angeles (CA), and in coastal communities across the country Bay of Fundy.com (Canada) to revitalize the nation’s oceans and coastal waters. AOC has two primary goals: restore and protect ocean habitats and ensure clean, P.O. Box 243 safe beach water. Chance Harbour New Brunswick E5J 2B8 American Society of Civil Engineers (USA) Phone: (506) 659 2044 E-mail: [email protected] 1801, Alexander Bell Drive Reston, VA 20191 Bay of Fundy.com is distinctive because it is dedicated to sustainable Phone: (800) 548 2723 tourism—tourism that enables visitors to experience and enjoy the natural and cultural attractions of Fundy in ways that do not exhaust Founded in 1852, the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) the resource and which generate income for those who are stewards represents more than 123,000 members of the civil engineering of the region. profession worldwide, and is America’s oldest national engineering society. ASCE’s vision is to position engineers as global leaders Beach Erosion Authority for Clean Oceans and Nourishment (USA) building a better quality of life. 800, South Victoria Avenue Room L1050 American Society of Limnology and Oceanography (USA) Ventura, CA 93009 ASLO Business Office 105, East Anapamu St 5400, Bosque Boulevard, Suite 680 Suite 201, County Counsel Waco, TX 76710-4446 Santa Barbara, CA 93101 Phone: (254) 399 9635; 1 800 929 2756 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: 254 776 3767 The Beach Erosion Authority for Clean Oceans and Nourishment E-mail: [email protected] (BEACON) is a California Joint Powers agency established to deal The purposes of ASLO are to promote the interests of limnology, with coastal erosion and beach problems on the Central Coast of oceanography and related sciences, to foster the exchange of informa- California. The agencies making up BEACON are Santa Barbara and tion across the range of aquatic science, and to further investigations Ventura Counties and the cities of Port Hueneme, Oxnard, San dealing with these subjects. ASLO is best known for its journal, Buenaventura, Carpinteria, and Santa Barbara. Limnology and Oceanography (L&O), its interdisciplinary meetings, and its special symposia. California Shore and Beach Preservation Association (USA) 250, W. Wardlow Road America Shore & Beach Preservation Association (USA) P.O. Box 7707 Gregori Wodell, President Long Beach, CA 90807 1724, Indian Way Phone: (310) 426 9551 Ext. 294 Oakland,CA 94611 Fax: (310) 424 7489 Phone: (510) 339 2818 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: (510) 339 6710 State chapter of the American Shore and beach preservations associa- E-mail: [email protected] tion. CSBPA is an educational and professional association with mem- ASBPA dedicated to the sound, far-sighted and economical develop- bers from government, academics, coastal engineering, and other ment and preservation of the shore of our oceans, lakes and rivers professions, as well as property owners and individuals and groups which will aid in placing their benefits within the reach of the interested in the coast of California. largest possible number of people in accordance with the ideals of a democratic nation. California Coastal Coalition (CalCoast) (USA) 1133, Second Street, Suite G Association of Coastal Engineers (USA) Encinitas, CA 92024 P.O.Box 7800 Phone: (760) 944 3564 Alexandria, VA 22307 Fax: (760) 944 7852 Founded in 1999 to promote excellence in coastal engineering practice, E-mail: [email protected] education, and research. The Association of Coastal Engineers is a The California Coastal Coalition (CalCoast) is a nonprofit advocacy professional organization dedicated to the advancement of excellence group comprising 28 coastal cities; six counties; AMBAG, BEACON, in education, research, and the practice of coastal engineering. SANDAG, and SCAG; along with business associations and allied 1128 ORGANIZATIONS

Table A3.11 Continued groups committed to restoring California’s shoreline through sand Washington DC 20005 replenishment, increasing the flow of natural sediment, wetlands Phone: (202) 289 2395 recovery, and improved water quality. CalCoast was the cosponsor, Fax: (202) 289 1060 with the CA Shore and Beach Preservation Association, of the CA E-mail: [email protected] Public Beach Restoration Act (AB 64-Ducheny) which was signed into The Clean Water Network (CWN) is an alliance of more than 1,000 law in October, 1999. organizations that endorse its platform paper, the National Agenda for Canadian Ocean Habitat Protection Society (Canada) Clean Water, which outlines the need for strong clean water safeguards to protect human health and the environment. Box 13, Newellton, Nova Scotia BOW 1PO Coalition to Restore Coastal Louisiana (USA) E-mail: [email protected] 200, Lafayette Street Exploring, understanding, protecting, and restoring eastern Canada’s Baton Rouge, LA 70801 incredible northern coral forests & those fisheries that can coexist Phone: 188-LA-COAST with them. Early in 1988, the Coalition to Restore Coastal Louisiana was incor- porated to address and advocate for the restoration and preservation Caribbean Conservation Corporation (USA) of the only great delta ecosystem in North America—the Mississippi 4424, NW 13th St., Suite #A1 River Delta. A land of extraordinary riches, the area supplies a large Gainesville, FL 32609 portion of our nation’s commercial fish landings—oysters, blue crabs, Phone: 1 800 678 7853; (352) 373 6441 menhaden, and shrimp, to name a few. Fax: (352) 375 2449 E-mail: [email protected] Caribbean Conservation Corporation is a not-for-profit 501(c)(3) Coast Alliance membership organization based in Gainesville, Florida. CCC was 600, Pennsylvania Ave. founded in 1959 by Mr. Joshua B. Powers in response to renowned SE, Suite 340 ecologist Dr. Archie Carr’s award-winning book, The Windward Washington, DC 20003 Road, which first alerted the world to the plight of sea turtles. Phone: (202) 546 9554 Since its founding, CCC has been dedicated to the conservation of E-mail: [email protected] sea turtles and related marine and coastal wildlife through research, The Coast Alliance is a nonprofit organization, formed in training, advocacy, education, and protection of natural areas. 1979 by a number of groups and individuals concerned about the effects of unprecedented development pressure and pollution CERF—Coastal Education and Research Foundation, Inc (USA) on the coasts. P.O. Box 210187 Royal Palm Beach, FL 33411 Coastal America (USA) CERF is a nonprofit corporation dedicated to the advancement of the coastal sciences. The foundation is devoted to the multidisciplinary 300, 7th Street study of complex problems of the coastal zone. The purpose of the SW, Suite 680 Washington, DC 20250 foundation is to help translate and interpret coastal issues for the Phone: (202) 401 9928 public and to assist professional research and public information Fax: (202) 401 9821 programs. CERF is the publisher of the international Journal of E-mail: [email protected] Coastal Research (JCR), a coastal-marine science research journal that deals with all aspects of the coastal zone. A decade of commitment to protecting, preserving, and restoring America’s coastal heritage. Charlotte Marine Research Team Phone: (813) 571 9750; 626 5478 Coastal Conservancy (USA) The Charlotte Marine Research Team (CMRT) is a nonprofit corpora- 1330, Broadway, 11th Floor tion established in 1999 and composed of volunteer citizens. Oakland,CA 94612 Phone: (510) 286 1015 Clean Annapolis River Project (Canada) Fax: (510) 286 0470 P.O. Box 395, The Coastal Conservancy acts with others to preserve, protect, and Annapolis Royal Nova Scotia restore the resources of the California Coast. Our vision is of a BOS 1A0 beautiful, restored, and accessible coastline. Phone: (902) 532 7533 E-mail: [email protected] Coastal Conservation Association (USA) The Clean Annapolis River Project (CARP) is a charitable, 4801, Woodway,Suite 220W community-owned corporation created to work with the community Houston, TX 77056 and interested organizations to foster conservation, restoration, Phone: (713) 626 4234 and sustainable use of the freshwater and marine ecosystems of Telex: (800) 201 FISH southwestern Nova Scotia’s Annapolis River and its watershed. E-mail: [email protected] CCA is a national organization dedicated to the conservation and Clean Water Fund (CWF) (USA) preservation of marine resources. Coastal Conservation Association 4455, Connecticut Ave. (CCA) is an organization of strong state chapters comprising of avid NW, Suite A300-16 recreational fishermen who have banded together to address conserva- Washington, DC 20008 tion issues nationally and within their respective states. Phone: (202) 895 0432 Fax: (202) 895 0438 Coastal Research and Education Society of E-mail:[email protected] Long Island, Inc. (USA) Clean Water Fund (CWF), a national 501(c)3 nonprofit, brings diverse Southampton College of Long Island University communities together to work for changes that improve our lives, Campus Box 1764 promoting sensible solutions for people and the environment. 239, Montauk Highway Southampton, NY 11968 Clean Water Network (USA) Coastal Society (USA) 1200, New York Avenue P.O. Box 2081 NW, Suite 400, Glouster, MA 01930 ORGANIZATIONS 1129

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CMC—Center for Marine Conservation (USA) The Florida Shore & Beach Preservation Association is a very different 1725, DeSales Street, kind of state association, which is the source of our effectiveness. NW, Suite 600 On the one hand, we function as a “league of cities and counties” Washington, DC 20036 on beach and coastal issues. Most coastal cities and counties are Phone: (202) 429 5609 members. This gives us enormous clout in the Florida Legislature. Fax: (202) 872 0619 On the other hand, FSBPA represents more than 1,000 private citizens E-mail: [email protected] concerned about beach preservation. We provide these citizens with The mission of the Center for Marine Conservation is to protect ocean a forum and a strong voice. This public–private partnership is vital to ecosystems and conserve the global abundance and diversity of marine get local beach projects off the ground. FSBPA is a nonprofit corpora- wildlife. tion with offices in Tallahassee close to the state capital. We enjoy 501 (c) (3) tax exempt status with the I.R.S. as an educational organization. Dr.Beach.org (USA) Marine Technology Society (USA) International Hurricane Center Florida International University 1828, L Street, NW #906 University Park Campus Washington, DC, 20036-5104m Miami, FL 33199 Phone: (202) 775 5966 Phone: (305) 348 1607 Fax: (202) 429 9417 E-mail: leatherm@fiu.edu E-mail: [email protected] As a professional society, we are constantly striving to rise to the chal- Earth Island Institute (USA) lenges and changes within our ocean professions. We do this by ongo- ing examination of the services we offer our members, by increasing 300, Broadway, Suite 28 San Francisco, CA 94133 our cooperative efforts with other societies, by expanding our interna- Phone: (415) 788 3666 tional presence, and by fostering education of the public and our youth. Fax: (415) 788 7324 National Parks Conservation Association (USA) Earth Island Institute (EII), founded in 1982 by veteran environmen- talist David Brower, fosters the efforts of creative individuals by pro- 1300 19th St. viding organizational support in developing projects for the NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20036 conservation, preservation, and restoration of the global environment. EII provides activists the freedom to develop program ideas, supported Since 1919, the National Parks Conservation Association has been the by services to help them pursue those ideas, with a minimum of sole voice of the American people in the fight to safeguard the scenic bureaucracy. beauty, wildlife, and historical and cultural treasures of the largest and most diverse park system in the world. Fisheries and Oceans Canada (Canada) North Carolina Coastal Federation (USA) Station 12E239, North Carolina Coastal Federation 200, Kent Street 3609, Highway 24 (Ocean) Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E6 Newport, NC 28570 Phone: (613) 990 6840 Phone: (252) 393 8185; 800 232 6210 Fax: (613) 952 6802 Fax: (252) 393 7508 Website: oceanscanada.com “Citizens working together for a healthy coastal environment” best summarizes the North Carolina Coastal Federation’s mission. NCCF Florida Defenders of the Environment (USA) is a nonprofit, tax exempt organization which seeks to protect and 4424, NW 13th Street, Ste. C-8 restore the state’s coastal environment, culture, and economy through Gainesville, FL 32609 citizen involvement in the management of coastal resources. Phone: (352) 378 8465 Florida Defenders of the Environment was founded in 1969 to fight Ocean Conservation Society (USA) construction of the Cross-Florida Barge Canal. We succeeded, and P.O. Box 12860 have been trying ever since to repair the damage caused during initial Marina del Rey, CA 90295 construction stages of the barge canal-to remove Rodman Phone: (310) 822 5205 (Kirkpatrick) Dam and restore the Ocklawaha River. Fax: (310) 822 5729 E-mail: [email protected] Florida Engineering Society (USA) Ocean Conservation Society is a 501 (c) (3) nonprofit corporation 125, S. Gadsden St. engaged in marine biology research, conservation education, public Tallahassee, FL 32301 outreach, and the protection of our oceans. Phone: (850) 224 7121 E-mail: fes@fleng.org Oceanic Society (USA) Headquarters: Florida Oceanographic Society (USA) Fort Mason Center 890, NE Ocean Boulevard, Building E Hutchinson Island San Francisco, CA 94123 Stuart, FL The Oceanic Society is a nonprofit, membership organization founded Phone: (561) 225 0505 in 1969 to protect the marine environment. Florida Oceanographic Society is a non-profit 501C(3) organization established in 1964, and is “Dedicated to the preservation and Ocean Voice International (Canada) enhancement of Florida’s Coastal Ecosystems, through education, P.O. Box 37026, research, personal stewardship and fun!” 3332, McCarthy Road Ottawa,ON K1V 0W0 Florida Shore & Beach Preservation Association, Inc. (USA) Phone: (613) 721 4541 2952, Wellington Circle Fax: (613) 721 4562 Tallahassee, FL 32308 Ocean Voice International is a nonprofit membership-based marine Phone: (850) 906 9227 environmental organization dedicated to the harmony of humankind, Fax: (850) 906 9228 sea and its life. 1130 ORGANIZATIONS

Table A3.11 Continued

Oregon Coastal Zone Management Save the Sound is a bi-state, nonprofit membership organization dedi- Association (OCZMA) (USA) cated to the restoration, protection, and appreciation of Long Island P.O. Box 1033 Sound and its watershed through education, research, and advocacy. Newport, OR 97365 Phone: (541) 265 8918 SeaWeb (USA) Pensacola Gulf CoastKeepers, Inc. (USA) 1731, Connecticut Ave. NW, 4th Floor 811, W. Garden Street Washington, DC 20009 Pensacola, FL 32501 Phone: (202) 483 9570 Phone: (850) 429 8422 SeaWeb is a project designed to raise awareness of the world ocean E-mail: [email protected] and the life within it. The ocean plays a critical role in our everyday life The Pensacola Gulf CoastKeepers, Inc. is an environmental group and in the future of our planet. We believe that as more people under- whose members are citizens in the Northwest Florida Gulfcoast area stand this and begin to appreciate the earth as a water planet, they will who are dedicated to protecting the waterways of this area. The take actions to conserve the ocean and the web of life it supports. CoastKeepers Mission is to take care of the Gulf Coast and its water- shed because it takes care of us. As soon as you are born, you are part owner of the water. You! Not some institution. St. John’s Harbour ACAP (Canada) 6, Bruce Street Save Our Shores (USA) Mount Pearl Newfoundland A1N 4T3 222, East Cliff Dr. Phone: (709) 747 4973 Suite # 5A Fax: (709) 772 6309 Santa Cruz, CA 95062 Phone: (831) 462 5660 St. John’s Harbour ACAP, Inc. was founded in early 1993 by a group of citizen and government stakeholders. It is a nonprofit organization Since 1978, the volunteers and sponsors of Save Our Shores have with a mandate to implement a community directed, concensus-based defended the health of our coastal environment. Balancing a tough Comprehensive Environmental Management Plan (CEMP)for the proenvironment stance with a reputation for creative problem solving. We build and sustain cooperative partnerships with government, Harbour and its related environs. This CEMP represents a major step business, and the public. toward fulfillment of that mandate.

Save San Francisco Bay Association (USA) Surfrider Foundation (USA) 1600, Broadway Suite 300 122, S. El Camino Real #67 Oakland, CA 94612 San Clemente, CA 92672 Phone: (510) 452 9261 Phone: (949) 492 8170 Fax: (510) 452 9266 Fax: (949) 492 8142 E-mail: [email protected] The Surfrider Foundation is a nonprofit organization dedicated to Website: www.savesfbay.org protecting our oceans, waves, and beaches. Save San Francisco Bay Association seeks to preserve, restore, and protect the San Francisco Bay and Sacramento/San Joaquin Delta Tampa BayWatch, Inc. (USA) Estuary as a healthy and biologically diverse ecosystem essential to 8401, Ninth Street North, the wellbeing of the human and natural communities it sustains. Suite 230-B St. Petersburg, FL 33702 Save The Bay (USA) Phone: (727) 896 5320 Headquarters: Fax: (727) 896 5325 434, Smith Street Tampa BayWatch, Inc. is a nonprofit stewardship program dedicated Providence, RI, 02908 exclusively to the charitable and scientific purpose of protecting and Phone: (401) 273 7153; 1 800 NARRBAY restoring the marine and wetland environments of the Tampa Bay Save The Bay’s Narragansett BayStation estuary, the largest open water estuary in the State of Florida. Seamen’s Church Institute on Bowen’s Wharf 18, Market St Newport, RI The American Littoral Society (USA) Phone: (401) 324 6020; (401) 324 6021 28, West 9th Road, E-mail: [email protected] Broad Channel, NY 11693 The mission of Save The Bay is to ensure that the environmental qual- Phone: (718) 634 6467 ity of Narragansett Bay and its watershed is restored and protected E-mail: [email protected] from the harmful effects of human activity. Save The Bay seeks We are an environmental organization concerned about issues that carefully planned use of the Bay and its watershed to allow the affect the littoral zone: that area on the beach between low and high natural system to function normally and healthfully, both now and tide. The American Littoral Society (ALS) is a national, nonprofit, for the future. public-interest organization comprising over 6,000 professional and Save the Manatee Club amateur naturalists, with headquarters in Sandy Hook, New Jersey. Save the Manatee Club 500, N. Maitland Ave. The Chesapeake Bay Foundation Maitland, FL 32751, USA Phone: 1 800 432 JOIN (5646); (407) 539 0990 Headquarters: E-mail: [email protected] Philip Merrill Environmental Center [email protected] 6, Herndon Avenue Annapolis, MD 21403 Save the Sound Inc. (USA) Phone: (410) 268 8816; (410) 269 0481 (from Baltimore); (301) 261 2350 185, Magee Ave (from D.C. metro) Stamford, CT 06902 As you wander through this site, you will see concrete examples of how Phone: (203) 327 9786 CBF is helping to restore the tapestry that is the Bay. Our efforts are Fax: (203) 967 2677 organized under the headings of “resource protection and restoration” E-mail: [email protected] and “environmental education.” ORGANIZATIONS 1131

Table A3.11 Continued

The Coastal Society (USA) The Sea Turtle Restoration Project (USA) The Coastal Society P.O. Box 400, P.O. Box 25408, Forest Knolls, CA 94933 Alexandria, VA 22313-5408 Phone (415) 488 0370 Phone: (703) 768 1599 The Sea Turtle Restoration Project fights to protect endangered Fax: (703) 768 1598 sea turtles in ways that make cultural and economic sense to the E-mail: [email protected] communities that share the beaches and waters with these gentle The Coastal Society is an organization of private sector, academic, and creatures. With offices in California and Costa Rica, STRP has government professionals and students dedicated to actively address- been leading the international fight to protect sea turtle populations ing emerging coastal issues by fostering dialogue, forging partnerships, worldwide. and promoting communication and education. The Wildlife Conservation Society (USA) The Fishermen and Scientists Research Society (Canada) 2300, Southern Boulevard P.O. Box 25125 (Canda) Bronx, NY 10460 Halifax, Nova Scotia B3M 4H4 Phone: (718) 220 5100 Phone: (902) 876 1160 Fax: (902) 876 1321 Since 1895, WCS has worked from our Bronx Zoo headquarters to Website: www.fsrs.ns.ca save wildlife and wild lands throughout the world. The Fishermen and Scientists Research Society (FSRS), a nonprofit organization, is an active partnership between fishermen and scientists. World Aquaculture Society (WAS) (USA) The objective of this partnership is to establish and maintain a network 143, J. M. Parker Coliseum of fishermen and scientific personnel that are concerned with the long- Louisiana State University term sustainability of the marine fishing industry in the Atlantic Region. Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Phone: ϩ1 225 388 3137 Fax: ϩ1 225 388 3493 The Marine Technology Society (USA) The World Aquaculture Society (WAS) is an international nonprofit 1828, L Street society with over 4,000 members in 94 countries. Founded in 1970, NW, #906 the primary focus of WAS is to improve communication and Washington, DC 20036-5104 Phone: (202) 775 5966 information exchange within the diverse global aquaculture Fax: (202) 429 9417 community. E-mail: [email protected] From its inception in the early 1960s, the Marine Technology Society 1000 Friends of Florida (USA) has embraced a charter of inclusiveness. We support all the compo- 926, East Park Avenue nents of the ocean community: marine sciences, engineering, acade- P.O. Box 5948 mia, industry, and government. The core objectives of our society Tallahassee, FL 32314-5948 remain valuable in today’s rapidly changing world: we are dedicated to Phone: (850) 222 6277 the development, sharing, and education of information and ideas. Fax: (850) 222 1117

Table A3.12 Worldwide societies, nongovernmental, and nonprofit organizations active in the coastal zone

AINCO—Interocean Fax: 3952005 Costa Rica 11 (1, A-26), E-mail: [email protected] 28016 Madrid, Spain The Association of Marine Scientists (AMS) is a nongovernmental Phone: 34 91 350 4394 organization which aims at providing a common platform for marine Fax: 34 91 350 2414 scientists in Mauritius to interact with each other. AMS also acts as AINCO7-Interocean is an independent nonprofit organization the local chapter of the Western Indian Ocean Marine Science founded in 1985, with the principal goal of developing Oceanographic Association (WIOMSA). and Environmental Sciences in Spain and the rest of the world.

Asociación Oceánica de Panamá Australian Coral Reef Society 6-2305 El Dorado, Panamá, 66, Oogar Street República de Panamá Alexandra Headland Queensland 4572, Australia 6-3998, El Dorado, Panamá, Phone: (07) 5443 6565 República de Panamá E-mail: [email protected] Phone: (507) 226 2020; (507) 260 8265 The ACRS plays a key role by promoting scientific research on La Asociación Oceánica de Panamá (AOP), es la organización no Australian coral reefs. It is a forum for discussion and information gubernamental (ONG) panameña sin fines de lucro que desde su transfer among scientists, management agencies, and reef-based fundación en enero de 1991 se dedica a la investigación, protección y industries that are committed to ecological sustainability. Because it is conservación del medio ambiente marino panameño. Esta integrada not aligned to any vested interests, the Society’s views are sought by en su mayoría por jóvenes buzos y personas que se sienten atraídas government policymakers, conservationists and all those interested in por la belleza de nuestros océanos y que han decidido unir esfuerzos coral reefs who need impartial and expert advice. para proteger y preservar nuestros recursos marinos.

Association of Marine Scientists Australian Marine Sciences Association (AMSA) Room B19, New Academic Complex P.O. Box 902 University of Mauritius Toowong Réduit, Mauritius Queensland 4066, Australia Phone: 4541041 Ext: 1409 E-mail: [email protected] 1132 ORGANIZATIONS

Table A3.12 Continued

The Australian Marine Sciences Association (AMSA) is a national Hull HU6 7RX, UK nonprofit organization dedicated to promoting marine science and E-mail: [email protected] coordinating discussion and debate of marine issues in Australia. ECSA is an academic organization, with a worldwide membership, which promotes research and study of all aspects of estuarine and Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society (AMOS) coastal regions. The Association was founded in 1971, as the Estuarine Phone: ϩ61 (0)2 9296 1618 and Brackish-Water Biological Association, to promote production Fax: ϩ61 (0)2 9296 1657 and dissemination of scientific knowledge and understanding of E-mail: [email protected] estuaries and coastal waters, in order to encourage resource Website: www.amos.org.au/sydney management for the public benefit. The Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society (AMOS) is an independent Australian society that supports and fosters interest European Aquaculture Society in meteorology and oceanography through publications, meetings, Slijkensesteenweg 4 courses, conferences, grants, and prizes. It also represents the views B-8400 Oostende, Belgium ϩ of its members to various institutions and the public. Phone: 32 59 32 38 59 Fax: ϩ32 59 32 10 05 E-mail: eas@aquaculture Cape Nature Conservation (CNC) The European Aquaculture Society (EAS) was established on April 30, Phone: ϩ 27 21 426 0723 ϩ 1976 as an international, nonprofit association, with the principal Fax: 27 21 426 4266 objective of being the European forum for contacts and information E-mail: [email protected] exchange between all actors within the aquaculture industry. Cape Nature Conservation (CNC) is concerned with the conservation of our natural environment within the western Cape, South Africa (see our European Artificial Reef Research Network mission statement below). This area includes the fynbos biome—one of the six plant kingdoms of the world. Cape Nature Conservation Dr. Antony Jensen Sout manages nature reserves and wilderness areas in the Western Cape, hampton Oceanography Centre European Way and invites you to experience and revel in their pristine natural beauty. Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK Phone: ϩ44 1703 593428 Conference of Peripheral Maritime Regions of Europe Fax: ϩ44 1703 596642 CRPM, 6 Rue Saint-Martin 35700 E-mail: [email protected] Rennes, France Artificial reef research programs exist in Italy, Spain, Portugal, the Phone: ϩ33 2 99 35 40 50 UK, the Netherlands, France, Greece, Norway, Israel, Monaco, ϩ Fax: 33 2 99 35 09 19 Russia, Poland, Turkey, and Finland. Denmark has an interest in artificial reefs, although no structures have yet been placed. European CERM—Consortium for Estuarine Research and Management reef research is varied; from biofiltration through habitat protection University of Port Elizabeth to fishery enhancement. P.O. Box 1600 Port Elizabeth, South Africa European Coastal Association for Science and Technology Phone: ϩ27 (0) 41 5042877 Fax: ϩ27 (0) 41 5832317 Jeanette Owen E-mail: [email protected] Department of Maritime Studies and International Transport Cardiff University Organizations of South African scientists collaborate in promoting the P.O. Box 907 wise management of estuarine systems trough joint participation in Cardiff CF1 3YP, UK direct research, training, and technology transfer. Phone: ϩ00 44 2920 874271 Fax: ϩ00 44 2920 874301 Dorset Coast Forum E-mail: [email protected] C/o Dorset County Council, [email protected] County Hall EUROCOAST was established in 1989 as an association of scientists, Dorchester, Dorset, DT1 1XJ, UK engineers, and decisionmakers within the European community. Phone: 01 305 225 132 The Dorset Coast Forum was established in 1995 to look at the European Union for Coastal Conservation long-term strategic issues facing the Dorset coast. The overriding aim P.O. Box 11232 of the Forum is to promote a sustainable approach to the manage- 2301 EE Leiden ment, use, and development of Dorset’s coastal zone, which will The Netherlands ensure that its inherent natural and cultural qualities are maintained Phone: ϩ31 71 5122900 and enhanced for the benefit of future generations. Fax: ϩ31 71 5124069 E-mail: [email protected] ESPO (European Sea Ports Organisation) EUCC is dedicated to the integrity and natural diversity of the coastal Avenue Michel-Ange, 68 heritage and to ecologically sustainable development. EUCC is the B-1000 Brussels largest coastal network in Europe, with 750 members and member Phone: 32 2 736 34 63 organizations in 40 countries, 14 active National Branches, and 7 Fax: 32 2 736 63 25 professional offices. E-mail: [email protected] EUCC bridges the gap between scientists, ecologists, conservation site ESPO’s mission is twofold. It aims at influencing public policy in the managers, planners, and policy makers, especially at an international European Union and to achieve a safe, efficient, and environmentally level. sustainable European Port sector, operating as a key element of a transport industry where free and undistorted market conditions Fiskardo’s Nautical and Environmental Club and prevail, as far as practicable. Ionian Sea Research Centre 28084 Fiskardo Estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association Kephalonia, Greece Department of Biological Sciences Phone: 00 30 (0) 674 41182 University of Hull Fax: 00 30 (0) 674 41182 ORGANIZATIONS 1133

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E-mail: [email protected] KIMO is an international association of Local Authorities, which was [email protected] formally founded in Esbjerg, Denmark, in August 1990 to work FNEC is a nonprofit making and nongovernmental organization toward cleaning up pollution in the North Sea. It has over 100 mem- conducting environmental activities in Kephalonia. FNEC’S main aims bers in 8 countries including the United Kingdom, Norway, Sweden, are to provide an informal environmental information center, promote Denmark, the Faeroes Islands, and the Netherlands, the Republic of environmental education & conservation and encourage youth exchanges Ireland with associate members in Germany. KIMO’s primary objec- for community development. The Ionian Sea Research Centre (ISRC) is tive is the cleaning up of the existing pollution in Northern Seas and an independent scientific body within the club FNEC carrying out marine coastal waters, of preventing future pollution and of working to research, recording marine sightings and promoting marine conservation. preserve and enhance them and to leave them in a fit and healthy state The ISRC possesses a number of permits from the Ministry of Fisheries for the wellbeing of future generation. and Forestry to carry out research in the Ionian Sea. Marine Conservation Society, UK Fundaçaa˜o sos Mata Atlaaˆntica 9, Gloucester Rd Ross-on-Wye Rua Manoel da Nóbrega, 456 Herefordshire HR9 5BU, UK CEP 04001-001 E-mail: [email protected] São Paulo/SP, Brazil Beach watch and shark education program. Phone: (0XX11) 3887 1195 Fax: (0XX11) 3885 1680 National Committee on Coastal and Ocean Engineering, Australia E-mail: [email protected] University of New South Wales Website: www.sosmatatlantica.org.br King St, Manly Vale A Fundação SOS Mata Atlântica é uma entidade privada, sem víncu- NSW 2093, Australia los partidários ou religiosos e sem fins lucrativos. Seus principais obje- E-mail: [email protected] tivos são defender os remanescentes da Mata Atlântica, valorizar a The NCCOE was formed in 1971 and is an honorary group of special- identidade física e cultural das comunidades humanas que os habitam ist engineering professionals, whose objective is to advance the science e conservar os riquíssimos patrimônios natural, histórico e cultural and art of coastal and ocean engineering throughout the general engi- dessas regiões, buscando o seu desenvolvimento sustentado. neering profession and the community.

Greenpeace International Norwegian Marine Fauna—Underwater Wildlife Kiezersgracht 176 Frank Emil Moen 1016 DW Amsterdam Ufôrfjellveien 11 The Netherlands 4370 Egersund, Norway Phone: ϩ31 20 523 6222 Phone: ϩ47 51491351 Pictures and descriptions (only norwegian) of different arthropoda I Love the Ocean—Philippines (mostly crustacean),cnidarians and 77 fishes. You will find five differ- Blue Seas, Inc., 5/F CIFC Towers ent thumbnails galleries including pictures of fish, sponges, cold water J. Luna cor. Humabon Sts. corals, and more. North Reclamation Area Cebu City,Philippines River Ocean Research and Education Phone: (32) 232 1821 22 412 0487 89 113-117 Queens Road Fax: (32) 232 1825 Brighton, BN1 3XG, England The “I Love the Ocean” Movement is a recognition of the need to Phone: ϩ44 (0)1273 234032 approach the problem of sustainable coastal resource use from all Fax: ϩ44 (0)1273 234033 angles. It recognizes that all individuals have a stake in what happens to Our mission is to work in partnership with others to encourage our marine resources, and that each individual, from the president of the stewardship for, and sustainable use of, all areas of the water country to the company executive to the nameless man on the street, has environment. an important role to play in saving these precious gifts of nature. SAMS—The Scottish Association for Marine Science Instituto Ecológico Aqualung Prof. Graham Shimmield, Director Rua do Russel, 300, grupo 401 SAMS Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory Glória, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, CEP: 22210-010 Oban, Argyll PA34 4AD Phone: (021) 558 3428; (021) 558 3429 Phone: 01631 559 000 Fax: (021) 558 3419; (021) 558 1233 Fax: 01631 559 001 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] O instituto ecológico aqualung é hoje uma das maiores e mais atuantes The Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS) promotes entidades preservacionistas brasileiras. Atuando na área de preser- marine research and education in Scotland. vação e educação ambiental, criando e implantando ações concretas de forma a arrecadar maiores recursos para patrocinar diversas enti- Seas At Risk dades e organizações ambientalistas, divulgando a informação e o conhecimento sobre as causas ecológicas, criando publicações sobre o Drieharingstraat 25 NL-3511 BH Utrecht meio ambiente e a fauna marinha e lançando campanhas de conscien- The Netherlands tização da importância de se preservar o meio ambiente, o instituto Phone: ϩ31 30 670 1291 ecológico aqualung vem desenvolvendo um trabalho moderno e efi- Fax: ϩ31 30 670 1292 ciente de inestimável valor para as gerações futuras—a preservação do nosso planeta. Seas At Risk is an independent nongovernmental federation of national and international environmental organizations concerned KIMO, UK with the protection and restoration of the marine environment. Mr. Rick Nickerson, KIMO Secretariat Shetland Islands Council, Infrastructure Services Stichting De Noordzee, The Netherlands Grantfield, Lerwick North Sea Foundation Shetland ZE1 0NT UK Drieharingstraat 25 Phone: ϩ44 01595 744800 3511 BH Utrecht Fax: ϩ44 01595 695887 The Netherlands 1134 ORGANIZATIONS

Table A3.12 Continued

Phone: 030 2340016 Phone: (012) 432 6202 Fax: 030 2302830 Praia do Forte (Base Mãe) E-mail: [email protected] Caixa Postal 2219 Lid Stichting Waterpakt, Participant organization Seas at Risk. CEP: 40-210-970, Salvador-BA, Brazil NGO for protection and sustainable use of the North Sea (in Dutch). Phone: (071) 876 1113; (071) 876 1045; (071) 824 1193 (Arembepe); (071) 374 0201 (Camping Ecológico de Itapuã) Ao longo dos seus 20 anos, o Tamar-Ibama foi aperfeiçoando sua Stichting Duinbehoud, The Netherlands forma de trabalhar, buscando sempre soluções criativas para preservar Postbus 664 as tartarugas marinhas. Da Bahia, Espírito Santo e Sergipe, foi se 2300, AR Leiden espalhando pelo litoral brasileiro e ilhas oceânicas. The Netherlands Phone: 071 5160490 Fax: 071 5160499 United Nations Environment Program Coastal Dune Conservation; De Stichting Duinbehoud is een United Nations Avenue, Gigiri PO Box 30552, landelijke organisatie voor de bescherming van de duinen. Zij komt Nairobi, Kenya op voor de belangen van de natuur langs de Nederlandse kust en voor Phone: (254 2) 621234 de belangen van mensen die willen genieten van de natuur. Fax: (254 2) 624489/90

Surfers Against Sewage Wetlands International—Home Wheal Kitty Workshops Wetlands International—Africa, Europe, Middle East Agnes, Cornwall P.O. Box 7002 England TR5 0RD Droevendaalsesteeg 3A VAT No. 557 6758 85 6700 CA Wageningen Phone: ϩ44 (0) 1872 553001 The Netherlands ϩ Fax: ϩ44 (0) 1872 552615 Phone: 31 317 478884 Fax: ϩ31 317 478885 Surfers Against Sewage exist because “Everyone Needs Protecting.” E-mail: [email protected] Everyone has the right to a clean, safe water environment, and the right to enjoy that environment, without fear of getting ill. Wetlands International is the leading nonprofit organization dedicated solely to the crucial work of wetland conservation and sustainable management. Well-established networks of expert and close TAMAR partnerships with key organizations provide Wetlands International Rua Antonio Atanázio, 273 with the essential tools for catalyzing conservation activities Itaguá, Ubatuba-SP, Brazil worldwide. Our activities are based on sound science and carried out CEP: 11680-000 in over 120 countries around the world.

Table A3.13. Asian institutions for coastal research and marine sciences

Coastal Fisheries Laboratory, National Research Institute of National Research Institute ofFisheries Science Fisheries Science 2-12-4 Fukuura 6-31-1 Nagai, Yokosuka Kanazawa, Yo kohama Kanagawa 238-0316,Japan Kanagawa 236-8648,Japan Phone: 81 468 56 2887 Phone: 81 45 788 7615 Fax: 81 468 57 3075 Fax: 81 45 788 500

College of Oceanography and Environmental Science Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo Xiamen University (361005) 1-15-1, Minamidai, Nakano-ku Xiamen, Fujian Tokyo 164-8639, Japan The People’s Republic of China Phone: 03 5351 6342 Phone: 86 592 2183065 Fax:03 5351 6836 Fax: 86 592 2183064 Email: [email protected] Oceanographic Society of Japan JAMSTEC—Japanese Marine Science and Technology Center Dr. Michio J. Kishi Headquarters: Faculty of Fisheries 2-15, Natsushima-Cho Hokkaido University Yokosuka City Hakodate Kanagawa 237-0061,Japan Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan

National Oceanographic Research Institute (NORI), Korea South China Sea Institute of Oceanology 7ga Hang-dong 164, West Xingang Road Jung-gu Guangzhou 510301, China Incheon, Korea Phone: ϩ86 20 84451335 Phone: 82 32 885 3827 Fax: ϩ86 20 84452672 Fax: 82 32 885 3829 Website: www.scsio.ac.cn NORI under the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries has SCSIO is well known at home and abroad with its systematic and com- carried out hydrographic survey and oceanographic observation prehensive data collection and research achievements on the South covering its national jurisdiction, and has established a database China Sea and adjacent tropical waters. In fields of marine geology, for the production of nautical charts, publications, and other geophysics, hydrology, meteorology,biology, chemistry, and physics, oceanographic data. SCSIO has accomplished 458 projects, among which 192 won prizes. ORGANIZATIONS 1135

Table A3.13 Continued

Currently SCSIO is undertaking a series of major and key research Phone: 7749656 projects and continuing to play an important role in marine sciences Fax: 7749654 and development in China. The Tropical Marine Science Institute is a new institution formed Tokai University Department of Oceanography within the National University of Singapore. Through active collabo- ration with academic, government, and industrial sectors, TMSI aims 424-8610 to play a strong role in promoting integrated marine science, in R&D, 3-20-1, Orido as well as to establish itself as a regional and international education Shimizu and training center. Shizuoka, Japan Tropical Marine Science Institute, Singapore 14, Kent Ridge Road S (119223) Singapore

Table A3.14 Brazilian IBAMA state divisions, together with fisheries research institutes and coastal protected areas maintained by IBAMA, the Brazilian national environmental agency, from north to south going down the coastline

Área de Proteção Ambiental Cairuçu Térreo, Salas 3 e 4 Rua Dotor Geraldo NЊ 11 Salvador, Ba Praça Da Matriz CEP: 40060-030 Paraty,RJ Phone: (071) 321 3174 CEP: 23970-000 Fax: 321 3174 Phone: (0243) 712051 (Patrimônio Histórico) Estação de Piscicultura de Jequié Área de Proteção Ambiental de Anhatomirim Estrada Da Barragem De Pedra Caixa Postal NЊ 660 Km 14, Florianópolis, SC Jequié, Ba CEP: 88020 302 CEP: 45200-000 Phone: (048) 234 4293 Fax: 234 1580 Estação Ecológica de Tamoios Mambucaba Área de Proteção Ambiental Guapimirim Angras dos Reis, RJ Estrada Do Contorno da Baía de Guanabara CEP: 23908-000 Br 493, Km 13 Phone: (0243) 43 4455 Ramal: 307 Guapimirim, Magé, RJ CEP: 25910 000 Estação Ecológica do Taim Phone: (021) 747 7160; (021) 221 682 Taim Rio Grande Rio Grande, RS Centro ce Pesquisa e Extensão Pesqueira do Norte, Cepnor CEP: 96211-000 Avenida Tancredo Neves, S/N0. Phone: (053) 503, 3151 Terra Firme, Belém, Pa CEP: 66077-530 Gerência Executiva do Ibama no Estado da Bahia/Salvador Phone: (091) 246 1237 Jose Guilherme Da Mota Avenida Juracy Magalhaes Junior, Centro de Pesquisa do Rio Grande—Ceperg NЊ 608, Rio Vermelho Rua Visconde De Paranaguá, Salvador, Ba S/NЊ Entreposto De Pesca CEP: 41930 080 Rio Grande, RS Phone: Pabx (071) 345 7322/240 79 CEP: 96200-190 Fax: 240 7913; 248 9427 Phone: (0532) 32 6285; (0532) 32 6990 Fax: (0532) 32 6990 Gerência Executiva do Ibama no Estado de Santa Catarina Centro de Pesquisa e Extensão Pesqueira das Regiões Sudeste Luiz Hamilton Martins e Sul—Cepsul Avenida Mauro Ramos, No 187, Centro Caixa Postal 660 Av. Ministro Victor Konder Florianópolis, SC SNo,Centro CEP: 88020-301 Itajaí, SC Phone: (048) 224 6202; (048) 224 9549; (048) 223 3465; (048) 224 6077 CEP: 88301-280 Fax: 224 6077 Phone: (047) 48 6058 Fax: (047) 48 6058 Gerência Executiva do Ibama no Estado de São Paulo/São Paulo Centro de Pesquisa e Treinamento em Aqüicultura—Cepta Wilson Almeida Lima Rodovia Brigadeiro Faria Lima Alameda Tietê, No 637 S/No, Km 65 Jardim Cerqueira Cesar Pirassununga, SP São Paulo, SP Cep:13630-000 Cep: 01417-020 Phone: (0195) 65 1299; (0195) 65 1075 Phone: (011) 3083 1300; (011) 3081 8752; (011) 3088 0227 Fax: 565 1075; 565 1318 Fax: (011) 3081 8599

Centro Nacional de Conservação e Manejo de Tartarugas Marinhas Gerência Executiva do Ibama no Estado do Ceará/Fortaleza Centro Tamar—ibama Romeu Aldigueri De Arruda Coelho Largo dos Aflitos, S/No, Ed. Ceres Rua Visconde Do Rio Branco, No 3.900 Ministério da Agricultura Tauapé, Fortaleza, Ce 1136 ORGANIZATIONS

Table A3.14 Continued

CEP: 60055-172 8Њ Andar, Centro Phone: (085) 272 7950; (085) 272 9081 Rio De Janeiro, RJ Fax: 227 9081; 272 9386 CEP: 20010-010 Phone: (021) 224 6214; (021) 224 6463; (021) 3506 1734; Gerência Executiva do Ibama no Estado do (021) 3506 1735 Espírito Santo—Supes/ES Fax: 221 4911 José Olímpio Vargas Avenida Marechal Mascarenhas De Moraes, Gerência Executiva do Ibama no Estado do Rio Grande No 2.487, Bento Ferreira do Norte/Natal Vitória, Es Francisco pondofe cavalcanti CEP: 29052-121 rua alexandrino de alencar, Phone: (027) 225 8510; (027) 324 1811; (027) 222 4777 NЊ 1.399, tirol Fax: (027) 324 1837 Natal, RN CEP: 59015-350 Gerência Executiva do Ibama no Estado do Maranhão/São Luiz Phone: (084) 201 5840; (084) 201 4335; (084) 201 4230; (084) 201 4068 Antonio Myses Da Silva Nrto (084) 985 9393 Avenida Jaime Tavares Fax: 201 4422 No 25, Centro, São Luiz, Ma CEP: 65025-470 Gerência Executiva do Ibama no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul Phone: (098) 221, 2776; (098) 221 2125 Fax: 231 4332 Rodney Ritter Morgado Rua Miguel Teixeira Gerência Executiva do Ibama no Estado do Pará/Belém No 126, Cidade Baixa Porto Alegre, RS Selma Bara Melgaço, Avenida Conselheiro Furtado, CEP: 90050-250 No 1303, Batista Campos, Belém, Pa Phone: (051) 226 0002; (051) 225 2594; (051) 225 2144; (051) 228 7186; CEP: 66035-350 (051) 228 7290 Phone: (091) 241 2621; (091) 224 5899 Fax: 226 6392 Fax: 223 1299

Gerência Executiva do Ibama no Estado do Paraná/Curitiba Parque Nacional da Lagoa do Peixe Luis Antonio Mota Nunes De Melo Praça Luiz Martins, No 30 Rua Brigadeiro Franco, No 1.733 Mostardas, RS Caixa Postal NЊ 691 CEP: 96270-000 Curitiba, PR, CEP: 80420-200 Phone: (051) 673 1464 Phone: (041) 222 7488; (041) 322 5125 Fax: 225 7588 Parque Nacional Marinho dos Abrolhos Rua Praia Do Kitongo, S/No Gerência Executiva do Ibama no Estado do Piauí/Teresina Caravelas, Ba Delcleciano Guedes Ferreira CEP: 45900-000 Avenida Homero Castelo Branco, Phone: (073) 297 1111 NЊ 2.240, Jockey Club Teresina, Pi CEP: 64048-400 Phone: (086) 232 1142; (086) 232 1652 Porto de Paranaguá Fax: 232 5323 Armazen 8-A Paranaguá,PR Gerência Executiva do Ibama no Estado do Rio De Janeiro/RJ Phone (041) 423 2566 Fax: (041) 423 2566 Carlos Henrique Abreu Mendes Praça 15 Novembro, No 42

Table A3.15 List of coastal resource management companies in Hawaii, based on major private firms

AECOS Laboratory of Hawaii, Inc. Suite 264 75-5586, Olioli Rd., #207 Honolulu 96822 Kailua-Kona 96740 Phone: (808) 539 3745 Phone: (808) 329 8411 Fax: (808) 539 3746 Fax: (808) 329 6343 E-mail: offi[email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.terrasys.com Provides analytical and consulting environmental services. TSI provides data collection and professional services for coastal environmental assessment,. monitoring and GIS mapping of coastal/agricultural/urban areas via satellite, high-resolution AECOS Laboratory of Hawaii, Inc. airborne spectral imagery and other remote sensing Hawaii Aquaculture Company techniques. P.O. Box 61970 Honolulu 96839 AECOS, Inc. Phone: (808) 956 8286 970, N. Kalaheo Ave., Fax: (808) 956 4483 Suite C-311, Kailua, 96734 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: (808) 254 5884 Aquaculture consulting, research, and development. Fax: (808) 254 3029 E-mail: [email protected] AECOS Laboratory of Hawaii, Inc Website: www.wco.com/~aecos/aecosinc.html TerraSystems, Inc. AECOS provides analytical and consulting environmental services 2800, Woodlawn Dr., through its analytical and biological laboratory. ORGANIZATIONS 1137

Table A3.15 Continued

American Deepwater Engineering, Ltd. Phone: (808) 377 5087 Pier 14, First Floor E-mail: [email protected] Honolulu 96817 Phone: (808) 545 5190 Aquasearch, Inc. Fax: (808) 545 1988 73-4460, Queen Kaahumanu Hwy., #110 E-mail: [email protected] Kailua-Kona, 96740 American Deepwater Engineering utilizes manned submersibles for Phone: (808) 326 9301 deep ocean marine research and sub-sea construction. State of the art Fax: (808) 326 9401 design, enhanced by a working depth of up to 2000 ft, provides the E-mail: [email protected] submarines with a wide range of applications far beyond the scope Website: www.aquasearch.com of both commercial diving and ROV operations. A marine biotechnology company, and a global leader in photobiore- actor technology. Industrial photobioreactors are a new platform American Marine Services Group technology that unlocks the commercial potential of microscopic Pier 14, First Floor plants-30,000 species of unexploited microalgae. Honolulu 96817 Phone: (808) 545 5190 Aquasense, Inc. Fax: (808) 538 1703 2800, Woodlawn Dr., E-mail: [email protected] Suite 156, Website: amsghq.com Honolulu 96822 American Ocean Systems, Ltd. Phone: (808) 539 3988 Fax: (808) 539 3719 626, Poipu Drive Honolulu 96825 Phone: (808) 394 0361 Aquatic Farms Fax: (808) 394 2191 49-139, Kamehameha Hwy. E-mail: [email protected] Kaneohe, 96744 Website: www.deeperthanthat.com Phone: (808) 239 2929 Marine services company specializing in surveys, consulting, and Fax: (808) 239 8436 commercial diving. E-mail: officeafl@aol.com Aquaculture and fisheries feasibility studies, environmental Analytical Laboratories of Hawaii impact statements, design, management and training, genetic 1320, Aalapapa improvement, and research in the development of molecular Lanikai, 96734 markers for aquaculture, fisheries, and coastal environmental Phone: (808) 235 1395 resource management. Fax: (808) 247 1910 E-mail: [email protected] Aquatic Sciences Corporation ALH provides services in living marine resource management includ- 864, S. Beretania St. ing environmental monitoring and assessment for long-term trend and Honolulu 96813 impact analysis. Analytical services include GIS output. Phone: (808) 537 9971 Ext. 17 Fax: (808) 524 6313 Applied Analysis Incorporated E-mail: [email protected] P.O.Box 10631 Website: planet-hawaii.com/dhirota Honolulu 96816 Oceanography, aquaculture, marine biology. Phone: (808) 737 3033 Fax: (808) 735 6553 E-mail: [email protected] Bartholomew Aquatic Services Website: homepages.infoseek.com/~rpmhawaii/ 31, Kua Place Aquaculture systems analysis, environmental impact analysis, proposal Lahaina, Hawaii 96761 development, and project management. Phone: (808) 667 5319 Fax: (808) 667 6934 Applied Technology Corporation E-mail: [email protected] 1441, Kapiolani Blvd., Aquaculture consulting (manageable systems for the production of Suite 810 food and ornamental species). Honolulu 96814 Phone: (808) 973 1800 Bay Pacific Consulting Fax: (808) 973 1808 1919, Hunnewell St. E-mail: [email protected] Honolulu 96822 Applied Technology Corporation specializes in the design, construc- Phone: (808) 947 1523 tion, and supervision of reinforced, precast, and prestressed concrete Fax: (808) 941 0180 offshore vessels and land structures including buildings, bridges, E-mail: [email protected] waterfront facilities, and towers. Belt Collins Hawaii Aquacultural Concepts 680, Ala Moana Blvd., P.O.Box 560 1st Floor Waimanalo, 96795 Honolulu 96813 Phone: (808) 259 5042 Phone: (808) 521 5361 Fax: (808) 259 8049 Fax: (808) 538 7819 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Aquaculture consultants, research & development, coastal planning. Website: www.beltcollins.com Environmental, planning, civil engineering, surveying, and golf course Aquaculture Technology, Inc. landscape architecture services. Develop plans and conduct investiga- 455, Anolani Street tions, sampling, analysis, and design. Headquartered in Hawaii, with Honolulu 96821 offices on the mainland and overseas. 1138 ORGANIZATIONS

Table A3.15 Continued

Black Pearls, Inc. Phone: (808) 593 1116 Black Pearls, Inc. Fax: (808) 593 1198 P.O. Box 525 E-mail: [email protected] Holualoa 96725 Website: www.dames.com Phone: (808) 325 6516 Consultants, engineering ocean & coastal, engineering maritime Fax: (808) 325 3425 services, coastal and/or marine planning, marine policy, resource E-mail: [email protected] management. Develops hatchery techniques for black-lip pearl oysters and uses OTEC water for land-based black pearl culture. Consulting joint- Dashiell, Eugene P. Planning Services ventures and project management of South Pacific black pearl farms. 1314, S. King St., Suite 951 Carlsmith Ball Honolulu 96814 Pacific Tower, Suite 2200 Phone: (808) 593 8330 1001, Bishop St. Fax: (808) 593 8330 Honolulu 96813 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: (808) 523 2500 Website: www.lava.net/environmental-planning/ Fax: (808) 523 0842 Plans, EA/EIS, permits, watershed management, historic preservation, E-mail: [email protected] economic, infrastructure, harbors, ports, airports, GIS, natural [email protected] resource plans, stream restoration, recreation & parks, golf course Website: www.carlsmith.com impacts, storm water runoff, CZM, public involvement, community- Specializes in Admiralty & Maritime Law in Hawaii and the Pacific, based planning. including Law of the Sea matters, and represents marine interests including insurance ship owners/charters cargo marine financing tour Detection Limit Technology, Inc. operators and developers of ocean resources, including fishing and ocean and deep sea resources. 1051, Keolu Dr., Suite 204 Kailua, 96734 CH2M Hill Phone: (808) 263 2364 1585, Kapiolani Blvd., Fax: (808) 263 2578 Suite 1420 E-mail: [email protected] Honolulu 96814 Fiber-optic remote sensing including CO , pH, and temperature. Phone: (808) 943 1133 2 Fax: (808) 941 8225 Website: www.ch2m.com Dillingham Construction Pacific, Ltd. Feasibility studies, research, and design of ocean structures, environ- 614, Kapahulu Ave. mental investigations, and planning. Honolulu 96815 Phone: (808) 735 3356 Common Heritage Corp. Fax: (808) 735 7416 E-mail: [email protected] 4921, Waa St. Website: www.dillinghamconstruction.com Honolulu 96821 Construction of docks, wharves, bridges, fishing piers, dredging, shore- Phone: (808) 623 6666 line protection. Fax: (808) 377 1530 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.aloha.com/~craven ELS Deep ocean water systems. 1524, Halekoa Drive Honolulu 96821 Consulting & Research Services, Inc. Phone: (808) 734 4751 E-mail: [email protected] 721, S. Alu Rd. Wailuku 96793 Environmental science/resource management consulting specializing Phone: (808) 242 2954 in: ocean and coastal resources; climate and global change research, Fax: (808) 242 2954 and societal applications; scientific planning and evaluation; and E-mail: [email protected] communication, education, training and outreach. Coastal engineering, dredging engineering, remediation of contami- nated sediments, preparation of Environmental Impact Statements, EnterOcean Group, Inc. litigation expert witness. 3375, Koapaka, Suite G310 CSL Co. Honolulu 96819 Phone: (808) 836 3330 1914, University Avenue, #104 Fax: (808) 836 3330 Honolulu 96822 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: (800) 815 9823 Fax: (808) 946 4334 E-mail: [email protected] Environmental Assessment Co. Cost-effective analysis of ocean farming, agriculture cold technology, 1820, Kihi St. and compelling research into the benefits to Ke Ahole Point develop- Honolulu 96821 ment. We are biotech research funded, but are open to outside jointventures. Computer resources like laptops, pentiums, and Environmental Laboratory of the Pacific Macintosh clones are also available. 930, Mapunapuna St., Suite 100 Dames & Moore Honolulu 96819 615, Piikoi St., Phone: (808) 831 3090 Suite 900 Fax: (808) 831 3098 Honolulu 96814 E-mail: elpacifi[email protected] ORGANIZATIONS 1139

Table A3.15 Continued

EL. Pacific is an environmental laboratory dedicated to the preservation INALAB, Inc. of the environment in Hawaii and the Pacific Basin. EL Pacific 3615, Harding Ave., provides environmental analysis for a wide variety of constituents Suite 308 in soil, water, oil, hazardous wastes, and other matrixes. Honolulu 96816 Phone: (808) 735 0422 Gaffney, Rick & Associates, Inc. Fax: (808) 735 0047 73-1062, Ahikawa St. E-mail: [email protected] Kailua-Kona 96740 Website: www.gtesupersite.com/inalab Phone: (808) 325 5000 Analysis of sea water and other ocean materials and structures Fax: (808) 325 7023 for composition and wide variety of contaminants. E-mail: [email protected] Consultation re-ocean chemistry. Isolation of drugs, etc. from marine Rick Gaffney & Associates is a 15-year-old consulting firm, organisms. specializing in ocean recreation development planning.Experience in Hawaii, Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, Micronesia, Innovations Hawaii Tahiti, Samoa, Guam, etc. P.O.Box 17097 Garcia and Associates Honolulu 96817 Phone: (808) 847 4732 729, Emily St., Suite B Fax: (808) 847 4732 Honolulu 96813 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: (808) 597 8865 Fax: (808) 597 8864 Innovative Technical Solutions, Inc. E-mail: [email protected] 2800, Woodlawn Drive, Gateway Technologies Intl., Inc. Suite 192 Honolulu 96822 Roger Webb Phone: (808) 539 3660 1188, Bishop St., Fax: (808) 539 3670 Suite 3406 Honolulu 96813 Integrated Environmental Technologies, Inc. (INTECH) Phone: (808) 537 5522 Fax: (808) 537 1596 1200, College Walk, E-mail: [email protected] Suite 203 Honolulu 96817 Geolabs Inc. Phone: (808) 531 8330 Fax: (808) 531 8374 2006, Kalihi St. E-mail: [email protected] Honolulu 96819 Phone: (808) 841 5064 Advanced systems & technology, environmental monitoring, deep Fax: (808) 847 1749 ocean engineering. E-mail: [email protected] Geotechnical consulting and groundwater monitoring services. Inter-Pacific Ocean Consulting Group Ltd. 611, Hahaione Street Global Ocean Consultants, Inc. Honolulu 96825 1130A, Mano Dr. Phone: (808) 395 6112 Kula 96790 Fax: (808) 395 6112 Phone: (808) 878 2929 Fax: (808) 878 3511 Kona Cold Lobsters E-mail: [email protected] P.O. Box 3314 Undertake appraisals of coastal and offshore fishery resources, Kailua-Kona 96745 prepare business plans/feasibility studies on the establishment of Phone: (808) 329 4332 processing facilities, management, and marketing operations. Fax: (808) 326 2882 Closed-cycle OTEC, marine tropical reef fish reproduction, lobster Hamnett, Michael P. & Associates aquaculture, and marine mammal rehabilitation. 47-655, Hui Kelu St., No. 5, Kaneohe 96744 KRP Information Services Phone: (808) 239 6213 1314, South King Street Fax: (808) 239 2510 Suite 951 Conducts policy research and planning in the following areas: coastal Honolulu 96814 zone, ocean, and environmental management, fisheries economics, Phone: (808) 593 8331 foreign aid policy, disaster preparedness and mitigation, and Pacific Fax: (808) 593 8330 Island development. E-mail: [email protected] Environmental planning, coastal zone planning and Hawaiian Marine Enterprises management; SMA permits, CZM consistency; water quality P.O. Box 301 certification. Kahuku 96731 Phone: (808) 293 1230 Marine Analytical Specialists (MAS) Fax: (808) 293 0059 1738, Laukahi St. E-mail: [email protected] Honolulu 96821-1358 Aquaculture of edible seaweed (“limu ogo”), other marine algae, and Phone: (808) 373 5129 ornamental fish. Fax: (808) 373 5129 E-mail: [email protected] High Health Aquaculture. With over 25 years of research & consulting expertise, MAS provides P.O. Box 1095 accurate & precise water quality analyses approved by the EPA & Kurtistown 96760 DOH. Analyses of all types of water samples are offered for Phone: (808) 982 9163 Environmental Monitoring, Wastewater Treatment & Reuse, Golf Fax: (808) 982 9163 Course Management and Marine & Coastal Research. 1140 ORGANIZATIONS

Table A3.15 Continued

Marine Analytical Specialists (MAS) High-tech ship design and construction. P.O. Box 6882 Kamuela 96743 Neptune Technologies, Inc. Phone: (808) 885 6354 1200, College Walk Fax: (808) 885 6474 E-mail: [email protected] Suite 203 [email protected] Honolulu 96817 Phone: (808) 531 8330 Private consultant, with local and international experience, specializing Fax: (808) 531 8374 in coastal and marine resources management, planning, research, and E-mail: [email protected] education. Supporting ocean engineering,science, technology, and related activities. Marine and Coastal Solutions International P.O. Box 1206 Noda, Edward K. & Associates Inc. Kailua 96734 Phone: (808) 259 8871 615, Piikoi St., Fax: (808) 259 8238 Suite 300 E-mail: [email protected] Honolulu 96814 Phone: (808) 591 8553 Ocean engineering, design and analysis: pipelines, submarine cable Fax: (808) 593 8551 installation, seawater air conditioning, aquaculture, marine vehicles, E-mail: [email protected] surveying, construction management. Coastal and ocean engineering, specializing in oceanographic field surveys, computer modeling of ocean processes, design criteria Marine Minerals Technology Center Associates development,and environmental impact analysis. 2179, Makiki Heights Drive Honolulu 96822 Phone: (808) 959 1237 Ocean Engineering Consultants Fax:(808) 959 1237 2250-A, Noah St. E-mail: [email protected] Honolulu 96819 Consultants in economic development of marine mineral resources. Phone: (808) 735 2775 Over 200 person years of experience in all disciplines. Fax: (808) 737 3201

Marine Research Consultants Ocean Innovators 4467, Sierra Dr. P.O.Box 88121 Honolulu 96816 Honolulu 96830 Phone: (808) 734 4009 Phone: (808) 533 6434 Fax: (808) 732 1813 Fax: (808) 537 5607 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail:[email protected] Development of specialized ocean equipment for marine surveys and McCorriston Miho & Miller the ocean recreation field. 5, Waterfront Plaza, 4th Floor 500 Ala Moana Blvd. Ocean Marine Associates Honolulu 96813 Phone: (808) 529 7300 58-274A, Kamehameha Hwy Fax: (808) 524 8293 Haleiwa 96712 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: (808) 638 7469 Fax: (808) 638 8564 Legal support for maritime commercial ventures and international and E-mail: [email protected] admiralty law, including Law of the Sea, shipping, and ocean resource development (OTEC, aquaculture, etc.). Consulting in: commerical diving, offshore and marine construction.

McCorriston Miho & Miller Oceanic Companies, Inc. 705, Nunu St. 1287, Kalani Street Kailua, 96734 Suite 203 Phone: (808) 254 0203 Honolulu 96817 Fax: (808) 254 3029 Phone: (808) 843 8300 Fax: (808) 843 2800 Molokai Sea Farms E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.hawaiibiz.com/oceanic P.O. Box 560 Kaunakakai 96748 Engineering and construction for power and processing facilities. Phone: (808) 553 3547 E-mail: [email protected] Oceanic Imaging Consultants Hatchery—Penaeus vannamei nauplii and postlarvae, disease-free Manoa Innovation Center broodstock development Clarius fucus, Oreochromis mossambica; 2800, Woodlawn Dr., Growout-P. vannamei, Chanos chanos, C. fucus, O. mossambica; Suite 270A and Consulting. Honolulu 96822 Phone: (808) 539 3708 Navatek Ltd. Fax: (808) 539 3710 841, Bishop St., E-mail: [email protected] Suite 1880 Website: www.oicinc.com Honolulu 96813 Provides software and systems for acquiring, real-time processing, and Phone: (808) 531 7001 Ext. 18 mosaicking of sidescan sonar, bathymetry, sub-bottom, and navigation Fax: (808) 523 7668 data; and consulting services pertaining to the acquisition and analysis E-mail: [email protected] of Marine Geophysical Data for seafloor mapping applications. ORGANIZATIONS 1141

Table A3.15 Continued

Oceanit Laboratories, Inc. monitoring of the deepsea, coastal marine or terrestrial aqueous envi- 1100, Alakea St., ronment, including radon, methane, and helium gases, and dissolved 31st Floor ions. PET also provides systems integration, data storage/telemetry Honolulu 96813 and long-term deployments. Phone: (808) 531 3017 Fax: (808) 531 3177 Pacific Island Technology, Inc. E-mail: [email protected] 2800, Woodlawn Drive, Website: www.oceanit.com Suite 113 Specializes in environmental and coastal engineering services and Honolulu 96822 research & development. Special capability is problem solving. Services Phone: (808) 539 3636 include marine environmental surveys and assessments, environmental Fax: (808) 539 3637 documents, physical hydraulic modeling, physical oceanography, E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.pitec.com defense systems, data acquisition systems, etc. High-tech research and development in airborne and satellite remote sensing and ground-based geophysics. Instrumentation development, Oceantek, Inc. field surveys, ordnance location, GPS, environmental evaluation. 41-945, Kalanianaole Highway Waimanalo, 96795 Pacific Marine Contracting, Inc. Phone: (808) 259 9102 65-1235, Opelo Rd, Fax: (808) 259 0809 Suite #9 E-mail: [email protected] Kamuela 96743 Phone: (808) 885 5426 Oceantronics, Inc. Fax: (808) 885 5298 711, Nimitz Hwy., E-mail: [email protected] Pier 24, Honolulu 96817 General Engineering Contractor specializing in: composite marine Phone: (808) 522 5600 fender systems, commercial diving, hazardous waste removal and Fax: (808) 522 5222 marine construction. E-mail: [email protected] Website: www2.11net.com/fritz Pacific Planktonics Marine electronics, marine safety-lifesaving, land mobile radio, manu- 73-998, Ahikawa Street facturer of GPS products and radiobuoys, electronic charting installa- Kailua-Kona, 96740-9407 tion, FCC and GMDSS inspections. Phone: (808) 325 1761 Fax: By arrangement only E-mail: [email protected] OffCoast, Inc. Website: www.nethawaii.net/~kraul 146, Hekili St. Consultant in mahimahi (Coryphaena hippurus) and other marine fish Suite 101 Kailua, 96734 aquaculture, including troubleshooting, staff training, facility designs, Phone: (808) 261 1999 and project start-up.Experience in Hawaii,Tahiti, Australia, and Fax: (808) 261 2074 Greece. E-mail: [email protected] PacMar, Inc. Specializes in offshore and coastal engineering, structural and hydro- dynamic design, and analysis of very large floating structures; ocean 3615, Harding Ave., engineering software development; platform motions, wave refraction Suite 409 & diffraction, oil-spill spreading, circulation. Honolulu 96816 Phone: (808) 735 2602 Fax: (808) 734 2315 Ogden Environmental and Energy Services Co. E-mail: [email protected] 680, Iwilei Rd., A Hawaii-based international management consulting firm. Regional Suite 660 focus: Asia-Pacific. Project activities: Enterprise development. Includes Honolulu 96817 CRM impacts into business planning of appropriate land and marine- Phone: (808) 545 2462 based businesses. Without viable economic alternatives, abuse of Fax: (808) 528 5379 E-mail: [email protected] coastal resources is likely to prevail regardless of CRM policies. Website: www.ogden.com PBR Hawaii Full-service environmental consulting,specializing in impact assessment, GIS services, archaeology services and contamination Pacific Tower, Suite 650 1001, Bishop St. assessment and cleanup. Honolulu 96813 Phone: (808) 521 5631 Pacific Aquatic Environmental Fax: (808) 523 1402 758, Kapahulu Avenue, E-mail: [email protected] Suite 227 PBR Hawaii provides environmental planning, permit preparation, Honolulu 96816 and processing services for inland and coastal zone development Phone: (808) 942 7618 projects throughout Hawaii and the Pacific Basin. Professional Fax: (808) 942 7618 services also include preparation of master plans, site plans, and landscape architectural plans. Pacific Environmental Technologies 963, Kaahue Street Plan Pacific, Inc. Honolulu 96825 737, Bishop St., Phone: (808) 395 1005 Suite 1520 Fax: (808) 395 1005 Honolulu 96813 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: (808) 521 9418 Pace Tech designs and builds advanced geochemical sensors for in situ Fax: (808) 521 9468 1142 ORGANIZATIONS

Table A3.15 Continued

E-mail: [email protected] Waimanalo 96795 Specialist in land use and policy planning analysis related to coastal Phone: (808) 259 7966 zone management, especially shoreline and beach protection, harbor Fax: (808) 259 8143 and marina facilities, and endangered species habitats. E-mail: [email protected] Ocean and coastal engineering in Hawaii and the Pacific Basin; numerical modeling;hydrographic and geophysical surveys; marine Raytheon Systems Company construction and diving services. 2828, Paa St., Suite 3005 Honolulu 96819 Seatech Contracting, Inc. Phone: (808) 396 3309 P.O. Box 2115 Fax: (808) 396 5368 Kailua-Kona 96745 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: (808) 325 2020 Underwater sound system research and development. Fax: (808) 325 2022 Research and development of underwater pipelines and pumping Rescue Technologies Corporation stations, anchoring systems, shoreline crossings and pier structures 99-1350, Koaha Place along with the construction and installation of all the above. Aiea 96701 Phone: (808) 395 1688 Fax: (808) 395 4470 SEATRAC, Ltd. E-mail: [email protected] 2870, Von Hamm Pl. Website: www.seerescue.com Honolulu 96813 Military-approved emergency signaling technologies. Phone: (808) 537 2112 Fax: (808) 528 2113 Project management and financing for commercial ventures utilizing Royal Hawaiian Sea Farms, Inc. ocean resources including OTEC, wave energy conversion, cold water P.O.Box 3167 cooling,aquaculture and ocean mining. Kailua-Kona 96745 Phone: (808) 329 5468 Fax: (808) 329 5468 SSFM Engineers, Inc. E-mail: [email protected] 501, Sumner Street, Commercial seaweed aquaculture farm and research facility. Suite 502 Conducting research on sea cucumbers, edible seaweeds, limpets, Honolulu 96817 5304 warm-water abalone and marine tropicals. Phone: (808) 531 1308 Fax: (808) 521 7348 E-mail: [email protected] SAIC-AMSEC Naval Magazine Lualualei 442-A, Everest St. Structural Solutions Waianae 96792 98-030, Hekaha St., Phone: (808) 668 8816 Suite 20 Fax: (808) 668 8360 Aiea 96701 SAIC-AMSEC is a technical services firm supporting the US Navy in Phone: (808) 488 0655 the electronics, command and control, combat systems and hull Fax: (808) 488 1655 mechanical and electrical, (HM&E) disciplines. E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cablecad.com Sandwich Islands Analysis Co. Structural and mechanical engineering;expertise in finite element modeling of marine structures; low-cost composite pressure hulls; 95-306, Kaloapau St., design software for cables, ropes, and flexible pipe. Suite 105, Mililani, 96789 1258 Phone: (808) 473 2638 Fax: (808) 625 7297 Submersible Systems Development E-mail: [email protected] P.O. Box 3954 Naval operations research consulting. Honolulu 96812 Phone: (808) 988 5988 Science & Technology International (STI) Fax: (808) 988 1206 Website: www.ricklaney.com/ssd 733, Bishop St., 31st Floor Boat/ship building & repairs; engineering, ocean & coastal; naval Honolulu 96813 architecture & small craft design. Phone: (808) 540 4700 Fax: (808) 540 4850 E-mail: [email protected] Synthetic Technology Corp.(SYNTEK) Website: www.sti-hawaii.com 3615, Harding Ave., Sensors, software, and services for visible/near-infrared hyperspectral Suite 308 data acquisition, image processing, analysis, and archiving for Honolulu 96816 maritime and general environmental monitoring and mapping of Phone: (808) 735 0422 effluents, coral, vegetation, hydrology, etc. Fax: (808) 735 0047 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.gtesupersite.com/inalab Sea Engineering, Inc. SYNTEK focuses on the development of fine biochemical products, Makai Research Pier produced entirely in Hawaii and sold to an ever-expanding global 41-202, Kalanianaole Hwy, market. Research and developmental strategy targets natural marine Suite 8 biochemical products/metabolites never before synthesized or isolated. ORGANIZATIONS 1143

Table A3.15 Continued

TCI-Hawaii, Inc. architectural projects. Philomene A. Verlaan, of Counsel Towill, R.M. Corp. P.O. Box 235766 Honolulu 96823 420, Waiakamilo Rd., Phone: (808) 944 5116 Suite 411, Honolulu 96817 Fax: (808) 235 5161 Phone: (808) 842 1133 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: (808) 842 1937 E-mail: [email protected] Marine research & development, marine resource economic studies and business evaluations, project management, ocean law and policy. Consultants—engineering, civil environmental & coastal. TYCO Submarine Systems, Ltd. Tetra Tech E M Inc. 1001, Sand Island Pkwy. 2828, Paa St., Honolulu 96819 Suite 3080 Phone: (808) 845 0687 Honolulu 96819 Fax: (808) 845 2719 Phone: (808) 831 6600 Fax: (808) 836 1689 Coastal surveying & cartography; communications & navigation. E-mail: [email protected] Provides oceanographic science services including site characterization Wilson Okamoto & Associates, Inc. studies for ocean disposal of dredged material, modeling of oceano- 1907, S. Beretania St., graphic processes, marine toxicology, and sediment geochemistry. 4th Floor Honolulu 96826 Textron Systems Kauai Phone: (808) 946 2277 Fax: (808) 946 2253 P.O. Box 730, Waimea 96796 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: (808) 338 0080 Fax: (808) 338 8301 Master planning; marine resource management planning; E-mail: [email protected] environmental impact assessment; civil, structural and architectural design. Tongg, Clarke & McCelvey 2752, Woodlawn Drive, Xamanek Researches Suite 5-211 P.O. Box 131 Honolulu 96822 Pukalani 96788 Phone: (808) 521 2908 Phone: (808) 572 8900 Fax: (808) 528 2854 Fax: (808) 572 8900 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.tcmhawaii.com Landscape architects with experience in coastal resort projects throughout the Pacific basin. Services begin with the preparation of landscape master plans and continue through the design and implementation of award-winning landscape

Table A3.16 List of coastal resources management companies in Hawaii, based on nonprofit organizations

Earthtrust Nature Conservancy, The Pacific Region 25, Kaneohe Bay Dr., 1116, Smith St., Suite 205 Suite 201 Kailua 96734 Honolulu 96817 Phone: (808) 254 2866 Phone: (808) 537 4508 Fax: (808) 254 6409 Fax: (808) 545 2019 E-mail: [email protected] earthtrust.org Ocean Law & Policy Institute International wildlife conservation organization based in Hawaii Pacific Forum—CSIS dedicated to preserving whales, dolphins, tigers, rhinos, and endan- Pauahi Tower, Suite 1150 gered species through direct intervention, education, research, and 1001, Bishop St. political action. Honolulu 96813 Phone: (808) 521 6745 Fax: (808) 599 8690 Institute for Pacific Marine Research E-mail: [email protected] 1118, Maunawili Rd. [email protected] Kailua 96734 Phone: (808) 262 0284 Oceanic Institute Fax: (808) 261 7820 Makapuu Point Promotion/research of sustainable fisheries internationally. 41-202, Kalanianaole Hwy Information bank on destructive and nonsustainable fisheries, Waimanalo 96795 wildlife kills. Phone: (808) 259 7951 Fax: (808) 259 5971 E-mail: [email protected] KeKua’aina Hanuana Hou Website: www.oceanicinstitute.org HC-01 Box 741 The Oceanic Institute is a private nonprofit $20 million facility for Kaunakakai 96748 aquaculture and marine biotechnology research. Activities include Phone: (808) 558 8393 development and transfer of ocean environment research and Fax: (808) 558 8453 management and sustainable aquaculture technologies to clients Aquaculture research. worldwide. 1144 ORGANIZATIONS

Table A3.16 Continued

Pacific Basin Development Council Scientific research of saltwater gamefish, with special emphasis on 711, Kapiolani Blvd., marlin, tuna, and related species. Suite 1075 Honolulu 96813 Pacific Whale Foundation Phone: (808) 596 7229 101, N. Kihei Rd. Fax: (808) 596 7249 Kihei 96753 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: (808) 879 8860 Website: www.pixi.com/~pbdc/index.html Fax: (808) 879 2615 E-mail: info@pacificwhale.org Pacific International Center for High Technology Research Website: www.pacificwhale.org (PICHTR) Scientific study of marine mammals and their ocean environment; 2800, Woodlawn Dr., public education outreach and marine conservation programs 1 800 Suite 180 942 5311. Honolulu 96822 Phone: (808) 539 3900 Fax: (808) 539 3892 E-mail: [email protected] PACON International, Inc. Renewable energy:OTEC,wind, PV, and hybrid system design con- P.O. Box 11568 struction and operation; engineering, ocean & coastal; research & Honolulu 96828-0568 development. Phone: (808) 956 6163 Fax: (808) 956 2580 E-mail: [email protected] Pacific Ocean Research Foundation Website: www.eng.hawaii.edu/~pmp/paconwww 74-381 Kealakehe Pkwy., #E Organizes the biennial Pacific Congress on Marine Science and Kailua-Kona 96740 Technology; promotes ocean education and ocean research; Phone: (808) 329 6105 marine policy. Fax: (808) 329 1148

A great deal of information about coastal organizations is provided coming under increasing threat from over use. The organizations listed in these 16 tables. The information that is highlighted here could have here exist, in large part, to better understand natural coastal systems been organized in many different ways. Due to the large number of and to protect, preserve and manage coastal/marine resources. organizations, it was convenient to present lists in a format that was similar to an Internet search result. The table thus compiled required Charles W. Finkl minimal efforts at reworking the lists into usable summaries. Other methods could have been used to obtain this kind of information but due to time constraints and the great effort of hand searches in books, the results would not have been as comprehensive. Perusal of these Bibliography 16 tables would suggest, even to a novice researcher first approaching the Clark, J.R., 1996. Coastal Zone Management Handbook. Boca Raton, coastal realm of endeavor, that an enormous amount of information Florida: Lewis. from a wide variety of coastal organizations that have interest in coastal Culliton, T.J., McDonough, J.J., Remer, D.G., and Lott, D.M., 1992. topics is now available. This list can now serve as a “heads up” for aca- Building Along America’s Coasts: 20 Years of Building Permits, demic coastal researchers who should now be aware of many brethren 1970–1989. Rockville, Maryland: NOAA, Strategic Environmental of the same ilk that they were not aware of previously. Besides univer- Assessments Division. sity researchers, there are now many private nonprofit organizations Finkl, C.W., 1997. The coastal zone as new battlespace from the and for-profit consulting companies that conduct research in the coastal purview of an academic graduate program in environmental science. zone. The past two or three decades have witnessed enormous increases In Miller, M.C., and Cogan, J. (eds.), Conference Proceedings in coastal populations, expansion of industry and commercial facilities Coastal Zone 97 (Boston, Massachusetts),Vol. II, pp. 584–586. into coastal zones, and tourism and recreation dependent on clean/safe IAMSLIC (International Association of Marine Science Libraries and environments and adequate support infrastructure. These coastal uses Information Centers), 1987. International Directory of Marine mostly conflict with one another and governmental oversight has not Science Libraries and Information Centers. Woods Hole, kept pace with the rapid urban–industrial–commercial development Massachusetts: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. and associated environmental degradation. The large numbers of IGU (International Geographical Union Staff), 1992. Orbis organizations that have concern for coastal issues evidences the expan- Geographicus (World Directory of Geography) 7th edn. Wiesbaden, sion of private and public interest groups as well as service organiza- Germany:F.Steiner Verlag. tions into the coastal zone. It is hoped that these lists of coastal UNESCO, 1983. International Directory of Marine Scientist 3rd edn. organizations indicate the importance and level of interest in this spe- Paris, France: UNESCO (Intergovernmental Oceanographic cial part of the world, the thin interface between land and water that is Commission) and FAO (Rome Italy). APPENDIX 4: DATABASES

A database can be defined as a collection of interrelated data stored inexperience of many users in cartographic design can lead to the together with minimum redundancy to serve multiple applications. production of ineffective and misleading maps. A common and controlled approach is used in adding new data or in Advances in many technological fields have been well incorporated in modifying and retrieving the existing data within the database. development of coastal databases. Traditional digital atlases have been Proper coastal data management necessitates a comprehensive augmented with multimedia video, remote sensing images, photo- knowledge of the coastal environment, rapid access to required infor- graphic images, and hypertext medium. Traditional databases have been mation, effective communication, and decision support tools. The converted into CD-ROM databases and/or WEB databases. development of a coastal data management system for multiple use Data management technology has advanced from tapes to index files, spans a broad range of fields. In the last decades considerable changes to hierarchical databases, to network database, to relational databases, have occurred in the methodology of storage and retrieval of data. to object databases, to object-related database, and finally web data- In this presentation, information on bibliographic as well as numeric/ bases. Coastal databases have also grown through these stages and textual databases relevant to coastal geomorphology has been included hence such databases are found in one of the above stages. in tabular form. Databases cover a broad spectrum of related subjects With advances in communication technology, local databases are like coastal environment and pollution aspects, coastline, elevation now accessible through LAN (local area network), WAN (wide area data, landscape and landform images, shore zone morphology,erosion, network), Intranet, Internet (WEB databases), etc. Similarly, improve- grain size, bathymetry, topography, hydrology, terrain, oil spills, coral ments have occurred in user’s interface with database from character morphology, coastal changes, coastal zone management, etc. interface, Graphic User Interface, Object-oriented UI, Hypermedia, With increasing utilization of the coastal zone for various purpose Hypertext mark-up language, and so on. Depending upon the need to the need for an Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) system has resolve the coastal conflicts, using GIS technology, the databases have become necessary. The management of data requirements and compila- grown to Decision Support System (DSS), to Multi-criteria DSS, to tion of coastal inventories are often among the first steps in ICM. In Spatial DSS, to Collaborative DSS, to expert system, and so on. addition to contributing to the understanding of the environment and Since database creation involves data from various sources, the issue potential impacts of development, the compilation of an inventory also of data quality is considered one of the main areas requiring attention ensures a common information base for all decisionmakers. Once the while building databases. Of paramount importance is the need to assess problems of data access are overcome, building a coastal zone inventory the suitability and correctness of a data set to be incorporated in the involves constructing an intelligent and cohesive mosaic by integrating database. Unfortunately the drive to build database applications often numerous separate data sources. neglects the fabric of the data. Too often efforts are focused on “feeding However, upon closer scrutiny, it is often found that the databases are the beast” and minimal regards to “what the beast is being fed.” incompatible and inconsistent, which hinders the process of inventory Information on representative databases relevant to coastal geomor- building. Differences in data collection equipment and protocol, scale, phology are presented in tabular form under: projection, temporal and attribute resolution, terminology and nomen- clature, data gaps, problem solving approaches, and quality control Table A4.1: Bibliographic coastal databases; standards, especially data validity, tolerances of error, and uncertainty Table A4.2: Numeric/textual coastal databases; need to be resolved before integrated databases are compiled. Problems Table A4.3: Developer/provider’s address. of data inconsistency can supersede those of data availability, accuracy, geographic coverage, large data volume, and lack of structure. Pravin D. Kunte Traditional coastal inventories have been compiled as atlases and more recently digital coastal information systems. Further developments have culminated in the development of large digital atlases such as the Acknowledgments North Sea Project Database and UK Digital Marine Atlas. In recent times the more useful way of having a database in GIS The author thanks Dr. E. Desa, Director, NIO, for permitting publica- (Geographic Information System) format has proved to have manifold tion of this article as NIO contribution No. 3558. support. GIS has emerged as a valuable media for coastal database management, most notably for the ability to store and analyze the diverse amount of data required for coastal management in an inte- Cross-references grated format. The tremendous capabilities of GIS, such as infinite pre- Geographic Information Systems cision, the capability to change scale, the capability to combine and Global Positioning Systems overlay data from various data sources, and the production of high- Monitoring, Coastal Ecology quality cartographic displays; which are most alluring, are also most Monitoring, Coastal Geomorphology deceptive. The ease with which one can create maps with GIS and the Organizations (see Appendix 3) 1146 DATABASES T M /A S d d C M OS OS et h ase ase rn 3000 b b -D -D d

CO – – S S e te C C nternet nternet sit site searc M380, IB Hardware I I e use d e– Fr IBM P F Fe – , , e, e r Internet site rIn r e eM eFA e 1400 MS-DO ccess co Re IBM PC Fe IBM PC $ Fr HP Fe M Re, FrFr – FeFe P P FeRe IBM PC R FeFe MS-DOS MS-DOS F F F F F R A e d b T C , , , P P P P P F C O ,P ,P ,P CF C T F ,C,P ,F, , , ,P, ,F, C O O F P, O, P O, O,F,P O, P, F Output mo c i de O de O de O, C, de O, C, i i i i e ia l a a l s a d a r a b ia erage anes o v dia dia orldw p l eograph ust article W co G b – Indi –A – Ind –Ja – In 1984 Global 1974 G 1986 Argentina F, P 1840 Canad 1978 Worldwide O, C, P, 1990 Worldwide1971 O, F, P, C 1970 Worldw Worldwide O, C, 1970 Worldwide O, F, 1978 Worldwide O, C, P 1974 Worldw 1785 Worldwide O, C, Web F 1964 Worldw 1940 Cana 1960 Worldwide O, C, We 1971 Period y , g gy n g ng n o s i i n i d s n n eol , and d r ences ology g i i gy nclud s nclud coastal 1989 In i i nclud ne on o , g y i , i i y wate n g gy ogy, an al sc h i l i , holo p g ence o ogy i p l n h mar i ra ence i g g n nclud e n n i i y nformat ronment ronment

o i i i and soc y ogy eomor nclud c og ronment l ogy , h i i g l i l o p d , h o phy o l s s h nclud coastal sc oceano p h h ollut e i ra cs, meteorolo c arts gy s ra g g i i gy g p , ra s s g fi n n i i ences g y y e i ogy, geomorp h h o n ronmental sc ronmental l i i i p p ects of env r drolo ences ence ence and technology i i i drolo bl p anagement planning,anagement technology eoscience, resource natural y ceanography, geology, ceanography, geology, an i nv sciences nvironmental ublications reporting on all reporting ublications ceano eo eo eosc oastal pollutio oastal nvironmental geology nvironmental esource nclud nclud Geo P Coastal env m coastal geomorphology, b hy G i ofgeomorphology Indian Ocea Subject coverag articles geomorphological g O g Sciences and technolo g geomorp o E c r E c i O Earth sciences, geo geophysic e as ma geomorp l a 7 9 3 2 4 P P P24 o information Bibliographic P8 P10P10 Geosciences including geomorpholog Geomorp P P15 Oceano P23 B P P11 including Science and technology P36 H P24 information Bibliographic P12 Earth sciences, science applied P2 P2 P16 Sc P11 Sc evant to coasta evant l Provider code Provider ases re b e acts r ata d s s bst n al ic l on Index P12 Sc ) o A n i h i c tal i N y n ies h h tat N e r i LINE O p p atio e cience ne ue of Scienc i O h S ra ra c Abstracts f nm g iograp i g g is acts acts o h n N IR r r o o bl r onal Un RPH i i i i i F V ence C B d O i bl bl dia eoRe atalo ibliography ibliography earc treaml n Abst Bi Bi G B Abst S C B a S .1 A4 4EN 1 able B2 (Numeric and Many P B3B4 GEOSCA B5 Internet CGRG GEOLINE B6B7 INDOCEA M B1 Environmenta B8 B9 GeoBase B18 Science Aquatic B19B20 Sc Science Index General P17 B10 In T No. title Database B12 Content Current B13 Nat B B16 Abstracts Pollution B15 Env B17 on CD-ROM Geoarchive P14 B21 Ocean B22 B11 Indian DATABASES 1147 s te uter i ne i p – n-l com Website Website O Webs r r r r, Fe IBM r r Website F Fr F F F F F s D-ROM. C film T o ϭ ,T ,T r orts, P P P P P c C i p , , , , O, P, m O, O, O On-line ϭ O , ew re onal O n i a an O a N li i Print a ig r ϭ ua ch p i P uinea niversity ust a e, G P U p a T ϭ ,T ,T ppy o – Canad – Global –A l F 1980 Internat 1997 Global 1975 & Australia O, P, ϭ F ) r d l al, , i ut mode p –M lac y al, othe og an og t i l ig i Out coasta ( . ) er ) s g natural , 4 p ) ( n c vers i i i 3 ore Cata ( h l h and Land p te, etc s i vy S cals Database ff l ra s ndex I i i roducts g o an Un Restricted; G saster p e, karst, og d od i l eo i ig p n ϭ gy gy n the field of coastal i g d e Me i rocesses, e ) and ble ble ch h nks to s i i p 5 g i ( llslo ,R n i a Per holo holo , ons i ons i i i er cata p g p rost, an ree h f n F i ons related to the fields of ons related ases, t gy cat i cat al, h i i b o forn i ot l ϭ l i coastal d tat r ) anagement (1) system design, anagement anagement, quality (6) water anagement, and (7) coastal al D-ROM, mater reference . lann roducts, l erma ata eomor lac eo eomor pp nformation System area nformation 2 3 an I g resource management, resource On-line Library Catalog On-line Library aeolian, applied, coastal, fluvial, g Ci documented system (GIS information m ( p m m g C C p p g d . ,F 4 ees A

F ϭ able T . P38P40 Publ access Web P43 P44 of compilation An international P45 Abstract P37 Earth sciences including coastal P42 M Western en access, Fe p resent — p O gy ϭ till p p holo O ) p m d ear u n r y n y y o ers a h f f f

g g p ) x o ra brar y de i na g c h G o GIS ences p ble Access/cost i i ( y ( R a Australia e fIn an Geomor ra atio bl , h i l Catalo i o g

as y o CG onal L b rm i i es l o e rector bl at it ibliography o ibliography h atabases at atabases ystems ata searc Earth Sc Information Syste Information Coastal Information d N Canad B a database Bi Inf S Di d Coastal Mana Geographi ear means from that that ear means from y le g in bbreviations used: bbreviations S Provider code (providers/ developers code) is given in T code) is given developers code (providers/ Provider B23 AESIS a b A B24 GIS B B25 T B26 CAT- West B28 International B27 T B29 Melv 1148 DATABASES - h , M t C, C OS OS OS et et et rn rn rn -D -D -D d – – S S e e e te te te t te C 86 i nternet i n n nterne P In Internet s sit Internet site IBM P I site 3 sit Hardware Macintos s M I Unix, IB I site MS I e use d Fr M Fr IBM P , ccess co e r 101 MS-DOS F – R Fr Fr Fe Fr O, Fr Fr Fr Fr Re, Fr COMPAQ A $ Fr e d d d ,O, ,O ase e P F F F P b , , , , , P P P P F P P IS based IS base utput mo ,F, , ,P , , C O C, O O O, C T, O GIS C, G O F C, G , , GIS A c d i de US t an t i l slands F ne— C, P, F, O , i a a i l e a or c d c l f p h k i fi o Is erage coas A g as v S eograph ewfoundland Scotia,ova Oracl S ewfoundland lobal rct anad anada ana oca o tate Al U Sout Globa Euro World shorelineWorld C, O, I, F Oregon G co N N C Paci C A U N G S b d –C – – – – 996 L 995 Worldw 984 of offshore West F 996 Coastl erio 1 1 1970 Canada 1 1 P , and 1986 , and y gy t l i ze on, and 1955–90 sts and al, i i i gi coastal rav s eolo nfrastructure s n s i g d g g i ore zoneore 1981 Beau t n , , . etc. i ollut h y ra ronmental , holo p h i orm gy g p ata p ne df i d l addres ra es, and i e nclud i g an holo l i l es of mater

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g des data re des data mana i on of South Carol ne data uded solution multi-beam data for data solution multi-beam 1999 US East l i i l es buted Network Conce Network buted e i cane- c ometer h fferent GIS software GIS software fferent i ct i acts. Laser beach ma i n lobal land and mar rov i matolo str p g pi i p e east coast o ridded 3 arc-second bathymetric 3 arc-second ridded – i anagement and sustainabl anagement ad hange Analys ists and describes 608 da andsat Themat andsat f to the relevance ata can be used to profile current can be used to profile ata rotoco nked d nked ll oasta oastline in various formats for us for formats oastline in various hange data were derived fro derived were hange data auses and effects of auses and effects esolution coastal topography and esolution coastal topography h i n d nformat m G Subject coverag and USGS to c Advanced Very High Resolutio Very Advanced R on globa sets focusing Data ecosystems, are and terrain-base a Full r warmin t o ofdevelopment the coastal zone of Atlantic D whereby marine agencies ar marine agencies whereby de shorel Digital Terrain Model (DTM) Digital Terrain L an The most current c i l r i i d beac c L scenes,satellite as per Coastal C p hurr c m a e 3 1 13 A 44 It conta 3 P44 It P P44 and It contains land cover P P13 Cl P Provider cod Provider B , y ect P13 Coastal chan s j e onal P4 l 9 i ) gi sc A & i na d , i d , 1999 l e gy ew Pro ew Remote i v ase i arol A East Coast Ecosystems P1 oast ng , C l i n Model nB a ect i oasta a ng C i k ai p ontinue b C . 1 & 2, 199 matolo l o C stem as rr i erived Lan erived atabase—D l Director atabase oasts: o e outh ens or Model V D Cl D East Coastal Zone D (Global Digita Marine Information Sy Terra S f C S Mapp Pers Al .2 A4 able N29 Coastal Relief T No. title Database N30 Global AVHRR N36 NatMIS—Nat N33 US Multi-beam for P13 N32 Global V N34 T N31 G N35 ACZISC—Atlantic P40 N37 of Digital Shoreline P44 N38 South Carolina’s N39 Technolo New N40 Bay Yakutat DATABASES 1151 ntosh i , C C On PC, Mac Macintosh P P On Internet , Fr Fr P , e Fe O F O, M. O d e OM D-R C B S E ϭ I D-R atabas upporte W d CD-ROM s C G – ne, C i On-l ϭ nt, O i l Pr a ama coast ϭ b b o a P lobal Gl G ape, T ϭ –Al 1997 Floppy, T 1986–93 Bay San Francisco GIS supported ϭ es ld d yp s data i

ful to s e wor y p h satellite e of t e ) g h dsat n cted; (Output mode) F i d rove coastal a out t

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b i i o o d a atabase an atabase l al al al- ystem (GLOMIS) n C D Inf S Al Hazard Assess C a Environmenta Access C ons used: (Access/cost) Op i at i ingle year means from that year uptill present year that means from ingle year bbrev S Provider code (providers/developers code) is given in T code) is given code (providers/developers Provider N41 Ba San Francisco a b N42 N43 A N44 G 1152 DATABASES

Table A4.3 Addresses of database providers/developers

Code no. Name and address Database no. (in Tables A4.1 and A4.2)

P1 BRGM, Domaine Luminy, Int. Dep. N7 Avenue De Concyr, B.P. 6009 45060 Orleans Cedex, France P2 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts B16, 18, 21 7200, Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda MD 20814-4823, USA P3 Cent. Environ. Information Inc. B14 33, South Washington Street Rochester, NY 14608, USA P4 Coastal Geol. Res. Cent. B2 Caille De Carreo 722 7600 Mar Del Plata, Argentina P5Dep. Geol., Australian Natl. Univ. N6 Canberra, A.C.T. 2601 Australia P6 Dep. Indian Affairs and Northern Development N8 Northern Resources and Economic Development Branch, Ottawa Ont, KIA OH4, Canada P7 CSC Library’s Database Collection B1 Coastal Service Center, NOAA E-mail: [email protected] P8Environmental Studies Inst. B15 Santa Barbara, CA,USA P9Federal Inst. Goes. Nat. Resour. B5 Stillweg 2, P.O. Box 510153 D-3000 Hannover, 51, Germany P10 Earth Science Information Center B3, N9 Natural Resources, Canada. 615, Booth St., Room 121 Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0E9 E-mail: [email protected] P11 Indian National Scientific Documentation Center (INSDOC) B11, 13 14, Satsang Vihar Marg Off S.J.S. Sansanwal Marg Special Information Area New Delhi 110067, India P12 Institute for Scientific Information B12, 19 3501, Market Street Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA P13 NOAA/NGDC Mail Code E/GC3 N29, 30, 31, 32, 325, Broadway, Boulder, CO 33, 34 USA 80303 E-mail: [email protected] P14 National Information Services Cooperation, USA B17 P15 National Institute of Oceanography B6 Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India P16 National Reference Library B10 Belvedere Road,Calcutta West Bengal, India P17 The H.W. Wilson Company B20 950, University Avenue Bronx, NY 10452, USA P18 Oregon Ocean Coastal Program N12 Dept. of Land Conservation and Development 800, NE Oregon Street, #18 Portland, Oregon 97232, USA E-mail: [email protected] P19 Bernadette Dwyer N13 Fogo Island Cooperative Society Ltd. P.O. Box 70 Seldom, Fogo Island, NF A0G 3Z0 E-mail: [email protected] P20 International Association of Geomorphologists N14 Montana State University, Boneman Department of Earth Sciences, Bozeman DATABASES 1153

Table A4.3 Addresses of database providers/developers

Code no. Name and address Database no. (in Tables A4.1 and A4.2)

P21 Maintained by Zbigniew Zwolinski N3 (Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan) P22 Bob Taylor N4, 5 Natural Resources Canada Geological Survey of Canada (Atlantic) Bedford Institute of Oceanography P.O. Box 1006, Artmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada E-mail: [email protected] P23 The Japanese Geomorphological Union (JGU) and B7 operated by the Data Processing Center of Kyoto University. Kobashi, Sumiji, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto Univ. Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606, Japan E-mail: [email protected] P24 Kay Yost B8, 9 American Geological Institute 4220, King Street Alexandria, VA 22302-1502 E-mail: [email protected] P25 NOAA/Office of Ocean Resources Conservation & Assessment N15 Maintained by: [email protected] P26 Dr. Walter H.F. Smith N16 NOAA Laboratory for Satellite Altimetry, National Oceanographic Data Center Silver Spring, MD, USA E-mail: [email protected] P27 European Center for Nature Conservation N17 ECNC, P.O. Box 1352, 5004 BJ Tilburg The Netherlands Jan van der Straaten ([email protected]) P28 Saenger, Dr. P., and Bucher, D. (1989), Citation: An N18 Inventory of Australian Estuaries and Enclosed Marine Waters—Database. Citation: ANPWS Unpublished Consultancy Report P29 Placentia Bay N19 Newfoundland, Canada P30 Department of Environment and Heritage N20 G.P.O. Box 787, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia P31 Redditch, B98 9PA, England N23 E-mail: post@keyterra-firma.com P32 Environment Canada by Geomatics International N24 Inc. in support of the International Joint Commission Water Levels Reference Study Water Issues Division of Environment Canada P33 CERC, Coastal Engineering Research Center N25 E-mail: [email protected] P34 Lieven Bydekerke, Mwangi Theuri N26 GIS Analyst, Project Assistant The Division of Environmental Information Assessment and Early warning UNEP, P.O. Box 30552 Nairobi,Kenya E-mail: [email protected] P35 Reefbase Project N27 International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management M.C.P.O. Box 2631, 0718 Makati City, Philippines E-mail: [email protected] P36 Cameron-Stephen, Sally B22 Streamline Coordination Unit Dept. of Primary Industries and Energy P.O. Box 858, Canberra A-C-T 2601 Australia P37 D.A. Tellis B23 Information Center/Library 63, Conyngham Street, Glenside 5065 South Australia, Australia 1154 DATABASES

Table A4.3 Continued

Code no. Name and address Database no. (in Tables A4.1 and A4.2)

P38 Australian Key Center in Land Information Studies B24 St. Lucia 4067, Qld, Australia P39 Claudette LeBlanc N35 ACZISC Secretariat, Oceans Institute of Canada 1226, Le Marchant Street Halifax, NS Canada B3H 3P7 E-mail: [email protected] P40 National Library of Australia B25 Canberra, ACT 2600 Australia P41 Environmental Resources Information Network [ERIN] N21, 22, 36 Department of the Environment Sport and Territories G.P.O. Box 787 Canberra ACT 2601, Australia E-mail: [email protected] P42 University Library B26 Western Michigan University Michigan, USA E-mail: [email protected] P43 The Canadian Geomorphology Research Group B4, N1, 2 (CGRG) at International Association of Geomorphology Congress in Hamilton Ontario, Canada P44 Dr. Dan Smith, University of Victoria N38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOAA Coastal Services Center E-mail comments to: [email protected] P45 California Digital Library B29 University of California CA, USA P46 The California Environmental Resources Evaluation System (CERES) N43 California, CA, USA P47 Dr. Marta Vannucci, Vice-President N44 International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems (ISME) c/o College of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0129, Japan E-mail: [email protected] APPENDIX 5:GLOSSARY OF COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY

Abrasion - The wearing away of a rock surface by friction as a result of Abrasion platform - A smooth, seaward-sloping surface formed by the impact of wind, wave, current, or ice action, particularly when these abrasion, extending across a rocky shore and often continuing below agents are armed with rock fragments (notably sand and gravel): some- low tide level as a broad, very gently sloping surface (plain of times termed corrasion. Abrasion of a rocky shore can form ramps or marine erosion) formed by long-continued abrasion (Johnson, 1916). platforms, or excavate furrows or potholes, while abrasion of a cliff can The intertidal section is typically 50–100 m wide, increasing with tide result in the cutting of caves, clefts, and crevices. Submarine abrasion range. takes place on the nearshore seafloor, diminishing offshore as water depth increases; it becomes imperceptible at depths greater than half Abrasion ramp - A smooth, seaward-sloping segment formed by the wave length (Bradley, 1958). Rock fragments (such as quartz grains) abrasion on a rocky shore, usually a few meters wide, close to the can also be worn and pitted by abrasion when they are impacted against cliff base. each other, or against a rock surface: this is known as mechanical abra- sion, and is distinguished from etching produced by chemical solution Accretion - A gradual or intermittent natural process of deposition of (Corrosion, q.v.) (Margolis, 1968). sediment by wind, wave or current action, or by rivers, glaciers, solifluc- tion or mass movement, resulting in the natural raising or extension of Abrasion notch - An elongated cliff-base hollow (typically 1–2 m high a land area. and up to 3 m recessed) cut out by abrasion, usually where Breaking Waves (q.v.) are armed with rock fragments. Aeolian calcarenite, Aeolianite (Eolianite) - See Dune Calcarenite.

Abrasion notch at Cape Liptrap, Victoria, Australia. 1156 GLOSSARY OF COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY

Intertidal abrasion platform cut in Chalk near Birling Gap, Sussex, England.

Abrasion ramp at cliff base, North Island, New Zealand.

Aggradation - The raising of a land surface by deposition (vertical Algal ridge - A structure built by calcareous algae on the surface of accretion) of sediment, as on a beach, dune, mudflat, marsh, coastal a reef or shore platform. plain, or delta. Algal rim - A ridge built on the more exposed (seaward) margins of Algal mat - A carpet of blue-green algae (cyanophytes) that stabilize coral reefs or shore platforms by encrusting calcareous algae, such as intertidal sediments and precipitate carbonates on the sheltered shores Lithothamnion or Porolithon; they are usually no more than 20 cm high. ofhypersaline areas, found in the Arabian Gulf and the Red Sea, Shark Networks of ridges constructed by algae may enclose shallow pools on Bay in Western Australia, the Bahamas, and Texas coast lagoons. coral reef flats and shore platforms. See Stromatolite. Artificial beach - A beach emplaced by human action, as where sand Algal rampart, Algal reef - A structure typically 10–20 m, occasionally brought from the land, or alongshore or offshore sources is dumped up to 100 m wide, formed in shore and nearshore waters by the growth of on the shore, strictly where there was no natural beach, but the term calcareous algae (notably Lithothamnion, Lithophyllum,or Porolithon is often used where a natural beach depleted by erosion is restored or spp.). renourished (see Beach Nourishment). GLOSSARY OF COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY 1157

Algal ridges on shore platform at Port Hedland, Western Australia.

Amirante Atoll, Seychelles, Indian Ocean.

Atoll - A ring-shaped coral reef structure (ranging from Ͻ1 km to rapid erosion on one sector and nearby related accretion, but this is not Ͼ100 km in diameter), partly or wholly enclosing a lagoon (typically strictly avulsion, the placing of an area of pre-existing land on the 30–100 m deep and several kilometers wide); the outer (seaward) slopes opposite side of an earlier channel as the result of river migration. plunge steeply to the deep ocean floor (oceanic atoll) or to the conti- nental shelf (shelf atoll). The term comes from the Maldives, where Backshore - The coastal fringe lying above (i.e., landward of) the nor- “atolu” are government districts, each being a circular reef enclosing mal high tide line, but occasionally inundated by exceptionally high alagoon. Atolls with a central (noncoral) island, such as Bora Bora, are tides or storm surges. Also known as the supralittoral or supratidal termed “almost atolls”; those with ring-shaped reefs enclosing rem- zone. nants of an earlier atoll, as in Houtman Abrolhos off the coast of Western Australia, “compound atolls.” Some compound atolls take the Backwash - The seaward (return) flow of water after the swash form of chains of small atolls (diameter about a kilometer), known as (uprush) produced when a wave breaks on the shore. Faros, as in the Maldive Islands, Indian Ocean. Horsehoe reefs form where isolated reef platforms (patch reefs) have marginal spurs that Bank - A localized broad elevation of the seafloor, smooth in profile, have grown to leeward. usually submerged even at the lowest tides, and composed of unconsol- idated sediment (usually sand, sometimes glacial drift), subject to move- Attrition - The wearing down of rock fragments by friction when they ment by waves or current action. Typically a few meters wide, but the are mobilized and thrown against a rock surface, or ground against term is used for larger features, such as the Dogger Bank in the North other rock fragments by wind action, waves, or currents. Sea or the Grand Bank of Newfoundland. See also Bar (shoal). A banner bank trails in the lee of an island or headland. Avulsion - The separation of an area of land when a river or estuary channel suddenly changes its course, usually during floods, or when Bar - An elongated bank, ridge or mound of sediment (sand or gravel) a meander is breached. The term has been used obscurely,mainly by a few meters wide, deposited and shaped by waves and currents, and lawyers, to describe rapid erosion of the shore by waves. Another inter- submerged at least at high tide (i.e., can be partly or wholly exposed at pretation may be the transference of land along a coast as a result of low tide) (Shepard, 1952). Bars commonly form off beaches, but also 1158 GLOSSARY OF COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY

Sand bars on the southeast coast of Port Phillip Bay, Australia. occur off river mouths and lagoon entrances. A break-point bar is Barrier beach - A single, narrow (usually Ͻ200 m) elongated ridge a concentration of sediment formed by breaking waves where material built parallel to the coast, without surmounting dunes. that is being carried shoreward meets that withdrawn from the beach by backwash. Longshore bars are formed parallel to a beach, and at least Barrier island - A barrier segment bordered by transverse gaps (tidal partly exposed at low tide, while oblique bars run at an angle to the inlets, lagoon entrances, river outlets) which may be migratory and sub- beach, and transverse bars at right angles to it. Bars may also occur in ject to closure; it usually bears beach ridges, dunes and associated cuspate, lunate, looped, crescentic, reticulate, or chevron patterns. swamps and minor lagoons. Barrier islands are typically 0.5–5.0 km Multiple parallel bars and troughs form on gently sloping sandy shores wide, 1–100 km long and 6–100 m high. where spilling waves break and re-form: they are exposed at low tide (see Ridge and Runnel). Trailing bars (banner banks) occur in the lee of Barrier lagoon - A lagoon extending roughly parallel to the coastline, headlands or islands, and become flying bars when they are discon- behind a barrier or reef. See Coastal Lagoon. nected (cf. trailing and flying spits, which differ in that they extend above high tide level). It should be noted that before Shepard defined bars, the terms such as offshore bar, bay bar, and looped bar (Johnson, Barrier reef - An elongated, narrow coral reef built up offshore and 1919) were often used to describe features that would now be termed parallel to the coast, from which it is separated by a broad lagoon barriers. (which may be several kilometers wide),typically with extensive areas too deep for coral growth. Barchan - A dune form, an isolated, mobile crescentic mound of bare sand, typically up to 30 m high, with a steep advancing leeward slope and Barrier spit - A barrier attached at one end to the mainland, with or a gentler concave windward slope, flanked by lateral horns curving down- without recurves, and backed by a bay, lagoon or marshland (swamp). wind and spaced at up to 350 m. Commonly found in deserts, barchans also form on extensive areas of bare drifting coastal dune sand, and on unvege- Bay - A general term for a wide (typically Ͼ1 km) coastal re-entrant tated backshores. between two headlands, its seaward boundary generally wider than the extent of landward penetration. A small bay is termed a cove, a large Barrier (Coastal barrier) - An elongated ridge of deposited sediment bay a gulf. The term bay is also used in the United States for coastal (sand, pebbles, occasionally boulders) that has been built up by wave waters largely or entirely cut off from the sea by spits and barrier islands action above high tide level along the coast or across an embayment (e.g., Netarts Bay on the Oregon coast) which elsewhere are called (bay barrier):differing from a bar, which is submerged at least at high coastal lagoons, and for the ovoid depressions of uncertain origin that tide (Shepard, 1952).Typically a barrier is backed by a lagoon or swamp contain lakes or swamps on the coastal plain of South Carolina. that separates it from the mainland or from earlier barriers, but this is not essential: some barriers abut older land surfaces. A barrier may be Beach - An accumulation on the shore of generally loose, unconsoli- from a few meters to more than a kilometer wide and up to 100 km dated sediment, ranging in size from very fine sand up to pebbles, cob- long, attached to the mainland at one end (see Barrier Spit) or both bles, and occasionally boulders; often also containing shelly material. ends, or interrupted by tidal inlets (see Barrier Island). Conventionally, shores with silt or clay sediment are not regarded as Short (1999, p. 307): “A barrier is defined as a shore-parallel sub-aerial beaches (but in some languages the terms beach and shore overlap, so and sub-aqueous accumulation of detrital sediment (sand/boulders) that silt shores and clay shores may be translated as silt beaches and clay formed by waves, tides and aeolian processes.” beaches). A distinction can sometimes be made between an upper GLOSSARY OF COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY 1159

Coastal sand barrier at Marlo, southeastern Australia.

Barrier reef with storm-tossed boulders.

Barrier spit, Lake Onoke, North Island, New Zealand. 1160 GLOSSARY OF COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY beach, often swash-built, around high tide level, and a gentler lower at successively lower tidal levels. A berm built at the top of a beach may beach exposed as the tide falls. persist to become a Beach Ridge (q.v.). Short (1999, p.3) defined a beach as “a wave-deposited accumulation of sediment lying between modal wave base and the upper swash limit Beach budget - The quantified gains and losses of sediment from where wave base is the maximum depth at which waves can transport a defined beach sector. beach material shoreward.” However, since wave base is conventionally where the water depth is half the wave length, this limit can be in water Beach compartment - A beach occupying a sector of coast bounded at least 50 m deep and perhaps several kilometers offshore. Most by rocky reefs, promontories or artificial structures such as breakwaters. accounts of beaches admit their extension below lowest tide level and See Coastal Sediment Compartment. for some distance (usually not stated) beyond the breaker zone. Beach cusps - Regular successions of half-saucer (crescentic) depres- Beach berm - An ephemeral flat or landward-sloping step or terrace sions opening seaward between cuspate points in the swash zone on the built on a beach face by swash action. On shingle beaches there may be upper beach face, the points being of coarser material (shingle or coarse several such berms, resulting from successive episodes of swash action sand) than the intervening hollows. Also known as Swash Cusps.

Swash-built sand berm on the Ninety Mile Beach, southeastern Australia.

Shingle beach cusps at Ringstead, Dorset, England. GLOSSARY OF COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY 1161

Beach drift (Beach drifting) - The zigzag movement of beach material Beach nourishment - The natural or artificial supply of sand or gravel along the shore in the swash zone when waves arrive at an angle to the to a beach. Also termed Beach Restoration, Beach Fill, and Beach shoreline, producing an oblique swash, followed by a Backwash (q.v.) Renourishment (qq.v.). that descends orthogonally from the beach face. The same waves generate a longshore current which carries sediment along the coast in Beach, profile of equilibrium - A beach profile (concave, steepening the same direction in the nearshore zone. See Longshore Drifting. upward past the high tide line and declining seaward to below the low tide line) that represents the attainment of an equilibrium with incident Beach, drift-aligned (drift-dominated) - A beach with an orientation waves, whereby sediment gains and losses are balanced (Johnson, 1919). determined by the drifting of sediment alongshore in response to waves A cyclic equilibrium is attained where a succession of beach profiles arriving at an angle to the coastline: they are aligned at an angle to the corresponds with changing wave regimes through a Cut-and-fill (q.v.) dominant direction of wave approach, with alignments parallel to the sequence, and a dynamic equilibrium where the beach profile is main- line of maximum longshore sediment flow, generated by obliquely inci- tained even though the beach may be prograding or retreating as the dent (typically 40–50Њ) waves. Contrast Swash-Dominated Beach (q.v.), result of erosion. aligned parallel to the dominant waves. Beach ridge - An elongated low ridge of beach material (sand, gravel, Beach face - The seaward slope of a beach between the low tide line or shells) piled up above high tide level by swash action. Many beach and the upper limit of wave swash. ridges are surmounted by wind-deposited sand, which may develop into a Foredune (q.v.), but a beach ridge is strictly a feature built and shaped Beach gravel - An American term describing beach sediment coarser by wave action. Sandy beach ridges are typically 5–50 m wide, measured than sand, ranging up to cobble size, and often (but not always) well- from bordering troughs (Swales, q.v.), shingle beaches usually narrower. rounded: the British term shingle is similar. Beach ridge plain - A series of beach ridges formed successively, par- Beach lobe - Roughly triangular or lobate protrusions from a beach allel, or roughly parallel to the coastline, and separated by elongated that form and may migrate alongshore downdrift in response to oblique hollows or swales, each ridge marking a former position of the prograd- wave action. ing coastline.

Sandy beach lobe at Lang Lang, Westernport Bay, Victoria, Australia.

Storm-piled shingle beach ridge at Redcliff Point, Dorset, England. 1162 GLOSSARY OF COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY

Shingle beach ridge plain at Hoed, Denmark.

Beach rock exposed on a sandy shore at Gili Bidara, Lombok, Indonesia.

Beach rock - A sandstone layer within a beach, formed by interstitial Beach, swash-aligned (swash-dominated) - A beach formed where precipitation of carbonates (calcite or aragonite) to cement the beach incoming waves are refracted into curved patterns that anticipate, and on sand in the zone of fluctuating groundwater levels, usually where the sed- arriving fit, its curved outline (Davies, 1980), so that the beach is parallel iments are strongly calcareous, as on shelly, calcarenite, or coralline to incoming wave crests (particularly refracted ocean swell). beaches (Stoddart and Cann, 1965). Where the material cemented con- sists of rounded pebbles the term beach conglomerate is used, while cementation of angular gravel yields beach breccia. Beach system - Beaches and the processes at work on them, with adjustments in morphology in response to energy inputs from waves, currents, tides, and winds. Beach scarp - A steep or vertical cliff cut in the beach face by large waves during a storm or tsunami. Bench - A flat or gently sloping rock ledge, terrace or platform, typi- Beach state - The state of a beach may be reflective (with a high pro- cally 5–50 m wide, but sometimes much wider, backed and fronted by portion of wave energy reflected from beach face), dissipative (wave steeper slopes. A structural bench coincides with the upper surfaces of energy diminished through breaker and surf zones), or intermediate a hard rock outcrop, formed where weaker overlying material has been between these two. removed by erosion, an erosional bench has been planed across tilted or GLOSSARY OF COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY 1163

Scarp cut by storm waves, Ninety Mile Beach, southeastern Australia.

Structural benches on Bay Cliff, Wonboyn, New South Wales, Australia.

folded rocks by erosion. A bench between high and low tide levels is Biodeposition - A little used term for sedimentation generated by called a Shore Platform (q.v.). organisms, such as coral reefs and algal rims, shelly deposits or peat.

Berm - See Beach Berm. Bioerosion - Removal of rock material by the physical and chemical processes associated with the activities and metabolism of plants and ani- Beveled cliff - See Slope-over-wall Coast. mals that inhabit the shore, especially on limestone coasts (Healy, 1968). Bioherm - A mound, bank, or (biogenic) reef built by sedentary organ- Bioconstruction - Formed by organisms (e.g., algae, corals, vegetation) isms, such as corals, algae, foraminifera, molluscs or gastropods, or that trap sediment, including the products of their own decay a reef built in the nearshore zone by oysters, mussels, gastropods (e.g., shells, peat). 1164 GLOSSARY OF COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY

or worms (serpulid and sabellariid reefs). Vermetid reefs are built by long, coiled gastropods.

Blowhole - A hole or fissure in the roof of a cave on a rocky coast, usually steeply sloping or vertical, through which geyser-like fountains of water and spray are forced by the intermittent release of compressed air trapped in a cave by incoming waves.

Blowout - A small saucer-shaped hollow or trough excavated in vege- tated dunes by wind action, with an advancing nose of sand spilling downwind. See Parabolic Dune.

Blue hole - A submerged sinkhole in a coral reef, generally formed by solu- tion when the reef was subaerially exposed during a low-sea-level-stage.

Bluff - A bold, steep, sometimes rounded coastal slope on which soil and vegetation conceal, or largely conceal, the underlying rock formations, in contrast with a cliff in which these formations are exposed. Bluffs may be termed abandoned, degraded, or fossil cliffs. The term seems to have orig- inated in North America for a headland that was rounded rather than cliffed. There is confusion when the term bluff has been used as a place name for a feature that is actually a cliff. Bluffs may form where cliffs stop retreating (as when basal marine erosion is halted by emergence, the Accretion (q.v.) of a protective beach, or artificial protective structures such as seawalls or rock ramparts):they may then become degraded by subaerial processes to gentler slopes on which a soil forms and vegetation establishes. Bluffs are generally relatively stable, in comparison with receding cliffs, but the steep forested slopes on the Pacific coast of Oregon and Washington have receded as the result of occasional slumping.

Bombora - Australian term for a bank or reef that causes local raising and steepening of waves moving through shallow water, producing wave fronts that are good for surfing.

Beveled cliff on glacial drift over vertical Chalk, Flamborough Head, Boulder - A rock particle with a diameter exceeding 256 mm (or about Yorkshire, England. 25 cm). See Granulometry.

Breakaway - A fracture at the top of a cliff behind an area where a rock mass has subsided or slid seaward, leaving a small scarp.

Reef formed by calcareous tubeworms (Galeolaria) at Beaumaris, Victoria, Australia. Blowhole at Quobba, west coast, Western Australia. GLOSSARY OF COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY 1165

Bluffs on the southeast coast of Phillip Island, Victoria, Australia.

Breakers, Breaking waves - When waves break they produce (1) surging breakers, which are low and gentle waves until they sweep up a relatively steep beach, (2) plunging breakers, with fronts that curve over and crash (producing little swash but a strong backwash), (3) collapsing breakers that subside as they move toward the shore, and (4) spilling breakers, which are short and high, and produce foaming surf as the swash runs up a beach of gentle gradient (Galvin, 1972). Alternatively, there are constructive breakers (which wash sediment up on to the beach) and destructive breakers (which cause beach erosion),depending on whether the swash and backwash achieve net shoreward or seaward movement of beach material.

Break-point bar - A bar built in the zone where waves break, deposi- tion occurring where shoreward drifting beneath incoming waves meets seaward drifting by backwash, leaving a parallel trough to landward.

Breakwater - An artificial structure built into the sea, often curved, and designed to impede wave action so as to shelter a harbor or protect a stretch of coastline. The terms jetty and pier are sometimes used as synonyms.

Bund - A term used mainly in India and southeast Asia for an artificial embankment, usually of earth or gravel, built along the coastline or the banks of a river or estuary.

Cala, Calanque - A deep steep-sided marine inlet on a limestone coast: calas are found in the Balearic Islands and calanques on the coast of Provence.

Calcified seaweed, grit - Coarse angular sand or gravel produced by Lithothamnion calcareum, which grows extensively on some seafloor areas, as in the western part of the English Channel.

Calcilutite - A fine-grained (silt-sized) calcareous formation with an admixture of clay, often coherent enough to stand as a vertical cliff. The Port Campbell Limestone formation (Miocene) in Victoria, Australia, contains calcilutite deposits that stand in spectacular vertical cliffs.

Calcirudite - A calcareous conglomerate or breccia, consisting of broken or worn fragments of coral, shells, or limestone cemented by pre- cipitated carbonates, often occurring in layers in Dune Calcarenite (q.v.).

Calcrete (Caliche) - A hard rock calcareous formation cemented by Breakaway on cliff top near Lyme Regis, Dorset, England. precipitated carbonates; a limestone or calcareous duricrust usually 1166 GLOSSARY OF COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY

Calanque at Wied-il-Ghazri, Gozo, Malta.

Coral cay in the Maldive Islands, Indian Ocean.

formed on or immediately below the land surface in an arid or semiarid Cape - A large, often rounded coastal protrusion, located where the environment by precipitation of carbonates derived from groundwater coastline intersects a range of mountains, hills, or a plateau, usually that moved upward to an evaporation level. Calcrete can occur as where a drainage divide reaches the coast. However, some capes are low- a horizon within dune stratigraphy (usually formed on an old land sur- lying (e.g., Cape Canaveral (Kennedy) and others on the American face subsequently buried by younger dune sand) or as a caprock (car- Atlantic coast). bonates having been delivered in rising groundwater and precipitated near the drying surface). Known as kunkar in Australia. See Dune Calcarenite. Cay - A small low-lying depositional island of coralline sand or gravel (shingle cay) built up just above high tide level by wave action on a reef flat, usually toward the lee side. In the Caribbean a cay is termed a key. Can - A fan of beach material washed through a low permeable coastal barrier by Storm Waves (Storm Surges) (qq.v.) to form a delta-like projection into a lagoon or on to backing marshland. There are good Chenier - A long, low-lying narrow strip of sand, often shelly and examples behind the shingle barrier of Chesil Beach, Dorset. typically up to 3 m high and 40–400 m wide, deposited in the form of GLOSSARY OF COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY 1167 wave-built beach ridge on a swampy (peat and clay), deltaic, or alluvial Chine - A deep and narrow ravine cut into soft rock on a cliffed coast coastal plain by wave action. Many cheniers contain shelly sand and by a stream descending steeply to the shore, often over waterfalls. gravel. In Louisiana such ridges often have vegetation dominated by A term used in the Isle of Wight and on the Hampshire coast in south- oak trees (chêne, hence chênière), emphasizing the contrast with ern England. the adjacent peat or clay terrain (Russell and Howe, 1935). Cheniers on the wide coastal plain east of Darwin, Australia, have pandanus palms: had Clastic - Consisting of broken and transported fragments of pre-existing they been originally studied here they may have been called pandaniers. rock. The term Coarse clastic beach has sometimes been applied to a Most cheniers have been deposited at the limit of storm surge swash, and beach of gravel or Shingle (q.v.). may be termed transgressive, but some may have formed along the coast during a brief phase of raised sea level, followed by progradation that Clay - A sediment consisting of particles with a diameter smaller than leaves them stranded inland: these may be termed regresssive. 1/256 (about 0.004) mm. A chenier plain is a coastal plain with several cheniers scattered across it, usually parallel or subparallel to the coastline. Cheniers may Ͼ Њ pass laterally into beach ridges where the fine-grained substrate Cliff - A steep (usually 40 , often vertical and sometimes overhang- becomes sandy or gravelly. ing) coastal slope cut into (and thus exposing) rock formations,

Sandy chenier within mangroves, Karembé, New Caledonia.

Whale Chine, Isle of Wight, England. 1168 GLOSSARY OF COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY produced by basal marine erosion (undercutting), but occasionally by In American literature the coast is sometimes elaborated to the faulting or earlier fluvial or glacial erosion. Cliffs cut in unconsolidated coastal zone. formations are sometimes known as Earth Cliffs (q.v.), and there are also Ice Cliffs (q.v.) at the seaward terminations of glaciers and ice Coastal barrier - See Barrier. sheets. Cliffs rising to 100–500 m above sea level are termed high cliffs, while those exceeding 500 m (as in Peru and Western Ireland) are Coastal dimensions - Coastal morphology may be classified as termed megacliffs (Guilcher, 1966): the cliff at Enniberg on the north follows: coast of Vidoy (Faerö Islands) is 725 m high. Coastal cliffs are generally First-order features - about 1000 km long, 100 km wide, and 10 km high receding as the result of marine erosion at their base, accompanied by (e.g., continental coasts, related to global tectonics). subaerial erosion of the cliff face. Second-order features are about 100 km long, 10 km wide, and 1 km high (e.g., deltas, fiords). Cliff fall (Rock fall) - The collapse of the face of a rocky cliff into an Third-order features about 10 km long, 1 km wide, and 100 m high (e.g., apron of debris. On some cliffs columns of rock bordered by vertical coastal barriers). joints may topple on to the shore. Fourth-order features are about 1 km long, 100 m wide, and 10 m high (e.g., foredunes). Clifflet - See Microcliff. Fifth-order features are about 100 m long, 10 m wide, and 1 m high (e.g., beach berms, shore platforms, sand bars). Cliff-top dunes - Usually found where sand blown from a beach moved Sixth-order features are about 10 m long, 1 m wide, and 10 cm high (e.g., up and over a cliff, but the link between the beach and the dune has been beach cusps). removed by erosion, exposing the cliff; occasionally the dunes have Seventh-order features are about 1 m long, 10 cm wide, and 1 cm high arrived from inland (Jennings, 1967). (e.g., current ripples). In each case the dimension given should be regarded as being within Coast - A zone of varying width where the land meets the sea, and a range of from 50% to five times the figure given (i.e., Sixth-order features where the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere meet and interact. 5–50 m long, 0.5–5 m wide, and 5–50 cm high). Some use the term as a synonym for shore, but generally it is taken to include the land margin, extending inland to the limit of penetration Coastal dunes - Hills, banks, or ridges of aeolian (wind-blown) sand of marine processes or to the first major change in landform features, such backing present or former coastlines. as a rising slope, and the nearshore zone, out at least to the line where waves break. A wider definition includes the whole zone between the Coastal erratics - Large shore rocks that came from outcrops else- highest and lowest coastlines related to sea-level changes during the where, delivered to their present position on the coast or on the shore, Quaternary (q.v.). usually by glaciers or icebergs.

Coastal gorge - See Geo.

Coastal lagoon (Barrier lagoon) - A shallow, often brackish (estuar- ine) water body formed where a coastal inlet, river mouth or embay- ment has been enclosed (or almost enclosed) behind a depositional barrier or barrier spit. Known as an étang in France, a haff in Germany, an estero in Portugal, a liman on the Black Sea coast and a pond in New England. A distinction is made between coastal lagoons enclosed by depositional barriers and lagoons backed by coral atolls, or standing between a barrier reef and the mainland coast.

Coastal land reclamation - The making of new land by enclosing or fill- ing shore and nearshore areas. An alternative term land claim has been sug- gested, because this is not strictly reclaiming, but land claim risks confusion with territorial claims by political groups.

Coastal landslide - The movement of a mass of rock, earth or debris down a coastal slope. Also known as a landslip (Lyell, 1833). Where the coastal rocks are fine-grained, the downslope movement may be in the form of a mudflow lubricated by exuded groundwater or surface runoff after heavy rain or melting snow or ice.

Coastal plain - Low-lying coastal terrain, usually of depositional ori- gin, but occasionally consisting of planed-off rock outcrops (see Strandflat), between the coastline and rising ground in the hinterland.

Coastal sediment compartment - A sector of coast within which sed- iment is largely or completely confined, delimited by rocky reefs, promontories, tidal inlets, river mouths, or artificial structures such as breakwaters (Davies, 1974). See Beach Compartment.

Coastal tors - Outcrops of harder or more massive rock protruding as buttresses (coastal tors) from a coastal slope.

Coastal waters - A general term for the sea area adjacent to the coast, comprising the nearshore and offshore zones. The seaward limit is usually indefinite, and an arbitrary distance (such as 3 nautical miles) has been used in Law of the Sea schedules.

Coastline - The edge of the land at the limit of normal high spring tides; the subaerial land margin, often marked by the seaward boundary of terrestrial vegetation. On cliffed coasts it is taken as the cliff foot at high spring tide level. Use of the term Shoreline (q.v.) as a synonym for Coast or Coastline is vague and misleading, and should be avoided— Cliff fall and scar on Chalk coast, North Foreland, Kent, England. shorelines move to and fro as the tides rise and fall, whereas coastlines GLOSSARY OF COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY 1169

Giant’s Rock, a coastal erratic on the shore near Porthleven, Cornwall, England.

Coastal landslide at Blackgang, Isle of Wight, England.

Coastal tor (buttress) at Trewalvas Head, Cornwall, England. 1170 GLOSSARY OF COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY are related to the high-spring-tide shoreline, and thus submerged only in Currents - Movements of water generated by one or more of the exceptional circumstances (e.g., Storm Surges, q.v.). following: density currents occur where water of higher specific gravity (colder or more saline) moves to displace water of lower specific gravity; Cobble - A rock particle with a diameter between 64 and 256 mm. discharge (fluvial jet) currents occur where a river flows into the sea; ebb See Granulometry. and flow (flood) currents are generated by falling and rising tides; wave- generated currents such as the longshore currents that develop when Colk - A relatively deep circular or oval depression in the seafloor (or waves arrive at an angle to the shoreline; Rip Currents (q.v.) flow back on the floor of an estuary or lagoon) excavated and kept clear of sedi- into the sea through breaking waves at intervals along the shore; wind- mentation by locally strong current action (including the siphoning that generated currents flow in the direction of the wind; and ocean currents can occur beneath ice). Also known as a tidal colk or scour hole. are slow mass movements of water in response to variations in water Originally a pothole on a river bed. temperature and salinity, atmospheric pressure and wind stress.

Compound spit - A recurved spit with several recurves on the inner Cuspate bar - A triangular depositional bank of sand or shingle, sub- shore marking former terminations. merged, at least at high tide, extending out from the coast with straight or concave shores that meet in a seaward point, and enclosing a depres- Concentric (Contraction) ridges - A series of small parallel beach sion occupied by a lagoon at low tide. ridges formed successively on the shore of a contracting shallow lake or lagoon by intermittent deposition along the margins of a prograding salt marsh, as described from Lake Reeve, Victoria, Australia, by Jenkin Cuspate barrier - Similar to a cuspate bar, except that it has been built (1966). above high tide level.

Contraposed coast - A discordant coast developed on previously con- Cuspate foreland - A triangular depositional area of sand or shingle cealed rock formations where marine erosion has removed bordering with straight or concave shores extending out to a seaward point, with and overlying weaker deposits (Clapp, 1913). Examples of contraposed multiple beach ridges marking stages in progradation on one or both coasts include sectors where Archaean gneiss has been exhumed from a flanks. Cuspate forelands may migrate by erosion of one flank and the Pleistocene dune calcarenite cover on the west coast of Eyre Peninsula, drifting of beach material to accrete on the other. Known in Britain as a South Australia, and where Palaeozoic rocks have been exposed by the ness (Dungeness and Duddon Ness). removal of a fringe of glacial drift on the coasts of the Lleyn Peninsula in North Wales. In southwest England the slope-over-wall profiles Cuspate spit - A triangular spit that projects from the coast with straight formed where a mantle of Pleistocene periglacial Head has been under- or concave shores extending out to a seaward point. Often formed in the cut by marine erosion to expose Devonian rocks could also be classified lee of an islet, stack, reef or shoal, or on the shores of a bay or lagoon as a as contraposed. result of convergent wave refraction. Formerly known as a cuspate bar, but this term is not applicable to a feature built above high tide level (see Bar). Coral garden - An open structure built by branching (e.g., staghorn) corals. Cut-and-fill - The cyclic sequence of changes on a beach profile result- Coral rampart - A depositional ridge of coral fragments built near the ing from erosion by storm waves (cut) and subsequent restoration by windward margin of a coral reef by storm waves or surges. constructive waves (fill).

Coral reefs - A structure built in the sea by corals, which form the reef Delta - A depositional landform produced by sedimentation at and framework, together with algae and other organisms (such as algae, around the mouth of a river. Deltas usually protrude from the coast, and molluscs, crinoids, bryozoans) and precipitated carbonates to make are typically triangular, named from the Greek letter “delta” applied to rock formations sufficiently resistant to withstand normal wave action. the Nile delta by Herodotus in ancient times, but they may alternatively be Digitate (finger-like, as in the Mississippi delta), Cuspate (Tiber Corrosion - Dissolving of rock or minerals by chemical action in water delta), Arcuate or rounded (Niger delta), or Lobate (Rhône delta), in (rain, sea, or spray). shape.

Coral garden, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. GLOSSARY OF COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY 1171

Dungeness: a cuspate foreland in southeastern England.

Cuspate spit, Moreton Island, Queensland, Australia.

Dissipative beach - A beach where wave energy is greatly diminished as internal precipitation of carbonates from groundwater. The proportions spilling breakers move in through shallow nearshore water. of carbonate vary, but are typically at least 50%, the dune sand being cal- careous or partly noncalcareous (quartzose sandstones with less than Distributary - One of a number of channels formed in a delta region 50% carbonate are termed quartz-arenites). Dune calcarenite is usually of where the river branches downstream. Pleistocene age, and may be overlain by unconsolidated Holocene dune topography. Dune calcarenite is also known as Aeolian Calcarenite (q.v.), Drift-aligned beach - See Beach, Drift-Aligned. Aeolianite, Calcareous aeolianite, Dune limestone or Dune sandstone; American spelling: eolianite. Drowned valley-mouth - See Ria. Dune swale - A hollow within dune topography,especially between Dune - A mound or ridge of unconsolidated wind-blown sediment, parallel dune ridges. Wet swales (often with marsh vegetation) are usually sand but occasionally silt or clay (where the source area is a dry termed slacks and deeper hollows may be seasonally or permanently mudflat: crescent-shaped silt or clay dunes on the lee shore of a lake or occupied by dune lakes. lagoon are known as lunettes). Earth cliff - A term used by May (1977) for a cliff cut in soft rock Dune calcarenite - A generally consolidated aeolian sandstone lithified formations (sand, clay, and chalk) and subject to rapid recession and by the cementation or partial cementation of dune sand by secondary instability leading to recurrent mass movements. 1172 GLOSSARY OF COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY

Dune calcarenite cliff, Jubilee Point, Victoria, Australia.

Emerged beach, Falmouth Bay, Cornwall.

Edge waves - Standing oscillations that develop at right angles to the coast where the land has been uplifted, sea level has fallen, or some coastline as the result of resonance between waves approaching the combination of land and sea-level change that has left the sea at a shore and waves reflected from it. relatively lower level.

Emergence - A rise in the level of the land relative to the sea, achieved Emerged beach - A beach that stands above the level at which it origi- by actual uplift of the land, a lowering of sea level, or some combina- nally formed, on or behind the present shore. Known in the earlier liter- tion of land and sea-level change that leaves the sea at a relatively lower ature as a Raised Beach (q.v.), when it was thought that upward land level. Also known as a negative change (or fall) in base level. An movement was necessary to produce such a feature, but it can also be emerged coast (or feature) is one that stands at a higher level relative to formed as a result of a lowering of sea level, or some combination of the sea than when it originally formed; an emerging coast is one actually land and sea-level change that has left the sea at a relatively lower level. rising relative to sea level.

Emerged shore platform - A shore platform that stands above the Epeirogenic movement - Upward or downward tectonic movements level at which it originally formed (often with an emerged beach), on a of large (continental) land masses. GLOSSARY OF COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY 1173

Escarpment cliff (bluff ) - A steep coastal slope cut across rock formations that are horizontal, or dipping landward.

Estuary - The seaward end of a river, opening toward the sea, typically through a funnel-shaped inlet, and usually subject to tidal movements and incursions of salt water from the sea.

Estuary threshold - A bank of inwashed sand or gravel at the mouth of an estuary.

Eustasy (Eustatic movements) - Worldwide movements of sea level resulting from changes in the volume of water in the ocean basins. Such changes have occurred as a result of the waxing and wan- ing of the Earth’s glaciers, ice sheets, and snowfields (glacio-eustatic movements), but similar changes have taken place as a result of modifi- cation of the shape and capacity of the ocean basins by deposition of sediment (sedimento-eustatic movements), submarine vulcanicity (volcanic-eustatic movements) or tectonic deformation (tectono-eusta- tic movements). There are also steric changes due to expansion or contraction of the oceans with rising or falling temperatures.

Fault coast - A steep or cliffed coast produced by faulting, where the seaward slope coincides with the plane of the fault, along which the land has been raised. Some coasts were initiated as fault coasts, but have been cut back by marine erosion and now stand landward of the fault.

Fault-line coast - A steep or cliffed coast following a fault line, where the seaward slope has been formed by differential erosion of rock formations juxtaposed by prior faulting.

Ferricrete - A sedimentary rock formation indurated by the precipita- tion of iron oxides or other iron compounds, usually derived from per- colating groundwater.

Fetch - The distance of open water across which the wind generates waves approaching a coastline from a particular direction.

Fiard (Fjard) - An inlet formed by marine submergence of a river val- ley (or wide, shallow valley excavated by ice movement) incised in low- lying glaciated rocky terrain. Known in Scotland as a firth.

Fiord (Fjord) - A long, deep steep-sided marine inlet formed by submer- Emerged shore platform (raised in 1855 earthquake), Wellington, gence of part of a valley (U-shaped glacial trough) previously shaped by a New Zealand. glacier and incised into coastal uplands. Known in Scotland as a sea loch.

Escarpment cliff, Ballard Down, Dorset, England. 1174 GLOSSARY OF COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY

A fiard near Hjortholm, Denmark.

Fiord at Milford Sound, South Island, New Zealand.

Fitting boulders - Interlocking accumulations of blocks and boulders on Foreshore - The shore zone, between high and low tide lines. In some the shore, resulting from the jostling of the rocks by wave agitation and countries there is confusion because the term has been used for the their consequent abrasion until they have become mutually worn into a fringe of the land, which is really the backshore. complex three-dimensional jigsaw pattern. Fringing reef - A structure built adjacent to the coast by coral and asso- Flandrian marine transgression - The sea-level rise that began about ciated organisms. A distinction may be made between a shore reef, built 18,000 years ago, in the Late Pleistocene, and continued into the out as a prograded terrace from the coastline, and an attached reef, which Holocene. This transgression was originally defined in Flanders, north- originated a short distance offshore and became linked to the coastline by east France and southern Belgium (Dubois, 1924). See Late Quaternary subsequent deposition. Some fringing reefs decline gently landward, pass- Marine Transgression (q.v.). ing beneath a shallow (ca. 1 m) lagoon or moat, sometimes called a boat channel. Foredune - A ridge of wind-blown sand at the back of a beach, paral- lel to the coastline, and retained by vegetation. Some foredunes origi- nate as a result of wind deposition of sand on a beach ridge (q.v.), but Frost shattering - The disintegration of rock surfaces, notably on cliffs others may begin to form along an upper beach strandline that persists and shore outcrops, as a result of repeated expansion and contraction long enough for plants to germinate and intiate sand trapping. The of the rock by freezing and thawing, particularly where contained mois- terms primary dune and frontal dune are synonyms for foredune in ture forms ice crystals as temperature ranges through 0–4ЊC. Also Australia. termed thermal abrasion. GLOSSARY OF COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY 1175

Foredune at Seaspray, Ninety Mile Beach, Victoria, Australia.

Fringing reef on the southeast coast of Bali, Indonesia.

Gat - A channel cut or maintained across a bar by waves or (more Giant waves - Exceptionally high waves generated by major distur- often) currents. bances (earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions) on the coast or seafloor. See Tsunami. Geo - A Scottish term for a long, deep, and narrow steep-sided inlet (coastal gorge or chasm) cut into rocky cliffs by marine erosion, usually Grain Size Categories - The Wentworth scale of particle diameters. along structural planes of division (joints, faults, bedding planes, cleav- The ø scale is based on the negative logarithm (to base 2) of the particle age planes). Known as a zawn or gut in Cornwall. A distinction may be ϭ diameter in millimetres [ø log2d], so that coarser particles have made between geos, excavated entirely by marine erosion, and gorges negative values. that are the mouths of deeply incised steep-sided valleys invaded by the An alternative is a decimal scale centered on 2 mm,in which sea during the later stages of the Flandrian Marine Transgression (q.v.). sand ranges from 0.2 to 2.0 mm, but this does not correspond well with generally perceived grain size categories. The sand range Geological column - The sequence of rock formations arranged by age excludes sediment that would be generally classified as fine to very fine (my ϭ million years): sand, and the coarser (Ͼ2.0 mm) and finer (Ͻ0.2 mm) divisions do not match widely accepted categories of pebbles and cobbles or of silt Geological structure - See Structure. and clay. 1176 GLOSSARY OF COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY

Quaternary Period Holocene (Recent) 10,000 years Wentworth scale category Particle diameter (mm) ø scale Pleistocene Epoch 2.3 my Tertiary Period Pliocene Epoch 5 my Boulders Ͼ256 below Ϫ8ø Miocene Epoch 23 my Cobbles 64–256 Ϫ6ø to Ϫ8ø Oligocene Epoch 36 my Pebbles 4–64 Ϫ2ø to Ϫ6ø Eocene Epoch 53 my Granules 2–4 Ϫ1ø to Ϫ2ø Palaeocene Epoch 65 my Very coarse sand 1–2 0ø to Ϫ1ø Mesozoic Era Cretaceous Period 144 my Coarse sand 1/2–1 1ø to 0ø Jurassic Period 213 my Medium sand 1/4–1/2 2ø to 1ø Triassic Period 248 my Fine sand 1/8–1/4 3ø to 2ø Palaeozoic Era Permian Period 290 my Very fine sand 1/16–1/8 4ø to 3ø Carboniferous Period 360 my Silt 1/256–1/16 8ø to 4ø Devonian Period 405 my Clay Ͻ1/256 above 8ø Silurian Period 436 my Ordovician Period 510 my Cambrian Period 560 my Pre-Cambrian Era

Honeycomb weathering on Cretaceous sandstone, Otways coast, Victoria, Australia.

Granule - A rock particle with a diameter between 2 and 4 mm. Holocene marine transgression - See Late Quaternary Marine See Granulometry. Transgression or Flandrian Marine Transgression.

Granulometry - The measurement and classification of the size of sed- Honeycomb weathering (Alveolar weathering) - A process produc- iment grains. ing an intricate pattern of small cell-like cavities on a rock surface, often penetrating a harder (or indurated) crust. Groyne - A wall built out at right angles from the coastline, intended to intercept drifting beach material. American spelling: groin. Humate - A consolidated and indurated sandrock formed within a sandy formation (Dunes, Beach Ridges, qq.v.) by interstitial precipita- Gulch - A deep and narrow channel cut by abrasion into a cliff or tion of iron oxides (derived from the thin coating of quartz sand grains shore platform or across a rocky shore, often extending below low tide by ferruginous material, responsible for their initial yellow or brown level. color, mobilized by percolating groundwater) and precipitation of organic matter (washed down from surface soil and decaying vegeta- Hairpin dune - An elongated, narrow blowout or parabolic dune with tion) within the zone where the water table rises and falls (seasonally or parallel trailing arms, well developed in northeastern Tasmania. irregularly). Also known as coffee rock or hardpan.

Hanging valley - A valley truncated by cliff recession, so that the Hutberge - A high, steep-sided hill rising abruptly from a Strandflat stream pours out as a coastal waterfall. (q.v.), formed as a residual island in a shallow sea subject to intensive freeze–thaw processes accompanying tidal alternations. Similar in form, Headland - A high protrusion of the land into the sea, usually cliffed. but not origin, to Old Hat Islands (q.v.). Generally smaller than a Cape or Promontory (qq.v.). Hydro-isostasy - Vertical movements of a coast and continental Holocene epoch - The last of the geological epochs, which began about shelf in response to loading and unloading of water as sea levels rise 10,000 years ago. and fall. GLOSSARY OF COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY 1177

Cliffs cut in humate, Chatham Islands, New Zealand.

Ice coast/Ice cliffs - Steep cliffs up to 50 m high, formed where glaciers 6,000 years ago, but the history of sea-level change has been complicated or ice sheets (ice shelves) reach the sea, and from which floes and ice- on many coasts by accompanying and continuing uplift or depression of bergs become separated during summer melting. Where the ice is afloat coastal land margins. See Flandrian Marine Transgression. Sometimes the cliff is called an ice front; where it is grounded, an ice wall. called the Holocene marine transgression, but the term Late Quaternary Marine Transgression (q.v.) is more accurate as the sea-level rise began Ice rafting - The delivery of material (rocks, beach sediments, marsh late in Pleistocene times and culminated within the past 10,000 years fragments, driftwood) to the shore on or within layers of ice (often in (Holocene). icebergs detached from a glacier front), to be deposited when the ice melts in summer. See also Coastal Erratics. Lateral grading - A gradual change in the caliber of beach sediment along the shore. Grading is a condition; sorting and attrition are Induration - The hardening of a rock surface by precipitation of processes that may lead to a beach becoming graded. material (carbonates, iron compounds, silica) from groundwater exuda- tions, forming a resistant crust (case-hardening). Longshore current - The flow of water along the shore or nearshore as the result of oblique waves, often augmented by wind-driven and tidal Intermediate beach - A beach state transitional between a dissipative currents. and a Reflective Beach (q.v.). Longshore (Littoral) drifting - The movement of beach sediment along the shore (and Nearshore, q.v.) by waves arriving at an angle to Isostasy - An equilibrium between an area of the Earth’s crust floating the coastline (Beach Drifting, q.v.) and by currents generated by such and the underlying plastic mantle, whereby areas loaded with sediment, waves (nearshore drifting). Also known as Shore Drift (q.v.). volcanic deposits or ice subside, and areas unloaded (e.g., when an ice cover melts) rise (isostatic rebound). Lobate (Looped) bar, barrier - A depositional feature curving out from the coastline and back again, in such a way as to enclose a lagoon Jetty - A solid structure built out more or less at right angles to the or swamp. A lobate bar is submerged at least at high tide, and a lobate coastline or on either side of a river mouth or lagoon entrance. The barrier has been built up above high tide level. terms breakwater and pier are sometimes used as synonyms. Log-spiral beach - See Zetaform Beach. Karst coast - A coast with landforms shaped by solution processes, notably on limestone, where the dissolving of the rock leads to the for- Low islands (Low wooded islands) - Small low-lying depositional mation of surface depressions, sinkholes, caves, and underground islands of coralline sediment, comprising a leeward sand Cay (q.v.), drainage. mainly of sand, a shingle rampart on the windward side, and an inter- vening depression occupied by a lagoon with mangroves. Klint - A term used for a cliff (generally in limestone) in the Baltic region. In some countries, notably Estonia, it describes an active cliff, Machair - A low flat or hummocky plain of calcareous sand, generally but more generally it indicates an inland bluff that was an active cliff formed on the landward side of a coastal dune, as on the coasts of when sea level was higher. Scotland and Ireland.

Landlocked - An area of water (usually a bay or lagoon) surrounded or Macrotidal - Where mean spring tide range is 4–6 m. nearly enclosed by land. Mangrove - A type or community of halophytic trees and shrubs that Late Quaternary marine transgression - The worldwide rise of sea can grow on shores sheltered from strong wave action (bays, inlets, level that began about 18,000 years ago, when sea stood between 100 and delta, estuary, and lagoon shores) in the intertidal zone, subject to regu- 140 m below its present level, and the continental shelves were subaeri- lar or frequent submergence of their root systems by brackish or seawa- ally exposed, as the result of global warming and the release of water ter. Mangroves are found mainly on tropical and subtropical coasts, but from melting glaciers, ice sheets, and snow fields. It came to an end about extend locally into temperate latitudes. 1178 GLOSSARY OF COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY

Low Isles, low wooded islands off Port Douglas, Queensland, Australia.

Megaripples in the Bay of Fundy, Canada.

Megaripple - A large form or Ripple (q.v.) or sand wave with an organisms, surrounding a shallow depression on the shore or on a coral amplitude of 0.1–1.0 m and length between 1 and 100 m. See Ridge and reef. runnel. Microcliff - A small cliff, generally less than a meter high, found on the Megatidal - Where mean spring tide range exceeds 6 m. seaward margins of salt marsh and mangrove terraces, and sometimes in intertidal mudflats. Also known as a Clifflet (q.v.). Mesa - A flat-topped, steep-sided residual hill. The term has also been used to describe small upstanding flat-topped rocks on a shore Microtidal - Where mean spring tide range is less than 2 m. platform. Mud - A sticky fine-grained sediment (silt, clay, sometimes with organic Mesotidal - Where mean spring tide range is between 2 and 4 m. matter).

Microatoll - A circular organic reef structure (diameter 1–6 m) con- Mudflat - A relatively level unvegetated area of fine sediment on the sisting of a raised rim built by coral (usually porites),algae and other shore, especially in sheltered inlets, estuaries, or tidal lagoons. Intertidal GLOSSARY OF COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY 1179

Microatoll, White Lady Bay, Magnetic Island, Queensland, Australia.

Mushroom Rock on Pleistocene dune calcarenite, Sorrento, Victoria, Australia. mudflats are commonly exposed seaward or salt marshes of mangroves dune calcarenites, as a result of physical processes (wetting and at low tide, and supratidal mudflats (Tanns in West Africa) occur land- drying), chemical processes (corrosion by sea spray, i.e., aerated ward of salt marshes or mangroves on arid or semiarid coasts. sea water; growth of salt crystals), and biological processes (corrosion by algae and other organisms; scraping and browsing by Mudrock - A massive or blocky rock composed of indurated fine- shore fauna). grained sediment (silt and clay), also termed siltstone or claystone, differing from a shale in being nonfissile. Mushroom rock - A table-like stack that has been marginally undercut by abrasion, solution, or bioerosion so that it is surrounded by a notch Multicausality - Where similar coastal landforms (e.g., coastal barri- and visor, and stands above a narrower pedestal. ers, cuspate forelands, laterally graded beaches) may be produced in different ways (Schwartz, 1971). Natural arch - A tunnel extending through a headland, island or stack, beneath a connecting bridge, usually formed where a cave Muricate weathering - the intricate pitting of coastal rock surfaces in has been enlarged by abrasion or solution. Also known as a Sea the spray zone, especially on limestones, calcareous sandstones, and Arch (q.v.). 1180 GLOSSARY OF COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY

Natural arch, La Manne Porte, Etretat, France.

Old Hat island, Taylor Island, Paihia, New Zealand.

Neap tide - A diminished tide range when the sun and the moon are at Neotectonic - Movements that have produced existing landforms (e.g., right angles in relation to the earth, so that their gravitational effects are fault scarps) and associated structures, generally within Quaternary not combined. (q.v.) Times.

Nearshore - The shallow water zone between the low tide line and the Notch (Nip) - A narrow hollow excavated along the base of a cliff line where waves begin to break; a zone that migrates to and fro as the near high tide level by abrasion, solution or bioerosion, often with an tide rises and falls. overhanging rock visor (protruding ledge of rock). See Abrasion Notch, Solution Notch. Nearshore water circulation - An association of processes that oper- ates as wave move through the nearshore zone to break on the Shore or Old Hat island - A stack or islet surrounded by a flat or gently Beach, generating Swash and Backwash (qq.v.). sloping shore platform, formed where much of a soft or weathered rock GLOSSARY OF COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY 1181 formation has been removed by erosion above a harder horizontal or between the mainland and an offshore island. They have developed intertidal rock layer, which persists as a structural bench. Originally either by convergent longshore drifting or the breaching of a former described from North Island, New Zealand. coastal barrier.

Open coast - A coast unprotected by islands, promontories or reefs, Pan - A shallow steep-sided and flat-floored natural depression on and so exposed to the full force of wave action. a shore platform or in a salt marsh (see Salt Pan).A soil pan is a crust or subsurface horizon of compacted or indurated sediment (see Humate). Overwash (Washover) - The washing of sediment over the crest of a beach or coastal barrier by exceptionally strong wave swash to form a Parabolic dune - A dune with an advancing convex nose of depositional fan on the landward side. See Washover Fan. spilling sand and trailing (roughly parallel) arms of partly vegetated sand on either side of an elongated low corridor formed or maintained Paired spits - Spits on either side of a coastal inlet, river mouth or by deflation. Typically its axial length is more than three times its mean lagoon entrance, or protruding toward each other between two islands width.

Paired spits, Shoal Inlet, Victoria, Australia.

Parabolic dune near Lakes Entrance, Victoria, Australia. 1182 GLOSSARY OF COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY

Parallel dunes near Robe, South Australia.

Parallel dunes - A succession of foredunes developed on a prograding coast (usually surmounting Beach Ridges, q.v.).

Pebble - A rock particle with a diameter between 4 and 64 mm. See Granulometry.

Periglacial (Paraglacial) - Processes and environments found beyond the limits of glaciation, typified by freezing and thawing, and frequent accumulation and melting of snow.

Pier - An open structure on multiple supports, usually designed to per- mit ships to berth: beneath it waves, currents and drifting sediment pass almost unimpeded. The term Jetty (q.v.) is sometimes used as a synonym. Occasionally these terms are used to describe solid stone structures.

Pit, Pitting - superficial indentations (typically up to 5 mm in diame- ter), etched on a rock surface by Weathering or Abrasion (qq.v.).See Muricate Weathering.

Plunging cliff - A steep or vertical cliff that descends into deep water inshore without any intervening Shore Platform, Rocky Shore, or Beach (qq.v.).

Point - A small protrusion of the land into the sea, usually sharp,taper- ing and low-lying, but sometimes a high headland (Hartland Point, Devonshire).

Progradation - The building seaward of a coastline by deposition of sediment, as on a beach or a dune, or where a marsh or mangrove shore- line advances.

Promontory - A coastal protrusion or headland, high and bordered by cliffs or bluffs, usually smaller than a Cape (q.v.).

Quaternary - The geological period which began about 2.3 million years ago. It comprises the Pleistocene epoch (2.3 million years ago to 10,000 years ago) and the Holocene or Recent epoch (the last 10,000 years).

Raised beach - A beach that has been uplifted by tectonic movements to stand above the level at which it originally formed, on or behind the present shore. See Emerged Beach. Plunging cliff near Milford Sound, South Island, New Zealand. GLOSSARY OF COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY 1183

Recurved spit near Mackay, Queensland, Australia.

Rampart - A slight rise or wall-like ridge up to 2 m high toward the seaward edge of a shore platform or reef, or toward the crest of a cliff. Some ramparts are residual rock features that have escaped weathering and erosion; others are constructional, formed by the growth of organ- isms (see Algal Rim) or depositional, as on the coaming found on some cliff crests. They may consist of boulders, cobbles, pebbles or sand, gen- erally angular and often cemented. See Coral Rampart.

Recurved spit - A spit that ends in a landward hook or recurve. (e.g., Sandy Hook, New Jersey).

Reef - A bank, ridge or mound with a rocky structure, either an eroded rock formation or built by organisms such as corals and algae, usually irregular in outline (but often flat-topped), and not moved by waves or current action.

Reflective beach - A beach where wave energy is partly reflected seaward as plunging breakers move in through relatively deep nearshore water.

Relict features - Features that developed under different environmen- tal conditions (climate, vegetation, sea level) in the past, and have persisted in the present coastal landscape, having not yet been destroyed by modern processes.

Reliction - The exposure of land as a result of seafloor emergence dur- ing a slow or gradual withdrawal of the relative fall in sea level, as around the Caspian Sea between 1930 and 1977.

Ria - A long, narrow, often branching inlet formed by marine submer- gence of parts of a river valley that had previously been incised to a lower sea level: a drowned valley-mouth. Cotton (1956) separated ria sensu lato, thus defined, from ria sensu stricto, where the inlet runs par- allel to geological outcrops that run at right angles to the coastline, as in the Rias of Galicia, northwest Spain, which Richthofen (1886) quoted in the original definition. Some of the Galician rias are wide and deep, and the valleys that have been drowned may have been shaped partly by tectonic subsidence or by the recession of bordering scarps.

Ridge and runnel - Several subdued bars and troughs running parallel or nearly parallel to the coastline and exposed at low tide on a sandy shore. Also known as low and ball. Ria (Aber Benoît) on the Brittany coast, France. 1184 GLOSSARY OF COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY

Ridge and runnel on the shore at Saltburn, Yorkshire.

Rip channel - A channel cut by the seaward flow of a Rip Current (q.v.) across the nearshore zone, usually through nearshore bars.

Rip current - A strong narrow current (up to two knots) flowing seaward through breakers at right angles or an oblique angle to the coastline.

Ripple marks - Undulations (ridges generally less than 10 cm high, and troughs a few centimeters long between successive crests, often exposed at low tide on the foreshore), formed on a sandy foreshore and nearshore area by waves and/or currents. Some are parallel, others form intersecting, sometimes rhomboidal patterns. They may be symmetrical in cross- section, but are usually asymmetrical with steeper slopes in the direction of wave or current flow and elongated at right angles to this direction.

Rocky shore - An irregular, rugged rocky area between high and low tide where shore platforms have failed to develop, or have been intri- cately dissected.

Round hole - An enlarged blowhole on coastal slopes above cliffs that have been penetrated by caves, notably in southwest England.

Sabkha - See Sebkha.

Salt marsh - a flat or gently sloping vegetated wetland in the upper intertidal zone on sheltered parts of the coast (estuaries, inlets, lagoon shores). Often in the form of a depositional terrace, periodically sub- merged, with halophytic grasses, herbs, and shrubs; dissected by tidal creeks, and may contain enclosed Salt Pans (q.v.).

Salt pan - An enclosed bare depression within a salt marsh, apt to dry out, leaving an algal or saline crust. The term is also used for shallow artificial basins in which seawater is trapped and concentrated by evap- oration to brine, which crystallizes into salt for harvesting.

Salt weathering - Disintegration or decomposition of a rock surface by stress caused by the growth of salt crystallizing from sea spray, resulting in the formation of pits, cavities, or shallow basins.

Sand - A sediment consisting of rock particles with a diameter between 0.125 and 2.0 mm. Subdivisions are very coarse sand (1–2 mm), coarse sand (1/2 or 0.5–1 mm), medium sand (1/4 or 0.25–1/2 or 0.5 mm), fine sand (1/8 or 0.125–1/4 or 0.25 mm) and very fine sand (1/16 or 0.0625–1/8 or 0.125 mm). See Granulometry. Rip currents (arrowed) on Woolamai Beach, Phillip Island, Victoria, Sandflat - A relatively level unvegetated sandy intertidal area. Australia. GLOSSARY OF COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY 1185

Seagrass - A marine grass that grows in the intertidal and shallow subtidal zones.

Sea level - The level at which the sea stands against the coast, conven- tionally taken as mean sea level, the arithmetic mean of the calm sea sur- face (excluding waves and oscillations related to winds and atmospheric pressure variations) measured at hourly intervals over at least 18.6 years.

Sebkha (Sabkha) - A low-lying very gently sloping saline area above normal high tide level on an arid coast, subject to occasional flooding by the sea or rain water, and prolonged phases of evaporation and dessi- cation, resulting in hypersaline conditions. Some sebkhas have the branching form of rias. Some carry Salt Marshes (q.v.).

Sediment budget - The relative proportions of inputs, outputs and storage in a coastal sediment system (e.g., a Beach, q.v.).

Segmentation - The division of an elongated lagoon or bay into a chain of smaller, oval, or circular lagoons by the growth and coales- cence of cuspate spits and forelands and the erosion of intervening embayments, usually with narrow connecting channels (Price, 1947; Zenkovich, 1959).

Seiche - Alternating,diminishing fluctuations of water level after a rapid change in atmospheric pressure or where strong wind action has built up water level downwind and lowered it upwind in a landlocked bay, inlet, or coastal lagoon.

Shale - A fine-grained stratified or laminated sedimentary rock which breaks readily into thin layers. Contrast Mudrock (q.v.).

Sharm - A long narrow marine inlet on an arid coast, usually at the mouth of a wadi (a generally dry valley in a coastal upland).

Shingle - A British term for Beach Gravel (q.v.), a coarse, loose deposit which may range from granules through pebbles to cobbles and small boulders, generally well-rounded particles that vary in shape from roughly spherical through ovoid to flat or platy. Shingle beaches are sometimes termed coarse Clastic Beaches, Clastic (q.v.) meaning con- sisting of rock fragments.

Shore - The zone between the water’s edge (Shoreline, q.v.) at high and Round Hole at The Lion’s Den, Lizard Point, Cornwall, England. low tide. Sometimes referred to as tidelands.

Sebkha on the coast of King Sound, Western Australia. 1186 GLOSSARY OF COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY

Shore drift - See Longshore drift, which is more accurate because shore motion (Wentworth, 1944).Similar features may occur on a limestone drift could include movements landward or seaward across the inter- coast where soil pipes formed beneath an ancient soil (palaeosol) are tidal zone. exhumed and excavated by wave scour.

Shoreline - The water’s edge, moving to and fro as the tides rise and Significant wave height - The average height of the highest one-third fall, so that there is a low tide shoreline, a mid-tide shoreline, and a high of waves measured over a 20-min observation period. As the number of tide shoreline. The term has been used as a synonym for Coastline (q.v.), waves within 20 min varies (240 5-s waves, but only 80 15-s waves) it may but it is useful to maintain a distinction between the two terms, taking be preferable to measure the highest 33 of a set of 99 successive waves. Coastline as equivalent to the high tide shoreline. Where the tide range is large and the shore profile gently sloping there is much variation in Silt - A sediment consisting of particles with a diameter between 1/256 the position of the various shorelines. (about 0.004) and 1/16 (0.0625) mm. In the United States the term Shoreline (q.v.) is defined legally as mean high water (MHW), as shown on nautical charts produced by the Skerry - A low, rugged rocky reef or scatter of reefs, generally intertidal National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), while but sometimes extending above high tide level, off a hard rock coast, shorelines at other levels are called lines (e.g., the mean lower low water particularly in Scandinavia and Scotland. Usually there are many sker- line) which is a private-property seaward boundary in some eastern states. ries; the Norwegian term skjergaard has been wrongly translated as It should be noted that the American shoreline, thus defined, is sub- “skerry-guard” when in fact it means the area of calm water in the lee of merged at high spring tides, and is not the margin of normally dry land. skerries. Shore platform - A flat or gently sloping smooth or relatively smooth - A steep coast on which an upper, sloping rock surface formed in the zone between high and low tide levels. The Slope-over-wall profile facet descends to a steeper, often vertical, basal cliff. Such profiles are term is preferred to wave-cut platform, except on some soft rock out- found on steep coasts where the rock formations dip seaward, on soft crops where the platform has been literally cut by wave action alone. formations where a subaerial slope is recurrently undercut by marine Some shore platforms are sub-horizontal, and may be high tide shore erosion, and where a weak formation (such as glacial drift) forms a platforms, submerged only at the highest tides, or low tide shore plat- slope above a cliff in more resistant rock. On hard rock coasts that were forms, exposed only at low tide. Others are seaward sloping intertidal periglaciated in Pleistocene times, as in southwest England, the upper platforms, extending down to below low tide level. Some are structural slope is mantled by frost-shattered solifluction talus deposits (termed (coinciding with the upper surface of a seaward sloping hard rock head) and the basal rocky cliff has been exposed by later marine ero- formation), others erosional (cut across outcropping structures). sion. Some slope-over-wall coasts have beveled slopes of uniform sea- The term Beach Platform (q.v.) is not acceptable as an alternative to ward gradient (Beveled Cliffs, q.v.), but many are convex (hogsback Shore Platform (q.v.) because of the risk of confusion with depositional coasts) and some concave. Also known as two-storied cliff. terraces (e.g., Beach Berm, q.v.).

Shore pothole - A circular or oval depression scoured in a rocky shore Solution notch - An elongated cliff-base hollow cut out near high tide platform by abrasion where sand or pebbles are circulated by wave level by solution (sometimes also bioerosion), often with an overhang- ing rock visor (protruding ledge of rock).

Solution pan - A flat-floored basin developed on a limestone shore platform by solution, bordered by a microcliff or a constructional rim of algae.

Solution pipe - A cylindrical depression formed on a limestone surface by the dissolving of carbonates, often beneath soil and around a root system. There may be no surface depression, but soil has often subsided into a deepening hollow, the margins of which may become case- hardened by secondary precipitation of the leached carbonates. On Dune Calcarenite (q.v.) coasts solution pipes (with encircling calcrete) may be exposed by wind erosion (as structures sometimes confused with petrified forests) or as shore platforms are cut, and the soil washed out to leave a protruding vase-shaped structure.

Sound - A narrow marine channel or strait between an island and the mainland, or between two islands, or between two land areas. A Strait (q.v.).

Spit - A finger-like ridge or embankment of beach material built up above high tide level and diverging from the land at one end (proximal) to terminate (distal end) usually in one or more recurves or hooks curv- ing landward. See Recurved Spit.

Spring tide - An augmented tide range when the sun and the moon are in alignment with the earth, so that their gravitational effects are com- bined.

Squeaking sand - Beach or dune sand that emits sounds (squeaks, squawks, shrieks, sings, barks, booms, roars, or whistles) when walked upon, as the result of the mutual impact of sand grains. Sometimes called musical sand.

Stack - An isolated upstanding steep-sided rock pillar, column or pin- nacle rising from the shore, a shore platform, or the seafloor close to a cliffed coast.

Stillstand - A condition of stability when the relative levels of land and sea remain the same for a prolonged period (several centuries), either Shore potholes formed by abrasion, Pearce’s Beach, Rye, Victoria, because there has been no change in land or sea level, or because these Australia. levels have risen or fallen the same amount. GLOSSARY OF COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY 1187

Slope-over-wall profile (periglaciated slope), Dodman Point, Cornwall, England.

Solution notch on a limestone coast, Baron, Java, Indonesia.

Stack at Sentinel Rock, Port Campbell, Victoria, Australia. 1188 GLOSSARY OF COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY

Storm surge - A temporary abnormal rise of sea level on a coast, as Swash bar - A nearshore bar built parallel to the shore by wave swash, when an exceptionally high tide (often with sea level raised by low with a steeper landward slope advancing into a shallow lagoon. atmospheric pressure) is accompanied by strong wave action generated by an onshore gale (cyclone, hurricane, typhoon). Swash (Swash-backwash) cusps - See Beach Cusps.

Storm wave - A short, steep high wave (wave period generally Ͻ10 s) Swash-dominated beach - A beach shaped primarily by the action of generated by strong winds. swash generated by breaking waves that arrive parallel to the shoreline, so that the beach has an alignment at right angles to the dominant direc- Strait - A narrow passage of water between two land areas. A Sound (q.v.). tion of wave approach. Contrast with Drift-Aligned Beach (q.v.).

Strand - See Shore or Beach. Swashway - A low sector of a barrier through which storm waves or surges flow. Sand or gravel swept through a swashway is deposited as a Strandflat - An extensive shallow submarine and low-lying emerged Washover Fan (q.v.) on the inner shore of the barrier. coastal platform (up to 65 km wide and typically with transverse gradients of up to 10Њ and many surmounting mounds and hillocks that were Swatchway - A channel cut and maintained across a bar or shoal by formerly stacks and islands), sharply contrasted with a high and rugged wave and current scour. A term used in a novel by Erskine Childers hinterland. (1903).

Strandline - See Shoreline. Swash zone - The zone regularly covered and uncovered as breaking waves generate swash and backwash. Stromatolite - A low calcareous sedimentary domal structure, formed in shallow water where a mat or assemblage of blue-green algae Sweep zone - The zone (vertical plane) between high (often summer) have trapped sediment and precipitated calcium carbonate. See Algal and low (often winter) beach profiles, surveyed at right angles to the Mat. coastline, and indicating the extent of loss and gain resulting from cut and fill sequences. Structure, Structural features - The assemblage of rock formations (their arrangement, disposition, nature, and form) upon which ero- Swell - Long, low waves (wave period typically 12–16 s) generated by sional processes are, or have been, at work in shaping a landscape or distant storms and transmitted across oceans and seas. coastline. Tafoni - Large cavities excavated in a rocky cliff by weathering, notably Subdelta lobe - Portion of a delta formed around the mouth of a dis- where the rock surface has been indurated and the underlying material tributary channel. is softer.

Submergence - A fall in the level of the land relative to the sea, Tectonic - Crustal movements that produce geological structures, achieved by actual subsidence of the land, a raising of sea level, or some notably folding and faulting. combination of land and sea-level change that leaves the sea at a rela- tively higher level. A submerged coast (or feature) is one that stands at a Terrigenous sediment - Sediment derived from the land surface and lower level relative to the sea than when it originally formed; a sub- delivered to the coast by runoff, landslides, rivers, glaciers, or wind merging coast is one actually subsiding relative to sea level. action, in contrast with marine sediment supplied to the coast from the seafloor. Swale - An elongated hollow or low-lying area between dune ridges, usually running parallel to the coastline. Threshold - A shallow area near the seaward end of a drowned valley. Swamp encroachment - The advance of sediment-trapping swamp In fiords it is often a rocky sill (sometimes partly depositional), but in vegetation (reedswamp, salt marsh, mangroves) into shallow nearshore estuaries and inlets on high wave energy coasts it is commonly a bank of water, notably in sheltered bays, inlets and coastal lagoons, resulting in inwashed sand, prograding landward. progradation of the land. Tidal bore - A large turbulent wave that develops a steep advancing Swash - The rapid flow (uprush) of a breaking wave up the beach face. water slope (up to 5 m high) that moves rapidly (5–8 m/s) into a long

Swamp encroachment (reedswamp) on the shore of Lake Wellington, Victoria, Australia. GLOSSARY OF COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY 1189

Tide-dominated morphology - Landforms such as intertidal Mudflats (q.v.), salt marsh, and mangrove swamp, shaped primarily by tides and tidal currents, rather than by wave action. Most intertidal mudflats and sandflats, and most salt marshes and mangrove swamps, have to some extent been shaped by occasional wave action (notably producing shoreward drifting of sediment). It is suggested that tide-dominated shore morphology occurs where significant wave height is less than 20 cm at high tide.

Tide range - Mean tide range is the difference between mean high and mean low tides; neap tide range the difference between mean high neap and mean low neap tides; spring tide range the difference between mean high spring and mean low spring tides.

Tombolo - A Ridge or Barrier (qq.v.) of sand (occasionally Shingle, q.v.) built above high tide level in such a way as to link a former island to the mainland, or unite two islands. Sometimes this Italian term (which actu- ally means the sand dune on top of the barrier) is taken to include the island as well as the depositional linking feature. Where the connecting deposit is submerged at high tide the terms tie-bar or tombolino are used. The term usually indicates a constructional feature, but similar forms can develop as a result of erosion of weak or unconsolidated material in the lee of a Headland or Breakwater (qq.v.).

Trailing spit - A spit that runs out from the lee shore of a headland or island. Also termed arrow spit or comet tail.

Transgressive barrier - A barrier that is migrating landward as a result of overwash and the movement of dune sand by onshore winds, encroaching on the lagoon or swamp that lies behind it.

Transgressive dune - A dune migrating away from the prevailing wind, some of which may assume barchan form, with lateral arms pushed leeward, as in desert dunes.

Trottoir - A constructional bench formed by the growth of algae at about mid-tide level on cliffed coasts (notably limestones), particularly in the Mediterranean. In some places the algae have colonized a pre- existing rock ledge. Trottoirs have also been described from the Mariana Islands in the western Pacific. The mearls of Brittany are similar fea- tures, built by Lithophyllum.

Tafoni on granite coast, Victor Harbour, South Australia. Tsunami - Long seismic sea waves, generated by a major disturbance within an ocean basin (mainly due to earthquakes, but sometimes shallow funnel-shaped inlet or estuary during a rising spring tide on a explosive volcanic eruptions or submarine landslides). They are of sub- macrotidal or megatidal coast. Known as the mascaret on the Gironde dued form in deep water, but on entering shallow nearshore areas their estuary;eagre on the Trent and Humber; pororocas on the Amazon. height increases greatly, and can exceed 30 m when they break over the coastline. Tidal current - A current generated by the rise or fall of the tide. Undertow - Laminar basal flow of water seaward beneath incoming Tidal delta - An intertidal or subtidal bar or shoal, typically triangular waves; a continuation of Backwash (q.v.) from the shore into the or lobate, formed on the inner (flood delta) and often also the outer (ebb nearshore and offshore areas. However, seaward flow of water generally delta) sides of a tidal inlet or gap between barrier islands. Usually of takes the form of segregated Rip currents (q.v.) rather than laminar sand, sometimes gravel, with diverging channel systems. basal flow.

Tidal divide - An intertidal isthmus that emerges between an island and Washover fan (Overwash fan) - A fan of beach material washed over the mainland, or between neighboring islands, as the tide falls. There low sectors of a coastal barrier by Storm waves (Storm surges) (qq.v.) to are usually tidal creeks heading away on either side and converging form a delta-like projection into a lagoon or on to backing marshland. downstream. Sometimes called a tidal watershed, but this is inappropri- See Overwash. In Texas the term washaround has been used for features ate as the term watershed can also indicate a catchment area. produced by overwash on either side of a residual island or mound.

Tidal environment - A Macrotidal (q.v.) environment where mean Wave diffraction - Increased curvature in the pattern of waves moving spring tide range is between 4 and 6 m; a Mesotidal (q.v.) environment through a natural or artificial entrance to a bay or lagoon because of where mean spring tide range is between 2 and 4 m, and a Microtidal frictional retardation by bordering Headlands or Breakwaters (qq.v.). (q.v.) environment where mean spring tide range is less than 2 m. The term Megatidal (q.v.) is used where mean spring tide range is more Wave energy environments - High wave energy coasts are those than 6 m. exposed to strong ocean swell and large storms waves, with significant wave (Breaker, q.v.) heights of more than 1 m. Moderate wave energy Tidal flat - A depositional feature, usually with a very gentle intertidal coasts are where significant wave height is 0.3–1 m, and low wave energy slope, consisting of sand (Sandflat, q.v.) or finer sediment (Mudflats, q.v.). coasts (where wave energy is limited by headlands, islands or reefs, or where there is extensive shallow water offshore), have significant wave Tidal prism - The volume of seawater that flows in and out of an estu- heights of less than 0.3 m. The term zero wave energy is applied where ary or lagoon as the result of the rise and fall of the tide; a process wave action is completely absent. known as tidal ventilation. It is computed as the difference between high and low tide volume, or as mean tide range times the mid-tide area Wave quarrying - Excavation or displacement of rock masses by wave of the basin. impact. 1190 GLOSSARY OF COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY

Tombolo at Broulee Island, New South Wales, Australia.

Trailing spit, Halifax Island, Queensland, Australia.

Wave quarrying has disintegrated the shore platform at Tessellated Pavement, Tasmania. GLOSSARY OF COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY 1191

Wave reflection - Where waves breaking against a rock formation, steep beach or artificial structure return seaward.

Wave refraction - Changes in the pattern of waves moving toward a coast because of frictional retardation by the shallowing seafloor and bordering headlands; waves in deep water have parallel crests, but as they move into a gulf or bay these become curved, and may antici- pate and fit the outline of a beach or a cliffed coastline cut in soft rock formations.

Wave sluicing - the washing away by waves of material disintegrated from the surface of a shore platform by Weathering (q.v.) or erosion.

Waves - Undulations produced on the sea surface by disturbance, gen- erally the frictional drag of wind action, but see Giant Waves (q.v.).Wave height is the vertical distance between adjacent crests and troughs, wave length the horizontal distance between successive wave crests, wave period the time taken by successive crests to pass a fixed point, wave steepness the ratio of wave height to wave length, and wave velocity the speed at which a wave crest moves forward. Wave energy is taken as length multiplied by the square root of the height.

Weathering - The in situ disintegration or decomposition of rock sur- faces exposed to the atmosphere and the upper part of an outcropping rock formation as the result of physical, chemical, and biological processes. It is usually indicated by changes in color, texture, composi- tion, coherence, or firmness. Excludes erosion and induration. Residual rocks more resistant to erosion may produce strange forms (columns, pinnacles, pillow or cannon-ball structures, pillars and pedestals, some- times termed hoodoo rocks).

Wetland - a general term describing swamps, bogs, marshes, and shal- low (up to 5 m) lagoons and lakes. In coastal environments these include salt marshes, mangrove swamps, reedswamp, rush swamp, and seagrass beds.

Wind resultant - an expression of the long-term effect of winds of varying strength, duration, and direction, usually developed as a vector diagram from which a directional resultant may be determined.

Zetaform beach - an asymmetrical beach between headlands, where Wave refraction from seawall, Black Rock, Victoria, Australia. the outline is shaped by waves arriving obliquely, and refracted round

Wave refraction in Seven Mile Bay, Tasmania. 1192 GLOSSARY OF COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY the headlands. Also known as a Log-spiral (q.v.) or half-heart beach, Johnson, D.W., 1916. Plains, planes and peneplanes. Geographical and sometimes as a Headland (q.v.) bay beach (but this term does not Review, 443–447. indicate that the beach outline is asymmetrical). Johnson, D.W., 1919. Shore processes and shoreline development. Wiley, New York. Copyright-Geostudies Eric Bird Lyell, C., 1833. Principles of Geology, 2, xiv. London: J. Murray. Margolis, S.V., 1968. Electron microscopy of chemical solution and mechanical abrasion features on quartz sand grains. Sedimentary Bibliography Geology, 2: 243–256. Bradley, W.,1958. Submarine abrasion and wave-cut platforms. Bulletin May, V.J., 1977. Earth Cliffs. In Barnes, R.S.K. (ed.), The Coastline. of the Geological Society of America, 69:967–974. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 215–236. Childers, E.R., 1903. The Riddle of the Sands, xii. London: Sidgwick and Price, W.A., 1947. Equilbrium of form and forces in tidal basins on the Jackson. coast ofTexas and Louisiana. Bulletin of the American Association Clapp, C.H., 1913. Contraposed shoreline. Journal of Geology, 21: 537. of Petroleum Geologists, 31: 1619–1663. Cotton, C.A., 1956. Rias sensu stricto and sensu lato. Geographical Richthofen, F. vo n , 1886. Führer für Forschungreisende. Hanover: Journal, 122: 360–364. Jänecke, 308–309. Davies, J.L., 1974. The coastal sediment compartment, Australian Russell, R.J., and Howe, H.V., 1935. Cheniers of southwestern Geographical Studies, 12:139–151. Louisiana. Geographical Review, 25: 449–461. Davies, J.L., 1980. Geographical Variation in Coastal Development. Schwartz, M.L., 1971. The multiple causality of barrier islands. Journal London: Longman, 130 pp. of Geology, 79:91–93. Dubois, G., 1924. Recherches sur les terrains quaternaires du Nord de la Shepard, F.P., 1952. Revised nomenclature for coastal depositional fea- France. University of Lille, France: Lille. tures. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Galvin, C.J., 1972. Waves breaking in shallow water. In Meyer, R. (ed.), 36: 1802–1812. Waves on Beaches. London: Academic Press, 413–455. Short, A.D. (ed.), 1999. Handbook of Beach and Shoreface Guilcher, A., 1966. Les grandes falaises et megafalaises des cotes sud- Morphodynamics. Chichester: Wiley. ouest et ouest d. Irlande. Annals de Géographie, 75: 26–38. Stoddart, D.R., and Cann, J.R., 1965. Nature and origin of beach rock. Healy, T.R., 1968. Bioerosion on shore platforms. Earth Science Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 25: 243–247. Journal, 2: 26–37. Wentworth, C.K., 1944. Potholes, pits and pans: subaerial and marine. Jenkin, J.J., 1966. The Geomorphology and Upper Cainozoic Geology of Journal of Geology, 52:117–130. South-east Gippsland. Geological Survey of Victoria, Memoir, 27: 94. Zenkovich, V.P., 1959. On the genesis of cuspate spits along lagoon Jennings, J.N., 1967. Cliff top dunes. Australian Geographical Studies, shores. Journal of Geology, 76: 169–177. 5: 40–49. APPENDIX 6: TOPIC CATEGORIES

Atmosphere and oceanography Tidal Inlets Tidal Flats Altimeter Surveys, Coastal Tides, and Shelf Circulation Tidal Flats, Open Ocean Coasts Asteroid-Impact Coasts Tidal Prism Beaufort Wind Scale Tide-Dominated Coasts Changing Sea Levels Tides Climate Patterns in the Coastal Zone Tsunamis Coastal Climate Vorticity Coastal Currents Water Quality Coastal Lakes and Lagoons Wave and Tide-Dominated Coasts Coastal Temperature Trends Wave Climate Coastal Upwelling and Downwelling Wave–Current Interaction Coastal Wind Effects Wave-Dominated Coasts El Niño–Southern Oscillation Wave Environments Endogenic and Exogenic Factors Wave Focusing Energy and Sediment Budgets of the Global Coastal Zone Wave Hindcasting Eolian Processes Wave Power Estuaries Wave Refraction Diagrams Geographical Coastal Zonality Waves Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming Weathering in the Coastal Zone Ingression, Regression, and Transgression Late Quaternary Marine Transgression Littoral Ecology Meteorological Effects on Coasts Microtidal Coasts Africa, Coastal Ecology Natural Hazards Algal Rims Nearshore Geomorphological Mapping Antarctica, Coastal Ecology and Geomorphology Nearshore Sediment Transport Measurement Aquaculture Nearshore Wave Measurement Arctic, Coastal Ecology New Zealand, Coastal Geomorphology and Oceanography Asia, Eastern, Coastal Ecology Oil Spills Asia, Middle East, Coastal Ecology and Geomorphology Oil Spills, High-Energy Coasts Atlantic Ocean Islands, Coastal Ecology Offshore Sand Banks and Linear Sand Ridges Atolls Offshore Sand Sheets Australia, Coastal Ecology Pressure Gradient Force Bioconstruction Rip Currents Bioengineered Shore Protection Scour and Burial of Objects in Shallow Water Bioerosion Sea-Level Changes During the Last Millenium Biogeomorphology Sea-Level Rise, Effect Bioherms and Biostromes Sediment Suspension by Waves Black and Caspian Seas, Coastal Ecology and Geomorphology Shelf Processes Bogs Shoreface Carbonate Sandy Beaches Storm Surge Caribbean Islands, Coastal Ecology and Geomorphology Submarine Groundwater Discharge Coral ReefCoasts Submerged Coasts Coral Reef Islands Surf Zone Processes Coral Reefs Tidal Creeks Deltaic Ecology Tidal Datums Driftwood Tidal Environments Europe, Coastal Ecology 1194 TOPIC CATEGORIES

History, Coastal Ecology Geomorphology Indian Ocean Coasts, Coastal Ecology Indian Ocean Islands, Coastal Ecology and Geomorphology Accretion and Erosion Waves on Beaches Mangroves, Ecology Africa, Coastal Geomorphology Middle America, Coastal Ecology and Geomorphology Alluvial Plain Coasts Monitoring Coastal Ecology Antarctica, Coastal Ecology and Geomorphology New Zealand, Coastal Ecology Archaeological Site Location, Effect of Sea Level Changes North America, Coastal Ecology Arctic, Coastal Geomorphology Pacific Ocean Islands, Coastal Ecology Asia, Eastern, Coastal Geomorphology Peat Asia, Middle East, Coastal Ecology and Geomorphology Reefs, non-coral Asteroid-Impact Coasts Salt Marsh Atlantic Ocean Islands, Coastal Geomorphology Sea-Level Indicators, Biologic Atolls Sea-Level Indicators, Biological in Depositional Sequence Australia, Coastal Geomorphology South America, Coastal Ecology Barrier Vegetated Coasts Barrier Islands Wetlands Bars Wetlands Restoration Bay Beaches Beach Erosion Beach Features Beach Nourishment Engineering and technology Beach Processes Airborne Laser Terrain Mapping (ALTM) and Beach Profile Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) Beach Ridges Altimeter Surveys, Coastal Tides, and Shelf Circulation Beach Sediment Characteristics Artificial Islands Beach Stratigraphy Beach and Nearshore Instrumentation Beachrock Beach Drain Biogeomorphology Beach Nourishment Black and Caspian Seas, Coastal Ecology and Geomorphology Bioengineered Shore Protection Boulder Barricades Bypassing at Littoral Drift Barriers Boulder Beaches Capping of Contaminated Coastal Areas Boulder Pavement Coastal Modeling and Simulation Carbonate Sandy Beaches Dams, Effect on Coasts Caribbean Islands, Coastal Ecology and Geomorphology Desalination Cays Dikes Chalk Coasts Dredging of Coastal Environments Changing Sea Levels Engineering Applications of Coastal Geomorphology Cheniers Geochronology Cliffed Coasts Geographic Information Systems Cliffs, Erosion Rates Geohydraulic Research Centers Cliffs, Lithology versus Erosion Rates Geotextile Applications Coastal Changes, Gradual Global Positioning Systems Coastal Changes, Rapid Ground Penetrating Radar Coastal Hoodoos History, Coastal Protection Coastal Sedimentary Facies Jet Probes Coastal Soils Managed Retreat Coastal Subsidence Mangroves, Remote Sensing Coastline Changes Mapping Shores and Coastal Terrain Coasts, Coastlines, Shores, and Shorelines Mining of Coastal Materials Cohesive Sediment Transport Modeling of platforms, terraces, and Coastal Evolution Continental Shelves Monitoring, Coastal Ecology Coral Reefs, Emerged Monitoring, Coastal Geomorphology Cross-Shore Sediment Transport Navigation Structures Cross-Shore Variation of Grain Size on Beaches Nearshore Geomorphological Mapping Cuspate Forelands Nearshore Sediment Transport Measurement Dalmatian Coasts Nearshore Wave Measurement Deltas Numerical Modeling Depth of Closure Photogrammetry Depth of Disturbance Physical Models Desert Coasts Polders Dissipative Beaches Profiling, Beach Drift and Swash Alignments RADARSAT-2 Dune Ridges Reclamation Dynamic Equilibrium of Beaches Remote Sensing of: Coastal Environments Energy and Sediment Budgets of the Global Coastal Zone Remote Sensing, Wetlands Classification Engineering Applications of Coastal Geomorphology Shore Protection Structures Eolianite Simple Beach and Surf Zone Models Eolian Processes Surf Modeling Erosion: Historical Analysis and Forecasting Synthetic Aperture Radar Systems Erosion Processes Tidal Power Eustasy Tide Gauges Europe, Coastal Geomorphology Tide Mill Faulted Coasts Time Series Modeling Geodesy Tracers Geographical Coastal Zonality Vibracore Glaciated Coasts Wave Hindcasting Glossary of Coastal Geomorphology Wave Power Gravel Barriers Wave Refraction Diagrams Gravel Beaches TOPIC CATEGORIES 1195

Gross Transport Submerged Coasts Headland-Bay Beach Submerging Coasts History, Coastal Geomorphology Tafoni Holocene Coastal Geomorphology Tectonics and Neotectonics Holocene Epoch Thalassostatic Terraces Honeycomb Weathering Tidal Creeks Hydrology of Coastal the Zone Tidal Flats Ice-Bordered Coasts Tidal Flats, Open Ocean Coasts Indian Ocean Coasts, Coastal Geomorphology Tide-Dominated Coasts Indian Ocean Islands, Coastal Ecology and Geomorphology Tors Ingression, Regression, Transgression Trottoirs Isostasy Uplift Coasts Karst Coasts Volcanic Coasts Klint Washover Effects Late Quaternary Marine Transgression Wave- and Tide-Dominated Coasts Littoral Wave-Dominated Coasts Littoral Cells Weathering in the Coastal Zone Littoral Drift Gradient Longshore Sediment Transport Machair Human activities Mangroves, Geomorphology Mapping Shores and Coastal Terrain Archaeological Site Location, Effect of Sea-Level Changes Marine Terraces Archaeology Mass Wasting Beach Use and Behaviors Middle America, Coastal Ecology and Geomorphology Carrying Capacity in Coastal Areas Modes and Patterns of Shoreline Change Cleaning Beaches Monitoring Coastal Geomorphology Coastal Boundaries Muddy Coasts Coastal Warfare Natural Hazards Coastal Wells Nearshore Geomorphological Mapping Coastal Zone Management Net Transport Conservation of Coastal Sites New Zealand, Coastal Geomorphology and Oceanography Databases North America, Coastal Geomorphology Demography of Coastal Populations Notches Developed Coasts Pacific Ocean Islands, Coastal Geomorphology Economic Value of Beaches Paleocoastlines Environmental Quality Paraglacial Coasts Estuaries, Anthropogenic Impacts Placer Deposits Global Vunerability Analysis Pleistocene Epoch Health Benefits Pluvial Lake Shore Deposits Human Impact on Coasts Profiling, Beach Journals Reflective Beaches Lifesaving and Beach Safety Rhythmic Patterns Managed Retreat Ria Marine Debris—Onshore, Offshore, Seafloor Litter Ripple Marks Marine Parks Rock Coast Processes Organizations Sandy Coasts Rating Beaches Sea-Level Indicators, Geomorphic Sand Rights Sediment Budget Setbacks Sedimentary Basins Shell Middens Seismic Displacement Small Islands Sequence Stratigraphy Surfing Sharm Coasts Tourism and Coastal Development Shore Platforms Tourism, Criteria for Coastal Sites Shoreface Water Quality South America, Coastal Geomorphology Spits Maurice Schwartz Strandflats Index

A alisol, 282, 289 aquaculture, Contd. abandonment, 603–604 Alle alle, 48 genetics and reproduction, 36 f. abrasion platform, 689 alluvial-plain coast, 25–27 global production, 34 mechanical, notch caused by, 729 Along Bay,N.Vietnam, 584 history,33 Abrolhos, 895 Alopex lagopus, 48 New Zealand, 707–708 Acanthus ilicifolius, 58 altimeter survey, coastal tide, shelf circulation nutrition and feeding,37 accretion wave on beach, 1–4 and, 27–28 starting,35 propagation speed, 2 Amazon Delta, 363 systems, 34–35 acid sulfate soil, 280–285 mangrove forest, 896 water quality, 35 f. acoustic remote sensing, 664 estuary, coral reef ecosystem, 894 aquatic vegtation, submerged, remote acquisition, 605 Ameronothrus lineatus, 47 sensing, 801–802 acrisol, 282, 289 amino acid racemization, 468, 470 Arabia, SE., desert coast, 380 Acropora cervicornis, 345 Ampharete vega, 46 Arabian coast, 80 f. palmata, 25 amphibious assault, 310 Sea coast, climate, hydrology, 81 f. ADCP, 131 Amphila brevigulata,85 Arbacia lixula, 892 Adriatic, 457 amphipoda, 30 Archaeological, conservation, 331 ADV, 134 Anadara,65 remains, sea level indicator, 835 f. ADVP, 135 Anatolia, climate, vegetation and site, coastal adaptation, 41 f. Aegiceras corniculatum, 58 hydrology, 71 f. coastal, finding, 39, 40 f. Aeluropus lagopoides,81 Andaman Islands, 564 function, determining, 41 aerial photography see also Andros Island, 966 occupation, seasonal, 41 photogrammetry,765 anemometer,133 sea level change and, 38–40 Africa coast, biogeography,6 Anguilla anguilla, 446 archaeology, 40–45 ecology, 4–9 animal, coastal desert, 383 geology and,43 geomorphology, 9–21 North American, 718 Arctic coast, 598 physical features, 5 Anse Source d’Argent, 1001 factors affecting, `51 East, coastal ecology, 4 Antarctic coastline, 542 coastal ecology, 45–49 North, coastal ecology, 4 f. Antarctica, coastal ecology and geomorphology, 49–55 Southern tip, 16 geomorphology, 28–33 coastline, North America, 724 coastal ecology, 5 f. ice cap stability, 32 human impact, 49 SW, desert coast, 382 lakes, 32 littoral zones, 45–47 West, coastal ecology,4 map,28 Lowlands Province, North America, 725 marine resources,4 present shape, 32 map,46 Agarum,47 antecedent beach, condition model, 882 f. Ocean, 54 aggregation, 327 f. geology, 653–654 primary production, 47 agriculture, 486 anthropogenic disturbance, 361 sub-ice flora and fauna, 47 Ahururi Lagoon, 1023 anthrosol, 281, 285 Ardea purpurea, 446, 449 Airborne Laser Terrain Mapping (ALTM), Antikthyra Island, 859 Ardeloa ralloides, 449 21–25 Antilles tectonic history, 639–640 Ardley Island, 90 LIDAR bathymetry, 665 f. AOSIS, 883 area mixture, remote sensing,800 airport island, 56 map, 884 Arenicola marina, 445 Airy wave theory, 1071 f. Aplysis, 892 arenosol, 283, 290 Albania, N., coastal plain, 445 Appalachian Mountains Province, 725 Argentina, coastal geomorphology,906 Alegre Beach, Brazil, 154 Aptenodytes forsteri, 31 rocky shore ecosystem, 893 alga, benthic, North American, 717 f. aquaculture, 33–40 aromatherapy, 511 ff. therapeutic, 513 coastal, Eastern Asia, 64 Artemia salina, 33 algal bloom, Antarctic, 29 controversies, 37 f. Artemision, 758 crest, 347 diseases, 37 Arthrocnemon macrostachyum,81 rim, 24 f. facility management, 35 artificial coastline, 323 1198 INDEX

Ascension Island, 86, 91 bar Contd. beach Contd. Asia, Eastern, coastal ecology, 56–67 morphodynamics, 126–127 litter, biological interactions, 625 geomorphology, 67–71 morphology, 120 f. longshore, 142 map, 57 transverse and welded,809 model,910 Middle East, coastal ecology and Barbados, 350 muddy coast, 675 geomorphology, 71–83 barrier, 119–120 nourishment, 147–161, 402 Southern, see Indian Ocean Coasts breaching, 960 particle equilibrium, 353 Asparagopsis armata,86 gravel see gravel barrier pond, 172 Assateague Island, Virginia, 910 island, 117–119, 839–841, 844 problems, 624 Asterionellopsis glacialis, 888 dune types, 1042 process, 161–168 asteroid impact coast, 83–84 origin, 117 profile, 162 f., 169–172, 789 Astraea, 892 sea level rise, 683 project design, 152–155 astronomical cycle, 951 sediment budget, 847 protection, 416–417 astronomy, tide generation and, 988–990 migration, 653 public perception, 625 Astropecten marginatus,890 sandy, 824 questionnaire, 787–788 Atchafalaya Delta, 1083 Barringtonia,61 rating, 785–790 Atergatis roseus, 73 asiatica, 747 recreational, design, 418 f. Atlantic coast, African, 13–16 baseline inventory, 619 reflective, 795–797 coastal islands, coastal ecology, 84–88 baths, Roman, 512 ridge, 145, 172–177 Plain Province, 725–727 bathymetric survey,665 safety see lifesaving and beach safety Ocean Islands, coastal geomorphology, bathymetry, remote, 801 sandy, African, 7 88–95 Bathyporeiapus ruffoi, 890 scarp, 145 map, 89 battle, coastal, historic, 309 scraping, 148 Sahara desert coast, 382 Batty junction bar complex, 776 seasonal, 170–172 atoll, 95–96, 340 Bay, beach, 129–130 sediment characteristics, 177–179 internal structure and origin, 95 f. change, 129 sign, 591 island, coastal geomorphology, 755–756 management and protection, 130 simple model, 881–883 surface morphology,96 resource value, 129 f. slope, 146, 163 Atrina zelandica, 707 shore characteristics, 129 stabilization, 418 Atriplex,450 of Fundy, 966 storm induced, 934 Australia, coastal and marine habitat, 99 f. sheltered, 675 stratigraphy, 179–181 ecology of, 96–110 bayhead delta, 362 f. structure, designed, 148 geomorphology, 110–116 166–167 summer-winter model, 881 map, 110 access, 182 survey, planning, 783 S, coastal desert, 385 alignment, changing, 397 USA, 786 SE S, 294 ancient marker, 176 use and behavior, 181–183 W, coastal desert, 385 award, 786 wave on, accretion and erosion, 1–4 Austrovenus stutchburyi, 706, 708 bay see bay beach beachface, 145, 162, 694 Avicennia marina, 58 beach, 169, 692–693, 823 open coast, New Zealand, 707 avoidance, 605 behavior, 538 beach-fringed coastline, 322 Azores, 92 Caribbean Islands, 223 f. beachrock, 183–186 cleaning, 235–237, 626 coastal evolution and, 185 B constructed, 147 Beachy Head, UK, 661 Bachydontes rodriguezi,893 constructing new, 532 Beaufort Sea, 53, 1083 backshore, 145, 162, 169, 324 cusp, 807–808 see also rhythmic pattern Beaufort wind scale, 186, 187, 1050 backwash, 536 cuspate, 165 bedform, large scale, 307 Bahía Blanca, 899 cycle, 165 f. bedrock coast, erosion and deposition Bahia, 894, 895 degradation, 235 measurement, 130 f. Bahrain, 563 design protocol, 156 erosion, 650 Baja California, 719–720 development rate, 176 Bengal Basin, Bangladesh, 854 desert coast, 383 dissipative, 389 f. benthic community, Antarctic, 31 Peninsula, 723 drain, 138–140 marine debris, 626–627 Baku, Azerbaijan, 530 dredging for, 392 Berkelaya adeliense, 29 Balaena mysticetus, 48 durability, 148 berm, 145, 162, 169, 172, 324, 693 Balanus, 47,893 dynamic equilibrium, 399 f. crest,145 balanoides, 46 dynamics, 538–539 formation, 172 Balneário Camboriú Beach, 151 Eastern Asian, 61 f. Bermuda and Sable, coastal geomorphology Baltic, 456 economic value, 401–403 of,94 Sea, klint, 586 elevation, 844 Bermuda, 85 Bangladesh, geomorphology, 556 erosion, 140–145, 166, 322, 416–417, 712 Beta maritima, 450 bar, 120–129, 162, 169 evolution, 933–934 Bienertia cycloptera,81 and trough system, 694––695 feature, 145–147 biochemical interaction, North America, 716 bypassing, 210 f. form, change measurement, 131–132 bioconstruction, 186–188 classification, 121–123 gravel, 492–494 biodestabilization, 193 complex, 963 ground water, 537 f. biodiversity, dam effect on, 359 crescentic, 809 improvement, funding, 403 maintenance, 316 genesis, 123–126 index model, 881 f. bioengineering, shore protection, 188–191 INDEX 1199 bioerosion, 191–192, 817 Burdekin delta, 363 cetaceans, South America, 901 coral reef, 344 burial in shallow water, 825–830 Chagos Archipelago, 558 f. notch caused by, 729 bypassing at littoral drift barriers, 210–215 chalk coast, 227–229 biogenic process, sediment transport, 849 technology, 213 f. Channel,Islands, archaeology, 43 f. biogenous coast see vegetated coast bypass system, mechanical, 158 margin bar, 960 biogeography, African, 6 f. Chanos chanos,33 Australia, 99 C Chao Phraya delta, 363 Caribbean Islands, 222 Cabo do São Roque, 894 Charadrius sanctae helenae,86 filter effect and, 747 f. caged fish aquaculture, 65 semipalmatus,85 mangrove, 607 Cairns Bay, NE Australia, 612 Charybdis longicollis, 73 biogeomorphic agent, vegetation, cala, 585 Chelonia mydas, 61, 223, 749 1025–1026 calanque, 585 chemical solution, notch caused by, 729 biogeomorphology, 192–194 Calanus finmarchius,85 chenier, 233–235 bioherm, 24, 194 calcisol, 282 plain, 675 biological, conservation, 330 caldera, 1039, 1040 Chesapeake Bay, 83 f., 966 interactions, North America, 716–718 Calidris alpina, 448 Chile, coastal geomorphology, 906 sequence, sea level indicator, 835–836 California, 724 North, 464, 465 system, reef shore, 340 Calliopus laevuisculus, 46 rocky coast ecosystem, 893 biology, Australia, geomorphology and, 114 Callophyllum inophyllum, 751 Chilika Lagoon, 549 biophysical feature, remote sensing,800 Calophyllum, 61 Lake, biodiversity,550 biostabilization, animal, 193 Calumet Harbor, USA,666 Chiridota laevis, 47 plant, 193 cambisol, 283, 290 Chiton pelliserpentis, 191, 192 biostrome, 24, 194 Canada, SE., 725 Christmas Island, 564 biota, tidal flat, 974 W. coast, 723 chronostratigraphic correlation, 860 bird migration, 657–658 Canadian, Hydraulics Centre, 478 chrysophyte, 30 bird, Arctic, 48 Shield Province, 725 Chthamalus stellatus,85 marine, New Zealand, 707 Canary Islands, 86, 92 Chubut Province, Aregentina, 893 Birgus latro, 751 Canavalia maritime, 223 Chuuk Lagoon, 748 Black Sea, coastal ecology and candle rock, 262 Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, 897 geomorphology, 194–198 Canterbury, New Zealand,712 Ciona intestinalis, 708 Blackwater Wildlife Refuge, 842 Canutus canutus islandica,445, 447 circulation, downwelling, 260 bluff see cliffed coast canyon, wave refraction over, 1068 upwelling, 260 Boco do Rio, Portugal, 1019 cape, development, 652 classification, see, Holocene Coastal bog, 203–204 Laundi, Sumba Island, 633 Geomorphology sediment, palaeoreconstruction, 204 capillary fringe, 536 cleaning beaches, 235–237 borrow core sampling, 1035 capping, contaminated coastal area, 216–217 Cleistoma dotilliforme,81 bottom reflectance, remote sensing, 802 Caprella, 47 cliff, 463 sampling, 1032, 1034 Capreolus capreolus, 449 Caribbean Islands, 224 boulder, barricade, 204–206 Captiva Beach, Florida, 157 coastline, European, 443 beach, 206–208 carbon-14, 467–468 erosion, 238 profile, 208 carbonate, bank, 218 rate, 240–241 pavement, 208–210 beach, system, 219 lithology and erosion rate, 241–243 boundary, coastal current and, 260 sand, 922 morphology, 237–238 Bouvet Island, 91 sandy beach, 218–221 cliffed coast, 237–240, 320 bouyant plume, 260 Caretta caretta, 86, 223 landscape, 661 Box-Jenkins modeling, 998 Caribbean, history,639 climate, African coast and, 11 Brancaster, UK, 661 Islands, coastal ecology and Arabian Sea coast, 81 f. Brazil, coastal geomorphology, 907 geomorphology, 221–226 Australia, geomorphology and, 112 coral reef ecosystem, 894 seagrass bed, 899 Caribbean Islands, 222 mangrove forest, 896, 897 carnivores, South America, 901 change, Arctic and, 54 mudflat habitat, 898 Carpophyllum flexuosum,707 Caribbean Islands, 225 rocky shore ecosystem, 892 carry in, carry out, beach cleaning, 235 coral reef and, 341 seagrass bed, 899 carrying capacity, coastal area, 226 temperature trend, 304 breaker, 169 Caspian Sea, coastal ecology and Eastern Asian, 56 f. plunging, 1074 geomorphology, 199–203 future, 500–501 wave environment, 1058 f. Castle Neck Barrier, Massachusetts, 505 influence, New Zealand, 710 zone, 145 Casuarina,61 Pakistan-Iran, 386 breakwater, 418, 532, 685 equisetifolia, 223 pattern, coastal zone, 243–246 detached, 876–877 Catalonia University of Technology, 479 Persian Gulf, 78 Britain, conservation in, 332 f. causeway, 533 rapid coastal change and, 253 f. Bruguiera gymnorhyza, 58 cay, 227 Red Sea coast, 75 Bruun Rule, 843 Central America see Middle America sandy coast and, 822 Buccinum groenlandicus, 47 Central American coastal zone, biophysical variability, coastal, 258 Buenaventura Bay, 896, 897 characteristics, 643 variation, ENSO and, 406 Bufo calamita, 449 Centrocerasa capillacea, 85 Cliona lampa, 192 Bugula, 892 Centrostephanus rodgersii,707 closure depth, sandy coast, 374–377 building stone extraction, 646 Ceonzoic geologic scale, 252 Clupea harengus,48 1200 INDEX coarse clastic coast, North America, 727 f. coastal/inland Contd. zone geographical Contd. coast, 169 evolution model, 648 energy and sediment budgets, African, origin, 9 f. modeling, 647–651 408–415 classification, 1011 numerical modeling, 731–732 hydrology, 535–541 dam, effect on, 357–359 forest, lowland, 750–751 management, 313– 319, 424 f. definitions, 323–324 geomorphology, African, 9–21 indicators, 658–659 developed, 387 f. Atlantic Ocean Islands, 88–95 procedure, 317 f. faulted, 463–466 Australia, 110–116 process, 317–318 fossil, 941 Eastern Asia, 67–71 regions needing, 318 f. human impact on, 530–535 engineering applications, 415–419 weathering, 1074–1077 management and planning, 419 glossary, 1155–1192 coastline, ancient, Middle East, 74 muddy, 674–677 history, 519–526 change, 319–323, 934 f. reporting, 659 Holocene, 527–528 sediment transport and, 849 f. submerged, 922–924 Middle East, 71–83 definitions, 323–324 submerging, 924–925 monitoring, 663–674 erosion magagement, 315 tide and wave dominated, 1046–1049 New Zealand, 709–714 retreat,838–841 understanding, 659 North America, 721–728 Coccolithus huxleyi,85 vegetated, 1024–1026 Pacific Ocean Islands, 754–757 Coccoloba uvifera, 223 vulnerability of, 22 South America, 905–909 Cocos Islands, 564 wave dominated, 1053–1056 habitat, Eastern Asian, 57–63 Cocos nucifera, 223 coastal/inland relationships, sustaining, 518 cohesive clay, coast, 239 archaeological, 42 hoodoos, 260–262 mass wasting, 634–635 activity, impact of, 315 hyrodynamics, modeling, 712 coast erosion and deposition adaptation, changing, archaeological, 42 f. instability, map, 853 measurement, 130 f. and Hydraulics Laboratory, USA, 477–478 karstification, 581 sediment dynamics, 327 f. area, 169 lagoon, 263–266 transport, 327–330 carrying capacity,226 sedimentation, 265 strength meter, 131 barrier see also barrier system, Mesoamerican, 641 collision coast, 594, 595 biophysical system, 295 lake, 263–266 Colombia, coastal geomorphology, 905 boundary, 246–251 management, Caribean Islands, 225 coral reef ecosystem, 894 change, gradual, 251–253 mapping, 619–620 mangrove forest, 896 rapid, 253–255 mass movement, 320 f. mudflat habitat, 897 classification, tidal, 955–956 modelling and simulation, 266–270 rocky shore ecosystem, 892, 893 climate, 255–259 monitoring,619 seagrass bed, 899 microscale, 255 morphodynamics, 163 Colville Delta, 363 community, identity protection, 316 f. plain soil, 292–293 Comoros Islands, 563 current, 259–260 population, flood risk and, 487 computer simulation see coastal modeling measurement, 260 process, Africa, 11 ff. and simulation development, protection, 316 mapping, 619 conflict coastal resource, 314–317 tourism and, 1002–1009 property, boundary demarcation, 249 resolution, beach use, 181 downwelling, 306–308 boundary rules, 248 f. conservation, coastal habitat, dune soil, 293 protection, 793 Eastern Asian, 66 ecology modeling, 656–663 research, Australia, 105 f. site, 330–337 African, 4–9 resource African, utilization, 8 funding, 333 Antarctica, 28–33 conflict, 314–317 in Africa, 8 f. Atlantic coastal islands, 84–88 exploitation, Eastern Asia, 63 f. international cooperation, 334 Black Sea, 194–198 sedimentary facies, 270–278 legislation, 331 Caribbean Islands, 221–226 preservation, 275–278 consolidation, 328 Caspian Sea, 199–203 site conservation, 330–337 contaminated coastal area, capping, Eastern Asian, 56–67 soil, 278–302 216–217 history, 515–519 biophysical system, 295 continental shelf, 337–339 management, India, 553–554 subsidence, 302–304 Arctic, 50 Middle East, 71–83 temperature trend, 304–306 Australia, 98 f. New Zealand, 705–709 terrain mapping, 618–623 biota, 219 North America, 714–721 tide, 27 delta, 363 Pacific Ocean Islands, 746–754 time series modeling,996 estuary and lagoon relationships, South America, 888–905 tourism, 1004–1005 Mesoamerican, 641–642 ecosystem, remote classificaton, 799–800 uplift, 569 margin delta, 364 embayment, sedimentary facies, 273–274 upwelling, 306–308 Mesoamerican, 640–641 engineering see shore protection structures, warfare, 308–311 conversion tables, 1087–1088 navigation structures well, 311–312 coral cay,227 environment, mangroves and, 608 wetland European, 445 island shore, 340 f. environmental problem, 420–422 wetland loss, 488–489 coral reef, 218, 748 erosion, 681 f. North American, 718 Australia, 103 Arctic, 54 wind effect, 312–313 coast, 339–343, 598 f. erosional front, 761 zone geographical, 474–477 diversity, 343 evolution, beachrock and, 185 global warming and, 502 Eastern Asian, 62 INDEX 1201 coral reef Contd. data extraction, from aerial photograph, digital elevation model, 131 ecosystem, South America, 894–895 765–766 dike, 388, 843 emerged, 349 352 model, GIS, 473 dinoflagellate, 29 research value, 351 databases, list, 1145–1154 dispersion wave, 1072 future of, 349 dating see also geochronology dissipative beach, 389 f. growth rate, 344 methods, comparison table, 470 disturbance depth, 377–378 Holocene, 345 Death Valley National Park, 775 Dneiper Delta, 363 human habitation, 341 debris on beaches, source and origin, 236 Dolan-Davis scale, 680 India, 552 debris see marine debris, onshore, offshore, Don River, Queensland, 112 island, 342–343 seafloor litter Donax, 223 karstified, 585 deep sea, sea level change data, 231 denticulatus, 890 management, India, 553 deepwater environment, 1057 peruvianus,890 Mesoamerican, 642–643 deforestation, small island hazard, 885 Dotilla sp., 61 Middle Eastern coast, 77 Delmarva Peninsula, 966 downdrift migration, 2 plants, 343 Delphinapterus leucas,48 downwarping, 302 seal level change, 344 Delphinus delphis,86 downwelling, 306–308 zonation, 347 f. delta, 362–368, 823–824 mathematical model, 307–308 core, log, 1033 component, 364 drainage basin, 714–715 logging, 1032 cycle, 360 dredger, bucket-ladder, 390 sample analysis, 1032 European, 446 clamshell, 390 sampler, 670 modern, 366 cutterhead-pipeline, 391 split, 1029 morphology, 365–366 dipper, 390 coring system, vibratory, 1028 process, 364 self-propelled hopper, 391 Coriolis force, 993 sand, downdrift movement, 1 sidecaster, 391 Corophium volutator, 445 sediment, 364–365 suction, 391 Coryphaenoides rupestris, 48 society and, 366–367 water injection, 391 Coscinasterias muricata, 706 tidal, 695 wheel, 391 Costa Rica, conservation in, 336 tide dominated, 983 dredging, 153, 713 CRAB, 131 wave dominated, 1054 coastal environment, 390–395 Crambe maritima,450 deltaic coast, sedimentary facies, 271–273 management, 393–394 Crangon septemspinosa, 85 coastline, 321 research, 394–395 Crassostrea sp., 34 ecology, 359–362 drift alignment, 395–397 crenulated trough, 695 ecosystem, conservation, 361 f. driftwood, 397–398 crescentic bar, 695 demography, coastal population, 368–374 drowned river valley,961 Crete, 458, 859 Dendropoma, 25 drowning prevention, 591 crevasse splay restoration, 1085 Denmark, S, 456 drumlin, 482 Crossater papposus, 47 deposit consolidation, Tertiary, Pleistocene field, 761 cross-shore current, 931 and Holocene, 303 drumstick barrier model, 964 transport, 933–934 pluvial lake shore, 773–778 Ducula pacifica, 751 cryosol, 281, 285 deposition glaciated coast, 481–482 Dugong dugun,62 Cryptophyte, 29 measurement, 130–132, 134–136 DUKW, 309 Current, meter, 668 sea level indicator, 837–838 dune, 162, 923 survey, 669 depositional coast, barrier island on, 117 African, 7 Middle Eastern coast, 76, 77 sequence model, 862 barrier island, 1042 remote sensing, 803 sea level indicator, 835–836 calcarenite see eolianite tidal, 259 depth attenuation, 703 coastal, 691–692 wave driven, 259 Dermochelys coraicea, 61, 223 grassland,449 interaction, 1052–1053 desalination, 378–379 heath, 449 wind driven, 259 f. desert coast, 379–387 ridge, 145, 324, 398 f. cusp, 693 cold, 384 sand, Caribbean Islands, 224 cuspate, foreland, 354–355 cool, 383 f. slack, 449 shore, 809 hot, 379 Dunedin Pass, 534 cyclone,effect on coast, 636 warm, 379 f. Dungeness Spit, 909 extratropical, 679–680 design beach, 155 Durban Bluff, 17 tropical, 678, 679 detrital zone, 347 Durvillaea antarctica, 707 track, 682 dewatering see also beach drain Duxbury Beach, Massachusetts, 506 Cymodocea,749 beach,139 dwelling mound, 55 Cyprinus carpio,446 DHI – Institute of Water and Environment, dynamic equilibrium, beach, 399 f. Cyrtodaria kurriana,46 Denmark, 478 Cytoseira, 85 Diadema antillarum,86 E CZM see coastal zone management palmeri, 707 earth-moon system, 987 diagenesis carbonate beach, 219 f. earthquake, 254 D diatom Antarctic, 29 small island hazard, 885 Dalmatian coast, 356–357 Dicentrarchus labrax, 33, 446 east coast swell, 1058 dams, effect on coast, 357–359 Dictyota dichotoma, 86 ebb channel, 960 dam, large, 357 diet archaeological, determining, 41 f. shield, 960 Danube Delta, 363 diffraction wave, 1073 spit, 960 1202 INDEX ebb tidal delta, 960 Eretmochelys imbricata, 61, 223 Faeroes, coastal ecology,85 breaching, 962 Erignathus barbatus, 48 geomorphology,93 volume, 961–962, 963 erosion beach, causes, 142–144, 151 f. Falkland Islands, 87 Ebro delta, 363 management, 144 coastal geomorphology, 91 Echinarachnius parma, 85 measurement, 140 f. Fatercula arctica,85 Echinometra lucunter, 892 bedrock, 650 fault line scarp, 463 echo sounder, 131 erosion, 428–432, 838, 839 scarp,463, 946 multi-beam, 665 cliff, 238, 240–241 faulted coast, 463–466 ECM,135 lithology and, 241–243 faulting, structural, 945 f. ecological change, 518 f. coastal, 681 f. fauna, Indian Ocean, diversity, 547 forcing function, 360–361 aerial mapping, 21–25 mangrove, 608 ecology coastal, Arctic, 45–49 dam effect on, 358 faunistic zonation, South America, 890 deltaic, 359–362 glaciated coast, 481 Fennerpenaeus chinensis, 64 Eastern Asian, 57 f. historical data, 429 ferralsol, 282, 289 Indian Ocean coast, 546–554 long term rate, 430–431 Fiji Islands, 754 islands, 557–564 measurement,130–132 filter effect, biogeography and, 747 f. mangrove, 606–611 Middle East, 74 f. fabric see geotextile Middle America, 639–645 process, 141, 432–433 finger canal, 53 modeling coastal, 656–663 rapid coastal change and, 254 Finland, 456 ecosystem, dam effect on, 359 rate, setback, 864–865 Firth of Thames, 438 delta, 360 sea level indicator, 836–837 fish,Antarctic, 30 loss, 486 volcanic coast, 1038–1039 Arctic, 48 Ecuador coastal geomorphology, 905 wave on beach, 1–4 mesopelagic, Macronesia, 86 mangrove forest, 896 erosional shoreface, 880 fishery harvest, Mesoamerican, 641 mudflat habitat, 897 error, beach profiling, 782–783 New Zealand, 707–708 EDM,131 Esox lucius, 446 Fixed Biological Indicator, 833–834 El Niño, 245 Essex River Inlet, Massachusetts, 959 fjord, Antarctic, 32 El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), 403–407 estuarine fauna, European, 445 f. estuary,465 climate variation and, 406 sedimentation, 712 New Zealand, 707 cycle, 404–405 estuary, 436–439 Flanders Hydraulics, Belgium, 478 mean conditions, 404 African, 8 Flaxman littoral cell, 597 teleconnections, 405–406 anthropogenic impact, 434–436 flood, channel, 960 electromagnetic remote sensing, 664 biogeochemistry, 715–716 hazard zone, aerial mapping, 21–25 spectrum, 797 f. enrichment, 434 Insurance Rate Map (FIRM),22 electron spin resonance, 468, 469–470, 471 European, 445 model algorithm, 487 Eleginus gracialis, 48 New Zealand, 706 monitoring, remote, 801 Eleuthera Island, Bahamas, 286, 291, 296, 297 overfishing, 434 ramp, 960 EMCM, 134 relationships with lagoon and shelf, risk, coastal population and, 487 emerging coastline, 320 Mesoamerican, 641–642 flooding, 841 Emerita analoga, 890 tide dominated, 983 adaptation to, 488 emission, global, key source, 499 toxins, 434 flood-tidal delta, 959–960 Enchytreaus albidus, 47 wave dominated, 1054, 1055 Florida Peninsula, 686 Encounter Bay, 113 EU conservation, 332 Reef Tract, 688 endogenic factor, 407–408 Eucampia antarctica, 32 SE, morphology, 687–688 energy balance, earth, 495 Eukrohnia hamata,85 nearshore environment, 686–687 budget, global coastal zone, 408–411 Eunice, 192 flow separation, 851 engineering scale, 252 f. Euphausia crystallorophius,30 surface–subsurface, 539–541 England,chalk coast, 228 superba,30 fluidization, bypassing using, 214 f. Enteromorpha, 85 Europe coastal ecology, 442–452 fluvisol, 281, 287 intestinalis,893 geomorphology, 452–462 Fogo Island, 90 Entomeneis kjellmannii, 29 eustasy, 38, 439–442 folding, structural, 945 f. entosol, 285 eutrophication, North America, food chain, Arctic, 46 environment,coastal desert, 384 f. 718–719 web, Antarctic, 30 dredging and, 392–393 Eva’s Cay, Bahamas, 284 forcing function, pulsed, 361 marine, quality, 422–423 evaporite extraction, 646 foredune, 324 quality, 419–426 Evechinus chloroticus, 707 European, 449 environmental disaster, response to, evolution, coastal, modeling, 647–651 foreland, cuspate, 354–355 archaeological, 43 Excirolana armata, 890 fore-reef slope, 347 health indicator, 1045 brazilliensis, 890 foreshore, 145, 162, 169, 324 impact beach use, 182 Exoecaria agallocha, 58 forested wetland, 1079 coastal mining, 646 f. exogenic factor, 407–408 Fort Piece sand ridge, 738 wave power, 1064 Exosphaeromona diminutum, 890 fossil, animal, sea level indicator, 835 problems, Black and Caspian Seas, 201–202 Fragilariopsis curta, 30, 32 solution, 713 F cylindrus, 29, 30, 32 eolian accumulation, 1042 facies, 860 kerguelenensis,32 process, 428 coastal sedimentary, 270–278 France, chalk coast, 228 sand transport, 136 relationship, 565 conservation in, 331 eolianite, 426–428, 583 sand sheet, 741–743 Frankenia laevis,447 INDEX 1203

Fregata magnificens, 223 Germany,N,456 Gulf of Kachchh Islands, 557 French Guiana, coastal ginger rock, 261 Gulf of Mannar Islands, 563 geomorphology, 907 Gippsland, Victoria, Australia, 293 Gulf of Mexico, 84, 727 frequency domain, 997 Girdwood, Alaska, 763 Gulf of Oman, 82 fringing reef, 348 f. glaciated, coast, 481–484 Guyana, coastal geomorphology, 907 Froude number similarity, 769–770 barrier island on, 117–119 Fucus edentatus, 46 coastline, 320 H inflata, 47 glacier Antarctic, 32 habitat, loss, 421–422 spiralis, 46, 85 glacio-isostasy, 567 protection, 316 Fulmarus glacialis, 48 -isostatic neotectonics, 944–945 Halichoerus grypus,85 Fundy Bay,132 glaciomarine environment, 482 Halicryptus spinulosis, 46 glaciostatic rebound, 482 Haliotis sp., 34 G Glaucium flavum, 450 iris,708 Gadus morhua,48 Glaux maritima, 450 Halocnemon strobilaceum,81 ogac,48 gleysol, 281, 285 Halophila, 749 Galuco-Puccinellietalia maritimae, 447 global, positioning system (GPS), 131, 485 f. ovata,62 Gammarus, 47 differential, 485 Hanaupah-Fan shore deposit, 775, 776, 777 setosus, 46 error sources, 485 Haplosporidium nelsoni, 435 wilkitzkii, 47 synthesis, 619 hard shore, 688 Ganges-Brahmaputra delta, 363, 855 vulnerability analysis, 486–491 Hatteras littoral cell, 595 gas extraction, subsidence and, 303 warming Antarctic and, 32 hazard, analysis, 713 Gascoyne Delta, 966 future projection, 498–500 mitigation, 619–620 Gelidium,85 rapid coastal change and, 254 natural, 678–684 genetic stratigraphy, 619 see also greenhouse effect mapping, 619 geoarchaeology, shell midden, 872 Globicephala melaena,85 small island, 884–885 geochronology, 467–472 Glycera, 890 storm surge, 913 geodesy, 472 Glycymeris laticostata, 707 tsunami, 1021 geographic information Gough Island, 87, 91 headland bay beach, 415–416, 508–511 system, 472–474 grab sampling,670 morphology, 508–509 geographical coastal zonality, 474–477 grain, bulk density, 178 health benefit, 511–515 geography, Caribbean Islands, 221 composition, beach, 162 tourism, 512 coastal, Eastern Asian, 56 variation, cross shore, 353–354 Hemipodus armatus, 890 geohydraulic research, 477–479 density, 178 triannulatus, 890 geologic base, Arctic, 50 dyed, 1015 Hernandia sonora, 751 geological, conservation, 330 f. packing, 178 Hillsboro Inlet, 152 structure, New Zealand, 709 shape, 177 Himantopus himantopus, 446 geology, African Atlantic coast, 15 size, 177 hindcasting, wave, 1060–1063 coastal and offshore, 10 f. sorting, 178 Hippoglossus hippoglossus,33 Indian Ocean and Red Sea coast, 18 Grampus griseus,86 Hippomane mancinella, 223 antecedent, 653–654 grass, shore protection by, 190 Historical Climatology Network, 304 archaeology and, 43 Gravatá Beach, Brazil, 155 conservation, 331 Caribbean Islands, 221 f. gravel, 449–450 history, coastal ecology, 515–519 Geomorphic, beach features, 164–165 barrier, 491–492 geomorphology, 519–526 engineering, 419 beach, 492–494 protection, 526–527 province, North America, 721–727 boulder ridge, 173 histosol, 279–280, 281 geomorphological, conservation, 330 f. extraction, 645 Holocene, coastal geomorphology, mapping, nearshore, 685–698 removal, 1083 527–528 geomorphology Antarctic, 31–33 gravity flow, sediment transport, 849 coral reef evolution, 346, 347 geomorphology, 166, 517 Great Barrier Reef, 103, 113, 344, 347 epoch, 529 Antarctica, 28–33 Pearl Bank Barrier, 81 geologic scale, 252 Australia, inherited factors, 114–115 Greece, conservation in, 333 Holyrood Bay, Newfoundland, 482 modern dynamics, 115–116 greenhouse effect see also global warming, homopycnal delta, 364 Black Sea, 194–198 494–502 Honckenya peploides,85, 450 Caribbean Islands, 221–226 gas, 495 f. honeycomb weathering, 529–530 Caspian Sea, 199–203 Grijalva Delta, 363 hoodoo, 260–262 coastal, glossary, 1155–1192 groin, 531, 532, 875–876 Hormosira banksii, 707 European coast, 452–462 gross transport, 502–503 Horn Island,174 Indian Ocean coast, 554–557 ground, control information, 766 HR Wallingford, UK, 478 islands, 557–564 penetrating radar, 503–507, 665 Hualien, Taiwan, 947 mangrove, 611–613 treatment, 793 Hudson Bay, 84 Middle America, 639–645 groundwater discharge, human factor, African coast and, 13 monitoring coastal, 663–674 submarine, 915–922 health, water quality impact, New Zealand, 709–714 see also hydrology 1043–1044 sea level indicator, 836–838 well, 916 impact, 751–753 South America, 888 Guiana, chenier, 233 influence, European coastaline, 450–451 tidal flat, 967, 969 Gulf Coast, Florida, 150 tidal inlet, 964 volcanic coast, 1038–1039 Gulf of California, 966, 968 intervention, sediment transport, 849 geotextile application, 479–481 Gulf of Guayaquil, 897 pressure on Eastern Asian resources, 63 f. 1204 INDEX hurricane, effect on coast, 636 Iridaea cordata, 31 Laminaria, 47 New England,667 Iris pseudocorus,450 ochroleuca, 85 structure, 679 Irrawady Delta, 363 Lamoine, Maine, 482 Hwang Ho Delta, 363 Ischyrocerus,47 land reclamation, Germany, 461 Hydraulics and Maritime Research Centre, island, African, 8 landform modeling, numerical, 649 Ireland, 479 artificial, 55 sandy coast, 822–824 Hydrobia ulvae, 445 coral reef, distribution, 342 f. Land-Ocean Interaction Study, 659 hydrocarbon chemistry, 734–735 ecosystem, Mesoamerican, 642–643 landslide see mass wasting hydrodynamic regime, 867 Indian Ocean, map, 558 landward boundary, defining, 317 hydrodynamics tidal flat, 975 small, 883–888 Langat Delta, 966 tides, 992–996 wave environment, 1058 Larrabee State Park, 530 hydro-isostasy, 567–570 Isle Derniere breakup, 843 Larus argentatus,85 -isostatic neotectonics, 944–945 isostasy, 565–571 marinus,85 hydrologic cycle, 497 isostatic process, 566–576 Lathyrus japonica, 450 hydrology, African coast and, 12 Isthmus of Tehuantepec, 723 maritimus, 85 Arabian Sea coast, 81 f. Itamaracà Island, 895 LCI, 309 coastal zone, 535–541 LCM, 309 Persian Gulf, 78 J LCPV, 309 regional, 501 jade, 966 LCT, 309 tidal flat, 967 Jan Mayen Island,93 leading edge coast, barrier island on, 117–119 Hyperodon ampullatus, 85 Japan, Sakhalin, coastal geomorphology, 68 f. Lena Delta, 51, 363 hyperpycnal delta, 364 Jasus edwardsii, 707 Lepidochelys olivacea, 61 Hypnea musciformis, 86 Jau’a Lake wetlands, 1084 Lepidopa, 890 hypopycnal delta, 364 jet, probe, 572–580 Leptasterias groenlandicus,47 location diagram, 575 Leptophyllum coulmanicum, 31 I survey, field results, 578 leptosol, 281, 285 ice, 817 pump,bypassing using, 214 Levantine coast, climate and marine bordered coast, 542–545 jetty, 532, 684 f. hydrology,73 cliff, 543 Johns River, Washington, 764 coastal morphology,73 cover, 497 f. journals, list of learned, 1089–1099 LIDAR, 21–25, 132, 133, 65, 685 deposited mud veneer, 675 Juncetalia maritimae, 447 lifesaving, beach safety and, 589–592 shelf, 482 light detection and ranging see LIDAR and wedge, 52 K airborne laser terrain mapping iceberg, Antarctic, 32 Kajima Research Institute, Japan, 478 f. limestone extraction, 646 Ictalurus punctatus, 33 Kandelia candel, 58 island, coastal geomorphology, 755 Ictiobus sp., 33 Kapalua Beach, 789 shore platform, 582 IJsselmeer, 286 karst coast, 582–586 Liopsetta glacialis, 48 IKONOS, 685 karstic landform, drowned, 583 LISST, 135 India, coastal geomorphology, exposed, 583 lithodynamics, Black Sea, 196 Indian Ocean coast, African, 16–19 Kathiawar-Makran desert coast, 380 lithology, cliff, erosion rate and, 241–243 ecology, 546–554 Keeling Islands see Cocos Islands New Zealand, 709 geomorphology, 554–557 kelp bed, African, 8 Lithophaga, 191 islands, ecology and geomorphology, King Sound, 114, 966, 968 Lithophyllum, 25 557–564 Klang Delta, 363, 966 lithosol, 285 list, 559–561 klint, 586–587 lithosome, 172 Indonesia, coastal geomorphology,70 Korea–Malaya, coastal geomorphology, 69 f. lithostratigraphic correlation, 860 Indonesian Islands, 564 krill, 30 Lithotyra, 192 Indus Delta, 363 Küçük Menderes, 758, 759 litter see marine debris infrastructure supporting island, 56 Little Ice Age, 831 ingression, regression, transgression and, L littoral, 592–594 564–565 Labidura herculeana,86 cell, 166, 594–599, 846 f. inlet, migration, 962 Laccadive-Chagos ridge, 557–558 sediment gain in, 847 pediment bypassing, 963–964 lacustrine delta, 362 drift barrier, bypassing, 210–215 sedimentary facies, 274–275 Lagenorhynchus albirostris,85 man made, 211 Inophyllum,61 lagoon, 347 gradient, 599 f. inshore, 169 barrier enclosed, 675 Littorina, 892 survey, 781–782 cell development, 189 saxatilis var. groenlandica,46 instrumentation, beach and near shore, European, 446 striata,85 130–138 Indian, 548 lixisol, 282, 289 Interior Mountain Province, relationships with estuary and shelf, load line marking, 1050 North America, 724 f. Mesoamerican, 641–642 log spiral beach see headland bay beach International Geophysical Year, 32 lagoonal delta, 362 f. London clay cliff, 635 intracoastal waterway, 534–535 Lagrangian monitoring methods, 669 longshore, bar, 145, 695 introduced species, 435 Lake, Bonneville, 521 current,931, 932 inundation, 838 Lahontan, 774, 775 sediment transport, 600 model, lagoon formation, 264 St. Lucia lagoon, 19 transport, 934 f. Ipomoea pescaprae, 223, 751 Lakshadweep Islands, 557 f. wind, 306 INDEX 1205

Lotus corniculatus, 450 mangrove Contd. Mediterranean coast, Africa, 13 Louisiade Archipelago, 350 Indian Ocean, 546–548 desert coast, 381 Louisiana, chenier, 233 loss, 63 Melanogrammus aeglefinus, 85 LSD, 309 management, 548 Melaraphe neritoides,85 LST, 309 India, 553 Mellita quinquiesforata, 223, 890 Lumbricella lineatus,47 Mesoamerican, 642–643 melting, notch caused by, 728 Lunatia heros,85 North America, 718 Mergus sarrator,85 lutjanid community, Mesoamerican, 641 present distribution, 606 Mertensia maritima, 450 luvisol, 282 remote sensing, 614–618 Mesoamerica history, 639 LVT, 309 species list, 609 major river discharges, 640 Lyngbya majuscula, 513 mangrove swamp,749 see also Central America Lyocyma fluctuosa,46 forest, Eastern Asian, 58 mesoclimatology, 256 Lytechinus variegatus, 892 tidal creek, 949 Mesodema mactroides, 890 Manly Hydraulics Laboratory, Australia, 479 donacium, 890 M mantle viscosity, 569 Metarpinia,890 Macalister Range, 111 map, deterministic, 621 meteorology, effect on coast, 636–637 Maceio, Brazil, 220 geometric, 620–621 Mexico, W. desert coast, 383 machair, 601–602 historical erosion, 430 Miami Beach, nourishment, 533 Mackenzie Delta, 363 integrated, 620 micro animal fossil, sea level indicator, 835 Macoma balthica, 435 statistical, 620 erosion meter, 130 macro-animal fossil, sea level indicator, 835 mapping, coastal, 619–620 microbial loop, 30 -scale climatology, 256 shore, 618–623 microfossil plants, sea level indicator, 835 Macrobrachium rosenbergii, 33, 64 shoreline change, 671 microorganism, mangrove, 608, 610 macrofauna zonation, South America, 890 Maracaibo system, 898 microtidal coast, 638 Macronesia, 85 Margarita helcina, 47 Mid-Altantic seaboard, USA, 726 coastal geomorphology,92 marginal flood channel, 960 midden see shell midden Macrophthalmus zone,81 sea coast, 596–598 Middle America, coastal ecology and macrophyte, North American, 717 f. marine, archaeology, jet probe and, 572 geomorphology, 639–645 Macrourus berglax, 48 biodiversity, evolution, Australian, 103 f. East, bathymetry,74 Madagascar, 19 f., 563 biota, Australian, 104 f. migration, tidal inlet, 61 Madeira, 86, 92 debris, 623–628 Millepora,25 Magdalena Delta, 363 degradation, 627 mine tailings disposal, South America, 891 River, 897 ecosystems, Australia, 99–103 mineral, placer, extraction, 646 Magilligan Point, Ireland, 516 environment, oil in, 734 mining, assessment, 573–577 Majuro Atoll, 752 environmental quality, monitoring, coastal material, 645–647 Maketu Lagoon, 438 422–424 MIR, 798 f. Makkovik Bay, 205, 206 exploitation, small island hazard, 885 Misima Island, 350 Makran coast, 82 hydrology,Red Sea coast, 76 Mississippi Delta, 363, 857 Maldivian Islands, 558 park, 628–632 mixing, marginal environment, 715 Malé Island,340 planation, 521 model,beach, 910 Malin Head, Ireland, 796 research, Australia, 105 f. coastal evolution, architecture, 649–650 Mallotus villosus, 48 reserve, New Zealand, 708 movable bed, 770–771 Malvinas see Falkland Islands sediment dynamics, 867–868 numerical, classification, 731 mammal, Arctic, 48 f. terrace, 632 f. physical, 769–771 marine, New Zealand, 707 transgression, 761 predictive, 620 South America, 901 late Quaternary, 588 f. sand spit formation, 910 managed retreat, 602–606 Marineland, S. Carolina, 220 modeling, coastal, 266–270 soft solutions, 603 Marlborough Sounds, 712 groundwater seepage, 918–919 management, coastal zone, 313–319 marsh, 750 numerical, 730–733 wetland, 1079–1080 evolution, sea level rise, 842 physical, scale effects, 770 mangrove, 4, 57–59, 675, 1078 North America, 718 statistical, 654 Africa,8 tidal freshwater, 1078–1079 surf, 925–929 alien, 753 vegetation, sea level inidcator, 835 time series, 996–1001 Australia, 114 Marsupenaeus japonicus,64 wave,1061–1062 Bahamas, 284 Mascarene Islands, 562 Molar Reef, 344 Caribbean Islands, 224 mass,balance, 916 Molgus littoralis,47 coastal, 548 movement, 817 Monachus monachus,86 deforestation, 897 transport rate measurement, 134–136 Monastir, Tunisia, 466 deltaic, 547 wasting, 633–636 monitoring ecological, 656 ecology, 606–611 mathematical modeling, sediment systems, 664 ecosystem, South America, 895–897 transport, 328 f. Monodon monoceros, 48 estuarine, 547 Matthiola sinuata, 450 Mont St. Michel, 966, 968 forest, 749–750 Mazatlania aciculata,890 Moron saxatilis, 435 Australia, 100 f. Mazunte, conservation, 336 morphodynamics, 712 f. India, 548 Mean Biological Sea Level, 833 Black Sea, 196 geomorphology, 611–613 water surface, 536 muddy coast, 675 habitat, flora and fauna in, 548 Medieval Warm Period, 831 reflective beach, 796 1206 INDEX morphodynamics Contd. nephelometer, 135 Ocypode Contd. shelf, 869 Nephtys monilibranchiata, 890 quadrata, 890 South American beach, 891 multicirrata, 890 saratan,81 morphology, African Atlantic coast, 15 Nereis diversicolor,445 Odobenus rosmarus,48 African Indian Ocean and Red Sea net transport, 705 Odonaster validus, 31 coast, 18 Netherlands, land reclamation, 780 offlap, 565 beachrock formation, 184–185 New England, 726 offshore survey, 782 chenier, 233 New Zealand, coastal ecology, 705–709 wind, 307 cliff, 237–238 E. coast plate margin, 711 f. Oikopleura graciloides,85 continental shelf, 337 embayed coast, 710 f. oil spill, 734–736 delta, 365–366 geomorphology and oceanography, 709–714 high energy coast, 736–737 ebb-tidal delta, 960 map, 706 impact, 735–736 gravel barrier, 491 North Island,710 response, 736 beach, 493 South Island, 712 South America, 891 headland bay beach, 508–509 Nicobar Islands, 564 weathering, 735 open coast, 638 Niger, Basin, 855 Old Man of Hoy, 443 Red Sea coast, 76 Delta, 363, 855 f., 966 Olivella verreauxi,890 tidal inlet, 959–960 Nile Delta, 363, 858 Oncorhynchus kisutch, 33 morphostratigraphy,619 desert coast, 382 tshawytscha, 33 Mozambique, islands off, 563 littoral cell, 596 Onisimus litoralis, 46 Mtamvuna river mouth, 17 nipa swamp forest, 59 f. onlap, 565 mud definition, 674–675 nitrogen, 716 onshore wind, 307 veneer, 675 Nitzschia stellata,29 open coast morphology, 638 muddy coast, 674–677 Nodlittorina tuberculata, 892 Ophiura sarsi,47 formation, 676 f. nontidal datum, 953 optically stimulated luminescence, 468, 469 geographical spread, 676 Normandy,458 orbital velocity asymmetry,879 morphodynamics, 675 North America, coastal ecology, 714–721 Ord Delta, 363 North America, 727 coastal geomorphology, 721–728 Oregon, 724 tidal environment, 956 America, map,722 Oreochromis sp., 34 mudflat, Eastern Asian, 60 f. Atlantic hurricane tracks, 637 organizations, list, 1100–1144 habitat, South America, 897 Pacific, archaeology, 43 Orinoco Delta, 363 Indian, 550 Sea, 968 Orontes Delta, 944 mudslide, 635 Basin, 856 f. Oryctolagus cuniculus, 449 Mugla, Turkey,452 Northern Hemisphere coastline, 543 Ostrea sp., 34 multiple shore transgression, 265 Norway, conservation in, 333 Otago, New Zealand, 712 Muostakh Island, 52 notch, 728–730 overwash, 843 Murex kuesterianus,81 nourishment, 532 Muriwari Beach, New Zealand, 813 coastal, 582 P Musculista senhousia,708 beach, 147–161 Pacific Ocean Islands, coastal ecology, Mustela nivalis,449 profile, 156 746–754 putorius, 449 numerical model surf, 926–927 geomorphology, 754–757 Mya arenaria,435 wave, 1061–1062 Rim, 721–724 Myanmar, geomorphology, 556–557 modeling, 730–733 Pagothenia bernachii, 31 Myocastor coypu, 435 Nushagak Bay, Alaska, 982 borchgrevinki, 30 Myoxocephalus quadricornis, 46 nutrient, Australian coastal waters, 98 Pagrus auratus, 707 Myra fugax, 73 Nypa fruticans, 59 major, 33 Mysis oculata,47 Pakerton Klint, 587 relicta, 46 O Pakistan geomorphology, 554–555 Mytilus sp., 34 Oahu, Hawaii, 753 Iran climate regime, 386 Mytilus edulis, 46, 47 OBS probe, 135 Pakri Peninsula, 587 ocean, African coast and, 11 paleocoastline, 757–760 N Australia, geomorphology and, 112–113 paleomagnetic dating, 468, 470 Nags Head, N. Carolina, 605 basin volume change, 440–441 paleoreconstruction, bog sediment, 204 Natal, Brazil, 894 City Inlet, Maryland, 212 f. paleoseismicity, 1021 natural hazard, 678–684 current, 411 paleosol, coastal, 295–298 navigation structure, 684–685 water mass change, 440 Palm Beach, USA, 666 nearshore, 145 wave generation, 1059 Inlet, Florida, 213 circulation, 931 internal, 411 Pandanus, 61 cell, 164 Oceania, map, 746 tectorius, 751 geomorphological mapping, 685–698 oceanography, Australia, 97–99 Paphies australis,706 trough, infilled, 695 Caribbean Islands, 222 parabathic hardground stringer, 689 wave, 702–705 New Zealand, 709–714 Paracentrotus gaimardi,892 zone,162, 169 South America, 888 paraglacial coast, 760–762 Neomysis rayii, 46 Ocracoke littoral cell, 595 Paraná Delta, 363 neotectonic movement, vertical, 946–947 Ocypode, 223 particle size, tidal flat, 965 neotectonics, 941–948 ceratophthalma, 61 Passerculus sandwichensis princeps, 85 Nepan Ocean, 111 gaudichaudii,890 Patagonia coastal desert, 385 INDEX 1207

Patinopecten yessoensis, 34 Poland, conservation in, 333 f. Rance River tidal power plant, 979 Patos Lagoon, 898 polar coastal plain, soil, 294 f. rating beaches, 785–790 peat, 762–764 Polarella, 30 reclaimed coast, world map, 791 buried layer, 764 polarimetry, RADARSAT-2, 784 reclamation, 55, 791–794 pebble-armored ridge, 173 polder, 55, 287, 778–780 history, 791 Pechora Delta, 363 poldering, historical techniques, 778–779 methods, 791–793 Pecten sp., 34 Pollachius virens,85 recreation, 181 pedestal rock, geology,261 pollution, 420–421 Johore, 63 pedogenesis, 296 abatement, water quality and, 1046 Recurvirostra avocetta, 446 pelagic marine debris, 626 impact on estuary, 434 Red Sea,delta, 363 Peleiu Island, 751 Middle East, 74 coast, African, 20 Pelicanus occidentalis, 223 protection against, 316 ecology, 4 Pemaquid Pond, Maine, 481 polynya, 48 structure, climate, marine Pemphis acidula, 751 Pompey Complex, 344 hydrology, 75 Penaeus monodon,64 Pontoporeia affinis,46 desert coast, 381 penguin, 31 population coastal, demography, 368–374 fringing reef, 339 first observation, 29 growth, small island hazard, 885, 886 reed, shore protection by,190 periglacial see ice bordered coast pore water pressure, 536 reef coral-algal rock, 690 permafrost, 51 ff. Porolithon, 25 African, 7 Perna canaliculus, 708 Port Bay, W., 396 Caribbean Islands, 224 f. perna, 435 Campbell, 115 crest, 347 Persian Gulf desert coast, 380 development, 713 flat, 347 hydrology, climate, structure, 78–81 Durnford, 19 fluted, 689 northern, 81 Everglades, 158 like structure, 24 Peru coastal geomorphology, 905 f. Potamocorbula amurensis, 435 non-coral, 795 mangrove forest, 895 Prasinophyte, 29 rocky, Australia, 102 f. petroleum exploitation island, 55 precipitation, Persian Gulf, 80 subtidal, New Zealand, 707 Phaeocystis, 29 pressure gradient force, 780–781 wave environment, 1058 Phalerisida maculata, 890 -State-Response model,662 reflective beach, 795–797 Phoca vitulina,85 transducer, 702 refraction, wave, 1060, 1065–1069, Phoenicopterus ruber roseus,446 prevailing wind, world ocean, 409 1072–1073 phosphorus, 716 primary production, Arctic, 47 regosol, 283, 285, 291 photogrammetry, 764–769 Prionospiro cirrifera,46 regression, ingression, transgression and, processing techniques, 767 Procellariiformes, 31 564–565 photography, aerial, 665 profile survey, cross shore, 671–672 Reinhardtius hippoglossoides, 48 Phoxocephalopsis zimmeri,890 profiling, beach, 781–783 relocation, 604 Phragmaites australis, 448 protected area, India, 552 remote sensing, 663–666 phreatic surface, 536 protection, hard, 531 applications, 799–803 zone, 536 soft, 532 coastal environment, 797–804 Phyllophora antarctica, 31 Prymnesiophyte, 29 mangrove, 614–618 Physalia, 223 Pseudocalanus minutus, 85 platforms, 798 Physeter macrocephalus, 86 Pseudorca crassidens,86 sensors, 798 phytoplankton, Antarctic, 29 Pterodroma mollis madeira,86 systems, 664 Arctic, 47 Ptilinopus, 751 target interactions, 798–799 bloom, Antarctic, 29 public information, water quality, 1045 f. wetland classification, 804–807 American, 717 punaise dredge, 215 replenishment, beach, 147 piezometer, coastal, 916 Puta hispida, 48 res communes, 247 Pikes Beach, 789 Pygoscelis adeliae,31 resource management, in Africa, 8 f. Pisonia grandis, 751 antarctica, 31 protection, management, 620 placer deposit, 771–772 papuaa,31 resources, natural, mapping, 619 mineral extraction, 646 restoration, beach, 147 planosol, 282, 290 Q wetland, 1081–1086 Plateaus Province, 725 Quaternary, late, marine transgression, 588 f. resuspension, 328 platform modeling, 647–651 Queen’s University, Canada, 479 retreat, managed, 602–606 shore, 873–875 Quequén Grande River, 899 Reynolds number similarity,770 Platichthys stellatus, 48 Rhizophora mucronata, 59 Pleistocene base, 857 R Rhodes, 457 Epoch, 772–773 radar, 799 rhythmic form, classification, 165 event, New Zealand, 709–710 ground penetrating, 503–507, 665 rhythmic pattern, 807–811 marine terrace, 946 RADARSAT, 937, 938 classification, 807 Pleuragramma antarcticum, 30 RADARSAT-2, 784–785 coastal erosion and, 809 f. Pleuronectes platessa, 33 radiation stress, 536, 930 ria, 810–811 Pliocene base, 858 radiative forcing, 496, 500 coast, 712 plunge step, 145 radiocarbon dating, 467–468 Richmond Beach, Puget Sound, 494 pluvial lake shore deposit, 773–778 Raglan Harbour, 437 ridge, 145 Po Delta, 363, 453, 855 Ralfsia verrucosa, 85 ridge dune, 398 f. podzol, 281, 288 Rana esculenta, 449 underwater, 307 1208 INDEX

Rio de la Plata, 892 sand, accumulation, recycling Contd. sea, cliff Contd. Rio Grande do Norte, 894 dune succession, 517 Caribbean, 571 Rio Grande do Sul, 892 European, 448–449 coral reef and,344 rip current, 590, 811–813, Indian, 550–551 instrumental record, 831 931, 932 entrainment, 932–933 last millennium, 830–833 embayment, 808 f. extraction, 645 monitoring, 660 flow, 812 resource assessment, 573–577 reconstructing past, 230 f. topographic control, 812 f. ridge, linear offshore, 737–739 relative, 39 generation, spacing, 812 rights, 820–821 Africa, 11 ripple mark, 813–815 running, 695 Scandinavia, 568 rhomboid, 829 sheet, offshore, 739–745 Australia, 570 rip-rap, 531 spit, 909–912 datum see tidal datum risk analysis, 486 formation, 9109 indicator, 835–836 Rissa tridactyla,48 modeling, 910 biological, 833–834 river discharge, 714–715 suspension, 932–933 geomorphic, 836–838 impact on Arctic coast, 53 transport, 821 Pleistocene, Holocene, 458–463 switching, 361 tidal inlet, 962–963 rise, 361, 498, 499, 682 valley, drowned, 675 sandflat, 695 coral reef and, 341 Robe, S. Australia, 221 sandy, beach ecosystem, South America, effect, 838–846 roche moutonnée, 481 888–892 USA, 840 rock coast mass wasting, 633–634 carbonate, 218–221 impact, 841 process, 815–818 Indian, 550 North America, 719 crushed, extraction, 646 ridge, 145, 173 responses, 843–845 mass strength, 242 bottom, 690 f., 695 f. sediment transport and, 849 outcrop, 690 f. coast,821–825 small island hazard, 885, 886 Rocky Mountain Province, 725 closure depth, 374–377 tourism and, 1012 rocky shore, 218 f. shore, Australia, 102 f. of Azov, 195 ecosystem, South America, 892 management, India, 554 surface temperature, remote sensing, 802 Indian, 551 tidal environment, 956 swell, 409–410 New Zealand, 707 Santorini, 1039, 1040 seabird, Antarctic species, 31 tidal environment, 956 São Francisco Delta, 363 European, 444 Roebuck Bay, 966 São Francisco River, 894, 895 indicator of change, 658 Rollover Pass, Texas, 212 SAR see synthetic aperture radar seagrass, bed, 749 Ronkonkoma Moraine, 296 Sarcocornetea fruticosi, 447 African, 7 runnel, 145 Sargassum,85,892, 893 Australia, 101 f. Rurutu, Austral Islands, 942 satellite altimetry,27 Caribbean Island, 225 sea level change data, 231 f. Eastern Asian, 62 f. S monitoring coastal change, 660–661 India, 551–552 Sabari Island, 350 ranging, 485 South America, 899–900 Sable Island, 85, 94 Scaevola taccada,751 meadow, 219 SADAM, 1015 Schizoporella, 892 seal, Antarctic species, 31 Saduria entomon,46 sciaenid community, subtropical, seawall, 877 safety,lifesaving and, 589–592 Mesoamerican, 641 seaward, boundary, defining, 317 Saffir-Simpson scale, 680 tropical, Mesoamerican, 641 margin, mangrove, 613 Sagavanirktok Delta, 363 Sciaenops ocellatus, 34 SeaWIFS image, 1037 Sagitta elegans,85 Scirpus maritima, 448 Second Storegga Slide, 1020 Salicornia, 58, 447 Sciurus vulgaris, 449 secondary production, Arctic, 47 f. salinity, remote sensing, 802 Sclerocrangon boreas,47 sediment, 691–696 sea surface, Middle East, 75 Scolecolepides arcticus, 46 budget, 166, 846–850 Salmo salar, 33, 446 Scolepsis agilis,890 global coastal zone, 411–413 salt marsh, 819, 1078 Scopimera scabricauda,81 bypassing, 962 African, 8 Scotia Arc Islands, 87 f. cohesive transport, 327–330 Australian, 100 coastal geomorphology, 89–91 concentration, measurement, 134–136 Eastern Asian, 60 f. scour,825–830 deltaic, 364–365 European, 446–448 crescentic, 826 dynamics, tidal flat, 975–976 monitoring,660 mechanics, 827 erosion and deposition measurement, 131 sea level change and,831 Scripps Institute of Oceanography, USA, 479 foreshore, 180 weathering, notch caused by, 729 scrub, 449 isostatic neotectonics, 945 Salter’s Duck, 1064 Scylla paramamosain,65 loading, 570–571 saltiphone, 136 sea, cliff, 162 marine, dynamics, 867–868 saltwater intrusion, 843 vegetation, European, 444 sampling, 1014–1015 dam effect on, 358 f. fully developed, 1050 core,1027–1028 sampling, physical, 669–671 ice, 543–545 shelf, source, 868–869 sand, accumulation, recycling, 822 Arctic, 50, 53 sink, tidal inlet, 963 bank, offshore, 737–739 remote sensing,802 size, settling rate, 821 bottom sampling, 1032, 1034 level change, 229–233 succession of coastal, 179–180 deposit, tidal, 823 archaeological site location and, 38–40 supply control, 761–762 INDEX 1209 sediment Contd. shore Contd. sparid community, Mesoamerican, 641 suspension by waves, 850–853 definitions, 324–325 spartina invasion, 658 wave cycle model, 851–852 mapping, 618–623 Spartina,706 transport, 539–541, 933, 934 platform, 581, 873–875 alterniflora, 435 cross shore, 352, 848 Australia, 115 Spartinion maritimae, 447 eolian, 848–849 prism, 326 Sparus aurata,33 longshore, 600, 847–848 process, bay beach, 129 Spearwood Dune, 294 nearshore, 698–701 protection, 149 f. species, change, 657 rate, 699 bioengineered, 188–191 introduced, New Zealand, 708 riverine, 848 headland control, 511 recording, 656–657 shelf, 868 natural, 190 spectral model, wave, 1061–1062 trap, 133, 135 structure, 875–877 spillover lobe, 960 sedimentary, basin, 853–859 retreat, 845 Spirorbis spirium,47 particle, tidal flat, 969 shoreface, 145, 877–881 Spirulina,34 structure, tidal flat, 976 development, maintenance, 877–878 spit, 909–912 sedimentation, dynamics, 713 profile, 878, 879, 880 breaching, 962 Antarctic, 32 trough, 695 building, 960 f. rapid coastal change and, 254 shoreline, 536 embayment model, lagoon formation, 264 sedimentology, boulder beach, 207–208 change, 429 f., 651–656, 910, 945 Spitsbergen, 481 shoreface, 878, 881 mapping, 671 spodzol,288 tidal flat, 971, 972–973 definitions, 324–325 sponges, Macronesian, 86 seepage groundwater, 918–919 dynamics, 326 Sporobolus virginicus, 223 meter, 916 mapping, technology evolution, 22 SPOT, 685 seismic, displacement, 859–860, 943–944 movement, 2 squid, Antarctic, 30 event, rapid coastal change and, 254 placement, remote sensing, 801 Sri Lanka, 564 ground truthing, 576 rocky, African, 7 f. geomorphology, 556 profiling, 648 terminological abuse, 326 f. St. Helena, 91, 92 stratigraphy,861 tidal datum, 953 and Ascension, 86 Senegal delta, 363 shrimp culture, India, 554 St Joseph Bay,175 SENSIT, 136 farming, Eastern Asia, 64 f. standard, water quality, 1044 sequence stratigraphy, 860–863 shrub, shore protection by, 190 statistics, wave, 1069–1070 Seriola quinqueradiata,33 Siberia, coastal morphology, 68 Stenella coeruleoalba,86 sesquisol, 281, 289 SIDS, 884 frontalis, 86 Sesuvium portulacastrum, 223 Silver Lake, Maine, 506 step, 169 set down, 536, 930 similitude, physical models, 769 Sterechinus mayeri, 31 up,536, 930 simulation, coastal, 266–270 Sterna albifrons, 449 setback, 604 f., 863–866 numerical, sand spit formation, 911 f. paradisaea,85 line methods, 864 Sinai Peninsula, 340 sandvicensis, 449 planning, 713 Singapore, reclaimed land, 792 Sthenelais limicola, 890 Severn Estuary, UK, 516 slough see estuary, tidal creek still water level, 536 Seward Peninsula, 725 snow Arctic, 53 Stomolophus, 223 Seychelles, 562 cover, 497 f. storm, 501 tors,1001 Socotra Island, 563 effect on coast, 636 Shark Bay, 966, 968 Sognefjord, 455 profile, 162 sharm coast, 867 soil, coastal, 278–302 protecting coast from, 314–315 Shatt el Arab, 80 moisture content, remote sensing, 800–801 surge, 675, 680–681, 912–914 Delta, 363 Solea solea,33 modeling, 913 shelf circulation, coastal tide and altimeter vulgaris, 446 track enhancement, 245 surveys, 27–28 solonchak, 281, 287 world ocean, 409 subinertial, 27 f. solonetz, 282 Strait, of Georgia, 994 inner, New Zealand, 707 solution pipe, 583 Juan de Fuca, 994 morphodynamics, 869 Somali Republic desert coast, 381 strand, 750–751 processes, 867–870 Somatera molissima, 449 strandflat, 914–915 shell, accumulation, 871 Somniosus microcephalus, 48 strandline, European, 449 Beach, W. Australia, 219 sonar, sidescan, 131, 665 strandplain formation, 173 deposition, 870–871 South America, coastal ecology, 888–905 stratigraphy, beach, 179–181 extraction, 646 geomorphology, 905–909 jet probe and, 572 midden, 870–873 coral reef ecosystem, 894–895 muddy coast, 675–676 Shetland Islands, 737 mangrove ecosystem, 895–897 sequence, 860–863 Shinnecock Inlet, USA, 665, 667, 669 map, 889 tidal flat, 972, 973 ship, load line marking, 1050 marine mammals, 901 Strongylocentrotus pallidus, 47 shoal, 307 seagrass bed, 899–900 structure, Persian Gulf, 78 shoaling, wave, 1072 Georgia, 91 Red Sea coast, 76 SHOALS, 665, 667, 685 Orkney Islands, 90 Suaeda japonica,60 shore, 169 Sandwich Islands, 90 vera,447 accounting, 326 Shetland Islands, 89, 209 Suape, Brazil, 221 cross section, 325 Spain, conservation in, 334 subaerial beach, 162 1210 INDEX subbottom profiler, 665 Temple of Serapis, 942, 943 tide Contd. sublittoral mud deposit, 675 tension saturated zone, 536 prediction, 990–991 submarine, groundwater discharge, 915–922 Terebellides stroemi,46 machine, 992 slide, tsunami and, 1019–1021 Terebra cinera, 890 standing wave, 993 submerged coast, 922–924 terrigenous sand source, 821 type, 952–953 submerging, coast, 924–925 terminal lobe, 960 wave, 992 coastline, 320 Terminalia catappa, 223 tidewater glacier, 482, 483, 543 subsidence, 361 terrace, coastal, 463 timber, shore protection by, 191 coastal, 302–304 mangrove, formation, 611–613 time, domain, 997–998 measurement, 303 f. modeling, 647–651 series modeling, 996–1001 shallow, 303 Tertiary base, 856 Tivela, 890 Sula leucogaster, 223 Thalassia, 749 topic categories, list, 1193–1195 surf, modeling, 925–929 Thalassiosira australis, 29 topoclimatology, 255 f. zone, 145 lentiginosa,32 topographic contour, 768 hydrodynamics, 931 thalassostatic terrace, 948–949 topography, remote sensing, 801 process, 536, 929–935 thalassotherapy, 511 ff. tor,1001–1002 simple model, 881–883 renaissance, 513 tourism, Caribbean coast, 225 surface, elevation tablet, 131 theodolite, 131 coastal development and, 1002–1009 film, remote sensing, 802 thermal radiometry, 799 criteria, 1009–1013 wave, remote sensing, 803 remote, 800 development, 1005 surfing, 936–937 thermalism, 511 ff. magnitude, 1003 break, man-made, 936 f. thermoerosional niche, 52 management, 1005–1006 Surinam, coastal geomorphology, 907 thermoisostatic tectonics, 941–943 origin, 1003 surveillance, ecological, 656 thermoluminescence, 468, 469 planning, 1006–1007 survey, ecological, 656 Thespesia populnea, 223 USA, 1003 f. habitat, 656 thorium-230/uranium-234 isotope tracer,1013–1017 swale, 324 dating, 468 f. fluorescent, 1013–1014 swamp, 750 tidal, classification, 956 radioactive, 1014 coastline, 322 f. constituent, origins, 989 trailing edge coast, 594, 595–596 marsh, 675 creek, 949–950 transgression, ingression, regression and, Swan Coastal Plain. SW Australia, 293 mangrove area, 613 564–565 swash, alignment, 295–397 datum, 241, 950–954 transmissiometer, 135 bar, 960 elevation algorithm, 952 transport, gross, 502–503 current,172 variation, 952 net, 705 height, 536 delta, 695, 959 trash, on beaches, source and origin, 236 platform, 960 duration distribution, 816 tree, shore protection by, 190 zone, 145, 536, 537 f. environment, 954–958 Trematomus spp., 30 Sweden, 456 flat, 218, 675, 965–975 centronotus, 31 swell profile, 162 map, 967 Tringa totanus,448 synthetic aperture radar, 937–939 open ocean coast, 975–978 Trinidad and Tobago, mangrove processes, 971 forest, 896 T typology, 968 Tristan da Cunha, 91 Tadorna tadorna, 449 forcing factor, 954–955 and Gough, 87 tafone, 940 f. inlet, 652–653, 712, 958–965 Trojan plain, Küçük Menderes Taiwan, Philippines, coastal formation, 960–961 River, 26 geomorphology,70 migration, 961 tropical storm, effect on coast, 636 Tamandare Reef, 895 throat, 961 small island hazard, 884 Tana Delta, 363 power, 978–981 trottoir, 582, 1017 Tanzania, islands off, 563 plant, Canada, 980 trough, 162, 169 Tawera spissa, 707 China, 980 Trucial Coast, 966 Taymyr peninsula, 53 Russia, 980 truncation line, 173 Tectarius muricatus,892 world map,979 tsunami, 254, 410, 681, 1017–1021 tectonic, activity, 302 f. prism, 961, 981 historical, 1018 control, 756 shore, global distribution, 957 modeling, 712 deformation, vertical, 943 tide, 247, 410–411, 987–996 prehistorical, 1018–1019 history, Antilles, 639–640 analysis, 990–991 small island hazard, 885 plate, sandy coast and, 822 coastal, shelf circulation and altimeter warning system, 1021 tectonics, 941–948 surveys, 27–28 Tunisia, N., 584 African Atlantic coast, 15 curve, 995 turbulence, residual, 930 Indian Ocean and Red Sea coast, 18 dominated coast, 982–984, 1046–1049 turning angle, wave, 1068 Tegula, 892 effect, New Zealand, 710 Tursiops truncatus,86 teleconnection, ENSO, 405–406 energy, 651–652 temperature, Persian Gulf, 79 gauge, 951, 984–986 U regional, 501 sea level change data, 231 Uca sp., 61 trend, 304–306 generation, 987–988 Ulva, 86 global, 496–497, 498 mill, 986 lactuca, 706 winter, Middle Eastern coast, 78 phase, 950 rigida,85 INDEX 1211

Undaria pinnatifida, 708 vulnerability analysis, global, wave Contd. United States, NE, sea level change, 831 486–491 measurement, 133–134, 702–705 unsaturated zone, 536 Vulpes vulpes, 449 motion, low frequency, 931 f. upland,324 nearshore, 702–705 uplift coast, 1022–1023 W ocean, classification, 1049 uprush, 536 Waaioeka River, 437 on beach, accretion and erosion, 1–4 upwelling, 306–308 Waddensee, 334, 966 power, 1063–1065 mathematical model, 307–308 warfare, coastal, 308–311 ray construction, 1066, 1067 region, geography,307 environment and, 310–311 refraction, 1072–1073 Uria lomvia, 48 Wash, 966 diagram, 1065–1069 Urosalpinx cinerea,435 boring, 1031 sediment suspension by, 850–853 Uruguay, coastal washover effect, 1041–1043 sensor, 702–704 geomorphology, 906 f. waste disposal, South America, 891 sheltering, 963 Ursus maritimus, 48 management, small island hazard, 885 shoaling, 1072 USA, conservation in, 334 f. water, budget, 916 source, 1056–1057 distribution, sea level change and, 229 f. spectrum, 703 V extraction, subsidence and, 303 staff, 133 f., 702 Vadhawan, 549 level measurement, 133 theory, 1070 f. vadose zone, 536 quality, 1043–1046 transformation, nearshore, 929–930 Valencia coast, 26 determination, 1044–1045 weathering, 816–817 value, economic, beach, 401–403 microbiological standards, 1045 coastal zone, 1074–1077 vegetated coast, 1024–1026 poor, 1043–1044 honeycomb, 529–530 adaptation to stress, 1024–1025 remote sensing, 801–802 well, coastal, 311–312 ecological role, 1024 standards, 1044 Wellington, New Zealand, 1022 sensitivity to disturbance, 1025 shallow, energy budget, 409 west coast swell, 1057 f. vegetation, artificial planting, 533 surface topography, remote sensing, 803 Westernport Bay, SE Australia, 611 beach protection, 189 table, 536 wetland, 675, 750, 839, 1077–1081 desert coastal, 386 sandy beach,139 classification, remote, 804–807 mapping, satellites, 614 temperature scale, 788 coast, European, 446 stress, remote sensing, 800 well, coastal, 311 f. loss algorithm, 489 velocity sensor, 702 wave, 1069–1074 management, 1079 veneer beachfill, 158 f. analysis, 1069–1070 mapping, 805 Venezuela, coastal geomorphology, breaking, 1073–1074 restoration, 1081–1086 907–908 roller, 930 whale, Antarctic species, 30–31 coral reef ecosystem, 894 buoy,702 wind effect, coastal, 312–313 mangrove forest, 896 catching, 936 measurement, 132 f. rocky shore ecosystem, 892 climate, 1049–1052 Middle Eastern coast, 76, 77 seagrass bed, 899 current interaction, 1052–1053 speed, remote sensing, 803 Ventura Harbor, California, 214 cycle model, sediment suspension, 851–852 WL/Delft Hydraulics, Vero Beach, ALTM map, 24 data analysis, 704–705 Netherlands, 477 vertical canopy, remote profiling, 800 diffraction, 1073 woodland, 449 vibracore, 1026–1036 dispersion, 1072 World War II, amphibian vehicles, 309 Vigna marina, 751 dominated coast, 1046–1049, 1053–1056 Virgin Islands, tors, 1002 sedimentary facies, 271 Y VNIR, 798 f. energy, 651–652 Yangtze-Kiang delta, 363 volcanic, coast, 1038–1040 environment, 1056–1059 Yehliu, Taiwan, hoodoo, 261 coastline, 320 global, 1057, 1058 yellow dune, European, 449 island, coastal geomorphology, 755 protected, 1058 plan view, 324 erosion, mechanical, 815–816 Z landform, 1039 f. focusing, 1059–1060 Zoestera japonica,62 loading, 570–571 gauge, 668 Zonaria tournefortii,86 volcanism, New Zealand, 710 generation, 1056, 1070 zonation, coral reef, 347 volcanoisostatic tectonics, 941–943 height, average, 1051 rocky tidal shore, 957 Volga delta, 363 significant, 1056 zooplankton, Antarctic, 30 vortex propagation, 851 hindcasting, 1060–1063 Arctic, 47 f. vorticity, 1036–1037 influence, New Zealand, 710 Zostera, 706, 707