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TITLE National Science-Foundatipn A4nual Report 1976, INSTITUTION National Science Fouidation, Washington, 'D.C. WORT NO NSF-77-I PUB DATE , 4771, C NOTE' 140e; Photographs may not-rfavoduce well' AVAILABLEFROM Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing

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DESCRIPTORS *Annual Reports; BudgetS, *Fedetal Prcgrams;. . Governmedt Role; *Mathematics; 'Mathematics Bducationi, Program Descriptions; Science Education; *Sciences; .. .

*Scientific Research; Teacher Educafion . .IDENTIFIERS' *Natilial Science Foundation

ABSTRACT A, . This doCumr provides highlights of.research efforts, . sdpported by tle Nationalcience Foundation, NSF inthe areas Of 4'

mathematics, physical sciences, -and engineering; astionomical,' ' . atmospheric, earth, and ocean sciences; science education;4research applied .to national needs; and scientific, technological, and , international affairA for fiscal' fear1976. Also'idcluded are listings of the National acifhcet pdard, the NSF Staff AdviSory Committees and Pateltv paten and inventions resulting from NSF , ., supported activities, and the summary NSF filweincial report for .fiscal year 1976. (SL)

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********************891!********************************.***************** Documents acquired by ERIC includt many-inforlal unpublished" * materials not -avallable--froa-other sources. ERIC makes every.eff&t * * to obtain the best copy available..Neyertheless, items of marginal * * reproducibility are often encountered and thisaftects the quality' * of the microfiche and hardcopy reprodactiods ERIC makes available * *.via the ERIC DocumentReproductiOd Service (pDRS). EDRS is not' * responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions * , , * supplied by EDRS are the best thatAcan be made from the original. *************************************4********"************************* 4 4 fe reN U S DEPARTMENT OF HERON, I EDUCATION L WELFARE ,CD . s NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION ^ THIS DOCUMENT HAS SVEN &REPRO- DUCED EXACTLY AS RECE WED FR I& THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGN ATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OWOFNNIONS STATED 00 NOT NECESSARILY REPRE SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY

National Science ti Foundatign dir

Twenty -Sixth Annual Report for Fiscal Year1976

tot t

S I ' al . "

For Sale by the Supennte 'dent of,Docuroents,IIS Ciovernment'Printing Office W hington, 1)C '20402 - Pnee $3 Stock No 038-00H00313-5

SIP V

st,

Letter of Transmittal

Washington, Li C.

DEAR MR PREVENT.

I have the honor to transmit herewith the Annual Report for' Fiscal Year . 1976 of the National Science'

Foandauon foi submission to the t CaTess avequffed by thy Nation,a1

Science Foundatiem Act of 1950 ,

Respectfuliy,

"ITI 0- RICHARD C ATKINSOic, Acting Director, National SciencP Foundation

The Honorable . The Presicrent of th'e United States

40 . .. . , Contents .... . ---.. A Page

* Director'sl§tatement vii

fiv1athemafictl and Physical Sciences, and Engineering 1 Physics . 2 chemistry 6 Mathematical and Computer Sciences , 10 i Engineering .1 14 Materials Research , 18 I Astronomical, Atmospheric, Earth, and Ocean Sciences r 23 Astronomy # 24 Atmospheric Sciences 1 33 Earth Sciences /4 39 Ocean-Sciences . 43 Polar Programs , 50 . Biological, Behavioral, ani6octal Sciences . .55 Physiology, Cellular, and !Molecular Biology 56 Behavioral 4 nd Neural Sciences g n v 1 r o n m e n t a I Biology 62. Social Sciences 66 r science Education 71 Science Manpower Improvement . 71 Science Education Resources 1mprovement 75 Science Education Development and Researchl .. .\ Science and Society ,,81

Research Applied to National Needs 8,5 ___..---7 Resources 86 f Environment , J 89 Advanced Productivity Researc-h and Technology 93 Intergovernmhital Science and Public Technology 96 Exploratory Research and Technology Assessment 98 .ScientificTechnoJog!cal, and International Affairs 101 Science Assessment, Policy, and Planning , , 102 Science- Information Achvits 107 1 International Cooperativecience Activities,.. 109 App. endices . . - 4, Natidnal Scien4 Boar taff, Advisory 'Committees and Pan's , 113 B Patents and Inventions Resultinfrom Activities . Supported:by the National S lence Foundation 124 CPitiancial Report fr Fiscal Yea19761. 126 DNational Res.earch enters Contractorsf . . 129 A J

11* DIRECTOR'S STATEMENT vu

The Frontier is\Still Endless 3

. t is with pride that I tender the annual-report mg machines in more powerful and stbtle ways to the President of tht4activities of the as well as advances in the electrical sciences National Science Foundation for the year 1976 Which may lead to the development of practical I propose to'cliscuss some of the specific,research device,* for: communications in the infrared and -efforts suppor.teAy the'Foundation as well as the optical Frequencies. There is evidence to' suggest recent progress of American scientific research that areas of materials research may be leading Po in general, emphasizing the kind of basic inquiry, a new range ofidw:-cyst materials with remarkable which it is the.primary duty of he FOundation to properties for example, d treatment of graphite foster, In addition, I shall commenton some of the giving it an electrical conductivity 50 percent larger issues of science-policy and suggestap-. greater than copper. We are realizing similar ad- proaches thatmay assure the continued health and vances in understanding how catalysts stimulate strength of American scientific research in the chemical teactions of importance to majorindus- future trial processes, and the exact, way that fatigtie

This report sets forth a broad record of the impairs the Strength or metals subjectoto cyclic_

Foundation's support of research-in areas ranging loads . from the most fundamental investigation of quan- In the behavioral and neural sciences, an Y-'tum properties of matter to applied research dealing anthropologist supported by the Foundation and with natural disasters, environmental quality, nd the National Geographic Society has traced man's weather and climateIt also discusses the Folina- origins to 31/2 million years in the past, other ..tion's important role m'science education, science scientists have gained, important insights into Manpower analysis, and science policy studies the role of early expenence'in the development Advances during 1976 again demonserate that of "wirinethe adult brain, in the very early we have barely scratched the surface-of scientific development of linguistic concepts in primates disccivery. The rec'ent successful construction of, and young children, and in the growth and self- an entirely manmade gene and (elated -results in repair prOcesses of therain. These latter devel-

biochemistry are leading is to new insights into opments have importakt implications for dealing - such prosaiC but vital life processes as the photo-' with deprivation and learning disabilities in synthetic fixatiorrof carbon dioxide and wafer by children and ultimately, perhaps, in coping with plants into carbohydrates andproterns for human brain damage itself. 'nutrition and the natural fixation of nitrogen com- A similar problemmis also the basis for impor- pounds for-plant use by one-celled organisms .tant work in the research applications area,. We have recOrded.advances in abstract areas There, a computerized neurological measuring

like mathematics. that permit ihe'use ofcomput- technique shows promise for a simple screening

. rut DIRECTOR S STATEPANT,

a -e

test-to.ass4t yl the early identification and as did the carpenters and stonemasonsof the remediation of children' who are likely to develop earlierlieriod learning problems. The computer also figures However, the' systematic' gathering of new scientific knowledge is not solely an end,in prominently in another important result in re-- search applications- methods to improve the earth-.. even if the individual scientist has no conception q-uakeLresistance of structures, computer programs of the ultimate practical significance of his work. , developed in the course of research on soil Acquisition of new knowledge is a form of economic respQnses to earthquakes are now in wide useby investment, with an importance eval to land, engineering firms involved in structural design labor, and capital, the more traditional components and are bein.incorporated into building codes, of production and investment. Several neW actiyiies intended to help the This investment aspect of scientific inviry Nation's eduCatiOnal institutions keep pace with t is recognized by the economist, EdwardF Denison, , theserapid advances in science began in 1976, in his major study, "Accounting forUnited States including one aimed primarily at improving instruc- Economic GrOwth 1929-1969." Denison found tional programs at 2and 4-year colleges NSF' also': that "advances in knowledge" have been of major began a program to make it easier and more pro- importance in natidnol economic groWth, partic- ductive for private citizens .to take part in public ularly in the comparatitely recent period of U,S. policy decisionshaving strong science and tech- history , He found that advances in knowledge were`re- nologY components , Internationally, scientific inquiry is moving sponsibie for about 31 percent of the potential ahead toda'y with a renewed vigor and fruitfulness, growth rate in national income over the entire and American inyestigators are playing a par-a- 40-year period coveredby his study; and thatthis role in this work This situation is par- cOntributioq edged upward to about 34 percent ticularly hearteningliecause it follows a period during the latter half of the period when thereWas of severe funding difficulties and even'a sise a marked expansion in thenumbers of new scien- of pessimism within the scientific community tists and a distinct acceleratioti in the paceof basic itself- about the opportunity which science might research. activityIt is noteworthy that this postwar have to contribute to America's. future Not period has been characterized by a new awareness all, of the con5traints and problems in they conduct of the importance of scientificknowledge to the- ,but I be- Nation's security and well-being, with the Govern- of U S science are solved. by any means, lieve solutions for such difficulties as wi face he ment; for die first time, assuming a maioi- rple in the financial support of basic research in the uni- _ i well w thin the reach of science policy

iI versities and other institutions It was this_ awareness that led to the formationof the Nati ole of,New Knowledge in Economic Growth The Science Foundation in 1950 and to its major role

Sorrie regard modern science as the intellectual . today in promoting a'nd suppbrting basicscientific edifice of the Age of Reason, an abstract equiva-\ \iriquir'y lent of the majestic cathedrals v,(fuch he creative impulse Of the medieval pegi d nin- The Interaction of Basic my Coal-RelatedResearch deed, individual scientists often deny much the- same sort of aesthetic pleasure andexcitementin Most of us Can readily appreciate howspecific contribUting,cletails to this structurerdknowleecIgi ' technological advances, like the automobile,Ihe,°, , DIREaTOR 5 STATEMENT

airplane, electronic communications, and'even the, most of our other scientific endeavors' In anim hand-held calculator,have increased our-economic portant study of ten major advances in cardio- productivity and getter4lly our natioaal well -being vastular and pulmdnary medicine and surgery over Whiat is not generally' appreciatedis that these and the past0 years, Julius H. Comroe, Jr.,. and the virtually 011 other major technological advances of late Robert D, Dripps ISctence, Vol. 192, p. 10) the modern era are a cuFmination of a remarkable found that an average of 41 percent of all the diversity of prlr advances in knowledge in areas critical events necessary for major advances like often .entirely unrelated to One another open heart suggery or effective drug treatment of ; The Foundation has sponsored a number of hypertension flowed from priotlmork of a non- "trace" studiesto examine in some depth the clinical naturethat is research that wasn't per-. lineal development of important technological formed with the.expectatiori that it had any direct developmeos In one study performed by the IIT or indirect bearing on a clin. ical disorder of humans Research- institute, the critical events leading to This interaction of basic acid applied research the electron microtcope, the video tape recorder, gives us insight into the nature of technological the oral contraceptive, and other technological innovation. It strikes me that we are dealing with achieverrients were identified and exaMirledin assort of intellectual riverine system. As th'e flow detail. What the investigators found was that:on of ideas nears its terminus, it is a forceful and pur- *the average, about' 70 percent of all the critical poseful thing But we cannot overlook the fact that events necessary to realize a major te4nolosical this great river must rise In thousands and tens of development flow from scientific inquiry of the most thousands of creeks and brdoks it the higher eleva- basic and nondirected kirid. This generalized pre- . tionsand remotest limits of its dr'acnage basinIt is cursor activity tends t'o peak 20 to 30 years before the myriad contributions of the latter that give the the appearance of.the technological innovation fiver its ultimate force arid,.quite simply, this is Itself, long before the individual investigators or, why we'mustnurture these earliest sources if in, many cases, their sponsors, can have any idea of we are to.safeguarCl.the creative force of the the practical consequences their work may lead to entire process Only quite late in the gestation of a major technblogicalinnovation, following some act of I I The Pace of Scientific Advance invention," does the scientific work begin to. take on an applied character, in which the in- In recent years a number Of concerns have quiries are aimed at achieving a synthesis of the been expressed about whether the process of scien- prior knowledge in the form of a.specjfic new. ca- tific discovery and innovation, with it4 potential for . palility or product This applied researth and economic groWth,can continue at the present rate development contriliuts about 3.p percent of the These issues intimately concern scientific advance critical knowledge necessary for a major innova- itself2the process of discovery and innovation tion-, and the greatest amount of it tends to'be, which his made post-Renaissance Western culture a done in the decade immediately preceding the unique phenomenon in hum'an history. innovation. In a series of lec' tures delivered at Yale Urn-. A similar interaction between basic and applied versity in 1959, and subsequently published in. research has been found in the biomechcal.sciences, collected form.r.Science Since Babylon, Yale University despite 'the fact that biology is understandably -Pre.ss,'Lq41), the sGience historian, Professor Derek more focused on specific human needs than are Jde Solla Price, raised important questions about * l &

X DIRECTOR'S STATEMENT

( the future of.science1:-I4 observed that 80 tc7')0 modern science; of least as large a contribution percent orall the sgientists,who ever lived were 4has come from an array of powerful and sensitive new instruments and experimental techniques That alive at the lime of his lectures, largely because . the exponentitl growth rate ig the numl5ers of amplify thelinvestigative power: of our scientists. American scientists. He warned, correctly, that this These new instruments and techniques, many with t xttnential growth rate couldnot continue indef- ' origins in physics, have been especially,helpful initely, and he forecast that thirowth of the force in chemistry and biology where they increase both of trained scientists in the United States would be- the scope and speed of scientific measurement 'and , come "saturated" within about 30 years. Infact, analysis. The new instruments and techniques we now see a leveling-off in the numbersof trained dramatize the fact that our progress in scientific scientists which our higher education system is now disCiplines need not be limited to the'sheer num- producing bers of trained scientific brains tharwe can mobil- Professor de-Solla Price went on to forecast a ize to gather data and solve problems. This is most number of distinct ailments Which would befall encouraging-in a period When we see that the American scten?e-as the growth rate flattened. rapid growth in our scientific manpower is These include a relentless Increase in harrow leveling off. Lei" me mention some of these develop- specializationS in scientific disciplines, a decline in ments 1.'n somewhat greater'detai interdisciplinary cross-fertilization, "too'rnanyis- bserPhotochemistry and SpectroscopyThe laser coveries chasing too few workers," and ageneliI is unique in its-ability to generate sharp, powerful decline in the quality of American-science. History pulses of highly cohelent radiation at optical and has yet to confirm or reject Professor de Solla near-optical wavelengths. Unlike the traditional Price's predictions, but so far the pace of.importat Bunsen burner, Whose heat excites mdllecular bonds discovery continues4to increase , indiscriminately, usually breaking the weakest ones Since 1960 we have experienced the revolution first, certain types of lasproperatikig in the in earthscienceS called "plate tectonicslo a single, Infrared can be tuned to specific chemical bonds blinclulg stroke, this new theory of great, restless ' within the molecule This may 'make it feasible to .plates forming the outer skin of the Earth unified deliver several quanta of energy to this bond, pos- old and disparate disciplines like geology, ocean- sibly causing It to disrupt, while weaker bonds are ogi.aphy, seismology, volcanology, and others A left intact This raises the possibility that high: similar revolution is under way today in the bio- powered lasers will find major new roles for such logical sciences; largely because of the increasing tasks'as the separation of heavy isotopes bf eler,. depth-of our understanding of the roleof nutleic- ments like..uranium as well as the selective syn- acids in forming the 'genetic blueprints of all living thesis of new'm9lecUlar'species and compounds- organisms and our powerful new abilities to ex- f beyond the reach of the reutiori paths presently plore and maniperlate complex cellular- processes available to chemistry. _ at unprecedented levels of sophistication Computer Augmentation of Existing Atruments

* ' The rapid spread of the minicomputer and mitro- computer Into the laboratory now enables scien- ,NewTobJs to A'mplify Scientific Investigative tists to achieve new levels Of speed and sensitivity Power . . withtheir more conventional instruments, like

. While the opening of major new frontiers hasp nuclear 'magnetic resooance spectrometerS Com- ..1- contributed to sustaining the creative forces of puters, together, with powerful mathematical pro-

S .,a

a . RECTOR S STATEMENT xi -.1 s 1 I

grams, enable chemists to generate fast, accurate . This en2yh e pewits certain bacteria associated spectral measurements from,exceedingly small sam- with Sorfte plint-s to incorporate free atmospheric

ples of material Mathematical techniques pow make . nitrogen into organic molecules. This offets the 4t possible to construct thee- dimensional images possibility of transferring to cereal-producing;plants to Very high resolution in electron microscopy, and the genes specifying' he nitrogen-fixation there has been,a rap-Id development of instruments capability, alleviating the plants of their dependence with small, built -in computers that allow essen- on costly chemical fertilizers to assure maNtri5m dt' tially automatic operation groyyth and protein yield. Re5b-tction EnzumzsIn the biologjcal revolution Many barriers must be-surmounted before we now under way, one of the most important ad- can hope to tailor the genetic charaCteristics of it) ' vances has been the identification of an array of plants and other organismsm'clirecitions which specialized protemsin bacteriathe restriction will improve man's welfare Nevertheless, we can enzymeswhich cleave strands of nucleic acids at be optimistic that recombinant DNA' and molecular , highly specific points The nucleic acid, DNA, en- cloning will lead in the relativ,eltriear future to codes the genetic information fhat spe'cifies the new capabilities in biolOgy. One of the often cited architecture anti function of living organisms from new possibdit4es'is the insertiorfinto E. cob of the viruses to man The task of identifying the se- gene from higher organisms controlling the syn-... 'quence of subunits in a DNA molecule of a single thesis of insulin and other important. hormones gene is greatly facilitated by the use of enzymes, f Currently, these hormones must be'obtained Today a chain of 20 DNA subunits can be se- through much chore expensive methOds and often quenced in a single afternoon Only a fr years in limited amounts. Utilization of the DNA recom- ago, it took as long as 2 years to perform this task binant' niethodc,gy is likely to lead to increased Molecular Cloning Molecular biologists have availability of such horfnones. recently found Ways to transfer genetic material from one organism into an unrelated organism, Scitne Constraints on U.S. Science where it may replicate- and hopefully function in a norm'at manner. Experiments involving the use of While the-current health and strength of the such recombinant DNA material must be conducted American scientific e terprise is reassuring, I do in accord with guidelines..set by the National nelt believe we shouloverlook'certain areas of. Institutes Of Health to minimize risks.of untoward potential difficulty. results This,, technique offers new possibilities First, we should be aware that one of the FOP exploring and manipulating the biochemistry prime factors in the overall success of American. of one:cefled organisms at unprecedented levels science is its remarkable diversity Not,only are of sophistication there Any investigators in universities, nonprofit For example, if certain plasmids are used to institutions, government, and industry attacking transfer foreign DNA into the- bacterium, Ecolt, fundknental scientific problems from many differ-, 4 as many as 1,000 copies of the transferred DNA ent directions, but support for this activity has tra-. can be producedat each division of the bacterium /ditionally come from many sources. . This process of 'gene amplification" cbuld lead In the Po'st-World War II. period, the Federal to the inexpensive production of transearred genes Government has become the dominant source of with useful characteristics, such as the gene that support for basic research Yet in recent years . specifies. the produCtion of the enzyme rutrogertase there has been a tendency to narrow the scope of -,

C 7. %II DIRECTOR S,STAZTEMENT

45 C

basic research %:vhith can be conctercrted in or sup- and NASA. Witheut it, we could hardly have ported.by certain elements of "Government, superior weaponry or a Viking missionthe-Mars notably the Defense Department We must ask ow- and the latter, of course, has -given us a magnif- e selves, Whether, in a period in which U S. security icent opportimity to conduct basic 'research on depends overwhelthingly upon technplogical super: our nearest planetary neighbor in space. One Of , iority, it is Wise to inhibit the involvement of our the important activities of the Foundation is defense establishment to the full flow of new ideas the RANN programs Research Applied to National necessary 'to maimtain this superiority Lam mind- Needsand nne of its prime objecNves is to fOcus 'fill that the Foundation has a majcrrresp*Onsibility U.S science resources on selected. national° .within the Government to support basic research, problems-. Through this program the Foundation but I do not Interpret this as an exclusive respohs- started a promising solar energy regeatch program ibility7U ,sciericis strong becauseof itsplural in the early 1970's, well in advanceofithe oil ' igbc character, an we must bear this in mind cmsis. The program demonstrated Ike feasibility when we consider the need for. multiple wellsprings of heatig major public buildings with solar energy of its support. systems. This program was.transferred to ERDA Second, we must develop more realistic in fiscal year 1976 and now forms the.4 core of that expectations about what can laachieved by large- research effort. Bothhasic and applied research scale research campaigns aimed at specific goals. are necessary,in a balanced effort andi indeed, Doubtless the success of the Manhattan Project of each one 'nourishes and stimulates the other. World War I'l and the Apollo lunar program have ' Third', there4reason fol. increasingeion- :convinced many of our fellow cttqens that highly cern about the diminishing prospects of younger .organized operations of this type are the proper- scientists for eMtry into the faculties of univer- way to achievespectacularresults Yet I,fear that sales, which presently Ftrform more than half of all many of us lose sight of the fact that these`Suc- U.S. basic research. The problem is compli ated cessful projects enjoyed the good fortune of resting by demographic factOr. which" will turn shply on a comprehensIveknc;wledge base constructed by negative for college and 'University enrolfmis In prior scientific research largely-basic in character the 1980's and by the recent strong.inerease in'the Unfortunately, not all largerscale.research cam- proportion of tenured scientists and engineers on paigns Have the 'same advantage; and we find- that university-faculties. These circumstances threaten where t*...yriowledge base i&-incomplete or defec- a virtual "lockout" in many disciplines,and could, tive'in some r.espect, no amount of Federal commit- over the longOr term, vitiate American scientific ment can achievesolut1ons'withour first obtaining performance. the neededscientifrc understanding We areex- Fourth, I belie O wa must continue our periencing current disappointment 19 the war on. efforts to assure students the strongest possible cancer, and this experience should give us pause .education in tf;e sciences. From a pedagogical I before we.embaik on other large -scale programs of-4Ntifttiskdpoint, thecourses that have been designed directed rtsearch, no matter how socially beneficial in Tent trearsfor instruction in mathematpes , ffie objectives-. and the sciences in the secondary schools a I HAng said this, Iliasten tt add that applied exciting And challenging:Ifthey have a fhilt research is and must remain a vital component it may be that-they have,been geared too narrowly .of our Federal science programs, particularly in to the needs of students with iliespecialist's the mission agencies like the Defense Department Interest in these subjects. While such students ft

DIREdTOR,S STATEMENT >cm.

have received a atarvelouseducation, other second-, "Basic researchle.;ds to new-knowlc;dge.. ary student5 whose Primary interestS lie elswhere. ,It provides scientific capital" It creates may not have been so iVell served Becau-s-Fliiie of the.funds from which the practicalapplica- bur cteargoals is a scientifically en-tightened tion of knowledge must be drawn. INI6w grog-, citizenry,'competeot fp deal with important ucts and new processes do not appear'full- policy issues in sciense and tech"nalogy, I believe- grown They are founded on new principles , we must give serious consideration to broadening and new conceptions, which in turn are ,and extending our science educationroirams at painstakingly developed by research in the secondary level, as we ha-ve already done at the purest realms of science." the elementary level. Fifth, the time has come fora far-rAngIng Those words are contained in Bush's Report, and deta/ted study to"as!ist rn determining where ScienceThe Entflesg Frontier,whichwas written thNation should set its priorities for basic at the request of President'F;ankliii"D.,Roosexelt, research ira the rern'ain'ing 20'years of this certtury itta time of high optimism about the'role of

The FOundation is presently looking into ways. to science n America postwar fyture.: The retard . tr?ceed with this study, and I am horeful_that its shows that Bush'slonfidence in science teas well: completion will give us a clearer view of out placed Moreover, I am confident that the fron- scientific horizons and a firm basis for, making tiers of science are as endless today as 30 years critical policy .cho ices in the future ago and' that science will continue to_9 exert a . Vannevar Bush, the principal architect of our dynamic and positive force in oursociety for the 0 scientific effort in World WarII,wrote in,-1.Q4,5 next 30 3/ears andiong beyond

Richard C. Atkinson, Acting Di'rector

P .1

MAT TIC4L AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES, reND ENGJEERING 1

C 4t ,

Niaihematical and Physical S,ciences-, and Engineering

;I ., , . heMathematical. and Phy4ical gra.vityand theroleitplaysin; nowledges. SodUnder- f' 'Sciences, and Engineering are cielermining the evolution, structure,standing o' i naturalphenornena. kwledge-is, Tmature disciplines in the sense and fate, of the universe in engineer-While:most of the new nn,:- that they have sleveloOd a large body 14 loywhat processesare -solid,-expected td prove useful in the !Ong offirmlyestablished, experimental sedimepts' ninsported in 'water orrerun; and some frattioncifit n;ial results knit together With general;particulatesdiffusedfrom smoke-prove useful insfnediately,for th quantitalivetheles N Thewhole stacks?,_ What are the limits for colfi. -most part it is Supported.witoh no pre- stricture has attard a remarkableniunicatforts use of the' vest channelqbommitment to a particularapplica- Kedictive and mampula 've capabilitycapacity inherent in the visible spec- ttoek One_ greatvirtueOf .basic Which ii exhibited In technological.trum as an extension of the radioresearch is that if provtdes.scope for artifacts tansing from electric powerspectrum? Materials scientists con-the examination of phenomena itom . stations and suspension bridges totinue to search for -the q,nderlying.all possible points of yiew_and foglik.. transistorized radios; and from synr,causes of cracks that propagate and recognitionofthernultipleap- . thew fibers to satellites Yet therecause failure in metallic, ceramic, and diverseapplications. ;Manytimes -. remain a great manyteas in which polymericmaterialsinstructuralScience turns a difficulty 'at one point understandingisstillincomplete, applications. And coMputtr scientiviits into' an advantage at another, so tharif partly becauge our new knowledge search ror.new design principles thatseemingly insuperable difficulties e leads us to ask increasingly intelligent will lead to yet another generation ofoutflanked by proms% madein what questions about the processes of thecomputing..capability. at first sight appeared to,be-Wholly physical universe Aawers 'to' these NSF's 45-programs in Matheinaticalunselated areas. - ' . questionsinturn(as well,, as the and Physic'al Sciences, and Engineer- Proposals .submitted to these ,pro-i 4 practical applications that may evens.. ing operate primarily through sup,grams are generated by the intellec- 'Wally follow) ofters.requireand mayport of individual research projects'tualinitiative cifscientistsand have to wait fornew tools and newThe objective ,'of this support istoengineers. In this-sense the proposals, mathematical techniques provide an orderly development ofare characterized las. unsolicited. In For exaMple, the nature of chemical species at surfaces is an important, Table 1 fundamental, and, unanswered qyes- MathematicalandPhysical Sciences, and Engineering

inunclei-staricling tionsurface Fiscal Years .1974, 1975, 1976 catalysis and 'enzyme mechanisms. and Transition quarter (July 1-41100. 1976) Theenergytransferbetween of (Dolars in Millions) .-lepllet withul molecules is rust beginning to bt.,,,, understood..In mathematics, FiscarYear 1974 . Fiscal Year.1975 Fiscal Year 1976 Ireton quarter HAW ` Amount ,tealltriques are now being Utilize& to / ti 'Nbrnt Amouril Number Amount Number Ambunt study Iht, projkagation of 'nonlinear'density ' 722 $ 26 64 828 8 32 73 IN 4$ 34 65 224 $ 925 Engineering '116 28.09 710 34 26...691 35 85 '188 92J waves,i luding gravity waves and Physics 314 3673- 328 42 20 354 4117 82 10 56 iilong s g waves in the oceans and Algeria's Research 472 35 56 524 43 53 609 4612 147 828 Mathematical Sciences ' 739 14 50 842 16 46 838 17 26 104, -4 70 , / the atmosphere. In' physics we still Computer Research .164 9 76 193 11 78 , 216 13 22 51 298 search for the ultimate fundamental Total 3.127 $15121 3A25 1110 14 1540 492.27 , 712 14411 particles and fig an understanding of .

13 It. MATHEMATICAL. AND PHYSICAL SCIENcES AND ENGINEERING

additiontotheresearchprojects', abroad were called upon in fis yearfigurations of the constituents) with Conferences and workshops are sup\Pro to evaluate 'proposalfor ..the the emission of energy the fotIn of ported to define and focus attention Mathematical. and Physical Sciences, electromagnetic radiation During theA on various research opportunities and Engineermg programs A great`summer of 1975,1aboratories in the . inGermany Most proposalsaresubmittedby - many of the ..re;11ewers, were from United (Statesand emic institutions in the United universities,but many were also reported' results .which indicate that .' a,tes on behalf of research workers-called upon from Government aAdat least three of the predicted sec, who wish tip answer ar specificscien- industrial laboratories and from non- ondary.tarticles do indeed exist In addition, the Foundation's pro- tific tjuestio'ns or questions_ Despiteprofirresearch organizations'as well nu_.mber and dh;ersity Of gram his'contributedsignificantly to ..the great sutcessfulproposalsprovided individuallyThe knoWledge ofthese nee particles proposals, theyare support for the research efforts of evaluated by people capable of un-. -through an Active programof derstlincling the intent of the resckirchmorethan6,700scientistsand research conducted b' a number of and the significance of the expected-engineers Inaddition/ more than experirrrentml, groups. hi Cornell, groups results The review'process brings to4,200 'graduatestudents have measured. the rate of production bear critical mindS to judge the meritopportunity for experierae yndthe ofthenew;15articlesinphoton- of the' project that has been proposed direction of some of the,Nation's b.est induced processes near the threshold In this Process some 15,000 scientists researchers, a betiefte"Ial byproduct of energy Atthe Fet-rniNational from 'ailparts of the country and the quest for new knowledge Accelerator Laboratory, a Colubia 'Universitygroup'hasconacted sfudiesat. /higherphoton f .1' dynergiesNSF-funded groups froM Columbia,Chicago,Northeastern, Physics 4 Washington,andMichiganState, alongwithEnergy Research and Development .Admitystration-1 Phiysicsis that branch of sciencetheoretical physics program supports supported groups, have measured the which studies the:fundamental laws''investigationson" thethecifetical production rate of the new particles . governing matter and energy over ,a*frameworkwithin -whichtheex- usingstronglyinteractingprobes' complete range bf scale, from theperimental results arc interpeeted A such 'as pi mesons and protons,-and , rgostelementaryconstituentsofsixth category, gravitational physics, have noted that pi mesons appear to matter (quarks and leptonsl to thesupportstheoretical-and experimen- be :substantially more effective thalk,4.406k largest aggregation(theuniverse) tal studies on grawty, the weakest of protonsin producingthesenew The.aim is a unified interpretation ofall known forces in the universe. i/estates.Theresultsofthese - ex- allphenomena intoa. single,setf- It has been known for decades that.periments are essenhal inputs to the coriSistentexplanationbasedon allmatterismade -upofbasic theoretical effort detailled knowledge of the basic forcesconstituentssuchastheproton, The quark structure of neutrons acting on particles Physics has con-neutron, andelectron, which we refer and protons fekhi stimedto be tinuouslycontributednewfun- to as the "elementary yarticlesNew composedof three quarkhas also damental understanding of matter at discoveries are adding considerable beershowntobeimportantin- all levels of aggregation to the otherwighttothetheorythatthe understandingnucleiandnuclear fields of science, and has provided the"elementary"particles are not the processes An N,SF-supported underpinnings to man, of our cur- ultimate building blocks, but are in American Univerety-Stapford-Bonn rent advances in',science bnd *ech- turn made up of more basic pointlike collabor,on has found that scatter- nology constituentscalled"quarks Pu;-: ing of high-energy electrons from NSF physics programs contribute suing this idea,,NSF-supcfbrted deuterium ismuchmore 'simply to increased. understanding of these theorls4at Harvard and at Cornellunderstood in terms of a six'-quark phenomecria by supporting high quali- have compared recently 'discovered structure of the deuteron than ,in ty research projects in certain .sub- particles to states of an atom withteams of, the usual neutron-proton fields of physics Four programs sup- different configurations of its con- structure,withthebinding 'force port experimental workelementarystituentetectrons Theyha*e producedbymeson exchange An particle physics, intermediate energypredicted that, like an atom, -the newwork carried out England, it has j physics; nuclear physic's; and atomk,'particles should turn into still furtherbeen Shown that a careful study of is,new con-nuclear, beta-decay permits a deter- molecular, and plasma physicS The newparticles,..(that . 4 14 MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES ANA ,ENGINEERING 3

ruinationoftheelectricalcharges Institute of Technology discovered, still composed of three 9uarks, and a carriedbythese quarks andthus however, that qu'antum effects would meson of two, we nov' know there distinguishes among different cause black holesto emit thermal.are four possible ,types of wlitch the , theories of the neutron and pktOn radiation' with a temperature above combinations can be made substructure zero, and that the final stage in the "The ideathat hadronic matter is. In the' area of weak interacfions, life of a blaciwhole would produce a made of quarks was proposed in the precise expttiments are testing our tremendous expl6sion, with an ac- early 1900's To explain the particles understanding of nuclear' beta-decay companying ,burstof hig,1- energy thatwereappearingintheex- at high levels of precision A group at gamma raysHawking, L. E\Parker'periments of that time, three quarks Princeton has useda cALlotronto (Universal of Wisconsin), an M. were needed The three-quark picture prepareexcitedNtie (neon) nucleiWald (University of Chicago) have was used with remarkable'succes; to,e which are then fed into an atomic shown that the radiation coming off classifythe .,hundredsofhadronic beam apparatus which'orients their is like that emitted by any hot object particles that appeared in etre ,spins The nixie' then beta-decay and in all senses,. including the faCt that perrments'of the 1960:s the asymmetry of the decay products different modesand different The need for a fourth quars with respect to the spin direction is numbers ofparticlesinthe sarne later"suggested'toexplain me,Isured as a functionofbeta mode are completely uncorrelatn phenomenon observed in those sub- energy, The results' indicate that the This year has seen much progress,irfuclearinteractions responsible for present theory of nuclear beta decay, insmallstepsacrossthebroad1-the beta decay of nuclei No candidate which has long been accepted, may frontiers of physics Of special note for suchparticle was observed until require, modification are the completion of a new cyclotron November 1974, s/ the theory was b. Thegreatextensionof 'astro- facility,the discovery of particle nottaken seriouslyuntil then nomical observation brought about'confirming fie existence of "charm," Because of its striking properties, the by the applicatT of technology in the possible', discover);of new fourth quark is said to be "chary red "; the lady 190(5's led_ to a revwal of "surhea'vy elements" in nature, and itsexistence implies a whole new interest in general relftivity, because te development of a new techniquefamily of hadronic particles. it seemed that the new objects being formappingthe energy level3in "Charm" is an attribute or discovered (such as quasars, pulsar's, atoms and molecules behavioral characteristic which, like and compact X-raysources)were electriccharge,isadditiveNature radiating more energy than could be Discovery of a produces a charmedsystem by supplied Jit,y nuclear processesioThea Charmed Baryon prolling pairs or charmed quarks, only possible source of this energy onepositive theothernegative appears to be gravity, which implies Charm appears in integral units (0, 1, that'the objects must by vet)/ concen- A team of physicists from Colum- 2,etc ) both positive and negative trated and must \have very intense bia, Fermilab, Illinois, and.Hawan has Once charmexistsit is almost gravitational fields,fields so strong announced the discovery of a charmed indestructible Conversely it is almost that they would significantly affect baryona swbatomic particle in the impossible to' change a system with the propagation of light Since 1970, same family as protons and''neutrons no charm into a system with charm ,theoretical research has shown that a The finding acids support to the view Although difficult to destroy, gravitationally collapsing body would thathadronicchatter those sub-charm is not completely indestructi- produce a Hack 'holeIthas been nuclear particles, such as the baryons, bleOververylongtimesit is suggested that the hidden proctejties whichinteract viathe"strong"possible for charm to disappearowing of a black hole could be completely'nuclear forceis composed of basic totire, effect of weak interactions, ,summarized by its entrk A majorconstituents known as quarks Until wVak because they take so long to act difficulty with this suggestion was recently,the effects of only treeAs aresult, charmed particles are that itled to inconsistencies, unless typesof quarkshavemantles long lived, longevity is their distinc- black holes emitted thermal radiation themselves, a fourth type of quarktivecharacteristicoverother ^ r at temperatures above zero This rsreferred go as the "charmed quark' is hadrons impossible according to classical gen- requiredtoexplain .tfielatest Thediscoveryofthy. charmed eralrelativity,sincetheclassica.1 periments The"charm"that baryon by phy'sicist; from Columbia theorypredictsthatblackholes characterizesthenewbaryon is Fermilab, the University should not'be visible to an external,regarded as evidence that the fourth ofIllinois,$ andtheUniversity of observer and"charmed.'typeof: quarkis Hawaii isbelieved to co firmthe S.W. Hawking of the Californiaindeed present Though a baryon is presence of "charm" in njture The

. 4 MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING . V

' baryon mass of 2 26 .billionielectronthrough its decay prbducts, remained shells generally hold. fewer nucleons volts,itslong lifetime bore ills-intact too. Iiing before disintegrating than higher shells A nucleuswhich iritegratirTraand its Oral products of'to be descried by the three-quark.has lust enough protons oroneutrons say exactly fit eipectatiOns basedpicture The )(Psi was-;. therefore, pre-or both to fillits outerrnqst shell is the oyr-quark picture. .. med to be made cora quark carryingespecially stable,i e , more likely to The group leader oi /the 1- rch unit of positive charm and an anti -have formed inthe past and less team that found the new p./Or was quark carrying aunit 6f negative likelyto- disintegrate once formed. Wonyong Lee of! Columbia Lierver-alarm The numbers-2, 8,.20, 28, 50, 82, and say, The effort at Columbia Univer ecotribmatio heJIPsi -126.were designated "magic site was sj.i. pported through a gearit p t - arm came zero, nymbers" because mipei with these from the N.ftional. Science Fpuncla-the charm of the quark is annulled by numbers of neutrons were known tote lion, and the experimentwas per-the negative 'charm of the anti-quark mor'estable,eventhoughstable 'formed at theFermi NationalAlthough the Pysi.and similar states elements in the higher proton numbers Accelerator Laboratory discovered shortly thereafter supplied had hot been observed . In theexpepment, a beam cif highstrong supportn.g. evidence, to to The heaviest commonly occurring energy gamma rays wacilffecte'd at a.,firof therealityof 5harm it element isfplutonium, which 1.09 94, berylliumtarget, 'prod cing any necessary -to find part2cles 'in which a protons. (Z-.94) N'ticlei with up to 103 --- particlesSome of -those emergingcharmed quark combined with one-or,protons have-been found in nature or. from the target Were baryons th'atmore ,of tthe three othertypiros of createdartifietally in particle exhibited the.chyracteristic longeyityRuarkkthibse which do not carry acceleaatoisNuclei havinginthe of a charmed particle The baryon'sch-argi :and: whichimpse no range of 114 to 130 protons were disintegration products were aSnti-neutrahvinetffect predicted to exist, the"magi lambda \karypn and two pi Mesons, ----1Charm, however, remained elusive nuinber" 126 protons should produce none of which carriedthe charmA singleeventbeliev'edtocarry the4"Island of Stability"a family of atbuteThe charm characteristic, charin had been found amo relatively stable nuclei clisap during the disintegration neutrinbinteractionsin a et Although - evidence for Through te weak interaction it was chamber.atBrookhavenNational supe ynucleihas been sought in converted intoanotherattribute Laboratory. Ncflignuthi'can be learned, fusion experiments A,nd in meteorites, known to physicists as "strangeness however, from afriing14 event Other,'results, ofa, nevi, experiment an- "Tile strangeness is identified through isearches over past two years nounced in June, 1976 give evidence thepresenceOf theanti-lambda :were futileItwas notuntilthe that some of these, nuclei may occur baryon A shot time later, billicinths finding reported bby the COlurpbta- naturally and be more stable than ofa second, even the strangeness Fermilali-Illinois-t-lawatigroupthat expected The perimen1 is a, disappeared, when the anti lambdathis latest lickbetween observation.collaboration`bettyn aorichernist, baryon decayed 'into arr\anti-prOtor; ani prediction Itad been made R.Vt-'Gentry,4ak Ridge National baryon and a 21 meson In total,tnere 'th summary, the basic combination Laboratory, and six nuclear twerp five ogerved particleswhichofquarksforming charmedbaryons physicistsT ACahilland 11.G. gavetheevent its unique signatute ha; been found Physicists are cbnfi- Flocchini of the University of Califon' The charmed events are rare,,54'sue dent that ir addition to tbese charm ma, Davis, and N.R. Fletcher, H.C. events were fouhd among 13 millic JedpartiAlaer.,grichspectrumof Kaufman, L.R. MedSker, and J.W. high energy gamma ray interactions in...otl4rs,many of whichwillhave Nelson of Florida State University f""45 the target higher masses, await discovery, Heavy elements contained in . The .Columbia-Ferrilab-Illinois- " microscopic crystalIncIttions in Hawaiiteam,longinterested in Po bible 'Existence of -- traparent materials' such astrica charm, intensified .its search for the luperheavyNuclei can eveal thernselves, by the prese characteristicfollown,i.$the chscov- of halos surrounding the inclusion.' eries in November 1974 of the J or Psi dne" of the models that physicists The halos result from the radiation particlefoundsimultaneouslyby useo "envision the nuclei of atoms, damagqof alphaparticlesspon- others at Brookhaven National:pictures the components, protons andtaneously emitted -by. "actinides"--` !' Laboratory and Stanford Linear neutronsas arranged Lilorbits orcertain heavy radioteilrelerpents Accelerator Center (Those Jcittng shells so that the individuAl nucleonsThe size of the halde ends on the discpveries termAke,4...u4. i's 1 ob el prizes in can move withOutbumping intoeach energy of the alpha particles In some j976 for leaders of thetwo groups) other Each shell 'can accommodate a'-cases, so-called giant halos, 5to 100, This .particle, similarly deteqie'dr certain number of particles, the lower micronsin kliameter, surro ndin-

A I sy 'MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES, AND ENGINEERING/ 9

. elusions These would require alpha' particle decay energies substantially.' larger than those of known actinide elements such asthorium or ac- tinium In this experirrient, monazite ,Inclusions -Inobiotite mica were born- barOedbyenergeticprotonsIn- elusions surrounded by normal and giant halos were irradiated by 4 7 and- 5 7 millionelectronvolt_ (MeV) protonsfrom theFlorida State tandem Van de Graaff accelerator "7* (Theexperimentwas designedto detect X-rays that would be produced if an incoming proton knocked an F electron out of the. seeond electronic" level of asuperheavy atom. and an electron froth the third level subsequently cascaded down* tofillthe 4*- hole The eriergyofthe' X-rays Asollmmullri& pfbdu&d in the cascade depends on the charge or thenucleus' of the atom. Fromdetailedanalysis, ofthe .,energies and relative intensities of A national facility. The new Indiana University' Cyclotron will be used to Stddy fine ... the resulting X.rays, as well''as the details of the structure and forces of atomic nucleiIts four separated magnetic sence 'of, goodalterpativeex- sectors (the Than standing I5eir the center shows their size) simplify the highly anations, the' experimenters con- efficient particle accelerator, ease maintenance, and permit operation with low cluded the X -rays may have been electrical power consumption produced by elements with 116 and 126 protons The evidence for ele-1975; and the first experimental data can easily be obtained Other particles ment 124 is less strong . were taken in 'October 1975The such as deuterons, alphaparticles, Experiments with Improved sen-cyclotron was operated at 150 MeV andlithium' nucleicanalso be . , ri. ityare udder way atFloridaduJiTfg most-of 1976, the full energy accelerated.: State,andtheyshould- helpto 20Q MeV was schieduledto be The main cyclotron operates,in . confirm or deny the existence ofachieved by the end of the yeaf principle, with 7,00 percent injection superheavyAmts A confirmation The central apparatus of the Ilia efficiency and 100 percent extr4Ction will, be partidueinlarly interesting is a three-stage accelerator consisting'efficiency, all the injected beam being. bt.cSueitwouldimplythatthe ofa' Cockcroft - Waltonpreinjector transportedtothe. target withan superheavy elems have lifetimesand two eyOotrons, which areIden- energy resolution of 0 04, percent. or against decay' that are considerably ticalexcept forscalethemain'smaller Thigpermitsveryhigh longer than have been piecheted'scyclotronisfour timeslarger than quality experiments to be perforined . . the infector cyclotron and means that very little jesidual . Indiana University Eachsuccessivestage acceleratel..,radioactivity will be produceT in th6 Cyclotrcin Facility positively charged particles to higher cyclotron so that servicing and im- enew until they are directed at a provements "w11 be simplified. On Aprtl 23-24, 1976, a new, NSF- target by the maul cyclotronThe The separated sektor design of the supported national facility for nuclearexpected energies-of protons as they cyclotron gives a varietyof science research, the Indiana Univer- are released from each stage are 0 6 advantagessimplicity, accessibility sity Cyclotron ,Facility(IL/CF), was MeV from the preinjector,-.15 MeVof components, ability to operate the *cheated Constructionbeganin fromth? injector cyclotron, and 200 radiofrequencx system at high 1968onthisunique,three-stage MeV from the main cyclotronBy-voltages, andunusually low electrical nuclear accelerator The first external changing the magnetic ,fields and thepower consuption beam was obtainedinSeptember accelerating voltages other energies The classof experimentstobe 1' ,

"/ 6 MATHEMOCAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING

performed with the new machine will ones haile undetectedfine-strticturi some electrons are temporanly cover fine details of nuclear structureConventional techniques for electron bound, forming an unstable, and nucleforces The contemplated beam generationare limitedto a negatively chargedatom, argon - research program is multifac,eted and 'resolutionof roughly a 50milli-,minus (Al After an instant, the,A- extensive, andseveralspecificac-, electron volt(meV) spread However,disintegrates, scattering the eiectron_s tivities have been planned for the a new approach isnow yielding much in a,directiondifferwitfromits early runningperiodsof the machine better energy resolution original path. Slightchanges 11 Pion production caused by protons Recent words at the Joint Instituteelectron :energy greatly inCrease or bombarding nuclei, in which reactions for Laboratory Astrophy;ics at decrease the probability of scattering yield neutral and positively charged Boulder, Colo , utilized theThe energy range over which the pions from several targets, will be the mongchromaticity and high intensrtyscattering probability is high is called subiect of both early experiments and oflightfrom. alasertodetacha resonance The resonance studied is theoreticalwork vtIUCF Elastic electronsfrom barium atoms and expected, froNen theoretical considera-L scattering from bothprotons ar form an electron beam of uniform bons, to have a natural energy spread composite proieCtiles off nuclei wil velocity The photoelectrons are thus-of '3 to 5 meVpand its observation at' tesv various theoretical mo4els of the producedwith a uniformkineticabout 6 meV. isclose, enoughto - scaittering Elastic,scattering of energy (17meVirj, thepresentconfirmthetheory Methodsfor deuterOns, He(helium),and !Li experiment), and are then acceleratedhfurther sharpening the instrumental" (lithium) be of continuing ii- to the desired energy and focused on resolution are.keing,testeril, and still terest, especially as the Rarnerierges target atoms in 'a second beam Thenarrower re3'tirtattces are being areraisedThe IUCF spectrographenergycif theelectronbeamis observed Will be used for inelastic scattering,carefully controlled by varying the This new technique opens up an studies,ihvolvingproton and ccelera potential entirely new level of detail of atomii, deuteron excitation on a variety of First resultsfor the scatteringdieand molecular structure to accurate, nuclear targets ,monoenergetic electrons from argon observations and allows anumber of the experimental program is atomsare very encouraging As theimportant predictions of the theory of atomic structure to be checked - proximately one-third in-house, e- beam interacts with the argon atoms, thirdoutside -usera 4rd. one -chird instide-outside collaborationsAllx- 'perimfntal proposals are consid ed Chemistry 0 on anequalbasisby aProram -4W Advjsorj,Committee,and a uru- -versity-appointed committee ad ses oci policy Both these committees are Chemistry deaLs with theforces54 in tAe past decade, propelled by a appointed from the naltional sciencethat bind atoms into molecules, the combioation of fresh ideas from. the communityAlso, 'anelected- Userforces between, molecules that ac- scientificcommunity,. technological Group Coremittee is very active incountforthe differentforms of advances in computers (which hay the .00/43t1(tIVbf OW, (404, matter, and the way the forces can be-become an intrinsic part of chemical 'altered for usefu' purposes Chemical instrumentation andFederal sup- reactionsare thetransformations port-for research The environmental Improved Resolution of among atoms andmoleyles that legislationof1970providedthe Atomic and bring about` new arrangthients of drivingforcefor a hostof new Molecular, structure atoms in new 'molecules 'Chemists inquiries into the nature of chemical synthesize new mdlecules, explore reactions of critical importanceto tfte ways in which chemical reactions mankind More recently the energy . . Essentially all atoms and molecules. shbuld exhibit interactions that haveoccur, analyze the producas of their crisis has stimulated urgent inquiry not been detecerii because of -thelabors, deielop conceits that relate to into energy-related chemistry in such 4rnited energy resolution of electronstructure andfunction,study the fields as synthesis, dyriamics, ther- ,t5eam. s' availableMost )0.1these in-energetics of chemical and physical modynamics, and chemical analysis, teractions have not been adequately"chanAs from themolecularto each of which is inescapably related . obsei'ved over their full energy range macroscopic levels, and ultimately try to effective solutil of the energy or width, orassigned accuratetorelatethesebehaviorstothe prctblem Each of these is a factor that energies Manytitherinteractionsdist`ributions of electrons in has underscored the significance of .have doubtles% gone undetected formolecules NSF support of fundamental research the same reason, while many known Chemistry hfrr. changed remarkably ina wide variety of chemical ells- . 'Nf,\ MATHEMATICAT. AND PHYSIC.L glIPIENCES AND ENGINEERING 7

.ciplines. This support has contribliked., faceIt has be en estimated that the,work is pe rfortkled" on well to recent revglution; in the way wevalue of goods proded annualjy. incharacterized systems, the catalysts 10,think about many chemical interac-this country which l'Kvolve ateastare prepared in an e mely antsepl: tions and processes one heterogeneous catalytic convFr-tic environment; andemberg must Perhapsthenextrevolutionin sion step intheir manufacture ex-performtheexperiments'at a chemistry isalreadyunder" way ceeds $100 billion. These uses includepressure comparable to that found in Tethnological developments inlasers-the fine chemical and pharmaceuticalinterplanetary space The experimen- and,consequently, laser chemistryindustries, the oil and petrochemicaltal techniques used are complicated, ere beginning to providestartling industries;and, theConversionof but the insight gairied,i; a 'malorstep ad /ancesinthe understanding of onoxiouspollutantspriorto- their.,tovqrdunderstandingtheheter- chemical reactions on a, .time scale dischargeintoour, environment ogeneous catalytic process *1 never before achievable The laser'Is Despitetheimportafee heter- Weinberg is invesiigatingthe superior radiation source'that.ogeneous Catalystsand'''''they -methanzricon reaction,in which providesthechemistatoolforauitous use, the molecular details byhydrogen and carbon monolode are selectively 'breaking chbmical whichcatalystsfunction are lar*gglycombined to fO*rm methane (a clean for the selective excitationof'unknownIf' these details were irn- fuel),pliesthehydrogenationof 'vibration,thatenhancechemical derstixtil,thencatalystscould, bepolynuclear aromatic molecules P.-reactions, and foi- probing the ways-in tailored for sPecific-'useThis could,Theseafter' complex molecules art* whiCh energy, is. transEereoti.inin- improve their efficiency and return found coaltarsana arealso tramolecutar and inteirmolecularvast savings in precious raw materials productsiof the liquefaction of coal; to- processes', , andr energy beuseful, however, they must be Basic.cherpicalcesearch also brii;ler- An enduring coritrotersy amongmodified further by chemical crack -- pinsacrucialcomponent ofourchemists is whetr the geometry mg This is accomplished by adding national economy Cot rtnts4,s educated'the *electronic st ture of a surfacehydroggntothem' throughthe in our ,network research-based determine.? the .catalytic 'effIcie'ncy hydrogenation reaction Weinberg's universities providethe ,erttellectual Both are, irt.fact,,,important, and both research, alo/ Ipars 'onpollutron sustert3rice. onvyhichtheclitVrnical Must be, unclerstood';'if. The mecha-'control since fie studies the oxidation Industryrellisforstaffing its nisms Of eleme'htary catalytic reac- of`carbon :6monbxideandthe 'research laboratories, prdductitian tions are to,.lik coriiprehendedIt is simulfaneotrs,reduction ofnItrl,', facilities, itstechtSicalservice essentialtoobtarn 'both a; corn-oxide this Catalytic reactibm. where opqrations, and its management at all positiOnar analysis arlda. measure -,carbon monoxide and nitric oxide are levels, men(of the vibrational' structure oferiverted to 'the harmless reaction thecatalyst surface during the courseproducts carbon dioxide and nitrogen,

Molecular Details of of the chemical reaction Ti-ie reas)ttonoccursreadily, inthe presence of . Heterogeneous datalysis rate ,may be related to the .cottiposi;metals, in_ thee)tpensive platinum tic:in, whereas the vibratiottal 'struc-group, such as plattnum, paliadluin, The ter m'catalysis comes froM theture '1? importara in characten2ingrhodium,. and indium. Byunder.: Greek'Iditadown, and Iyon--loOsen mcileculai-eactionintennediates, and standingthe wayinwhichthe lonsqacob Berzelius used this term in in formulating'tke reaction catalysts-function, it May be possible 1835 to correlate a number of obser-mechanism (that is, thepathway) by to: design cheaper substitutes vations made by other chemists in tiNewhichreactantsareOconverted to . . " 18thand,early19th centut@-"reactionproducts` Thus, aserious , Fixing the Molecules of Chemical agents found to Promotetheoreticaleffort 't o' describe" the Lffe: Bioinorganic Cate sis reactions were called catalysts,',andmechkisms' ofcataly'sis...must -be Berzellus 'postulated a special force tocoilple'd Co the careful measurement , , ti'rogen,water; car6on1dioxide, account for these erations. To-of surface geometry; electronic struc-'anoxygen are basic to the,Eath's di), Catalysts play economic ture,compositionalanalysis,and bio ogicalcycle Thesemole roleinthe chemical industry, andvibrational structure Einally, a)might even be called the molecules of ' perhaps of even greater importance ismeasurementofcatalyticreaction life, because they are es4ential in two . the factthatnearlyallofthe rates isalsomandatory ofthemost .importantbiological e. processes of life involve catalysts ot Tcheexperimeftal research by W. processes Thotosynthesis and some sort Henry Wembeig atthe California nitrogenfixation,Thereactions A heterogeneouscatalystisor-Institute of Technology has Oa goal 6e-tweenthese molecules imiplantt dinarilya 'solid substance,thethe, 'understanding ofallthese in yieldtheaminoacidsandcar-. , catalytic ftinction occurs at its sue-molecular detail To insure that thebohydrates that are the essence of , 1;) ws

4 MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICALSCIENCESAND ENGINEERING

the Eopd we eat And the energy fromthe solid metal compounds and gas- Another achievemeht of importa t photosynthesis is rere"ased wheneous CO2Theproductscontain cberrticat consequence has been the carbohydrates react with oxygitin, as"fixed caon dioxide," i.e., its stritic- isolation and struotu'rt/ -characterva- inoxidationmetabolism, ture andhe carbon-clYgen bond non of a crucial intermediate product fundamental life ,sukaming process' 'properties a e drfferent from those of in a synthetic nitrogen-fixing sistem In nature,, photosynthesis provides the free mo ecule Based on sp'ectral This-, was done-in the labdrItory of for the direct use wind storage of solar -and then-11c properties,' the carbon JohnE` ilercawatthe California energy. However, biological photo- dioxide in t product is considered to Institute of Technology The develop:, synthesis,orfixationofcarbon be loOnde tothe °metalthitough mentofsyntheticnitrogen- fixing dioxide and 4Plitting of water, is an carbon systems could!eatto. more extremely complex senes of chemical, Although thereactions of metal economical prodpction offertilize reactions thatarenotcompletely complexes,withnutneroutssmall and 'other nitrogen-based chemicals, understood0,ne of the challenging molecules (such as hydrogen, oxygen, which sub4equently would have an qu'estion5rac''*fgscientists today N andnitrogen), have.beenstudied impact.on wofldwide foojand energy wiletiler. such a, reaction, or a similar extensively during the past decade, issues one,tallbe mimicked aless studies involvirig carbon dioxide are 'Beicawhas, developedsynthetic complicated way inthe laboratory of relatively recent origin The Impor- routes leading to. two related coin- These mimicked reactions are smiler tance of Vaska's discoveries Iles in the pounds containing either titanium,or thanafure's,ibut they may resemblefact that' thete reactions are reversi- zirconiumThese two compounds, the corresponding biological process ble Gaseous-carbon dioxide,is permethyltitanocene,(C5Med2Ti, and at least in some fundamental fashion recoveredwhenthesystem is permethylzirconocene, (Cshied2Zr, LaunNaska at Clarkson College ofevacuated Irallum and rhodium com- are extremelj, reactive and readily Technology has discovered and deter=plexes that react with C'might act ah'sOrb 'molecular' nitrogen (N2) when mined the'reaction by whichkertain ascatalystsforthe con eicion ofexposed to a nitrogen atmosphere simple ronipounds and carbon dioxide to a carbydatite in- Subsequenttreatment'of the rh Jorrn (two metals of the platinumthe, presence of a hydren soutce resulting "dinitrogen complexes" with family) fIZ carbondioildeunder, (e ,g water)andradiantenergy hy,drogen% Chloride cleanly reduces a ambien't, conditionsThe reactionsExperiments are Under way to test nitrogen molecule tohydrazine occur in solution as well As between this hypothesis f (N2H4)

ChornIcal Hut LauriVaska at Clarkson College (left) and John Bercaw at Caltech (right), in ,separate rearch project% have _ made progressin trying toImicimportant biological processes in their laboratdries Knowledge gained frm bottryaska's work on photosynthesis-like reac tons to fix carbon dioxide and Bercaw's research on a synftic nitrogen -fixin ystel% may someday, prove important:to problems of food and energy supplies

161 2U MATtlEMATJCAL AAD PHYSICAL SCIENCES, At EXIINEERING 9

-other-tratAsit ton correspondsto a vibration of a reaction, on the other hand, .mostof metal- dinitrogen complexes havespecific bond in a molecule In this the absorbed energy goesinto . beensynthesizedsincetheir dB- way,energy may beputt into energizing a particular chemical bond coveryin1965,it hays not been specific*chemical. bond without and thus is available ro initiate the possible.to reduce theirbound energizing any other bonds., decomposition reaction As a ,result moleculh. nitrogen chemically The Ernest Grunwald of Brandeis Uni- the infrared laser induced process is uruquetch'aractenstics responsible for'versityhas begun astudy ofthe very efficient chemical activation of N', when bound irradiationofselected,molecules Infrared laser photochemistry ie in to permet-hylzirconocene" and using the carbon dioxide laser. His its infancy 'The--early results, how- permethylitanocene4 are,therefore,early milts show that this method ever,indicatethatitcouldbe of considerable interest hasthe- potentialof becoming ex- revolutionaryfor' synthetic cheM- tremely useful in allowing selective istry* In principle, it should be po'S-si. Infrared-Lasei decomposition of certain bonds in a ble to apply infrared photochemisti3' Rhotophertfisq- molecule, Whil4eeping others intact to synthesis of otherwise inaccessible He finds that4hen compound?: such molecules and also to activate,. 1 One oftheoldestmethods, of as fluorocarbons are irradiate& with molecules using small fractions of' the performing a chemical reaction is to pulses of infrared radiation 'from a energythathasheretoforebeen simply heat a compound until one or megawatt carbon dioxide laser tuned needed Further new developments more chemical bonds break Reactionsto a specific vibration of the target are expected in the neat future from ofthistype,known as thermal molecule/the compounds decompose seve 'ral laboratories Thecurrent decompositions, are very tiefu'l in thevia clearly defined pathways. . major obstacle is the lack of tunable, petnoleum industry,, in polyrDer Another remarkable aspeCt- of the high. power infraredlasers, other chemistry' and, indeed, in most/areas laserirrachation Is that several4quanta than the carbon dioxide laser Rapid ofchemistry concerned' withof energy are absorbed by 'specific development of that field, however, is transformations of-matter into other chemical bonds,Thus is a direct result expected to remove that limitation. forms One drawback of the conven- ofthespecialpropertiesoflaser tional heating of compbynds is that it rachationThe radiation is both very. Chemical Instrumentatkin energizes all chemical bonds to aboUt Intense and coherentandcan be the same, extent'COnsequently, reac- tuned to the precise frequency of a Practicallyallcurrentscrentific tionsaredifficulttocontroland strong absorption in a molecule This endeavors, particularly modern require largeinputs%-of energyIn facilitatesthe absorption of many chemistry,are based .on Measure- addition, the striking feature of the quanta of energy Moreover, all the ments and' on modern instrumenta- processisthat the decompositiots absorbed. energybecomes"locked" tioninstruments such asinfrared. tend to occur at only the weakest into oriy the one molecular vibration and nuclear magnetic resonance spec- bondsn the. molecule 'his \means that is absorbing the laser.radtation trometers, mass spectrometers, that if ore desires to break a strong Thenetresult isthatthisone chromatographs, as well as a variety bond in a molecule but leave a weaker vibration is excited as if the particular of other types, are indispensable to bond imast,.`an .indirect method is bond were heatetl toa very Ingh, chemical researchIn addition, the eeded,. usually One involving more temgerafurR The bond rupture oc- revolution in modern electronics has "han one chemical transformation cur's even though the total energy of dramatically improved the capabilities Inrecentyears,chemistshave the radiationabsorber' by the of these standard instruments, and started using lasers to provide energy molecule is less than the amount of made availabletwo- powerful new for driving chemical reactions One of energyneededto decomposethe toolsthe microcomputer and the the most' remarkable applications -of substance thermally high power laser The Foundation's lasers for this Purpose involves the When a mole isheatedto a chemicalresearchinstrumentation use of high Power (megawatt) carbon high temperature, only a small por- program -hasarovidedthemajor dioxide lasersThese lasers emit ,a tion of the applied heat is used in the shareof Federal funding for sup - large flux of coherent radiation in the--decomposition processThe applied pottingmajor 'Instrumentationin- infr regionQf' the eleCtromag- heatisdistributed among allthe chemistry departments and for the netic so Crum This radiation can be vibration'sinthe molecule, and in- development ofnew instrumentation used supply energy to chemicaldividualmoleculescollide and needed In chemistry bo s However, unlike therrrral transfer parts of the heat energy to Development in nuclear magMic heating, the carbon dioxide laser can'other molecules and too4he walls of resonancespectrometersover, the be tuned to a precise wavelength that the containerInthelaser-induced past 5 years provides Nn excellent

2 1 10. MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES ANDENGINEERING

exafnpte of the'major improvemgnts' In many cases high resolution Waugh's resear ch is the application of made in modern ins ruments and ,o/f nuclear magnetic resonanathis method by E.O. Stilskal and the new areas of c emical research spectra ,ian now be obtained on JacobSchaeferqf,. the.;Plonsanto analysts Qf that develop asa result of these_ solids Company to. the l'n=s'ttu and advances Magnetic ,resonance spec- A wide range of new informa-various seeds, such.assoybeta". troscopy of protons provides chemists tionconcerningchemical andwheat, for the composition >>the various oils, starches, and proteuts'in - with two basic,pieces of information dynamics is now .. fnolecular (1) °thechemicalenvironmentor .available the seeds. Since the nuclear magnetic hydrogen atoms present (e g CH,, H- re onance methodistotally nob- C=C, OH, etc ) and (Z) the quantity The new 'insstruments- are ex- d structive, the seed can be planfql. tremelyreliableandeasyto ofeach proton species present a eranalysisThis techniquecart Althoughconventional proton operate save years in the amount of tim

nuclear magnetic resonance is one of . required to develop. new plant hybrids -the This iristrumvntation dev lopmentwhose constituents are tailoredto -..themostpoWerfultoolsat cherinst's disposal, it has a number of has revolutionized organic chemistry, specific end uses. Another variation clinical chemistry, natural productsof this new method, 'using double dra,wbacki= -' - .chemistry, and many Other areas Foutier-transform techniques, ,has. , Itisnot verysensitive,100 .._ enabled Waugh( to measure, ist milligrams tor more per sample AfilexCitingnew develOpment is the favorable cases, thexact getemettltal are needed work of John Waugh and his research . grouratthe Massachusetts Instituteposition of the hydrogen atoms in Incortexmoleculec,inter- of TechnologyBy using thefull crystalline samples to a precision of Such precistori is pretation of the proton spectra power of the pulsed Fourier- 0 01 atomic units ail be difficult and sometimes competitivewiththe widelyused . transformnuclear magnetic biguous --resonance method they have been method of X-ray diffraction; the new On( liquidsamples. can be able to obtain resolution carbon-13 method, however, isatits best in studie nuclear magnetic resonance spectralocating hydrogen atoms that are nit normally observable via X-ray tech- Informatn about chemical or of solid samples One especially interesting direct consequence of niques moleculardynamics is very limited' Z The instrumeks are difficult to ',operate and rittntain Mathematical and Computer 'Sciences -,With the a0vertt ofFast, i reliable, low cost nilfilcomputeks and microcomputers, Fourier-transform understanding of phenomena which spectrometry has replaced the older The mathematical sciences program of-NSF hai two major suSchvisioUs he observes in'the real world Thus methods The fast Fourier-transform core mathematics andtheapplied the teem applied mathematical technology has greatly enhanced the mathematical sciencesCore math- sciences has come to be used to refer chemical utility of nuclear magnetic ematicsdiffersfromthephysical roughly to areas of scientific knowl- resonance spectroscopyof protons sciencesinthatitdoes not deal edge heavily saturated with math- and carbon-13 directly with objects and events of ematical structures, such as classical Some of the advances include the physicAl worldRatheritis a mathematical physics, operations Obtainingspectra from 10- structure dealing with objects of itsresearch, statistics,certainelements microgram protonsamples is own perception, these being created of computer science,mathematical' now routine, and 500-ninogram in the mind of man and trans economics, and "mathematical biology and 'smallersamplescanbe totheexternal world byg In terms of dollar obligations, core measuredprovidedthat the symbolism Applied mathematics is a mathematicsrepresentsabout75 sarhple is pure more ambiguous termIt is used by percent or the NSF ,mathematical - Nat'uralabundancecarbon-13 some to refer to mathematics created sciences program, and applied spectraareoften implerto with the end in view of understand- mat ematiqs about 2epercent In the interpretthan proto tra ing the world around A second inst ncetit: core mathematics, NSF and providea wealth of new usage isto call mathematics Applied supports most .of the national effort information whenever it is used to further man's While rt is difficult to obtain accurate

2 " MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES, AND ENGINEERING 11

estimates of the total support by NSF _Compu- ter science is rapidlyassum- problem, the resolutiOn of which will relativetothat of other 'agencies . mthat same kindg of role Not longallow greater understanding of the becauseovf administrative and defi- ago ascientist who was adept' at structure of bounded linear operators nitionaldifferences,availabledata using a computer in the solution of a as well as of thy-paces themselves indicate that NSF accounts for about particular class of probl&ns, and who Important progess toward answer= 6Q percent,ofthetotalFederal made this his principal activity, would mg 0.1is question was made recently support of the mathematical:sciences, be called a computer scientist Today, inboththepositive and negative and about 90 percent of the support this is becoming less true, research is,directions ARussian,V.1. of core mathematics revealing structural similarities Lomonosov, showed during 1975-76 The health of mathematics in the amonk some_apparently very that the answer is yesifor a large class United States19 goodResearch in different problems when theyare ofboundedlinearoperatorsAn ' this*cou* contiryucs on at least as viewed fr6mtheperspectiveof eijualtyimportantnegativepartial high a level ..4ri quality and probably computing, and surprising differences result was obtained last year by Per higher in quantitykhan at-any time in amoni othersThe study of these Enflo, Of Stanford University, who our history Major.trends in research structures and 'their significance for produced a Banach space (a further that have gradually emerged in recent computer design, irrespective of the generalization ofsi Hilbert space with time and continuetomanifest illti'mate application,is defining the a more complicated geometry) and.ari themselves .are (10the confluence of new field pf,computer sciences operator on that space such that-the, olderfieldstoproduce new artd , omly invariant subspaces of the dynalmc fields of research,(2) the The Invariant Subspace operator are the zercrvector and the solution of important problemof Problem Wire space ancient vintage, and (3) the inCreasr 'husareasof uncertainty have importance of algebrthc' methodsin. Hilbert spaces are infinite-been narrowed and interest in the the applications of mathematics dimensionalgeneralizationsofor- problem has been heightened, so that dinary,finite,Euclideann-spaces Unlike' the mathematical sciences, thecurrenthighinterestinthe_ They play a pervasive role in many haye a long ando-ich tradition, Invariant Subspace Problem seems branches of both pure and applied computer science is barely 1,0 years certain to be intensified mathematics, from representations of old laWing to its rapid development, groupsto quantum mechanicsto trends are more easily discerned than Recent Research on , differentialequations Asinfinite- in a moreestablisheddiscipline Geometry: Plateau's Prolllem climensionllanalogues,theycarry Perhaps the rhost striking change has both an algebraic vector structure, The elusive principles that govern been the increased concern with the- which permits the useful representa- the shapes assumed by bubbles and omputing processitselfas 'dis- tion of many problems, and ;elated'soap films have interested scientists tinguished from the art of getting geometry or topology, which perrrilts answers from the computer and mathematicians foratleasta matheirtrcianstobringtheirin- centurySuch a quest, isnot idle In this connection, a parallel can be tuitionsto bear One ofthe most Mathematiciansursue it because the' drawn with the role of mathematics intensively studied objects inall of principles involved have relevance to inscienceEach scientific discipline niathematics is that composed of all importantstudiesofsurfacesin devises)t5,,, Ownmathematical mappings ofa Hilbertspacethat geometry, .and these, in turn, have methodology for solving thy prob- preserveimportantalgebraic and relevanceto minimal energy prin- lems of concern to its Own area In geometricpropertiesThesemap- ciples in physics and eillgineering doing so it draws from mathematics' pings are called_ the bounded linear Investigationofth1,- number of incrediblyvaried and centuries -old operators on the Hilbert space Somedifferent formstaken by bubbles and: framework These mathematical con- of,them carry a portiona films suggests several possible prin-- structsofteharose from practical subspaceof the Hilbert space back ciples (11 A compound bubble or film , needs of the time that spawned .them, into itself Such a mapping is termed stretched on a wire frame consists of ) often they were products of a quest "nivariantAn important problem in flatorsmoothlycurvedsurfaces fot mathematical elegance 8nd beau- Hilbert space ,theory, the Invariant smoothly joined together(2) There tyIn any event, the mathematics SubspaceProblem, asks whether areonly two waysinwhich Zhe stimulated by old problems, many,of every bounded linear operator has an surfacesmeet: Three surfaces can them no longer interesKing, is con- inisapant subspeace (other than the meet along a smooch curve, or six tinually revived for the solution of zero vector and the entire ciliate) surfaces meeting along four curves pressing new problems -Much work has been done Op this II can Come together at a vertex(3) 4,

12'MA-THEMA ICAL /IND PHYSICAL SCIENFS, AND ENGINEERING /

I. 4 e Thetr proof /relieale< thetrue , geomefric .underpinn ng of Plateali's 'roles, andgoesbe$ since *the geometry of bubbles a d films is not fully determined y lateau's three rules. For exam e, the mean cur- vature ofear s parate ,,pieceof surface must onstant.'This additional condi on and al other such conditions, a pe. r to be sat1Afied by. the -Almgre ylor del Models f histy can .handle, with sommodificatin,a number of lariantroblems. T ey can account for theape of a liuid in a container of anyrm wheii kapillpry effccts are prese t, and theadditional applica-. ton to changein, shape over time, im ingesupo anarea of active theriiatibOresvarch with many tential alications tt,rn Recognition

e tO of the computer to "look" , objis and describe what it "sees" ufflclentlywellsothat . either hu ans can make necessary decisions or other computer programs can ake proper responses continuesto ea forefront research area.;it has also become an importfint part of many computerappOtionsThis 'Categoryofcomputer'researchis often' termed pattern recognition or Image processing. One example of a project in this

area .which combinesforefront Mathernatts meets biology. Skeletal remains of microscopic marine orga' isms called research with an important applila- Radtolarta show the curves and an§les formed by tht bubbly frothif cells that'tlitnis an /effort funded jointly by surrounds the organisms' protoplorn-when alive The skiletons, all tha urvive when NSF and NIH's National Heart and ells at the film the animal dies, apparently form from the material depolted our of the project is Colle ed by H.M.S. LungInstitute.- This margi s ..(Erom Ernest Haeckett Repor'i on The Ratholana todevelopthree- Challger During The Years 1873-1886 ) attempting ;dimensional reconstructions of rapidly moving oiganS such as the heart, r The junctions between curves alwais Recently, FredeeiJ. Altnig-en, Jr ,and of large moving organs such as appear t'o meet at equal angles of Princetpn Univcity,and Jean E.the lungs. The Belgian physicist Joseph A F.Taylor, of 'RutgersThe State Univer -, Computerprocessingof images Plateau, who conducted his researc say, have been e to construct aprovided by X-rays or. ultrasound is mere than a century ago, ecordedmathematical mel to show that thealready in widespread use for brain these. simple general rules.rnainethreebasicr s'governing- the,scanning and other medical pattern has bee,n given to the wide range of,geornetry of so'bubbles and soaprecognition problems where the parts problems stemming from these and.films are a matematical consequenteof the body".are stationary. But the related phenomena , of a simple are-minimizing principle.analysis and representation of motion

-2!1

at 14t

t MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING 13 . P

graph, which may have been initially' designed in three dimensionsin a prototype electronic circuit, or exampleAn be laidout on a plane without crossing wires. Tills is important tothe design of circuit boards orintegrated electronic circuits; the manufacturing prOcess requires planarity' and cros'sed wires would lead to 'Short circuits Untilrecentlythe knOwn algorithms required n3 steps0TnIve this problem, where n is the number of vertices (1:e , terminals) in the graph' For acircuit with 100 connection Heart and lung. Computerized reconstructions in' three cl.mensions oft beating points,about1,000,009 operations, ,heart (left.) and lung (right, With an indentation showing theloCation of tnheart) of were required Now Robert Tartan of intact animalsere' made possible by advanced mathematics and eveloptng Stanford University and John Hop, tofoegraphic equipment This technique promises to becomea poweeful ew medical diagncistic tool (Photos by Gabor Herman/SUNY-puffalo ) -/ croftofCornellUniversity have

11, discovered an algorithm that requires a number'of steps only proportion'al tothenumberofvertices, i.e,"; pose problems for which more effi- computer prom 5 themselves approximately 100 for the example cientcomputerprocedures(algo- Because of the wides read occurrence above. rithms); moreeffectivecomputer ofthesekindso probtenas,the This reduction was achieved by configtiratrons,andmore efficient proceduresfors lying l,themareapplying modern computer science mathematicalprocessesareneces- attracting a good de"al of 'researchtechniques, to mathematical results sj,ry Thus,theresearchthrust attention going back 'almost 250 years:the "....4ocuses upon those areas One example, representative ofa formula developed-in 1736 by Swiss' The research so farby GabOr T broad,class of graph Pioblems,is the mathematician Leonhard Euler, From Herman of -the State Universiv ofeffort to determine whethera giventhe Euler formula, one can deduce New York at Buffalo, working with that, if a graph is planar, then there physiologists-at the 'Mayo Clinichas are no more tha)i 3n-3 edges in the succeededin X-raying the moving graph.Sincethis implies that the heart' andlungs' ofexperimental number of edges is linear in relation animals. The 'experimentshowever, tothenumbe; of ,vertices,they involveimposing constraints upon sought analgorithmthatisalso the subject that would be unaccept- Jineaf able in a chnicarsituatinn Both the The resulting algorithm employed computer algorithms and the X-ray three computer science techniques in ,equiPment are being modified, how- an optimal way. The graph it was ever, to bring what promiseslo be a broken down into smaller subgraphs, powerful. toql of medical diagnosis anditwas proventhat,ifthe'4 cloSer to fruition subgraphs /mere planar, they could be , Non-planar. Itis impossible to connectrecombined in such a manner as to Graph Problems the three houses (squares) to the threeembed the original graph in a pl utilities (circles) without atleast onethis 'built on preyious resultsy L. Graphs can be used to describe thecrossing, so the resulting graph must be three - dimensional Knowing ifa three-Auslander and S.V. Parter (1961), underlying structure of many prob-,dimensional ddsign can be representedwho themselves had an n3 algorithm. lemsthataresolvedondigitalOn a two-dimensional graph is importantThen Tartan and Hoperoft insured ,computers These include, forexam-in many applications, such as the layoutthatthe various edges were con- ple, process scheduling, minimizationof electronic circuit boards As a result of recent research, such problems are nowsidered in an optimal order, so 'that of circuit components, or traffic flow solvable with a g ready. redubed number of once a set of edges had been con- problems, as well as the operation ofsteps, sidered,itwould not have to be

.1 2 y. / o '

MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING 1' 11 I

' reevaluated And finally; they applied linear algorithm for the 'determina-more efficient combustion with fewer dare structures orsufficient-efficiencytionofthe planarityofa imulti--pollutants. Progress has also been to insure that the data were accessed dimensional graph, in a manageable,made inoharacteLizirig'mathematical- in the prOper order The result a number of steps I ly the size and sh'pe of particles,an essential step for improved design and automatic control of particulate 4 processing operations-in the mineral industriesandinwastedisposal" Engineerin csystems Substantial new predittive cap ability has been achieved in describing the Amencan Agineering schools can munications, where visible light andtransport 'of pIrticle-carrying liquids be proud of their success in educating.infrared are used in place of radiothrough porous, structuresknowl-' world leadersinscience-basedin- frequencies to make possible vastlyedge that will have a major impact on . novativetectIncilogy To alarge greater volume and speed of tn forma- the design of wastewater 'treatment extent the schools' ability to do this in ttbn transfer Work on new device facilities Improved understanding of thefuture depends on -continuingconcepts for information processingporoul-structures will also be impor: involvement of Faculty and graduateand measurement has been fostered brit in devising syltems for secondary studentsinresearch that providesby new developmentsinthe un- and terti4ry oil recovery from partially new design principles, replaces em- derstanding of the superconductingexhausted oil wells piricism by understanding, leacIS- to stateof matter and by continued Research in engineering mechanics fundamentally new aliproachesin exploration of the properties of semi-:is "concerned with ,problems in fluid 'device or process design, or shows comic, rmaterials Researchinand solid. mechanics Which are of how relatively new science can be plasm dynamicshasledto- an fundamental importance to engineer- applied to the solution of important undertanding ofsome phenomena ing design and must be, solvedif problems in energy conversion, re-that will be important to the eventual larger,more complex structures source management, production, or harnessingofthethermonuclear buildings, dams, pressure vessels other areas ofman-environment reaction for energy conversion are to be built safely with minanum -interactions Support for. such New ideas in Image analysis and use of energy and materials. Concern research in universities is provided by processinghavefoundimportantextends also to water resburtes and NSF's engineering program application inmedicine (radiology) environmental engineering, pollution is th If principal some ofand agriculture (remote sensing of control, geotechnical engineering fundsfor ling-rangeengineering,crop damage), mathematical systems (which depends upon an understand- refearch; although colleges do obtain theory is being developed for applica-ing of the properties of rock and soil), supportfor work on more short-tiontocomplexenergysystems, and to biomechanics involving the range prOblems from NSF's Research large, interconnected -computer applicaticin of solid and fluid Applied to National Needs (RANN)networks, and, possibly, socio- mechanics to prolnems in biology; or programe7nd from some mission-economic systems medicine. oriented. agenciesOften the early, Research in engineering chemistry New and deeper understanding of 'high risk" stages. of research areand energetics has ledto a betterimportant phenomena has been Ob- supported by NSf's engineering pro- understanding of mechanisms such as tained and new mathgrnatical, tom- grams; later, when useful applicationscatalysis and mass transfer, which areputational, and measurerhent tech7 been ". -applied, for become clearlyapparent, mission fundamental to many chemical rtiques have agencies or industry take over spon-processes New methods for deter- example,toturbuleh mixing. of sorshipor provide supplementary,mining thermodynamic properties of fluids, propagation of stress waves in etpanded support calfrplei mixture's have been devised pressure containment vessels, sedi- The major research areas ftinded inwhich will be extremely useful, for ment transport in rivers, and behav- engineering are electrical sciences and example, in processing of natural gas ior-of frozen soils analysis (Including systems science), and in"coal conversion, and in many engineering chemistry and energetics,other applications More Precise and engineering mechanics New mathematical techniqiies have 'Thermodynamic D The reffarch effortinelectrical been developed for the prediction of sciences has had major impact on theheat transfer in complex con- High purity separation and precise newly emerging field of optical corn-figurations, these are likely to lead toblendirt are two crucial operations in e .. 1_, I

MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING 15,

rtiv rutlization of--Ratural gas and expenmeAtal'-efficiencyA less ob- processofconstructing a precise Isified coal, both as fuels and as base vious but equally important advan- apparatus- with which activity coef- chemicalsIn order to achieve these tage is that the volume distortion due ficieets with 0.1 perceot,accuracies 'Objectives with minimalenergy coin- topressurecanbe observed _ex- should be routinely possible sumption,'accuratethermodynamic perimentallyrelativeto the bae This reseaFch was started with an data susb as vapor-hquid equilibrium isotherm a NSF Research Initiation Grant to the (VLE), mixture',density, .excess Hall and his coworkers have alsoUniversity' of Virginia, where Hall volume, and interactiOn,coeificientsdevised a mixing experiment that will taught as &n assistant professor As, ale indispensible Some of these data produce extremely precise composi-the work proved to be successful and have heretofore resulted from _very tions, excess volumes, and interaction the results showed cdnsiderable tedious- experimental procedures coefficients, all within the framework promisefortheenergy indus4y, while .others must be -calculated or ofthecoupledexpenrillintMost complementaiy support was pritvided predicted indkrectly. frOm measurable recently til-have also conceived an from the encan Gas Association quantmes,,atherebY _Incurring eaperiment for vapor-liquid equilib- acceptableerrorsSuch difficulties nuno studies by incskporating a mag- Kinetics ofDeep can now be overcome by the novel netic densimeter X4o one ofthe , Bed Filtration use of the Bbrnett apparatus Burnett cellsBasically the magnetic A typical Burnett run consists of densimeter is simply a magnetic float Transport \processes within porous idling a cell with a fluid, raising it-to .that can be levitated in the'fluid by a structuresconsititute a bodyof some .elevate't pressure,and then magnetic field The Gurrent required phenomena that are vitally important making a series of constant- to generate enough magnetic field fo in many fields, including water and , temperature expansions into an levitate tilefloatis directly propor- wastewater treatment, chemical reac! evacuated_ second cell,'with the tionalto the density of thefluid tor technology, hydrology, _oil pressure recorded after each expan- containing itMarenal.balances allow recovery, and biological systems A sion The advantage ofthisbasic the calculation Of compositions from continuing program of researchin Burnett procedure is that it requires the liquid and vapor phase densities Otis area has already had a major pressure and temperature teasure-Samplingand .chromatographic impact on the field becauseithas r-7 merits only, thereby eliminatmg analysis,whichare theprimary succeeded in introducing a new and errors "associated.with arripling and,'sources of errors in the VLE experi- more realistkc model of the porous mass volume detenninations ment,arethus 'eliminatedThese structure Thewr*arch was started Under support from NSF, K.R. researchers have successfully oper- by an NSF grant to Chi= Tien trid, HallandhiscoworkersatTexas ated a ptototype and areinthe Raffi,M Tuntn, of Syracuse Univer- A &M University have carefully con- structeda heliu115 gas-bathther- mostat to maintain -the temperature withintF appar;tusconstantto within 0 0010 K Using a standard' platinuth resistancethermometer, temperature .measurement can be made to within,,o 01c K hey have also developed a unique tecrinique for using a differential .pressure transducer, greatlysimplifying observations and achieving precisions of better thou 0 005pezcentofthe pressure,'. whichal'eart order' of magnitude better than current manufac.twer specificatiois for this 'fneasuremilit'"v A novel coupling of the- isochoric .(constant-volu method with the Filtratiorl in deep porous beskeA new model to describe porous mediaimporitant In basicBurnett p dure ,hash also many purification and Frrdustrial chemical sproCasses,prEglicts how particles are contributed tothisSubstantialin- filtered from a fluid strpa collision with the'channel wall (left)It also accounts for . crease in precision as well as further: pore blockage by accy rt hpnof relatiAll,r small particles (right)

2'1

-AB 16 MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICALscigNcEsAND ENGIREeRiN6

ft. sity, to carry out a theoretical andor liquid and subjected to impulsive being applied In the nuclear power experimental study of filtration ,inand periodic, impact loadings and other industries to detect thE deep porous. beds, with assistance However,thestandardanalytic poSsible failure of pressure vessels. from then-graduatestudent A.C.technique,usingexpensivefinite The current state of the art is to place Payatakes. differenCe or finite element computera transducer on the structure and to The, accukcy of the porous mediacodes, can Kandle only the simplestcount the number of events per.unit model they developed, which- con---f-a-sesIn recent yearsra method thattime. This countisth?n used to sisted6f astatisticallydistributedhad beeh developed by geophysicistsidentify empirically the nature of thv arrayofperiodicallyconstrictedto analyze elastic waves in layeredsource (defect) generating the tubes, Was such as to be capable, formedia bbunded by plane surfaces wa acousticemission. Pao has shown the first time cif quantitative Pni.d.i.cC"applied to this protlem. At Corne 1from his analysis thit the count of Lionofthe dynamic behavior' ofUniversity, Y.H. Pao extended thisevents per unit time depends not only processes within porous structures MethodofGeneralizedRaysto on the nature of the source, but also TheirresultsrepresentthefirstInclude curved surfaces in order toon many otherfactorssuchas rigorcksandquantitativetheory applyitto pressure vesselsPao'sdistance between sourcIlkpd receiver, "relatidg to filtration in deep beds The method',toyedverypbwerfulin wall thickness;and thepe of fluid porous media model, predicts.the ratehandling the more comple4 stases..being contained'Thus the existing of removal of particles from the fluid'such as vessels with large thicknessr"AE. technique of associating the count stream (rake of filtration) throughand off-axis loading. An importantrate with the time history of the calculation of particle trajectoriesIt finding of this analysis is that largesource is open to s question. also accounts forthe tremendoustensile radial stresses may develop in In order to estigate this finding increase of pressure drop and energythe vessel when sgbjected to dynamicin more Pao and W.H. Sachse consumption caused by deposition of loadings . ha gun .anexperimental and, a relatively small amount of particles Under static internal pfessure, the eoretKal study of pulse propagation Of 'a vise Themorphologyoftheparticle radial stressina vesselisalways in a prate The properties deposits and the, geometry of thecompresive, with the peak magni generated by a simulated source of porous media model show ttat entiretude being equal to the. applie defects are being examined to deter- channels can be closed to flow byInternalpressure . However, Pao'smine the relationship between the lodging of S cluster of particles at aresearch demonstratedthatundertime history of the sourcefunction narrow passage clina.rnicloadingthe radial stress canand, thesignalreceivedatthe This work has beer; followed by abecome teniteas a result of multipletransducer . reflections of the stress waves, and resurgence of Sctivity,as well as' new. Novel Devices for contributions,inaeroscllfiltration,thatunder the most unfavorable ,the,mo-rphology of particle deposits,conditions the 'tensile stress can be Optical Commuolcations A heat and mass transfer in trickle keds,twice as large as the applied pressure These results have not ben reported, its -the frequency of.an information ;. and adsorption and chemical reaction carrying wave increases, so does its Ft led to thebefore in the open literature, and the in packed bed systems bandwidth:its fact that.Payatakes, now a professorpossibility offeveloong large tensile Potentiallyuseful ability to carry information The use at The University of Hbustonsafter a radial stresses is not included in the current design of concrete contain-of microwaves has vastly increased year in Industry, becan4 the first capacityof com- American toin the Suttle Award ofment vesselsfornuillearreactors thecarrying municationschannels.The'next the Filtration Society Since concrete is weak in resisting tensile stress, such a large tensilequanturt Jump is ,seen as being in the I radial stress may generate'tracks inuse of light as the carryingmedium; Dynamic Stress' Analysis of the concrete'or cause itlo spall. with its enormously higher frequen- Thick-Walled Anunexpectedresultofthis cies, it ()lieu the promiseof expanding useful bandwidths"by hundreds to Pressure research,relatestothecurrent procedure fo; interpreting acousticthousand of times. An impdrtabt pproblem that 4he emissionsignals. Acoustic emission This depends, of course, on the nuclear power industry nfust .deal (AE)isanewtechniquebeing availabilityofthetechnologyto the with ° isdeterminingthe dynamicdeveloped to detect the nature and ''transmit, receive, and convert stresses and displacements in thick- locationofcracksandmaterials information carried intopticaltOm- Recent "walled spherical and cylindrical defectsfromtheacousticsignals murltfcations systems. pressure vessels'containing either air.(elastic waves) emitted by, them It is developments in the field have made

28 . A

MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES. AID ENGINEERING 17 tg

itclearthat closely spaced metalscurrent flows The current-voltagehasalso -been shown theoretically have the inherent ability to provide characteristic exhibits nonlinear beAthat positive kedback in metal-metal the high capacity (wide bandwidth)halhor, thatis assoaa with thetunneling junctions is possible. The needed for functions such as recep- tunneling current. last result ,implies that infrared .and tion inlight wave systems. It has At the ity . of California,even optical oscillators and amplifiers been experimentally and theoreticallyBerkeley, aumber of key resultsare a possibility. determined that electronic currents at have been obtained by T.K. Gustaf- Thestudy,ofthein on- frequencies corresponding to infrared son and his colleagUes in this newbetween infrared or visible frequency or light wa/es can flow between twofield The highlights pf this researchradiation and tunneling currents is an such closely spaced metals. In addi- in ude the further experimental andimportant part of optical electronics. tion,ithasbeenobservedthat currents at two or more high frequencies can be 'mixed together to -er generate currents at new and very 10 --- high frequencies Theseresults ....7,71...... '"'"e":_. 7 - , Am- - -. '.. -... ' demonstrate significant characteris- .i. ticsthatarerequiredforsub- . .., ,,,, ..., A. wavelength size infrared or optical Antenna -ie. "1. -.,-10- -,:.-_, _ -, . 1. frequency mixers,' modulators, rec- tifiers,frequencyconverters,and - 40 many other communication elentents S102 layer which are commonplaceatlower frequenciestodayand whichareNickel electrode, necessary for communication (Surface oxided). Nickel electrode systems Ill 100 A thick Why investigate metals for optical frequencies? First, the cliaracleristic Substrate frequencies of metals ark .inthe (Quartz. silicon) ultravioletportionoftheir electromagnetic spectrum The electronic clued"bi,ametal interacts strongly with optical radiation Also, metals in close contact with one another can pass electrons beoheen ti4m within 10-16 seconds. Antenna Oneofthe processes *throug 1 Al wide which alight wave interacts with closely spaced metals is called electron Optical hardware. The eventual deveitpment of the rich ,potential of optical tunneling. This process depends upon communicatrons depends on techniques to manipulate the optical signals in useful the wave nature of electrons (quan- devices Recent progress in the use of metal-to-metal junctions through which electrons tunnel shows promise This nickel-gold junction diode, in which the gold tum mechanical effect/Quantuni- antenna is only one-lhousandth of farnillimiter wide, responds to infrared or optical mechanically, the electron can travel frequency voltages through the barrier ifIthe barrier is, thin enough. In a typical tunneling process, a sharpened tungsten tipas theoretical verification of electronicFurther research in this area is, likely small as 300 Angstroms in radius models of tunneling and rectificationto have a profound influence upon nearly touches a gold surface. A thin processes at optical frequencies, thethefuture developmentof many insulating layer separates' the two mixing of two opticalfrequencies, electronicdevices.In optical com- metals to form the tunnel junction If andthefabricationofthinfilm municationsystems,Hieresearch no voltage is applied to a tunneling junction' devices . that have an ex-may provide a unification of tech- junction, no net current-of electrons tremely small area, similar to the niques used both in present electronic Flows from one metal electrbde to pointcontact' 0tructure,and operate'devices and in the Amerging field of another Wherr a voltage is applied under conditionsof. high junctionintegrated optic's, ;where ultrasmall ' across the funCtion, howeyer, net voltage and low .junctioncurrrn r\_0301Ponents.It are equireck 3. ; 2 18 MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING a

rateofcatalyticreaction4, and tf ,understood, could resultinthe . Materials Research deveropmetit of more effective

"I! catalysts. . A numberofinterestingnew materials have evolved from NSF prbgrams durinkithepast year. A t-t$ie Materials impact to some degree ways to speed up specificcl4mical University of Chicago, J. Ito and his virtuallyevery' aspectoP modern reactions)in thatitprovidesan civilization They are of critical im- understanding of the atomic naturecollaborators have succeededfor the portance to manufacturing and serv- of surfaces and how surface atomsfit time in growing sizable, gem- singlecrystalsofseveral ice technologies, to nationaldefense, are affected bit-adsorbedmolecules. quality, silicates by rr-ii,jgh temperature sol- and to the solution of complex energy Inund'erstandini how catalysts,vent growth method The availability and environmental problems One of work, one 'must kftw the sequence ofsuchspecimensfor 'clierri4tel, theprincipalobjectivesof 'NSF's, of steps by which the initial reactantsstructural,andphysicalproperty materialsresearchprogram 'isto the desired are,converted to has,always been .. of the measurements improve man's understanding i.e, the "reaction products, crucialto -progressinmaterials basic scientific principles, and concepts mechanism " At the California In- research. . ,. thatunderlietheptopertresof-' stitute of Tftchnology, W.G. God- ScientistsattheUniversityof materials Pursuit of these- objrctives dard, III, and his collaborators have , Pennlylvania are synthesizing involvesmultiplescience' and successfully used quantum theoretical solid selected 1 tercalated graphite com- engineering discipline's including methodstocalculatetherelative f r the purpose of under- chemistry, pounds i 4 state physics and stabilities, of surface species. These standing h w their physical property metallurgy,ceramics,, and polymer initial results, which will be carefully ., ace related to crystallographic, science tested against additional eirpenments, chemical,' and electronic-structure Although .Mdteria lsresearch ad- permit them to identify highly unlike- factors Inoneinstance, ,graphite vanced across a broad front during . lyreaction mechanisms and'to reacted with antimony pentafluoride note- thepastyear, particularly propose more reasonablt1ternatives. yieldec a .material Whose electrical worthy progressoccurred"inthe Metallurgists are also contributing conductivity was about150percent areas of surface science,surerconduc- totheadvancementofcatalysis that of pure copper In the Icing term, tiyity,andinthe preparation of by studyingparticleag- such fundamental studies could }lave materials possessing unusual proper- research ' glomeration and sintering in catalysis great practical significanceGraphite is .. ties Sophisticated, new experimental systems Ctoperative abundant, lighter than copper; and can techniques played key roles in .many support research efforts by JTien at'Colum- be formed as exceedingly strong'fibers ofthesedevelopments, and none bia University and N-Glostein at Finally, efforts by R. W. Lenz and more so than synChrotron radiation ScientificLaboratories' have In addition to its exceptional intensi Ford W' J. McKnight at the University of shownthatdecreaseofcatalytic Massachusetts have resulted in un- ty,short pulse length, and spatial surface area is the primary reason for usual polymeric material's that func-, .directionality, s/lbchrotron, radiation the therinal degradation of supported...Yon as either rigid plastics orflexible is nearly 100 percent planepolarized . rubbers. .Such matenals, known as This last property has been used by catalysts thermoelastomers, have been pro- N Smith arid M Iraubi of Bell LaliS A combined theoretical and ex- commercially for a number of end G. Lapeyre and its cowforker; at perimental study at the University of duced available Montana Stiteto study the angular- California,San Diego,underthe years. However, previously their mechanical dependent photoerrysifon of electrons direction of H. Suhl and M. 13, Maple, materials lose' relatively low:temper- frOm the ,layer-cornpoefind tantalum has ,demonstratedthe effect of astrength at atures of about 100° C TheUniver- sulfide TheseralariKvations, 'coil- ferromagneticphasetransitionin ducted, at the sYnchrotron, radiation nickel on the rate of surface oxida- sityof Massachusetts' thermoelas-" (a-tarty at the University of Wiscott- tion Similar , effectshave been tomers, which use pivalolactone as monomer,retain' their sin, provide insights to thp observed near the terroelectric transi- thebasic symmetry and energy -depe dente -of tion temperature of potasflum mechanical integrity at temperatures 200°C andpossess thelocalelectronicsvte Such niobate and the struttal transition approaching superior mechanical strength at room information is critically, impor to temperature of cobaltt is speculated catalysisresearch(tResearchfr that these fluctuations determine thetemperature. . , 34i 4

MATOEMATICAL, AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING 19

41,

n,reetal Surfaces the .photoernission process in those producealternatethinlayersof gas phase molecules of interest to the differentmaterial son a substrate. kcentral problem in understandingsurface research E. W. Plummer and The thickness of tife layers can be surface' phenomena andcatalytitT Gustafsson measured the photo--vaned from 10 Angstroms to more processes Is the bonditT configura-emission spectra for some 1O to 15 than 5,000 Angstroms."Wherea,s most tionofadsorbed atomsandmoletules, including nitrogen, carbon arrangements for g;owing materials molecules Althoughthisencom-monoxide, and carbon dioxide, while of this type-utilize moving sources ..pas'sesboth geometrical andelec- j R Sch.riefferand P Soven that deposit the material on a fixed tronic configuration,Itis currentlydeveloped- a theory 'capable of quan- substrate,theStanfordappniach . the lack of geometrical informationtrtativelyexplainingtheresbiting involves stationarymagnetron that most seriously limits progress indata This joint effort ih itself has led sputtersourcesthatdepositthe thefield, because catalytic activity toa detailed understanding of thelayers alternately on a moving sub-, (repel-idscrucially ` onthe bondingphotoionization processthat repre-strate This technique yields a high geometry of the adsorbed molecules sents a major advance Irl the field of rate of deposition of extremely: uni- Ina combined theoretical and ex-gas phase photoionization The sec- form 'layers and permits improved perimental program, surface scien-ond stepinthe program wasto controlofimportant 4xperimental tists "at the University ofPennsyl- modifythetheorytotakeInto parameters such as the energy of the , vaKia, havesucceededindemon- account the changes introduced in the incident-sputtered atoms, i raction strating how the 'geometrical orien-,photoemission when therilblerctfles. between' sourceand same, and tation Of simple molecules adsorbed are adsorbed on a metal surface and substrate temperature on ametal su face can be unam- to measure the corresponding photo- To date, composite. layered struc- biguously deterined emission spectrum of the adsorbed turesofa numberofdifferent' The experimental approach molecules combinations of elements have been employed bytheseresearchers is This approach iscurrently being prepared having awide range of layer angular-resolved photoemission spec- used to study other and more com- thickness-es X-raydiffraction, troscopyIn this technique, polarized plexmoleculesadsorbed on metal together with Auger spectroscopy, ultravioletlight(fromtheSyn- surfacesandtoinvestigatetheir has been -successfully used to -deter- throtion RadiationFacilityatthe°electronic as well as their geometrical mine both the thickness and uniform- Unn/ersity of Wisconsin) is directed properties Atthe atAametimeit ity of the layers (cow angle. X-ray . either at free molecules in the gas Illustrates a new andpotentially diffraction) and the §tructere within phaseor .atthesame # molecules fruitful directionforsurface and the. layers(high-angle X-ray diffrac-% adsorbed onthemetallic surfaces catalysis research, inwhichthe Lion)In general, 'as ih the case of- The incident light excites electrons prOpekties of isolated gas phase copper-niobium or niobium-tungsten fromthe various electronicstates molectiles are used to obtain insight composites,welldefined, uniforrriv within ale molecules with an energy intorelatei profpctrties.involving layers having structures ..haracfer- sufficienttoejectthem from the actual surfaces But of each of the two components trolecules By measuring the energy are producedThese are manmade distribution of the emitted electrons The Formation of Layered. examplesofspecial,naturallyoc-: as a function of angle and of the Structures urringstructuresin whichtwo .. polarization and energy of the incr. periodically alternating phases apPear dent radiation, a wealth of informa- ,process to form layered struc- inalloys' under certain conditions. tion concerntng the eletironic and tures, and also amorphous composites These materials had been studied geometrical configurationof the and synthetic crystals not observed in previouslybyothermvestigators molecules can be obtained nature, is under development at the such as J. E. Hilliardat the An important key to thproblem- MaterialsResearchLaboratoryat Northwestern University, who found was the realization that, hIle the Stanford University by ligroup led by that they can exhibit unusull me- specificelectronic structure of theT.,W,. Barbee,jrThese unique chanical strength Al ductility,t moleculesismodified byt itin- materials are of considerable potential _However, when the thickness of teractiok withthe surface, ruin interest with respect to their mechan- the layersis reduced to below ap- charac stic.features of thistruc- ical,magnetic, and superconducting proximately40 Angstroms,unex- -ttytv remain. unchangedThus, the propertiJs pected and unusual structures ern first 'stepinthe program 'was to The synthesis process makes use of appear In the case of both eopper- develop a detailed understanding ofphysical vapor deposition methods to mobiu'm and niobium-tungsten the 31 . 4

AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES MATHEMATICALAND ENGINEERING 2° )

multiphase trysttl lattices of ttie two materials amenable to study So-called complexpolycrystalline, influence each other ,(epitax4) such crystalline. bulk p6Iymeis, however, systems. that the layered structure no, longerare composed of the tiny,randomly At the Case Western Reserve Uni- exists. The resulting lattice Spacing oriented single crystal's embedded in versity Materials Research ofthe becomesuniform. throughoutthe anamorphousmatrixTherefore, Laboratory, -R Hoffman material, and can range anywhere until now it ,has been necessary toPhysics Department, P Gel! of ie between that of either of the two nfer the properties dfthesingle Department of Macromolecular SC1- constituent elements, depending on rystals from experiments on theseence, ani their coworkefshave now the relative thicknesses of the layers Similarly, the electronic Koperties no longer exhibita periodic variation, .butareuniform throughoutthe structure Since copper and niobium are mutually insoluble inthe' solid K. state, these synthetic "alloy" crystals represent totally new materialsthat arenot observed in -nature Similar r Ar. interactionsare observedinthin- layeredcomposites c'nsistingof eithertungstenormobipm. with ,amorplious materials such asger- manium or carbonIn these cases, however, the interaction between the layers cartinducethenormally crystallinemetalt to beeome amorphous also' Again, since these metals are not nirmally stable'in the amorphous state, new materials that do not occur in nature haye been produced In addititin to the interes.in the physical properties of these unusual composite materials, they offer potentialfor important applications such as efficientmonochrognators and analylers for X-ray spectroscopy, optical, 'gratingsrangingfromthe infrared to the ultgoliclet, and wade guides or "light pipesfor controlling and directing X-rays Meaturing Tiny Polym Single Crystals The limplest morphologic,entity available to polymer scientis is the . polymer single ccstal Hovel, true polymer singlecrystals are typically direct .onlytenwavelengths oflight(5 Measuring crystal properties. A newly developed device now' permits the measurement of mechanical pro'perties of single, microscopic crystalsof polymers, Ynicrons) on a side and k atoms (0 01 materials Ina - important in understanding the physical behavior of these widely used inicron)'thick`--the larger dimension is inanotensilometer" this tiny polyethylene crystal, deposited between twomovable far less RiZtkthe diameter of a human surfaces, has been pulled to fracture and the force measured. The gapbetween the hair.and thui their physicai.proper- surfaces is only three-thousandths of a millimeter (Photo by CaseWestern Reserve hes have not previously been directly Materials Research Laboratory ) 32 MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING 21

developed an urstrument. capable oflarge loads, followed by small cycHe of whether plastic strain in saturation measuringdirectly' themechanical loads are, for,certain metallic was caused by flip-flop motion of properties of polymer single crystals materials,lessdamaging than the crystalline line defects called disloca- Called the nanotensilomeler,the same loadsappliedin a different tiondipoles betweenequilibrium instrumentisconstructedon the&der positions,or by persistent slip concept of an inverted pendulum and C Laird and his coworkers at the bandsconcentrated regions of consistso,f two identical platformsUniversity of Pennsyrvama are trying deformation that can-be seen on the that move in concert so that externalto understand, as a first step toward surface of the crystalasstep-like mechanical vibrations do not affectthe solution of such problems,the offsets theirrelativeposition Thetiny_mechanism of cyclic deformati of They discovered that for a range of polymer single crystal isdeposited copper single crystals in low strain low strains; all the strains are carried from solution across the sap between fatigue They ,cldressed, the question bythepersistent the two platforms slip- bands and The mechanicll essentially none by the dense arrays properties are measured by applying of dislocation dipoles As the applied an electromagnetic forcewhich strains increased, the volume frac- separates the platforms and stretches tion of persistent slip bands in 4 400 CYCLES eves, the sample The elongation of the untl at ajlastic shear strainsige of sampleis determined from an ex- about 1 percent,theentir gage tremely accuratemeasurement of an 'length is a large persistent slip band electrical'capacitance Theapplied 30'000 CYCLES force can be measured accurately, to a They further observed that within fraction of a dyne, while the smallest the range of strains where persistent displacement that can be measured is a) SPECIMEN c26 slip bands are-operating, the stress 3 Angstroms, or about one atomic A, 0 0025 ereqUired to activate them is constant radiusItis, planned to utilize the If he observation that" bands slip and reverse in a macroscopically' observ- ' nanotensilometer to conduct exten- 2 750 CYCLES sive studies of the mechanical proper- able manner disposed, of one of the competing models of fatigue defor- ties of ayarrety of polymer single 101111111 (b) SPECIMEN C14 crystals The results of such measure- A- 0 005, mation, primarily based bn the con- ments and their interpretation should cept of surface hardening Moreover, they discovered that thee individual beofintenseinterestto abroad 1 420 CYCLES spectrum. of the polymer scientific slip lines are microscopically reversi- community ble, but that, within Jight groups of. lines,minorirreversibilitiesoccur, Fatigue of Mekill ic Materiali 12 000 CYCLES these integrate over thousands of cycles to give the notch-peak Ifonemechanically loadsand (c) SpECIMEN C29 t ographyofwhichthe initial unloads (cycles) an annealed metal, 0,01 fatue crack consists This is believed initialLyiithardensrapidly With to bethefirstdarect yidente accumulating cycles,the hardening FatIguedeformation. Tensile loading and fatigue crack nucleation. Lastly, by unloading of an annealed metal results In ratg,pproacheszero, a condition doing additional electron microscopy P initial rapid hardening - With. increasing tern:fed taturation This is considered cycles, the hardening rate settles tazero, on the bands, a model was developed prerequoute to crack initiation, whIch' this is Considered a prerequisite of crack to describe low strain cyclic deforma- may lead to fatigue failure in service initianon and is important in failurein tion Current theories of saturation are'study of 'a copper sample,it was dis- What has been obserx%ed in single O0vered that'for a range of low strains, all 'based on transmission electron' strainis carried by slip bands, which crystals appliestothe ,individual microscopy observations of ohs- appear 'as lines on the surface As thegrains of polycrystalline aggregates Icications _In thebulk of fatigued applied strain is increased, the volume The macroscopicstress-straati rela- samples, yet currenf understanding fraction of slip bands increases At about tionship Is more complicated, but a of materials behavior under eZ)mplex 1 percent shear strain the en-tire sample is a hugesir/(persistent)band Electron method and direction of research to loading conditions is very poor As an microspyof these bands has led to a tackle this complicated pioblem area. example,itisnot understood 'why model for low strain cyclic deformation has been devised , ,, k7" '44

. , 4 , 4°46 . . . 1,, or 10 , , , :A . * '11111..,..,5' -, 4 .. . ilk.. °,! , A..1 b. r.. 'JP .,e mt * . ! 'I 1 1 i ASTRONOMICAL ATMOSNERIC, EARTH, AND OCEAN SCIENCES 23

stronomical, Atmospheric, Earth, and Ocean Sciences

The reorganization of the Rim:- Table 2 dation in July1975resulted in Astronomical, Atmospheric, Earth, and Ocean Sciences' the combining of NSF's pro- Fiscal Years 1974, 1975, 1976 grams in theAstronomical, Atmos- and Trinsition Quarts -(July 1 -Sept. 30, 1976)

pheric, Earth, and Ocean fences in a (Dollarsin Mdhons) single structuretosupportbasic research on ,the physical environment Fiscal Year 1974 'Fiscal Yew 1975 Fiscal Year 1976 Tranwbon_Warter Number on Earth and in spaceThis coin- Amount Number Amount Number Amount Number Amount Astronomy 175 $ 930 181 10093_ 201 $ 11 13 70 $ 467 bining of responsibilitie§ for support Solar Eclipse Support 1 1 06 0-- CUI 0 0-- ofbas4. cresearch with support of Abnospberc Sciences ' 241 1224 264 1382 237 14 91 49 2d Global Atmospheric Research major facilities, national centers, and Program 51 386 - 62 &O 68 3 81 10 100 large-scaleresearchprogramsis Climate Dynamics 0--0 10 100 31 199 16 100 beneficial for making decisions about Earth Sciences 274 11 01 296 12 97 , 296 1529 117 23 Ocean Sediment Coring Program 8 1108 -. '. 6 10 50 5 11.83 I 350 the allocation of resources withinthe Oceanography . 292 13 34 327 1528 320 15 65 89 454 disciplines and for maintaining over- International Decade of Ocean Exploration 116 13 79 159 14 78 179 1542 26 338 , ,, views and assessing the healths of,the Oceanographc Facades and various fields Support 86 18 23 86 20 64 70 16 01 14 100 The overall objectives of the pro- U S Antarctic Research Pcorarn 113 ;174 122 25 90 106 4858' 13 43 grams are(1) to obtain new knowl- kcbc Research Program 46 317 35 363 46 362 130 edge" io astronomy and the atmos- Total 1,403 1121 50 ,1448 $133 49 1.560 $158 29 $40.17 * phericsciencesovertheentire Excludes National Research Centers spectrum of physical phenomena, (2) Includes SUppiernartal Appropriation of 1180 milkoAor procurement of two ski-equipped aircraft to provide a.better undeistanding of.. the physical and chemical makeup of

the Earth and its- geplogical history; Table 3 - la) to312fainfurther insightsintothe Astronomical. Atmospheric, Earth, and Ocean Sciences oceans'composition,- structure, _be- . National Research Centers havior, and resources, and examine Fiscal Years 1974; 1975, 1976 the effect of human activities on the and Transitidn'Quarter (July 1-Sept. 30, 1976).

ocean environment and %TICeversa; (Dollars in Mdhons) and(4)-- to advance knowledge of natural phenomena and processes in 'Fiscal Teat 1974 Fiscal Yew 1975 Fiscal Year 1976 Transition Quarter the polar .regions National Astronomy and loltospheriCente7bs $ 320 $ 320 3 405 $ 1 10 The Foundationfurnishesmore Mt Peak National 0 vatory 780 76r 840 215 ThanhalftheFederalsupportto Cerro Tract Inter kriencan , ObsetvatOrt 260_ 295 3 45 90 sround-bad astronomy in the U- National Radio Astronomy nitedStated. A project' of -maw Observatory 12 10 -t9 30 21.55 3 50 - importanCe 'ILn..; this area is the con- Nabonai Cejyter for Atmosphenc Research 17 50 17 45 23 83 484 tinuing construction of the world's Trial $43 20 $50 51 $8128 $1/ 49 largestandmostsensitiveradio

35* '

11) 24 ASTRONOMICAL ATMOSPHERIC EARTHtAND OCEAN SCIENCES

telescope, the Very Large Array, in In Antarctica,- all management and continuesincoorterationwith 11 New Mexico This array,Lconsisting funding of the U S research program other Antarctic Treaty nations The of 27 antennas, is ?cheduled to be there- has been consolidated in the Foundation is 'also the lead Federal Completed in 1980 and Will provide Foundation, by Order of the Presi- agency for thel extension of research details - oftheuniverseatradio dent. The peaceful pursuit of science in the Arctic wavelengths that exceed the' resolu- ) tionofground-based. opticaltele- scopes There is great potentialfor advances in astronomy in the coming Astrpnomy, use of this and other newfacilities covering several wavelength ranges and giving a more complete physical picture of cosmic objects The National Science Foundation 300-foot antenna in Green Bank, W Theincreasinginterestintheprovidesabouttwo-thirdsofthe " Va , and the National Astronomy and , chemistry of the lower atmosphere Federalsupportforground-based Ionosphere Center (NAJC) 1,000-foot. These and the stratosphere, particularly theastronomy in the United StatesIn'anttr,l,na inArecibog P.R independentevi- roleoffluoroqarbonsinreducing fiscalyear1976,NSF, supported studiesprovided stratospheric ozone, hasfocusedastronomers at over 100 universities, dence that 3C286 is at least 18 billion attention on the Foundation's supportpriv.ate and university observatories, light-years awayIf quasars are at distances,then forresearchintheatmosphericafi7NSF-supported national observ- suchcosmological ofangular sciences These studies directed atatones Astronomers at universities Allier' measurements understanding how and why the andcollegesapply toNSFfor motions show that some are moving atmosphere behaves asit does haveresearch grants and to the national at speeds exceeding the speed of light This is, of course, in flat contradiction relied heay.1),on the increasinglycenters for .observing time on radio sophisticated computer models supsand optical telescopes The number of to the current theoretical foundations ported through the National Centerapplicants: themajorityfromin- of science ofthe for Atmospheric Research in Boulder,stitutions without research quality Since j-1063,our ictjare uniVirse" haS been e riched with the Colo telescopes, has been steadily rising detection by, radio antennas of spec- IntheEarthsilencestheplate This increasing proposal pressure is tectonics theory .has provided scien-due in part to a phasing out of basic tralradiation from vast clouds of s Most were tists for the first time with a unifying research supportinastronomy at interstellar molecu the RAO 36-foot concept ofglcrbal structureand otheragencies ,The mostrecent foundwith millimeter wave an ebna, and last composition,a model of how theexample isthe .transfer of respon- major features of the.Earth's surface sibilityfortheSacramentoPeak year NRAO added fe ion DC0+ to in have been formed and changed, andObservatory front the U,S Air Force thefistThe cleute ium (the D the first keys to the basic driving,to NSF on July1,1976But theDC0+) isprimordialhaving been behindthe created very soon after the birth of 414 forcesof a dynamic and changing primary. drivingforce planet The Ocean Sediment Coring surge in astronomy lies in the science the universeAlso, a new infrared Program hasplayed an important itself This yearand in years spectrometeron thel Kit, Peak part inthis effort through drilling preceding therewereseveralNational 'Observatory (KPRIO) and coringirt-the sediments and breakthroughs on the research Iron- meter telescope made the first optical upper basement ricks of the world's tierAs a result, we are now muchdiscovery of an interstellar _organic moleculeacetylene, C21-12 We rtow ocean basins ,closer to answeringsome fundamen- thantwo dozen Intheocean sciences,marine tal questions of astronomy, cosmol- knowofmore scientists over thepast year have ogy, and physics The point can be organic molecules in deep space made important discoveriesinthe illustratedwith afewrecent ex- During air week of July 4, 1976, . movement of the ocean waters, the a mples the newly upgraded NAIC 1,000-foot a radar,: living-and nonliving resources of the RedShift measurements place the antenna, operating as mapped Magtian landing sites for the sea, and the role of the oceans in quasar 3C286 at adistance of 22 The new maps. shaping weather and climate Three billion light-years Last year a team of NASA VikingI. toalterViking's . modern oceanographic research ships scientistsstudied' 3C286 and an allow4, NASA have been constructed over the past 2 interverhnggalaxywith' aradio original courseavoiding a possibly years to replace worn out ships in the interfer9meterthe National Radiodisastrous landing in rough terrain solar syStem academic oceanographic fleet Astronomy Observatory ...(NRAO) Inotherareasof 3t) ASTRONOMICAL ATMOSPHERIC EARTH, AND OCEAN SCIENCES 25

astronomy,,progress.stilldependsevolution, composition, and ultimateto make new stars, FJVrba (Uni- heavilyon ground-hoed observa-fate of the universe versity ofArizona)andhis tions An example is a careful study collaborators, S E Strom and K Idyl of transie,nt holes in the Sun's corona, Stellar Nurseries Strom (Kitt Peak National Observ- made using a spectruheliogram with atory), have recently completed a 2.- t'he KPNO Solar Vacuu'm'"Felescope 'Stars can form only'm the densest,yearstudyoffourstar-forming Forthefirsttime,a.one-to-onemostopaqueregions' ofthein- regions. Between 1974 and 1976 they correspondence was Pound betweenterstellar mechym But even thoughcarried out their infrared observa- the occurrence of coronal holes andvisible light cannot escape from thetions with the 44ineter, 2 1-meter, geomagnetic storms here on Earthinner parts ofthese .4'stellar nurs- and 1 3-meter telescopes at Kitt Peak. 21/2dayslaterIn another study, eries,"longer wavelength infraredNow detectors and telescope modifi- observations of thinfrared reflec.-r5diation canpenetratethedense cabinshave only recently made such tionfromPluto'dicatethatits material The youngest stars inoura survey possible surface is covere with .frozengalaxy, then;are probably -detectable The first step in the investigation methane, which is probably left over only ?.?atinfrared wavelengths From wasto pick out 'four fdark clouds from the origin of our solar system this infrared light, astronomers havewhich 'are likely sites of active star With ever-improving estimates of'learnedwhere *starsforminour .formation The clouds take a variety the age and gross density of thegalaxy,but the question of how theyof 'shapes that suggest theprocessby universe; astronomers "are comingform is- considerably more complex which the cloud is collapsing to form clq,sertopredictingitsultimate To disco.verhow gas clouds collapse starsThe geometry ofthe weak evolution If the universe is not dense eldigh,Thr if itis, older'than 16 to 20 billion years,it may be "open" and continue to expand forever. Other- 4 wise,itshould reverseits present expansion and contract Astronomers at the Steward Observatory, Univer- sity. of.1-izona, using a new image tube Wveloped aspartof NSF's instrument program, report Nectrai observations of huge clouds of gas in what was thought to be empty space ifetween galajoes Discoveries such as this tend to increase our estimates of the universe's density -At about the same ,time, another group, atthe UniversityofChicago,reported results of a new radioactive dating 4' techniquePrimordial rhenium187 foundinmeteorites slowly decays into osmium 187, and mosurements of the rhenium 187/osmium187ratio indicti,te the rhenium was forttned as much as 18 billion years a These and other advances sustain an historically recurrenttheme, Significant discoveries in astronomy 14: have.always followed the use of new instrumentation As thefollowing p-ages,will bear out, we can now be -Nursery for stars. Within the collapsing 0phiuclus ,clouct where new irstars are hopeful that by using a burgeoning foHning, gas and dust tend to become aligned with the cloud's teak magnetic field. I» These alignments cause the background starlight to become polarized Superposed variety of new techniques astrono- on this Palornar,Observatory Sky Surveyprintare vectors showing the amount and merswillgiveus a f ore directibn of polarization (the numbers signify sky positions only) Magnetic field lines sophisticatedpicture of and, hence, regions of condensation follow the-polarization lines

3 26 ASTRONOMICALATMOSPHERIC EARTH AND OCEA SCI r1cEs / Eto

. . magnetic field in the cloud may play a The f urth cloud is simply unairgo- stars are not distributed over the plot along'well role inthe collapse, the field lines in.g a/quiescent sravitatronal collapse at random, but instead he may direct the gas flow, or at least ItSmagneticfield isnotstrong defined bands according to then-Intrin- map the flow directions-The collapseenough to prevent the collapse, andsic brightnest, mechanism, in turn, may determine the Cloud material has pulled the field However,when ,CTIOstaff the efficiency of star formation in the o with it as it collapsed radially astronomer W Kunkel, in collabora- cloud To get a comple_picture of T rere appears to be no-correlation tionwith- Canadian astronomer S. the star-forming proce s,then,re- eUveen the strength of ,bite magnetic Demers, plotted the color-magnitude quires knowledge a cloud's field and the efficiency of star forma-diagram of a distant globular cluster morphology,magneticfield, and tionInsteaclp the most important in the constellationReticulum, they embedded star population factoristhe collapse proces1 The foundit. to be unlike any ofthe Surveys at the wavelength of 2 2 first twomechanisms, involving..known' globular .clusters in our microns turned up numerous pointstrong dynamic pressures, result in galaxy First, the band of the.chagram 'sources clusteryng near the center ofextremelyefficientstarformation tracedoutbythegiantstarsis each cloudFrom counts of theseThe latter two processes,which are steeper than the analogous branch young stellarobjects,the -astrono- more -quiescent, have much lower' for most clusters Second, the mers estimated the amount of matte efficiencies, only I or Zpercent of the-4Reticulum cluster has an unusually that hail actually condensed out o cloud material condenses into newlarge proporiloin of bright red stars the cloud to form new stars stars Searches for other such objects have disclosed five more globulars with the Ifa magnetic fieldispresent, These are the first observational anomalous causes a systematic aljgnment of te answers to the question ,of how stars same features All of these dust grains within the dark clo d are madeVrba's Jesuits will -help systems are at extremely large' dis- The aligned dust grains then polar ze solve the more general problem of tancesfrom'thegalacticcenter, the light from background stars,nd star formation on the large scale, a greater than 480 trillion' miles a further the cvlarizationdirvctions map the _crucial step toward understanding the Fiveof the sot share they wnetIc field linesFor each clud., overall structure of our Milky Way property projected onto the sky, polarization-direitrons for se eral and all of the other billion galaxies in lie within a few degrees of a great a plane. zen background stars were eas- the observable universe circle,asifconfinedto the same great circle ured, Significantly, throughournearest The magnetic-fieldeometri s im- The Magellanic Plane 1'1 alsopasses Large- and plythatseveral me hanism can neighborgalaxies,the Magellanic Clouds andthe Initiate the Lollapse o aclo din A recent study,at the Cerro Tololo Small fact, each of the fourlouds in theInter-American Observatory (CTIO) band ofhydrogen, gas connecting , study represents a different collapse has contributed to an understanding themThe- probability that such a process The most ef ficint, ans of of the violentinteraction between distribution might arise by chance is formingstarsappear tobe the our own Milky Way Galaxy and its less than 0 002 Kunkel and Demers. collision of two denseloudIn this closestneighbors,theMagellanic thus corkluded that the Magellanic case, atleast28p rcentofthe Clouds CloUdg. and the anomalous globular original, cloud material co nsed to In the Milky Way, globular clustersareallpartof a real form star Dynami ressures, clusterseach one 1 spherical con-"Magellanic Pltne Group," rather thanhe magnetic f eld, have centration of hundreds of thousands Suspecting that the pe/ culiar relics of a close the' major in uence jOf;te cloud's of starsare scattered in a roughlyclusters may be Magellanic evolution A econ clot{d, whose'spherical distribution enveloping the encounter. betweenthe collapse'was in tiated by the passawMilky Way Most such clusters bear a Clouds and our milky, Kunkel com- of a shock way through the gas, haa basicresemblanceto one arvher,puted models of the hypothesized 4 produced stars at an effitiency of S because they Were all formed at about interaction The computer produced a percent Anothe cloud gave evidence the same time and, therefore, com- "moving picture" of, the disruption of collapse Ad ced by a magnetic prisesimilarpopulations 'ofstars suffered by the Magellanic Clouds instabilityMo tofitsstars haveThis similarity can be seen readily by during a close orbital pass around the formed at the,bottom of a "magnetic:plotting the colors- of all starson the galaxy. Kunkel concludes that enough well." Here, the cloumaterial andclustei versus their brightnessesIn of the titer materialof the Mvellaii7ftlouds co Id have been the magnetic field are locked the resulting "color-magnitude" plot, together, and the fieldlays a domi- thestarsineach globularcluster stripped olf to form "Magellanic nant rolein the cloud evolution trace out very similar patterns The stream" of hydrogen g s and the 33 AStRONOMICAL ATMOSPHERIC EARTH AND OCEAN SCIENCES 27"

tions The radar echoes of the S-band radar transmissions were measured byboth antennastodeterchine precisely the time of arrival, intensi- ty, and frequency of the returning pulsesThis information was then used to determine the exact locations of the echo- regions and the strengths of reflected signals The first observational results gave -a- picture of aregion of Venus of about 4 million square miles in area. The 'region extends 80° in longitude and from 4V to 75° north latii`ude;, Thehorizontalresolution inthti pictures is about 12 miles' Two major features appear in this region One is a large basin extending about 1,000 miles in the north-south direction and 600 miles in t st- westdirectionapproximatel the1 size of theHudson Bay Its southern, northern, and northwestern boundaries are by ht rims which appear to be formecrba series of sharp ridges several hun fed miles long To the south oLthe basin there is a region of greater brightness This area has the !le same , appearance as the ejecta blankets of some lunar craters, places

, covered with debris that was thrown Nearest neighbor. The Small Magellanic Cloud is a satellite to our own Milky Way out when large objects impacted the alaxy and invisible to the naked eye in the Southern Hemisphere Peculiar globular Misters recently observed at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory suggest an lugar surface Two smaller craters encounter between the Cloud and our ataxy The close encounter may have are located within the basin stripped off the outer material of the CI u o form peculiar objects in the Magellanic To the east of the basin is a very stream and plane large bright area aboutthe size okthe StateofOklahoma Thisregion, previously detected at Arecibo and anomalousglobularclusters The tutes were made with the new S-named "Maxwell," isa very rough peculiarities of the clusters may thusband radar system bb D B Campbell'elevated plateau comprised of long be due to their relatively young age. and R B Dyce of th%1I\A41C staff, and parallel ridges and canyons extending H Pettengill of th assachusetts for hundreds of miles. No feature like Radeir,Mapping of thee Institute of Technology. To obtain this exists on either the Earth or the Surface of Venus clear and unambiguous picture's, the MoonIt seems to overlie an older scientists had to use The NAIC 1,000- surface and cannot. be the result of The first detailed pictures of a largefoot telescope in conjunction witha meteoricimpactScientistsbelieve portion of the surface of the planet 1001foot steerable antenna located 6the feature is the result ofiroCesses 'Venus were obtained at the National miles north of the main observatory. Internal to Venus, possibly the result Astronomy and Ionosphere Center These are connected by a microwave of a large eruption of lava during the year Successfully piercing radio hilk,,and each telescope The feature "Maxwell," along with the cloud cover of the-planet, the possesses'inextremely- sensitive the bright rims of the adjacent basin, pictures show evidence that processes solid -statemaster that has there- appears to be the result of tectonic or at work on both Hie Earth and Moon quired signal-to-noise ratio charac- mountain - building activity on Venus are also acting on Venus The plc- terikicsforthe mapping observa- similar to that which has shaped the . 28 ASTRONOMICAL, ATMOSPHERIC EARTH, AND OCEAN SCIENCES

differentresults duringdifferent seasons, the astronomers correct the- arrival tunes to an imaginary stationary observatory at the center of the solar system. This correction, howeyei, depends on knowing the position of the pulsar in die sky very accuratelyIfthis well determined location changes because the-pulsar is moving) a steatily increasing error is seen in the pulse arrival times, from whieltt thepulsar's velocity :canbe computed. Several sources have ieen clocked in this way, yielding velocities rangihg from '50toover 500 kilometers per second Radio astronomers at two other observatories have recently obipined .similar results using themore traditipnal technique of measuring positionsbyradiointerferometry The motions across the skysof ten pulsars' have mow been determined, at least three are moving so fast that e . theywilleventually escapethe Through the clouds. This radar map of the surface of cloud-shrouded Venus, made at gravitational pull d our galaxy and the Nations! Astronomy and Ionosphere Center,rey,atg a large basin about the size of Hudson Bay The basin is believed to be caused by the impact of aIdrge object The will speed off into the vast emptiness extensive bright region'adjacent to the basin has the same appearance as the debris'of intergal4tic spac'e' Most of the blankets near lunar craters that were formed by impacts sources are moving away fr the 0 4.. Earth, a9 would be expectid -if4iite pulsars a bornintheviont surface of the Earth The large basin,magnetic fields, reaching one trillion collaese, o,giantstarsnearthe galactic plane on the other hand, is reminiscent ofnines the Earthis field, all as a result . large impact areas,simitsrto theof the collapse They radiate intense The Massachusetts radio astrono- maria of the MeionThu7, it appearspulses of radio waves into space Aiers and their colleagues are examin- explain that _processes which shaped b'oth the By carefully examining rthe arrivaling various mechanisms to thilliilsarsjko high Earth and Moon were active atsometimes of radio pulses emitted by a 4Ie acceleration cA point during-the evolution of Venus pulsar over 1,000 light years away)velocities soot! after they a born. David l Helfand, Joseph H Taylor,bp,ritigtheirIRvestigations" they Pulsars Rocketing' and R N Manchester of the Univer- noticed-a strong correlation between a pulsar's vetocityand the estimatef Through Space sityof Massachusetts have determined thatitisrocketing. through the strength of its magneticjield at bri-th. The sources with weak fields -.Sincethefirstpulsar was dis- space . over 550 kilometersvirper covered*, inEngland in 148, more sec r 1J4 million miles per l'19ur..all had low velocities (100 kil'ofneters than 150 have been detected, alid T o servers record signals from persecond),whereasthosewith one-third of them have been found man ulsars several times a weekAt strong *fields had a wide range of theradio astronomers . atthe.the ive College Racko ',Astronomy speeds up to nearly 1,000 kilometers by relationship UniversityofMassachusetts The'Observatory in cefrtral peesecond. .this pulsars are superdense collapsed Massachusetts The time at which the' suggested an' electrodynamic origin, stars, about 15 kilometers indiam- pulsesreach thetelescopeafter'''for the pulsar velocities Such a riiodel eter, but with masses Like that ofthe traveling, through space for hundreds was proposedlast yearby E. Sun They are spinning, perhaps aof years fiepends on whete ehe Earth Tademaru and Ed'R Harrison of the thousand times a second early in their is in its annual path around the Sun University of Massachusetts. k views lives, and havehighly intense To avoid the confusion of gettingthe rapidly rotating, newborn pulat

U As, ti

yT ASTRONOMICAL, ATMOSPHERIC, EARTH, AND OCE41NSCIENCES 29

., alt a bhotorvrock. The radiation R.:Asian Axis force that 'piovicles the acceleration Magnetic Field resultsfrom- the slight displacement e., ,of the centroid of tlie kage magnetic field irctm the center of tttelstar This new work on pulsars has ". ,helped'estabhsh the velocity chstribu- Radio 4 . tiovot., threse sources', an vs'sentiaJ !. Telescope clue in interpreting their observed diktribution in the galaxy 4- A

, - , Magnetic Axis National Astron and Ionosphere C er

4. - % The National Astronomy .and IonosphereCenter,operated , and aaanagecibby.Cornell Un'wersity under. " 'Contract with NSF, provides nniq facilities for visitor- oriented researc Neutron programs in aeronomy and radio and . Star

radar astronomy The main instru- Cgarged Particle mentisthe world's largest .sinae 4, Flow . . tadiotradartelescope This 'device, Pulsar model. A pulsar is a, rapidly rotating, very dense neutron star less than'15 incorporating a 1,000-foot diameter kilometers in diameter Charged particles, escaping from the surface along magnetic fixed spherical antenna,: is located in a field lines near-the magnaetrc axis, radiate a beam of energy in the radigfrequency remote, radio-quiet valley 12 miles These radiations are detected on Earth as pulses each timeothepeam sweep tbroogh the' Eattlys line of sight south' 'of'c hee city of Arecibo,, P R --- - NAIC prtz des telescope users with .. ,..10.. administrative,.entheering, and a ' - . . 4. technical support for their observing_using/the 2,380-megahertz planetary desigNed and 'builtfor the S-band programsThe ,1\tAIC headquarters ti radarsy These inchlded, the planetary radar program,, are _located on the Cornell campus_in ution,mapping of the cloud-. During fiscal year 1976, the NAIC Ithaca, N Y ed surface.. Of Venus, the map: racho/radai telescope was used by 64 In September 1976, Corn Uni-ping and analysis of NASA-Vikingvisiting investigators from 30 vsersify endecia nearly 5-yearubcdn- Lander sites on Mark and the deteudomestic and foreignresearch 'and

tract effort upgrade the srface of -tion of the asterOM 1580 BA CA'educational establishments The,. . the 1,000- ootrilector Eystems, These observations were made posse=number' of visitink scientists- was 68 .Inc., of Dallas-ex.; it hesresurfating,blebythe . . newremote '100-foot,pe4ent larger than in the previous subcontractor, cOopleted several. chamefer interferometer antenna year. During the year, 72 perceht of complex tasks during the past severallotated 6 milesfrciaa.th in obgerv- the observing time on thelarge,. 4tears, rncluding`. the arrest of exten- ingsite, whicpANan in-reflect&was alloCatedtoradio sive' ground subsrderow on the dish terferoete; with the1,000-foot astronomy, 16 percent to ionospheric .. ... perimeter, diagnoses and correction of antenna . . studies, Pand 1.2perCentto 'radar .adrific/ult surface flexure- psoblemt A long-soughtdevelppmentin astronomy. andthedesign'fabrication! andaeronomy was the first detection of ihstallation oft8,778 precision an incoheient backscattei echo from% National Radio aluminum panels Cornell is presently free 'Plectrons in_ the ionosphere. The Astronoiny'Obiervatory pretraring a-plan to conlplete the finaldetection of this ionospheric electron 'alignment with Cornell/NAIC 'staff'component was the piimary goal that TheNationalRadio Ast-ronomy using a, nee.. lawr survey systemled to -the establishment of IVAIC Obserxatory is operated and managed Alignment completion 'is;chectated motethang,43 year&aga; This, result by Associated Universities, Ii4, un- for, late fiscal year`' 14`77 .- was possible' beca,uge of the availabili-crei- contract with the Foundation, Several important accomplishments ty of a sensitive, broad-ban,c4 4096 - fromshentificandadministrative during fiscal year p976 were made ( c ha nye'autocorrelikr thatwas-headquarters located in charlottlas- t. S. ) 41 30 ASTRONOMICAL ATMOSPHERIC, EARTH AND OCEAN SCIENCES

vale, The observitory is equippedelectronics and computer systems inInc ,'under contract with -Ng. As a ,with four radio telescope systemsthe ccuitr'l building Of the six maicmnati3nal 'center, itmilces first -role three at the principal observing site at sitestructures, - onlyfhe research facilities available_ to astron- Green Bank, W -Va , and one on Kittscientistsquartersremaintobe omers throughout the country. Sixty Peak,near Tucson, ArizEarlyin completedWith the completion ofpercentofalltelescopetime.is fiscal year 1977, research operationsthe second increment of wye trackolkerved forvisitingastronomers, willbegin: with the partially com-construction in September1976, 1 1 who are awarded time on the basis of pleted Very Large Array - (VLA), anmiles of the ,north arm, .1.2 miles of .their research.proposals The rernain- NRAO project for a 27-element radiothe southeastsarm, an'el65 miles of.mg 40 percent of the time is allocated telescope capable of imaging celestialthe southwest .arm be availableto resident;staff members, who cart'? radio emitters The VLA is located onfor the statt Of research operations out their own research programs and the Plains of San Augustin, 50 milesThe VLA is scheduled to. be' com-supervise the developmenj of new SoCorro, 'Nitex pleted in fiscaly eat 1981. equipment . During the past a total of 270 Jwo of the optical telescopis are visitingobservers Kitt Peak (incluirg designed especially for solar observa- students) representing 83 inutions National Observatory tions,the ,other nine are used..for used the NIrA0A.,telescopes -A new studies of planets, stars, interstellar feature of the 1476 program was use Ktitt. Peak' National Obs 'ervatory', Southern rizona, is matei4al, and external galaxies The of the 140 -foot telescope at Coien.Igated' in operated bthe Ass of Urn-telescopes- rangein Alzefrom '4 in qet,,vorkoftelescopes. w ark versities,for Researgi rononit, meters(the second largestrreflectorin performing ultaneous , observations over trbntinenial baselines - 10. This multi tatioti, very long' ba. seline t. ' . interfereeter,Whichprovided a revoluti at least 100 times that of existingoptical'Instruments, was\ used- ro study t fine structure in radio sources The most compleii of these experiments invo1,0e4,telescopes at eight locations Two ,"front-ends" have been. added to the 36 receivers avairahteat- theNR40 telescopes These ail. a -3,120-3,370 megahertz dual channel cooled'. parametric amplifier syStem and ._sa combined'1,00,0-1,450 ,rii-egahertz',and 4,517.-147&00 megaherti `''dual- channelup- ..0* converterlparametric . - , . system Both systems were tested ori. theGreen Bank telescopes in the late summer of' 1976. A combined80 -120 gigailerbz1,34:50 glga'hertz cooled- mixer receiver iseanng cocvleiron, i 40,e, and work essAna.number ofdMaser symsm Preliminary opera tions and testing . of the VLA began October 24, 1975, Zvi when the first antenna completed for PP- F the7-ar-ftenna array was placed.ln k s oPeratiOn Since that time, a tote! of Under construction: Attil,e site of theer'Large Array 'in New MerbicO, the fifth antenna of an eventual 271element radio les-cope nears completion This view looks six antennas has been completed, and along -the southwest armkof the w0-sh d tracks on which thp antennas can be three of these argiew being used as positionpd When complgted in 1984,,itwill be the world's most sensitive radio an interferometer' to test the central telescope and able to detect never-befoI,eLseen facets of the universe

* ti ASTRONOMICAL asTMOSPHERIC, EARTH. AND OCEAN SCIENCES 31 . dir

the country) to 31 centimeters Each andinfrared radiation Modern detec- Cerro Tololo has special functions The 31- tors have been crucial to the success Inter- American Oftervatory c,entimeter -Schmidt,. for example, isof theobservatory's new spec- ideal for wide-field surveys and comet trometers The Cerro Tololo Inter-Am' pootography, the 4-meter telestopeis During an observingpun, com- Observatory is opeoated b e reserved for faint-object astronomy -putersprogrammedwithnew Avsociation of Univertities for Research In*Astronorriy, Inc., under During the past year the observ-software can control the telescope contract with the National Science atory has placed greatet emphasis onmotions withprecision of special Located in the Chilean developittg riltw*ways to make the Importance to daytime observations Foundation Andes at a southern latitude of 30°, bestpossibleuse ofrthis array of atinfrared wavelengths The com- ClillOisthe Southern Hemisphere telescopes Two Fourier Transform puters can also handlean un- counterpart of the Kitt Pealt,Nahonal SpectrometesInstalledatthe precedentedamountof data at Observatory,Itssite atop a 2,200 - meter telescope .knd at the Mc Math several stagesacquisition from the meter mountain As one of the finest in ''''. SolarTeleswpewillallowfaint detector,on-lone redactions during the world-for astronomical observa- objectstobecomeaccessible-and theobsetvingsession,andlatet tions* The observatory headquarters, brighter objects, tobe observed in a analysis at the dcirtown offices locatedinthecoastalcityOfLa fraction of/ . the time required Durimpg flisal year1976278 Serena, include a library, a'computing previously- KPNOalso supports an visiting 1§cielirists from 77 U Sin- center,engineeringandtechnical-. active program to stitutions and 10 foreign .countries develop the best facilities, and staff housing available detectors visible observed with KPNO- telescopes for nth Duringfiscalyear 1976,special attention was given to preparing-the 4-meter telescope for visitor use The prime foci was ,made available to visiting scientists in January of 1976, and laterin the year the Rittey- Chretienspectrogeiphanddirect camera were also in use Work has continued to improve the usefulnessofalleighttelescopes v.. sharing the mountaintop hi particular, more sensitive detectors have been. tested, and computers are now used for telescope control and data acquisition.The computer _control system for the 4-meter telescope was recentlj: completed, and thkpointing accuracy of thetelescopeisnow better than 2 seconds of arc Other observatory -services have also been improved The installation of frequency conversion equipment on Cerro Tololo allows interconnec- tiontothecommercialelectrtcal 'powerservice InLa, Serena,an instrument and maintenance shop, was completed, this will be used to fabricate and repair instrumentation under the close supervision of the Taking the Sun's terhperature. The amount of su.niigttraacning the Barth affects our scientificandengineeringsupport climate and is ctlrectly responsible for all life as we-know It yet we don't know how staff A new ten-unit dormitory is constant this radiation really is A study under way at Kitt Peak National Observatory to monitor the Sunt tonghtness may provide new insight intetrlimate-changing now available for visiting observers mechanisms This view of,the solar surface was obtained with,the McMath Solarusing thecomputer and other Telescope facilities at the headquarters.

4 `3 7. 32/ ASTRONOMICAL. ATMOSPHERIC EARITH AND OCEAN SCIENCES

16. Toimprovetheadministrative Sacramento Peak facilitiesfor advanced researchint efficiency of bbserva tory operations, Observatory. solar, physics and related diAlines ascientificprograms divisionhas The SPO.facilAies are.locatedat an beenestablished Managed by a The Sacramento Peak Observatory, elevation< of 9,2311 feetinthe supportscientistanda'steeringoperated under contract with NSF by, Sacramento Mountainsofsouth committee ,,ofstaffscientists,' thethe Association of Universities for.central New Mexico divisionis now responsible for theResearch inAstronomy,Inc , On July 1,/i976, responsibility. for operation of all telescopes provides unique instrumentation and SPO was transferred from the

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Airforce to NSF In fiScatofear 1977, telescope'with an echelle spec- availability of water and thus to crop the USAF is fundiDg 50 percent oftrograph,digitaldiodearray,and yields ard food productionUnfor- the SPO operational costs, which are universalbirefringentfilter,it is tunatieLy,littleis known about the estimatedat $1 5 millionInfiscal capableofproducing simultaneous cause or causes of drought or why 'ear 1978 and fiscal year 1979, the real-time images of the Sun in widely certain lands can Support a good crop USAF Willprovide $325,000 each separated wavelength bands Other in some years, and in other years year Instruments Include two 40- uffe,ir from a drought. Certainly the AURA, the NSF contractor respon- centimeter aperture coronagraphs, a drought problem is associated *nth sibleforSPO,willoperateand 40-centimeter telescope with a solar changes in the general ortcula'tion or manag5.; SPO duringa '15-month magnetograph, and several smallerthe atmosphere, but we do not.know intent-1iperiod, extending through why changes take place in the general instruments designed for polarization September 30, 1977,while Ni orculatiOn Modeling and simulation measurementsandotherstudies selects a permanent operator An d studies plus sensitivity analyses and Telescope Users are provided with hot committeeof scientific an &agnosticstudiesarehelliggto- business experts was established indata reduction services that include a unravel the problem,"but )(will take confuter, a microdensitometer, a June 1070 to advise NSF. on many yearsuntilthecausesare operational matters and long-rangeillliblink comparator,and a measuring identifiedfild -future drought con- programs at SPO, iraluding a pro-engine During fiscal year 1976, while ditions can be reliably forecastAt posed management strutturSThe under the aegis of the USAF, SPO thistime,a concentrated effortis committee is expected to report by facilities wereuse$ by 30'- in: under waynationallyandinter- January 1977, vestigators from 24 domesticalid nationally to understand better the The principal instrument at SPO rsforeign research and educational in- general circulation of the atmosphere a 357-foot high solar vacuum tower stitutions The payoff from this study Will be better and long*rrange weather 'forecasts Severe storms such as tornadoes`, and large thunderstorms that bring AtmospheriC Sciences hail, lightning, and high wind; cause a great deal of damage in 4he Uneted a StatesAgaiil,verS,littleisreally .known and understood about these TheFoundation sresearch, pro- One of the best-recognized systems Why do they form? Where ----grams in atmospheric__ sciences haveapplications of our understanding is `andwhenwilltheystrike?An .'as their goal, the increase of knowl- to weather' forecastingIt might be increasing amount of NSF-supported edge and understanding of the behav-said that all these studies in atmos-, research in the atmospheric sciences ior of the Earth's atmosphere The pheric sciences, which are aimed ata.. is directed gtowardi studies of thm rellm of atmospheric-sciences begins improving our fundamen01 know'~ severe weatherphenomena and at the surface of the Eaoh where the.edge about the physical system of th`e methods to analyze theresults of atmosphew interfaces with the land Earth'satmosphere,have astheir field studies,'. and the waters and continues to ultimategoalthe improvement of ere are three basic 'atmospheric outerreachesofspace fvhere weatherforecasting,eventhough research programssolar-terrestrial, mirges and interacts IlfiNtA at-only a few of them are intended to aeronomy,andmeteorologyTwo mosphere of the Sun To study such a contribute directly to that process other programsthe Global Atmos- vastregime callsfor_ talents from However, the research supported pheric Research Program (GARP) and many disciplines, Atmosphericby NSF may contribute directly to the climate dynamicsare multi- sciences, therefe, is itself a derived solution or alleviation of such .atmos- disciplinary an$cornponerits of inter- discipline in which the basic knowl- pheric problems as thpse associated agency and international programs

edge from .physics, . chemistry, with pollution from major indvStries, All of these programs support. fun- mathematics,biblogi, andothergrowing population, and other damental research tough grants to sciencesisappliedin .various ways societal actions that affecttheat- individual investigars, mostof andthrough many 4thniquesto Mosphere in various atcl subtle ways whom are located at versifies improve our understanding of how The problem of drought, for example, TheNational Center for Atmos- and why thtmosphere behaves as has assumed major importance pheric Research, with headquarters , it does cecentlf i;ecause or its relation to the and facilities in Boulder, Colo , sup : 4 ° I. 4 e f..: 1.. 4, I.. g '' , ,...t...... 34. ASTRONOMICAL ATMOSPHERIC EARTH, AND OCEAN SCIENCES 40

'at - ports a broad spectrum of research >n ,((MS )"--a°'coordinated,international, ground-based Ir&trument arr'ays,, atmospheric 'sciencesIn addition' it cOOperattve research programis tosome of which will greatly. advance provides facilities, such as a majorunderstand the soar Influence on the international data exchange standards computer, aircraft, and ascientific'atmospheric ionosphericmagneto- by using simultaneous data collection, balloon-launching facsliy ,(Tri spheric interaction For example, it is processing, and dissemination in real Palestine, Tex ), that are.too large8rW well knownthat electric currents or timeat anexisting._Ltntraldata expensive for an individual institution many 'rnigion; of amperzsribriginating facility,.incoherent scatter)adars, the to maintain deep in space but inside the Satellite SituationCenter,which magnetosphere, impinge on the polar keeps scientists informed about the International Magnetospheric upper atmosphere, pass through the status of satellites and experiments, the ' and a variety ofground-based 1 Study Ionosphere, and return,to magnetosphere These currents are balloon,rocket,andaircraftex- The magnetosphere is a region of enhanced duringpolarsubstorms, pertments While the 1MSrequires ourneari-spaceenvironment,con,- which in turn appear to be triggered some new facilities andsupport,it is trolled by theextensionof the Earth's by the solar rgagnetic field 'It is the'based primarily on, the effective use magnetic field, in which the flux ofpurpose of the 1MS to study theseof presently planned programs- energeticparticles, -fromtheSun phenomena through coordination of Infiscal year 1976 NSF's solar- causes some of the more dynamic ongoingizrogramsandbytaking terrestrial and aeronomy programs upper atmospheric- phenomena, such acrvantage of unique spacecraft op- funded major portions of the ground: as magnetic storms and auroras One portunities available during 1976-79 based networks The magnetometer' of the. major purposes of the curant The key ingredients of the 1MS are network repr4sents the hightst, International Magnetospheric Study a multination list of spacecraft, new priorityitemand is being acquired with cooperation from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad- ministration and the U Geological Survey The installation, calibration, and operation of the magnetometers will be handled by, various university gtoupslh fiscal year 1976 only one

. group, at the Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, was funded to Initiate work at the remote sites in Alaska Other university groups will install units in North America 'and a few Pacific islands during-fiscal year 1977 The magnetometer tetwork willbedense enoughtopermit It estimation 'ofionospheric current withpreviously unobtainableac-" curacy Associated with the network t of magnetOmeters will be ricirneters (instruments designed to 'measure theI radio absorptionin a the upper atmosphere due to energetic. particle bombardment) Th e instruments, were constructed ring faecal year 1976 and will be installed tn, high -latitude -sites durinfiscal year 1977 Three groups have been funded to install a coordinated network of sky- scanning auroral photometers across . , Norlhern lights. Aurorae, such as this one seen froth the rosuteof thp Trans-Alaska.the northern United States, Canada, 'Pipeline; resujt from the interaction Of particles from the Sun and the Earth's and Alaska These photometers are atmosphereLearning' more about this solar influenceis the purpose of the Internabopal Magnetospheric Study designed to ma$ atmospheric light f`s 4k ASTRONOMICAL ATlylOSPHERIC EARTH AND OCEAN SCIENCES 35

emissions from the upper atmosphere Observatory inPeru Thetwo elementsfor acceleration and eiec- atseveral wavelengths selected to northernmost U Sradars (Millstone,tion An even more surprising result give- Maximum information about the Hill and Chatanika) are being fundedof the most recent analyses isthat physical processes responsible fOr the for campaigns- oriented towards the the flare-generated energetic particles emissions The particular processes of IMS Millstone Hill will receive a neware especially rich in the iron group of interest here are those concerning lDepartmentofDefensesurplus) elements (mostly iron, but possibly energy from auroral protons, elec- steetIbledish antennathatwillincluding some nickel)These are trons, and fields coming from the considerably enhance its power as aimportant results that will provide a magnetosphereMost ofthe con- research tool Chatanika already hasclueto the detailed mechanism by struction of theSe photometers was received' ne electronichardware which the flares obtain their energy finded in -fiscal year 1976 Fiscal year Also, Chatanika has recently demoo- 1977 funds will permit the installa- strated an ability to measure winds in tion of these units in the field and the the troposphere apd stratosphere, a Alajkan Yolcatik Emissions beginning of data analysis and015- previously unexpected capability that

semination , will be exploited during, the IMS for The volcanic peak on St Augustine Only a few field experimentswereillgtudies of the, coupling between the IslandinAlaska beganitsfourth supported in1476, althoughthis magnetosphere, the ionosphere, andrrtaior efugtion oft century on activity is expected to increase,the atmosphere January 24, 1976, proalting heavy vigorously as IMS progresses Two In summary, the IMS is making ashfalls on Homer and Anchorage (60 very low frequency (VLF) ex- maximum use of existingfacilities and 180 miles north of the volcano, penmen% were funded in 1976, the with a Minimum of new funding fora. respectively)Immediately following first of which has already completed coordinated study of one of the most this eruption, the cloud physics group itsfieldoper;itionalphase This fascinatingregionsofthe . Earth's attheUniversityof Washington involved the iniectioti, of VI.Nadio environmentThe development of requ' ested funds to obtain airborne energy into the ionosphere over New'new methods for the rapid acquisi- measurements from the emissions of Zealand using a high-powered, tion, processing, and dissemination of St Augustine Thisrequestwas ground-based transmitterand a data will increase our knowledge& ofapproved and onFebruary7the balloon-borne antenna The VLF e-the natural environment and our UniversityofWashingtonatmos- missions were transmitted through ability to conduct worldwide' research pheric research aircraft was on site in . tice magnetosphere and 6eived at programs Homer During the next 11 days, ten d Bay, Alaska The modulation of research' flights were made and a the VLF emissions by magnetospKric Composition of Solar Flares unique set of particle and gas meas- ,- 41.*plasma allows them to be used as a urements was obtained'in the diagnostic tool for probing the upper Solar flaresthe most violent of emissions from St Augustine atmosphere Thedatafromthis nearby cosmic phenomenaare The plume from the volcano was campaign (Operation Skxhook Kiwi) thought to be explosive releases of verydenseandproducedalmost a now'being analyzed by scientists magnetic energy which elect hot gas complete darkness with the aircraft 4 (plasma) and energetic particles into cabin during penetr s The par- ton,ctionwith' similardata ob- the spaciobetween the Earth and the-ticles in thepluallalsocaused tained from Air Force satellites. Sun Both the plasma and the par- wearear on the aircraft (for .... Another m component of theticles can reach the Earth's environ- example,111000ofaninch was incoherent scatter radar,a, ment,causingsevereatmospheric removedfrom eachpropeller) A 410 IMS is radar' techniquethatdetects and disturbances 1. preliminalYanalysisofthedata analyzes radar returns from individ- Usingdataobtainedby NASA shows the rate of particle emissions tial ions in the atmosphere to study asatellites (IMV 4,', 5,and 8), John frbin the volcano rangedpfrom 1,000 varietyofstaticand dynamical Simpson and colleagues at the Enrico kilograms per second to a staggering. processes. The United States sup-Fermi Institute of the University of onemillionkilogramsper second. portsthreeincoherentradar m- Chicago have be..able to show that These figures icate that worldwide

,., stailations- The National Astronomy these flares elect energetic particles volcanic emissions are much higher and Ionosphere Center near Arecibo, thatarepreferentially richinthe than previously estimated and must P R ,the MillstoneHillFacilityin elementsheavierthanhydrogen play a significantroleinglobal Massachuse s,andthe Chatanika While the Sun is composed largely of ,pollution and climatevariability, I Radar in l a Partial support is hydrogen,itappears that the flare through a changeinradiational also provided for e Jicamarca Pticli6 process tends toselect heavier characterist.ics of the at'mosphere

I . 4P 4; - 4 *36 ASTRON9MICAL ATMOSPHERIC EARTH AND OCEAN SCIENCES

. 4 fiststheorizethat a connection ' between' the two hemispheres at the 14-kilometer level is effected through featiires of the large-scale planetary as circulation in the tropics often called "midoceanic troughs"areas of lower ,pressure TWERLE scientists also discovered thata balloon -platform registtring pressure, temperature, and altitude can be a.powerful and economical tool_ for studying wave motion in the high atmosphereThree kinds of wave

4., motion could be detecteda neutral balloon oscillation (the balloon restor- ing itself to equilibrium density level after a perturbation) with a- period of about 4 ,minutes, a lee-wave oscilla- tionin balloonslaunchedfrom . Christchurch passing downstream o1 orographic barriers, with e period of Mt. St. Augustine, Alasna. Although an eruptiogief this size, which occurred in 6 to 7 5 minutes, and oscillations with February 1976, is significant primarily for its local atmospheric pollution, major periods between 30 minutes and 1 5`--- eruptions (like Krakatoa in 1883) can Pollute entire hemispheres of the Earth' (Photo hours 'that are believedto be the by University of Washington ) signatures of gravity waves. All three j , ,, types of waves may originate near Circulation in'the constant-level balloons were launched the ground from any number of Tropical Troposphere over a period from May 1975 tosources (the motion of the oceans, January 107o, 272 from sites in 'theconvective circulations) and may be Preliminary analysis of data from tropics and 139 from Christchurch,'dissipatedatthetropopause, con- the combined satellite and balloon New Zealand The balloons carried an versely, they may be excised at the Tropical Wind, Energy Coritersion, array of sensors to detect pressure, tropopause and' have no a5soctatton andReference LevelExperiment temperature,andballoonaltitude, with topography beneath them A (TWERLE) has given scientists from thesedata were transmittedto a'study of energy flux statistics that the National Center for Atmospheric receiver aboard the,Nimbus 6 satellite can be calculated from the ball Research (NCAR), the University of each time it passed over the balloons motions may help to pinpoint te Wisconsin, and NASA a first look at In addition, the balloons sent signals source some phenomena of the atmospheric that could be analyzed' to obtain the The balloon platforms were able to vertical air cirtulationat a level of about 14 ,speed and direction of the balloons as"see" extraordinary kilometers inthe uppertropical they were carried along by the winds-motions associated with deep convec- troposphereThe, circulation differs The windfieldsthemselves could tive circula'tions in the tropicsIn one markedly fromthatintemperate thus be deduced from balloon case a windspeed of about 3 or 4 latitudesatsimilaraltitudesOne motions- meters per second in the vertical, a characteristic is. anapparentin- Of the balloons flownfrom rapid rise even for a deep tropical terhemispheric exchange of air at the,ChrstchUih, 33, sometime in theirconvective storm Turbulence % altitude at which the balloons were lifetimes,. crossed the Equator into statistics on a larger scaleAlso were flownOtherresultsincludethel the Northern Hemisphere The visible from the clUstering patterns of 8 the )i'odetectscin of long-periodgravity crossingsoccurred onlyin two theballoons In . contrastto waves anddeep convectivecir- narrow bands of longitude betweenexpected random drift pattern, the culationsand theabilityofthe 140° and 140° E (fromcentral balloons launched frotn the tropics ,balloons to act as sensitive probes of Australia totheInternationaloften appeared to avoid some areas turbulentdiffusion inthee, upper Dateline) and between 0° and 30° W and to cluster thickly in others The troposphere and lower stratosphere (overtheAtlantic between Southclustering of the balloons over tile In TWEJ411, 411Superpressute, America and Africa) TWERLE scien- tropical 'Atlantic, for example, as a

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"ASTRONOMICAL ATMOSPHERIC EARTH AND OCEAN SCIENCES 37

6 persistent feature indicating that the Several new and unexpected find-' upper-level winds tend to converge or _ings are emerging from the Indian move inward over this geographical Ocean Experiment (INDEX), a study region Thevirtual absence of of the structure of the circulation in balloons in the vicinity of the mon- the western Indian Ocean INDEX is soonal easterly flow over northern a predecessor of a 'GARP regional Africa,the Indian Ocean, and In- experiment,theMonsoon Experi- donesia, which persisted during the ment (MONEX), that will be held period of the experiment, indicated during 1978-79 MONEX is one of that the winds fanned outward or several experiments embedded within diverged over these pointsPersis- the Firs,t.,.GARP Global Experiment tent, large-scale areas ofmean (FGGE) The EquatorialUnder- divergence (5,r convergence of upper- current(afast moving, subsurface-, . level winds of such a magnitude have eastward flowing current) has been hot, been observed at midlatitudes found to be considerably more com- Further analysis should reveal how plex than at first thought A depth- suck tropical features are integrated dependent alternating structure of into the general' circulation of the the undercurrent, which persists to Earth depth's of at least 3 to 5 kilometers, The experiment will- be repeated suggests that itis not clear exactly during the First Global Atmospheric what oneshouldidentifyasthe Research ,Program (GARP) Global "Equatorial Undercurrent." Experiment(FGcE),oneof 'the In a related INDEX effort,six experthients of GARP The satellitv satellite-trackeddrifterbuoysre- receiver system will be the French leased in the equatorial Indian Ocean ARGOS system aboard TIROS N were caright in a large clockwise gyre NCAR willfly300 TWERLE-type whoseexistencewastotallyun- balloonsinthetropics under the known The gyre or eddy had a mean support of the_ National Oceanic and speed of 70 centimeters per second Interhemispheric air exchange. More than and maximum speeds in excess of 200 Atmospheric Administration 400 of thesescientificballoons were flown between May 1975 and January centimeters per second 'global Atmospheric 4976 inan NCAR/NASA/Uniyerstty of Preliminaryresultsofanother Research Program Wisconsin study. of 'aircirculation14 GARP effort, the Air Mass Transfor- kilometers above the tropics This information Experiment (AMTEX), were mation is important to understanding -how Results .of the Global Atmospheric the- general circulation, of the world's discussed by scientists from Japan, ResearCh Program's-(GARP) first atmosphere determines weather patterns Austria,Canada, and theUnited experiment, theGARP Atlantic States at a conference in Tokyo in Tropical Experiment (GATE), began Ocean, a possible anthropogenic September 1975 AMTEX was to emerge in fiscal year 1976 Data impactonweather andperhaps designed to'increase understanding of collected during the summer 1974 climate was discoveredIn semiarid wintertime airmass modificationin observational phase of GATE have,regions bordering deserts, rainfall as regions where cold, dry continental been edited, Validated, and archived highlyvariableWith development air flows over warm ocean water and are now available to the scientific comes increased grazing, plot, ghing, The region of the warm Kuroshio community. One data set containsand cultivation of new rand,plus currentintheEast China Sea,a low- andhigh-leveltropical winds removal oftreesOvergrazingin- strongly preferred region for intense derived from satalite cloud informa- fluences aerosol generation, and winter stormdevelopment, was tion Thts is' a very important applica- during dry periods vast reservoirs of selected The physical processes in- tion of roeteoro.logical satellite infor- dusf aretransportedintotheat- volved are thoughto play a similar mation to the tropics, a data-sparse mosphere by winds Thisdust role in the Gulf Stream region off the region modifies the radiative properties ofsoutheast coast of the Unitcid States From a GATE project designed to theatmosphere to4significant where manyintensestormsare characterizeairborne"' particles degree and may lead to suppressedgenerated AMTEX results inciicate a (aerosols) transported from the precimationThis,inturf), wouldsubstantial variation in energy input African Continent over the Atlantic increase aerosol loading from the oceantothe tower 10 rw 36 /ASTRONOMICAL ATMOSPHERIC EARTH AND OCEAN SCtENCES

100,000 41,000, and 23,000 years, Which are the same as the Earth's eccentricity,obliquity,andpreces- sion. cycles While bothhe climatic and astronomical cycles are generally in phase, the 41,000- and 234000-year Climatic cycles systematically lag the obliquity and precessionitctles. These studies show demonst evidence of some 'orbital control for climatic 4 change and indicate possible lagsin - ' the climatic response given by the 0* P' r;t. Earth to changes in its orbital position X14.- 411S1 ' es.,- 10 The ,relationship between sea sur- Itt-T."'I 11. 'r G face temperature anomalies_and con - 0 ; ":0 1f. trnental climates is becoming dearer 0 as a resdlt of research condpcteti by. 77# John Kutzbach and David Houghton 1.31 the University of-Wisconsin and clirriate modelersattheNational Center for Atmospheric Research These resear`chers have demonstrated $ that the NCAR General Circulation Model exhibits a well defined response to changes in sea surface, temperatures Ihmdel experiments, sea surface temperature anc2malies in the North Pacific Ocean' produced a. wavelike pelturbation in the tipper air patterns extending downstream over the continental United States, thus supporting an earlier hypothesis Stormy weather. Results of a Global Atmospheric Research Program study of the flow ofBierknes (UCLA) and Namias of cold, dry continental air over warm water in the Eastelina Sea (the research area (Scripps) - is outlined) will help explain how intense winter storms develop The cloud patterns in a idsea this February 16, 1976, satellite photo resulrfrom this cold air/warm water interaction, With positive chan0 Similar processes probably operate in the Gulf Stream off the southeastern United. surfacetemperaturether is an States (Photo courtesy of E M, Agee/Purdue University ) increase of atmosp e topetature extendingtomid-tro ere,in- 'creased vertical motion, anan;upper mosphere, depending on thededuced from environmentally sen- levelincreaseof pressurcoupled. character of the advancing aumass sitive indicators preserved in deep sea with a low level decrease of prdssure. Thesefindingsofferatmosphericcores have provided valuable' insight Low pressure .systems form andlor modelers an opportunity to account Into mechanisms of climatic change -intensify over such an area With a more realisticallyfor energy inputThese researchers have *shoWn that,tiegative sea surfacetemPtature intomodels designedtoforecastthe long-term climatic variations inchange, the response is exactly op- incipient storms bothhemispheresover 'thepast posite.Thesesignificantfindings 400,000 years have the same perio- emphasize the important role of sea Cli Mate Dynamics dicities and constant phase relation- surface temperatures inregulating shipasvariationsofthe Earth's continental did-late and forul a useful Studies byresearchersatthe orbital pararrieters The indicators ofpoint of departure for continued and Vpi mont-poher t y Geological Observ- past ocean lurface temperature, con-further examinaten and underAand- %tory and Brown University of the tinental ice volume;andspecies ing of aspects of actual 'mid-latitude frequency of past climatic changes asabundance fluctuate with periods ofatmosphere-ocean interactron F

ASTRONOMICAL ATMOSPHERIC, EARTH, AND OCEAN SCIENCES 39

National Center for aboardSkylabhavecontributed AnotherimportantNCARac- Atmoipheric Research greatly'toto the understanding ofa complishment in fiscal year 1976 was number of problets,rn solar physics.the selection of a "fifth- generation" The National Center for Minos-NCAR's white-light cor-Ortagraph wasComputer, to be delivered in 1977 pheric Research (NCAR); located inone of six telwopes flown theThe new computer and associated Boulder, ColO, conducts, in coopera-spacecraftUst-Tg Skylab datd, so hardware will enablescientiststo tionwithuniversitiesandotherscientists are clarifying relationships rocess data from such enormous institutions,largeatmosphericbetween events in the Sun's tenuous e isas theFirst GARP Global research piograms of national andouter atmosphere the coronaand Experent, slated to take place in international importance NCAR alsothe structure and dynamics of the 1978-79. hiscomputerand' its develops and provides major researchinterplanetarymediumThe mostperipheral whmentwillMake facilitiesin support of atmosphericgeneral resultfrom SkylabistheNCAR's Comting Facilitythe researchprograms NCAR changedscientificpictureof .the world'slargesta most versatile operated by the University Corpora- coronawhat was thoughtto bedevoted to atmosphec research. tion for Atmospheric Researchalways arelatlyely quiescent outer NCAR successfully deoyed a new (UCAR), a nonprofit consortium ofatmosphere proved at the time of weatherobservingand eporting 42U S. and 2 Canadian universities, Skylab (near a minimum in the solar system, under contract with NSF activity cycle) to'e a highly dynamic thePortableAu omated Thispast year NCAR scientistsstructured regiod Mesonet (PAM) in fiscal year 1976 completed the first direst comparison As a nationalcenter, NCAR PAM samples data at the same time offorecastsproducedbyseveraldevelops and operates a variety ofat each of 15 field network stations, large-scale numerical weather predic-special research .facilities During theeverages the data locally, and then tionmodelsSome of the resultspastyear,NICAR'sfleetofIn- transmits It via a telemetry link to a confirmed expectations For example,strumented aircraft participated in abase station so scientists can "watch" all the models display some of thevariety of experiments, studying hail1 surface weather patterns across an samecharacteristicerrors, theyover northeastern Colorado, measur-entire net ork inreal time,. PAM - forecast phase speeds for waves ininghydroxylradicalsinthtthus reprents a technological ad- the atmosphere that are slower thanstratosphere, dnd' sampling the plumevance e r a whole previous genera- the actual atmospheric motions, theyof an Alaskan volcano tion of instrumentation predict weaker amplitudes than those that are observed, and they describe the development and decqy cycle of disturbances poorly Earth Sciences Otherconclusionswereun- pected Even though the three mode s were developedindependeritly, and 1 6, employed distinct methods of calcula- During thst decade, geology (or infaulting. and mountain building, tion,they produced forecastthatearthsciences)hasundergone a with practical applications in natural were surprisingly ,similar Morver, major revolution, the second in thedisastersandtheformationof Ott scientis14 had expected that thehistory ofthisscience Commonlydeposits of minerals and fossil fuel; largest forecast errors might occurreferred to by terms such as "sea- It would be difficult to overstate overgedgrapljicarea'swiththe floor spreading" and "plate tecto ics"the success of the platetectonics smallest amount of obs to or "global tectonics," It has proded.model; inbridgingtogetherthe (e.g.,over oceans), buthe actual us for the first time with a unifyingdiverse gpecialties that constitute the forecastsshowed no simple conceptofglobalstructureandearth sciences Ten years ago no one geographic dependence, even in the composition,a model of i4ow thewould reasonably4tave predicted that first 24 hours. The first cjuantitativemajor features of the Earth's surfacepaleontologists, geomaj.netists, evaluation of different models have been formed and changed,' andmarine geologists, petrologists, stniC- provides some directions for futurethe first keys to the basic drivingturalgeologists,andseismologists research. All the models need to be forcesofa dynamicandever-wouldbe workinginconcertto improved to reducetheii- common changing planet. The concept hassupply crucial testsforaconcept errors. enormous promise in explaining thecomparable to thetof the Bohr atom Results' from the battery of solar origin and locations' of earthquakes,,in simplicity, elegance, and potential telescopesoperatedby. astronauts volcanoes, and the processes involvedto explain a wide range of diverse a 51. a 40 ASTRONOMICAL ATMOTHERIC EARTH AND OCEAN SCIENCE'S

observationsYetthis has indeed Thus, projectsthat study the granitestion and growth of minerals from happened, and the result Os been aof a mountain belt fine research buthot, saline water solutions that move revitalization of the geological olocal significance 25 years agoarethroughrocks Smalldropletsof. sciencei7sti54iparable to that which nowpieces inthewholeglobalthese fluids are commonly trapped.by swept physics at the beginning of the picture of subduction zones and plategrowing crystals as microscopic fluid century boundaries And the study of fluidinclusions. The past decade has seen But the new theory isstill in its inclusions In crystals tells us not onlyrenewed and increased interest in the childhoOd Although most major lines the temperature at ,which an orestudy° of these fluidinclusions of evidence reinforce the model, there deposit formed but also somethingbecause they are a poWerful tool in are some phenomena that appear. in about the temperature and physical-reconstructing the physical-chemical part o foto to be inconsistent with chethical conditions of the descendingconditionsof formationofore the late tectonics model, and there slab of a crustal plate. deposits are hers that appear at this stage to A major and sPecialsourceof One of the targets of the studies is be unrelated therefore ails attrac- current geological data is the Deeptemperature The coefficient of ther- tive and promismg theory needs very Sea Drilling Project . Having made mal expansion of the fluid is more Criticaltesting anJ evaluation Its mayor contributions both to the plate,than that of the enclosing crystal, and implicationsand itslimitations in tectonics model and to general vacuoles (small cavities) are formed in explaining the Earth need thorough geologic knowledge, the project the inclusions when the deposit cools. exploration entered' its fourth or formal Inter- But the process is reversible, so that Thus a good deal of tile research national ',Phasein November 1975 'when we oeserve the temperature at supported bytheearthsciences More than lust a mere extension of which. thevacuolesdisappear on ' program isfocused directly on the the early reconnaissance drilling, this heating, we derive an estiltate of the elaboration and testing of the plate new phase focuses more on problems temperature of the solution at the tectonics model And most of these and will involve both deepar-penetra- time of entrapment The salinity of projects are subsumed under the U S lion and more continuous coring The thesesolutionshas also been es- part of the InternationalGeo- resultsshould add greatlyto our timated in an, analogous manner by dynamics Project, an effort involving understanding of the history of ocean observing feeezmg point depression some 45nationsMany arealso basins and the .evolution of the outer Of even greater interest are the closely related to funlamental earth- crust quake studies specificcompositionsofthefluid Nearly as exerting as geodynamics Fluid Inclusions inclusions andithe minerals that form per se is the focus and new significance 4 inthe cavities 'byprecipitation on -that plate tectonics has given to much Many ore deposits, especially the cooling of the deposit Attempts at of the "old-line" geolpgic research metal Sulfides, form by the precipita- more precise demination of fluid s

0 * 4.

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.4.41161r. 1PMinerathistory New methods for studying microscopic pockets of fluid trapped in larger crystals now permit the reconstruction of details of how hydrothermel or.e deposits were formed At the left small bubbles influid inclusion fluorite crystal can reveal the temperature of the solution when it was entrapped At the right. a scanning electron micLogra f an opened inclusion shows different minerals that have cryetalkzed from the entrapped fluid J09 41111r ASTRONOMICAI., ATMOSPHERIC EARTH AND OCEAN SCIEN 41

compositionare now being made A Very' Long about stressesinthe Earth on a using laser- excited Raman 4pec- Period Seismic Array worldwidebasiswillaidresearch, troscopy for insitupartial chemical directed at earthquike prediction on analyses and by opening and analyz- An area of geophysical research of the more local leVel mg thevolatilizedconstituents ofgreat interest and potential practical To this end, a network of modified individuar.-inclusions by laser importanceisthebasicstudy 'of La-Coste ' -Romberg vertical microprobe methods These methodsearthquakesEven though alot of accelerometersis currentlybeing are still in the develocpment stage hard work lies ahead, enough Installed by University of California,. A significant advance in identifyingprogress -has been made, since the San Diego, scientists at selected sites the minerals in the cavities has been19(44Good Friday quake in Alaska to arotind the world The Instruments tare ',made by geochemists at the Univer-provideencouragementthatsuch the Most sensitive ever developed, sity of Michigan This group, led byearthquakes can be predicted and the network, which will optimally William CKelly,includesF W One important eleinent inearth- consist of approximately 20 stations, I,f Metzger, B E Nesbitt, and E J quake research is the measurement of will provides a unique set of high- EssenePrevious attempts atiden-.crustalstress .°on a globalscale, quality, very long period digital data. -1ification of .the inclusions iiivol),:edbecause there is increasing ieason to Stations are presently-Instailed at opticaland transmis electron believethatlocalearthquakeoc- Pinon Flat, Calif, Canberra, ,microscopy, but nett er method wascurrences are related to such global Australia,Nana, Peru, Sutherland, precise becauseof interference by thebehavior Thus, ?ncreased knowledge Smith Africa, Halifax, Nova Scotia,- enclosing crystal The Michigan group has, now developed a technique of definitively determining the corn- positign of the inclusions by using a combinationofscanningelectron microscopyandener*ispersive analysis of the X -ray rum ex- citedbytheelectron beamThe . analysis is made on crystals in which the inclusions have been exposed by fracturing Using this' methodthey have identifieda complex assemblage of inclusion minerals in fluorite crygAls that come from the famous gold-tel- luride deposits of the.Colorado Front Range Preliminaryidentifications have'also been made of the assemblages present in quartz crystals from gold-bearing veins of theOrientalMineatAlleghany, Calif, and from calcite crystals in the carbonatite rocks 'at Magnet Cove, Ark. The development of this technique is of prime importance in that ,theinclusionMineral assemblages reflect the chemical composition; total salinityand cooling history of these,, deposits Thefact' thatindividual( inclusions can .be analyzed makes it t possible totracetilehistoryof crystallizationoforedeposits,' it Global network for long period aeismoloiy. This network of seismic instruments willI provide better data for the study of the free oscillations of the Ea'rth, the distribution of should, theref6re lead-to substantial global stress patterns solid Earth ties, and earthquake source mechanisms Seven new knowledge about their modes of stations are now operating (colored triangles), protected sites are shown by open formation squares 4 53 42 , 'ASTRONOMICAL AjMaSPHERIC, EARTH AND OCEAN SCIENCES

Garm, S R., and Rarotonga, Cook -.for t!rrie 'intervals of 1 minute to 1and geologic his ory. The project is Islands. The stationat Garm, hour and should permit us to knowmanaged f4 the Folindalion by the stalled in September 1976, is the histwhat useful precursors, irany, can beUniversityof C.lifornia, wi 1h the a onlypermanentwestern observed for large earthquakes' Scripps InstitO lon.of- Oeea graphy seis°graph stationintheSoviet, oftheuniversityresponsiblefor n Other stations defin4e1, to be Ocean Sediment t accomplishing the project's scientific installed include Bi-azilia, Hawaii, and Coring Program objectives The University of Califor- Alaslaill In the case offoreign nia subcontracts with Global Marine, stations, the Utsted States provides For the past 8 years, the Deep Sea -Inc l(GMI)to perform the actual, the equipment and such maintenance Dnlhng a part of the' NSF II-illin and coring 15perations using asisnecessary, while the foreign Ocean S,e'diment Coring Program, hasGMI'sship,Gloziar.ihallenger. nation provides all operational costs beendrillingandcoringinthe Early in fiscal ye1976 the project as well ea...the critical geographical sedimegts and upper basement rockscompleteditsthirdphaseof position, i.iccessofthenetwork of the world's ocean basins to deter-operations By tile end of this phase depends ont internationalscientific minetheir composition,structure,573 holes at 392rdifferent sites were . cooperation Data are available to all interestedscientiststhrough the Environmental Data Center of , ISIOAA As ofSeptember1976,seven .stations were operational Although most of these have not been rueoning longenoughformultiplerecord analysis(1 e , to usethem as a network), significant scientific xesults have already been obtained from the analysis of single station' dataFor example, the processing of several weeks' recordsfrom Nana,Peru, show clearly- the $- hourly tide at the 1 to 2 percent level, something never before seen From such data, it will be possibleto determine whether the elastic properties of the Earth vary as a function of tidal periodLuortant infiormition 'tor studies of the Earth's core.Intheseismicband, a new method toselectivelyamplifythe loSg-lasting vibration modes (high Q) will aid other studies of deep earth structures From the records of the recent Guatemala earthquake,for example, Q was determined for many of the fundamental modes and some overtones to an accuracy of 3 to 4 percent,far greater accuracy than ever before achieved With the completion of the sixth and . seventhstations,it isnow pOssible to look at-source mechanisms'Aboard %OMAR QHALLENGER -.Philip Rabinowitz of Latnont-Doherty Geological ObservatOry, a co-chief scientist on Leg 45 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, inspects oflarge earthqUakesinthe .-krig a downhole hydrophone used to measure sonic. characteristics OfrciCkeOeloW the !, period band The records from' ill< ooearr floor DSDP research 1976' resulted in new findings abolit young crustal . stations should enable the dew-mina- material and about events associated with the splitting of North America from Europe' non of the pattern of stress release and Africa

54 .0

ASTRONOMICAL ATMOSPHERIC, EARTH A9D °SEAN SCIENCES

-te,1 drilled inall the major clt ep water Legs4, 47, and 48 were itinportant more than 2,700 meters anal, inthe( ocean basin-4.4nd seas of the world A, ind rmtning the history of ,fheBay of Biscay,, swamis" fringed, with totalof4q3shipboardswiutistsearly opening of the Atlantic Ocean coral reefS. sank 1,20nt'eters below partici-craed in the first three phases Huge. submarine mudflow and sea levelString, subma ne currents of ocean 19'b. persons have avalanche deposits we're &scoveredalong the continental ma gin at One served as scieific advisers. to the on both sides of the Atlantic, Chaotic placesweptaway lanketof prOjeer 'total of 54,19-4,aparate pebbles, umps of mud, and'crtnkledsediments over 3 kilometers thick At samples'weJe distributed to 528 U S.,layers of ooze were carned< from theouter times, stagnantconditions and foreign scientist, from academic relatively shallow shelves- developed, tilting in the accumula-' institutions,industry, and gmern- water, probably carving submarine tion of blacIfForgaratc-rich sediments . +dent agencies canyons acrosstheslopeas they Clues to help date' tile origin of the t The fourthphase cean drilling, wentLarge' quantitiesof organic Sahara Desert and evidence for.cold theIntonatioh Pha4e of(Ice atter quickly buried by this processcurrents that may have changed the Drilling (IP eing condu alt the right geological conditions AtlanticOcean'sclimatehelpus with increased international suppc conversion into oil and bs better understand the icaleoenvtfon- InJanuary..4197.1, the So( let Union Evidence indicates that when No ment'of the Atlantic region signeda MI-am:him of UnderfiPneika first split from Europe an GlomarChallengerwillfinishthe standing 1,.14,19 NSF,.igree,mgto Africa there was a rapid collapse of present Atlant Ocean_drilling contribute 51 0. million per year to, thecontinenralmargin Offthe,sche by February 1977 At 'that , the projectior 5 years -Since the United States ttiere were Bahama-tim twill embark ona 2-year begintirof fiscal year 14'76, type tidal is that rapidly subsided Pact is Ocean program ' agreements to contribute $1 0 millionno per year to [POD were signed by jiavne,.the United Kingdom, France, 4c1 the Federal Republic of Germany- Draline operations duringfiscal Oceah eciesices year 1/74,tioncentratdd on two main objectives 1)t9'drill as deeP.YI into the basalticcrustof the ocean as ,.possible within a limited tune frame The° overallobjectiveof 'NS'F's'chemistry,submarine geology and to determine its or nd evolution,, programs in the ocean sciences to geop,h;,si.c6,and biological and (2)* to perieil-'e thq thick wed improve our understanding of the oceanography ofksedimentsalongtheAt nature of the ocean, its influence on The International Deca,de of Oceie Ocean marginsio better un ea:stand our activities, and our vwn impact on Exploration supports large-scale, mul- t leoefvlronmental changes that fherunne environment Thisis tichsciplinary,internationalprojects _place when North America spliticcomplished .thrhughthree .major focused on the role of the oceans in from .Europe and Afnca ._ programson bask research pro, climate, -food prociction, pollution, Lkegs 15 and' 4were devdted to gram to support projects of individual,energy, and natural respurces, with drillingol-nto the 5ssalticrocks ap-,scientistsatthe oceanographic in- considerable participation by ma,ny,, / proximately 90 smiles froM each side; stitupons, a seccindtosupport a nationsatound the world; These of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge 41%2° Nlimited number oflarge, managed effortsareincorporated into four ,latitudeWhile" agreatdeal wasprojects,and a thirdprogranito programsenvironmental sore- a learned about...41.141g crustal material provide fortheacquisition,and . casting, environmental (Play, 'sea- neara .ridi4eaxis when fractured operating costs of the ships and other bed assessnfenf,and living resources basalt *d layer''s of basaltic-sand were oceanographicfacilitiesneededto Oceanographii facilities and sUR- penetrated, drillnyg was diffkult andcarry out these research.prOgraml- port ,contributes ,directly'tothese maximuht penetraticut-csias, limited to Suftportforindividualresearch,oceanographicresearcheffortsby 664 meters The detection of gtwqral projectspawl morethan300 providingjupportfor 30research ipagneti reversalsinjusta -fewgrants in fiscalOr 197b to inclivtd- ships and- a number of specialized -14ndrerfeet of basalt a'as a surPrise 41 scientists rdevelopingfun- facilities,these are scheduled 'on' a to most scientists The first deep-sea damental kn ledge about the shared -use.. basis' (Based on its pro- well4gging program incry'S.tallir4oceans, theirontents, and the sea grams for review and evaluation of I'rbckswa'S. successfully. ca d out'floorInvest'tions concentrate on academic' fleet rformance and after drilling operations. ceaPF.a, physical ocean phy, m'aritie material cond NSF 4t.ports a

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44 'ASTRONOMICAL ATMOSPHERIC EARTHAND OCEAN SCIENCES 111

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sf- ^,t. continuing :effort tOupgradethe facilities necessary to sustain a vbabolp oceanographic research effort 'at the Nation's universities/ Cycling of.,,Dissolvdd-- 3'f Organic-Matter in the Sea

Energ w in ate ocean has been stud many years from the 4perspectpe of the cla'ssicat model of a focid chaindiatoms through pods and killtofish and wkitiles Howey.Z.r, recent studies by a numtr of researcHers hate retealed that t major. portion of the ocean's at atlable enemy maw be flowing through a 4 foodweb ,comp'risedofdissohed (organic matter,nonlicingorganic

,particlesend thosernic rcerganisms. such asbacteriath,,t consume o I this organic matter ,firect14,Little Is knoiA n about the nature and (omen- teation of either the"dissok,4 material or Che,torl-tam organisms Stebill-thol the Cniyersitv 4if Rhode Island has directed his studies' kik\ ands thes'e problems tordoseeral A teary, and, on a recentprolect he focused lit .attention' onthc+thin layer Alf water at the sea sip-fact:. a Ione rticcilark likely to hcattet led Abwiby pollutantssuch a'petroleum vdrocarbons flyt,nundthatthis mu. rola), er*, and part),uta Ph,theul- trathin 'skin" at the ante;' surtaCe, is carboh 416 rich 'ndissolvedorganic Primary'consurners.owl-chain mterectronsin the ocean's.very thin surface layer apparenthof ph ors} in may be far moreimportant to marine life than previouslythoughtTypic$1Inhabitants ir-,1 ne, bat ion using t his water of this microlayerore shown in this electron ificrograph of tre surfaceof' a blue The protoioan u4e4its 4ermonstra4ed thatit supports attic...,copepod that hacs been catonized bra suctotianprotozoa,/ combination of outer and inner-feeding tentaoles to capture and ingest bacteria that ' 11.)nS inn melee- microi) laI It live in the surface waters (Photo by hn'Sleburth/Univereity of fzfbode Island ) trations apprqaLhing thoseof laborat yulti.i es ,Alarge perjentage of the In further stiithesin waters.. below , Ste4410,hypotlutiolres iha-t the orgailics upward nocturvl migration of graz-copepods were infested with a" suc-thtre surface- microlayers,Sieburth ing zoopilimkton may sece to tortan(stalkedprotozoan)Micte-_ employed 1 diffusioncultureap- transpprt and subsequentlyrelease scopic sectionsthroughthesuc----par444;r1tleasurethi orsitir growth thesedissolved.21 aterrilsinto "'the turrans'indicated that they are rate se microorgAnrsms..TR& surface`wateitc 4roscopic observa-...on_suming the marootganisms thriv- diffusion culture system is a chamber tionsofblue-pigMentedcopepods ing in these rich surface waters Thedivided by a membrane. The mem- floating on the water surface pro-suc torians. a nd their copepod host,s bra ne acts to cage a population of vided an interesting illustraion' of are,inturn,a source of food formicroorganisms on one side of the iod web deppi,.r.itit7Ti dissolved larger #nvertebrates anlarval fish chamberwhileexposing themto

1. alb

-b ASTRONOMICAL AT,MOSP7itRIS,,ZARTH, AND OCEAN SCIENCES. 45

, 1

ivtural flukes of dissolved orga the longstanding discrepancy globalplatetectonicsStated very ...that"activelydiffusethrough between our estimates of the stand- briefly, the Earth's wirer shell is made pores in the membrane In contrast.to-ing stocks of zooplankton, fish a up of a small number oflaege semi- previous experiments iri, CIL2sed whales?', and the wisufficient. rigid plates that move, relative to one Bottles,thischamber allowedthe phytoplankton production presuggiedanother New oceanic crust is formed microbial .poulationsttiachiet'e to support these populations WElle at the crest of 'midoceall, ridges and Ai maximal growthl-ates reflecting thethis work requires additional substan- then mtgrates or spreadslaterally dynamics or the iupr;ly.Of dissolvedticrtion, It provides an important new from the crest at a rate of the order 'material in the seawater The perspective in our efforts to deter-ofseveralcentimetersperyear resultinggrowthrateswere C.-vo mine the processes that maintain the Ultimately, itsinks Into the Earth's orders.ofmagnitude $ highergherthan long-terreqtplibrtum o..flifeIt he mantle at the oceanic trenches generally reported for the 'open sea sea Project FAMOUS, an abbreviation This experiment sugges.tS that a large for rrench-American Mid-Ocean Un- amount of organic :matter' isin a Project FA US:. . dersea Studit&s, concentrated on ex- dynamicstate:rapidly :cycleti by Sea-Floor .amining the tectonic and geochemical microorganisms In'addition, the .Processes .active at midocean ridge retalting bacterial biomass... indicates Uni4erstandin4._of tricture ofcrests A segment of the inner rift thattheop,'n(nvnt, arcs more the ,oceanic ,crust- asrapidlytick,valley of the Mid-Atlantic ridge was productrve than was previou;lyvanced in recent ears as' a result of investigated in detailbfrom the sub- *thought This linsiing helps explainthe de'elopment of the theory of mersibleAlvin ThechiefdiNTIng

A LATE PRIMARY VOLCANISM VOLCANISM 4.-

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. . Seams of the Earth. A model and cross-Sectional diagram:reflecting observations.rnade with the submersible ALVIN alongthe Mid-Atlantic ridge,, show the raised central volcanic area; the lower collapsed zones on eller side, and the uplifted area still. further from the spreading center

V 46 ASTRONOMICAL ATMOSPHERIC EARTH AND OCEAN SCIENCES

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scientists, R D Ballard,-J* 'already'present, producing, a zonation the Moon and Sun Numerical models Heirtzler,-and W B Bryanof Woodswithinthe. chamber -whichisen- have been ver5, successful in predict- Hole Oceanographic Institutioii, T 1?-1' hanced by fractional crystallization ingtidalhe' hts over very small van Andel of Oregon State Unozer- :;" Age sequences forte lava flows-geographic aas However, in some sity, and JG Moore Of the show, in general, an or erly progres- regions of the oclan, particularly near -Geological Survey, made 15 traver.o. skin of young to older rocks goingthe Equator, variationsin the sea across' the floor 'of the rift andcip the from th,e axis to the valley ,walls A levelrecordscannotbeexplained flankingvalley, wallstothe- first.few anomalously old rocks'are found simply as tides For example, some 20 major faultscarpsThe data frOm inthe axial depresgioh. The mostyears ago Gordon Groves, now with Alvin were broadened with infe)rma-strikinganomaly,however,is a the University of Hawaii, pointed Out tion collected the area with morescatter of very Young rocks across the a 4-day oscillationinthetropical speculated confentional tecltrit#es, leading to*, aentire width bf the valley floor This PacificSome scientists complete geological interpretation or suggeststhat a shall magma thatthisandotherunexplained the study area reser-Apr exists with free c munica- variations might be due to internal The geologic model shows that thehon across the ,width\ of the valleymotions an thesea large ,clistur- central part of the rift is a pioddca offloor' Episodesofmajorvolcano bances of the interior of Ole ocean x-tensive volcanic activity and active'building along the axis apparently'due toitslarge density variatrons faulting Small volcanoeare bculf up alternate with riduced'actwity along These' internalmotions can be along the spreading axis, shortly afterthe axis and more widespread activitygenerated by interactions with thep formation, the volcanic structure isfrom the secondary fissures atmosphericwind and pressure fields, , ' modified by vertical collapse, which Results from Project EAMOUS areas well :as by the interactions between leads to a reduction in the bottiv being incorporated into kmematic.and tides and the irregular bottom How- relief This process ;is reversed in the dynamicmodelsofthesea-flooreves theyareusually thoughtto outer parts of the rift valley asuplfe spreading process It is apparent that generate only impercePtible chariges beginsL Here the tensional nature ofon the spatial and temporal sale of in surface .level the stresses changes to verticai,"Shear*this study, the processes in midocean --Wimschs surprising discovery was asthevolcanicblocksareincur- riftsystemsarenotcontinuoqs that small but significant portions of poratedintotheWalleywalls and Additional laboratory analyses of the sealevelvariations are caused by elevated During the various'stages ofrock samplesshould define the shapeatmospherically .driven internal uplift, terraces are farmed ar-d §ornPofthe magma reservoirsandthe motions and notentirely by tidal oftheoriginalvokarn!esc9n foe sequence,of events withmuch motionsin fact, if tide records ale recognizell M.Ineralogic.al, and g.reater "pcfcisin The detailed'properly interpreted, several, density- geochemical analyses of volcanic rockgeologic study of !life FAMOUS arealdependent internal motions 'can be samples recovered by the `subrn`ersi-coupled with geophsical models of "seen- superimposed on the surface ble, coupled with tha examination of thedeepercrustal-structure id tides Wunsch and a colleague, A E. volcanicflowfeatures,*showthatvolcanic -emplacement 4)rocesses, ere G411, from the University of Cam- some of the lava flows comefrop generating improved geodynamicbridge,showedtheoreticallythat secondaryfissureswithin theolftmodels for this seafloor growth seveol tkes, ofnontidalinternal valleyThe source regions .for the motion can occur near the Equator,. flowsmagmachambersareEquatorial Tides Sea Levels,-that they are caused-by variations in shallow and show considerable varia- atmospher'icwind 'conditions,and , 'and Internal Motions LionincompositionThe, range it: that they can explain some' of the volcanicrocktypfi: foundinthis A recent discovery by Carl Wunsch unexpected components observed in small area is approximately the sameoftheMassachusettsInstituteof equatorial Pachc tide gauge recoNs asthevariations found along theTecl-fnology has shiTwn that it may be To pursue this finding, tide gauges entirelengthOfthe Mid-Atlanticpossibletostudy verylopg-terin have been placed on Islands of the ridge Thus, it appears that magmaticvariationsinoceany:water Indian Ocean as a method of studying__ process-es such -as fractionalmovements by the proper interpreta- the respon'se of that/ocean:to the very crystallization,or ` varie.blepart al tionofcic:fidesphenomena large annual changes inthe windy meltingareimportantfacto-rsinthathave recordedforcen- conditions associated with the mon; controlling composition of individualtury sodAPreliminary analysis of these groups of lava flovGs M'agma batches Tides can, in general; be thought of records 'and ofhistoricaldatain- arriving at the magma chamber do a4 perAic changesin sea leverdicatesthatthe monsoon canbe not completely mix with the magmaproduced by the gravitational pull of treated as a periodic disturbance with 1.1 Aar 5 ASTRONOMICAL ATMOSPNERICEARTH AND OCEAN CIENCES 47

c '

an, annual, or possibly semiannual 6 kick, Atoll Makin* Islands_ period 4n application by Wunsch of d' Nont.soLre, WV Component model used by meteorologists shows that this periodtc forcing can result,an 3- c a layeaed motion at the Equator, with the water at alternating levels moving eastward of westward The layers themselvesmoveupward and 4 downward vet, slowly, and on the 2 basis of short-term current measurements look like the usual equatlirial 4 currents and undercurreoto Recent measurements of the vertical velocity structurl by James Luyten of the r . 4,3 Woods Hole 'Oceanographelnstitu- rr"A 46`.: 96E 96' '957 962 97:, tion tend to agree' with Nunsch's snsa :astra,1 analysts Cr e, See-on, --t- -r- In summary, equatrYrial ocean cir- sc PC 4; culationis a complicatedair-sea ynteractiori problem wilh long time scales and.with a i;sarity of Watial scales Verylogg,ter moorings a, (possibly for set,eral eals) of presure- andcurrentsen rsare needledto observe these m ohs Because tFie ocean and atmosphere 4 , haw similartimescales- in -these equatorial regyns, itis here that one is likely to make the most immediate progressinunderstanding4oceanic motions forced.by the atmosphere Thereis some Hope that' this will a eventual!lead to an understanding at of the sects of the ocean on the c atmosphere, which is critical to our understanding of climate-

. 1_ Equatorial tliks. An 8-year recorcljtop) of the Torp,:southx-om-pontints of WIRESAt.the Maldivg.lsiands, very near the Equator in the Indian Ocean' showi the peobbic changes associated with the monsoYr Ad Wunsch of MITused these annual cycles' and a meteorological qio*L- iWellculaie the expected effects on ocean water movement' befow the surflice (wilt).a calculaticen that agrees well with aqui al measurements (left) made 1,000 Miles west of the Maldivts by, [amen of Woods Hole Oceanograppic Institution These findingsexplain how certain tidal variations and parts of the Equatorial yndercuirent system ereactually a result of ocean/atmosphere interactions 48 ASTRONQAMCAL ATMOSPHERIC ..frARTO1 AND OCEAN SCIENCES'

-de

11. In'teinational Decide 'of that copper,mercury, andhydatFait--,a liected in the same orderregardles$ have . similareffectsnOr thepollutant, whethe{ copper, Ocean Exploration. bons . organisms occupying the lower levels mercury, or petroleum The loss of e Contrred EcosystemPollu-of the marine food chain. Specifically, those species is. reflected in the lossof, zooplankton that feed on them SserhExperanent (CEPEX), supported bacteria show an initial decrease jn rile Thus,- the ,effect' oin the population by, IDCIE'serivir wmentalquality'populatio'n when ex.posedto these program, uses lar"lastic enclosurespollutants, followed by a populationbecomes predictable with fairly good 'suspended in the waters of Saanich increaseResearchers also obser1edpcecisron, regardless of thepolluhant. Inlet, Vancouver Island, British' that bacteria built a tolerance to the ID the environmental forecasting North Columbia, to assess the long-term,metals used in the experiment, and program,scientists-inthe 'have row-levet effectsofpollutantson thatthistolerancetransferred-to Pacific Expriment (N,ORPAX) commuggks of -marine8rgar1isms other metals as well. For example;found that etnperature abnormalltrep captured iii these cylindersIn fiscal bacteria'thatbecame tolerantto previously found at the seaurfttc`e year 197o, CEPEX scientists from copper also tfecame.tolerant to trier -.actuallypenetrated into the "u- per Canada, the. United States, ury addition, .they: found that layer ofthe oceanTo study the United Kingdom found Indica ion eciesofphytoplanktonbecome evolution of these,heat anomalies in

te%

120° A RIP t CLIMAP. Based on studies of fossils it deep sea sediment cores- this map representstheiloballenvieonment 18,000 years agd during the most recent ice age The darkest shade A. with an albedo torreflectivity of sunligh4greater than 4apercern, is snow and ice, with the acultourhnes representing elevation of the ice-sheetaboverse'a level in metturi3_ an Eft:4db between 30 and 39 percent, Is sandy desert patchy snow, and snow-covered denseconifergius forest C, an allied'o belireen 25 and 29 percent, is loess. steppes, and semi-desert D, albedo between 20 and 24 percent, iksavanna-and diy§rasslandZE, albedo below 20 percent, is forested and thickly vegetated landF. With albedo less than lir percent, le Ice-ftte,oceari and Jakewith-sea-surface temperatures shown in degrees Celsius Continental .outirnes (note theice-fret land connection between Asia and 'North Ameoca) represent a sea levet lowering of 85 meters ' ar 11.

ASTRONOMICAL ATMOS ERtC EARTH AND OCEAN SelENCES 49

the North Central Pacific Ocean andand deposits them as "hydrothOltmal" inthe water, and circulation have theirrelationshiptothe overlyingsediments ontheseafloorThe importart effects on the ecosystems attfitrs'phere, NORPAA hasacon-northern portion of 'the East Pacific It also appears that large changes in tinuing measurement program usingRiseliesunderthe ;oneof high density of undercurrents have a large shipsandaircraftofoppiirtunity biolugicafprod,uctiv,ity of theimpact In fact, these changes may be NORPAX scientists have also madeequatorialPacificsurfacewaters responsibleforthe,collapie of lortg-term 'forecastsof , weather asHere, barium and zinc are supplied by biological productivity observed dur- ,part of their research Recently, theytheshellsof urfaie-dwellinging the 197.6 El Nino Scientists are accurately. predicted low rainfall overorganism's that accumulate on the sea now planning the Joint-II experiment, the midwest dciring the summer offloorAway from therisecrest, the mostintensivestudy yet 19Th and the development pf El Niiiiraluminum, silica, and to a'less extent,attempted of the rich Peruvian up- conditions, intheEastern Tropicaliron and zinc, are supplied by landwelling system Pacific' earlier that yrme year de,briscarriedawayfro South -Research has also continued in the Analysisoffossilsindeep seaAmerica by deep ocean ctirreisIn 9eagrassecosystemstudy,which sediment cores has enabled scientists some areas nickel, etrium, c pp'er,'deals, with the biological and environ- in the CLIMA-P,,Climate Long-rangeancrhnc are derived directfrom.mental processes affecting the ,Investigation, Mapping and PretIrt-seawater along with the diolher-growth, reproduction, and distribu- i non) Pruject to d ibethemain mal sediments, as well as throughlion of rooted marine grasses These global envionri-ientI features 18,000alteration of 'surfacti.....selments 'grasses are important as a nursery years ago Thick ice sfieets stretched AlongtheGalapagos Spreading forfisheriesandasa potential' asfarsouth as New York, sea surfaceCenter, northeast of the Galapagosreceiver of pollutants released into waters were cooler by an averar ofIslands, scientists from Oregon State,the marine environment 2 3' C, sealee)was lower by nearlyStanford, the Scripps Institution of 300efeet, and'the 'Gulf Stream wasOceanography,theMassachusetts Oceanographic Facilities located far to the outh.6( itslresent Instituteof.,- Technology, 'andthe and-Su. pport path-, running almost weit to east, in-vvoodtHoleOceanQgraphic 1.nstitu- contrasttothemorenortherlytion are examining the hydrothermal The "academic fleet" consists of pattern tflat it now. followsAs alsocirculation prcicess that leads to the' ,appr`oximately 30 major oceangoing, reportedinthe ,Climate Dynamicsproduction of metal-rich sedim ntsand coastal research ships operated sectionofthisreport, CULM AP where new ocean floor is formeBy. by academic laboratopes to carry out scientistshaveusedthisdatatomakingsea-floorheatflowandfederally supported research projects demonstratethat . changes inthe'bottom mater temperature measure-Ship-operatingandship-usingin- Eartfe's solar *olbit are the main causements, these scientists have lAen ablestitutions have joined in a voluntary ofglobalclimate, changes Theseto identify several areas where thisassociationcalledUNOLSthe changes seem to occur IA cycles ofhydrothermal circulation is presentlyUniversity)-Naqnal Oceanographic about 23,000, 41,000, and' .100,000taking place. The research submersi-Laboratory"Sysm2-to vri prove the yearThis data also "indicated thatble Ahn will be used during the utilizationand iffectiveness of the climatechangesintheSoutherncomingyearforsampling ofthis fleet and ensure 'that ship timeis Hemisphere occur about 3,000 yearsdisthatgingii waterUntil now theshared equitably be fore similar changes occur in thetemperature and,composition of this*Capabilities of the fleet have been rsiorthern Hemisphere c' water have been igferred either fromgreatly enhanced during97t.,5y`the Scientists from Oregon State Un'.7.laboratory studies of basalt-seawaterreplactment of three converted'ships versity and tfr Hawaii Institute ofinteraction or statistically by che'Micalof. World WarIIvintage with Ole Geophysics have continued to analyzeanaly'ses of large numbers of sedi-three new Oceanus class ships whose the origins of metal-rich sediments inment samples The use of Altnn will...constructionwasfundedbythe thet eastern equatorial Pacific as partallow this water tv be sampled direct-Foundation R/V Oceanus, the first and of the seabed assessment program.ly namesakeshipoftheclass,was Vanations in these sediments applear As aresult offiveinternationaldelivered late in 1375 and assigned to to 'beassociated with the kind offield exper merits, or different coastalthe Woods Hole Oceanographic In ,oceanenvironmentinwhich 4 tilt.), upwelling ecosystems,scientistsin stitution, which also carried out the` occur For example, near the crest oftheliving resources program haveoriginal design studies Wecorna, thevastPacific Rise, seawater flowsnow4hevynthatfairlysmalloperated byregon to University, through the new sea flvor, removesdifferences in wind, the shape of thewas delivered one month later minerals From the new oceanic crust,tea floor, d,enity and stability fieldsThe two ships were outfitted by their

6 /

50 ASTRONOMICAL ATMOSPHERIC EARTH AND OCEAN SCIENCES,

V respective operating institutions and have bee'n performing capably on full- scale' researchprograms sinceth spring of 1976 Construction of R Eniitirorwhich will be operated by the University of Rhode Island, was completed in October. 1070, Outfit ting is scheduled for thelyinter, and Endearor should be in full yen, ice early in1977Titleti_iall three ships is retained by the Foundation The are assigned to the operator institutions under renewable5-yearCharter Party Agreements/ - The distinguishing features of the atom. Class are flexibility and economy -Although onlx 177 feet in overall length: t hex.A--ttr-ry a ,llentific. p4rty ranging from 12 to lo persons, contain over1,000 square feetof

laboraton,space, and have alarge . open afterdeck that allows for easy Modern research ship. R V ENDEAVOR, the third of itiree new oceanographicyesselg, handling of alltpes of per-the-side was.added to the Nation's academic fleet in 1976 This 177-foot-tongOCEANUS-class oceanographic gear Another impor- sflip designed expressly for research is being operated by theUniversity of Rhode tant design feature is the placement and V of'quarters and 13boratorieslow amidships, ~herethey are least affected by motion Heax y construc- for apolar research vessel and for is providedunderanagreement. tion, deep draft, and high freeboardcoastal ships ranging from 85 to 135. signed in 1075by the Foundation, the make the ships exceptionally stable,feet in length These studies shouldpepartment ofthe Navy; and the steady, and dryimportant chard, be ready for evaluation early in 1977 No-bona' Oceanrc and Atmcispheric teristixs for 'worldwide: year-round The Foundation continues to Administration Duririg 197o, Foun- use C ontrollable speeds rangefromprovide asubstantial;hare of thedation grantees utilized the unique deadslowto 15 8knots, witha opera tiimat- supportforthe Deep depth capabilities of Alm for collec- cruisingspeedof 145,thecon- Submprgence Research Vessekiliin tions, %penmen ts; and observations trollable pitch propellor, fully operated by Wolids Hole afa INWtyna(in fields ranging frertimicrobiology to trainablebo;.thruster,andKortOceanographic Facility This support geophysics pro\ ide full nozzle steering .11* maneuverability c.nder way and on station The ships hate a range of . 7,C00 miles and 30-days' endurance United States Antarctic' Research Economicaloperatingcostsresult from a modern engine room, the use of eaS'ily maintained standard marine the equipment, and the need for a crew A Universityof Maine glackilogist Other's,'have documented the Ross Ice ternperat,ureriseinmuch' ofthe of only 12 persons , has shownthat, on and have Withthedeliv;ryof Endo,: or Shelf, tempelature of the iceata Southern Hemisphere that,if 'the greenhouse presently funded, construction act:I- depth of 10 rreters rose 1° C between scrggeved ty nas been c.omilfted and NSF is 1058 and 1074 The temperature ateffect of increasing atmospheric car: of bon dioxide causes global warming, now turningtoconsideration ictth",Tf-provedSept- indicator trendprobablywillbecome geeds During 107o,the average anual air temperature at the the future HoW- facilities and support surface Surface '''temperaturesat apparecrtfirstinAntarctica oceanographic ever, at the Same time the 1° C rise program funded conceptual design Byrd and McMurdo stations also rose studies andttests or existing design; during this period occurred in Antarctica, the Northern

. ASTRONOMICAL, ATMOSPHERIC EMTH, AND OCEAN SCIENCES 51 L

4 IMP 0-4 '

Through the is cores obtained witlithis rig in McMurdo Sound are helping to clarify the glacial and geologic processes in Antarct wer the past 60 million years

- - Hemisphere cooled, aryl the Ross he collectionbuoys were testednear and extracting sriow in situ through Shelf data alone do not confirm global McMurdo polyureth a olumns Samples warming A' University of California gripof100kilograms rmore were

Meteorology4continued in 1976 as has 'obtainedantarcticdata that processed,permittin , detectionof an important part of the U S Antarc- resolveapparentinconsistencicsin PCBinthepartsper quadrillion tic Research Program In addition to modelsformulatedtoexplainac- 'range PCB was thereby shown to routine surfacesand upper air cumulation in the sea ofsuch,reachAritarctick throughtheat- monitoring at South Pole and Mc- pollptants as thepolychlorinated.mosphere, although concentrations Murdo, research included study of (PCB) PCB hasbeen were several times lower' than those atmospheric. chemistry,energy re d in relatively high concentra-of DDT = transfer,precipitationfrom a tion in seawater of the North-Atlantic Penguin eggs, including, some cloudless sky; and aerosol formation,. and in virtually every marinecollected several years previously in . South Pole is one of the six U S organism examined fromallareas which PCB had not been detected, operated stations for global monitor- except Antarctica, despite exhaustivewere also reexamined using a tech- ing forclimatic change These analysis of antarctic Samples DDT,,nique that 'removed compounds in- stations measure carbondioxide, however, was present in the antarcticterfering with analysis for PCB. PCB ozone, aerosol, and sear radiation samples The models 'attribute entrywas detected in all the eggs. All data levels to identify long-term trends in intothe sea alrostentirelyto now are consistent with a model of the. concentratiogofatmospheric atmospherictranspor?, a& it global atmospheric, transport of DDT constituents that may change climate appearedthat. DDT was reachingaritWB To e4ble collectionof data away Antarctica rough the atmosphere The Vnited States, Japan, and New from stations, one of the antarctic,while PCB was' not Zealand completed a 5-year drilling program'sLC-130 airplanes was In a new attempt to determine ifproject in the McMurdo Souriaregion fitted with air sampling ports, sen-PCB was 'present in antarctic snow, in1976 The projectresultedin sors, and a logging 'system fn adch- larger samples than those previouslyrecovery of rock and.sediment cons tkin,twoair-droppabledata-examined were obtained by Melting from the deepest holes ever drilled on

63 .1 0 52 ASTRONOMICAL ATMOSPHERIC EARTH AND OCEAN SCIENCES

V the continent and was the first to use aboard the Fr nch antarctic research equippedtransport) airplanes 'dam- sea ice as a drilling platform Scien- ship ,'Marion D resne to extend primary aged in 1975 at a remote research tistsatlabortforiesinthethree productivity tudies into the southern project site in East Antarctica. Navy- led teams made field repairsio'two of participatingnationsare analyzing Indian Ocean the three planes and flew them out of the severalhundred metersof Of the four U S antarctic research recovered core Preliminary analysisstations, threeMcMurdo,South the continent for completion of the has clanked the glacial and geological Pole, - and Palmeroperated repairs The third plane las repaired at the crash site in the 1976-1977 historyof the region duringthe thropghout fiscal year 1976 A. case of Cenozoic era Permafrost was found hepatitisin December 1975 forced season This diversion effort_and of the funds, plus the shortage of airplanes, tobeover400meters deepat evacuation " andclosyre resulted in fiscal .year 1976 deploy- McMurdo Station,far deeper thancourtly-511)1e Stationfor the 1976 ment to,Antarctica of only some 130 previouSlyestimated,thisfindingaustral winter The station, which the normal negates a possibility suggested earlier supports projects in - upper'at- researchershalf' _ toheat andpowerthestation mosphere physics and is imporilint to summer's number. A Presidential decision in February geothermallyHoles drilled through t h e 1 9 7.6-7g International. wasreoc- 1976 reaffirmed the U Scommit- the ice-freevalleys southern MapretosphericStudy, Victoria Land ,reveated'active ground-cupied in late 1976e. ment to antarctic research and con- water sytems, which havea signify During the 1975-1976 diustralsolidated all funding for the United cant role in heat and water transfersummer, a major projectwar repairStates Antarctic Research Program at and retrieval df three LC-130 (ski-the Foundation in the area 4 The Coast Guard icebreaker cila,ter entered the Weddell-Sea tadja.cen4 to Antarctica in the Atlantic sector) to ., continue a physicaloceanographic Arctic Research' study begun in the late 1960's Two bottom-mounted current meter* emplaced in 19:75 were recovered, the 1 year's data shoW that northward flow U S-and Canadianinvestigators The second year of the Research on of Antarctic Bottom Water formed in completed a 14 -c-nonth study in May Arctic Tundra Environments project the Weddell Sea is concentrated on ,1970 of how air, ice, and sea interact comprised 17 teams involving some the western side and modulated inthe Arctic Ocean. Four manned45 scientists from 15universities tiddl. currents This dense, nutrient- camps on seaice,eight .unmanned The work was conducted at sites rich water mass can be traced into the data collection buoys interrogated by on theNorthSlopeofAlaska. wire doneat NorthernHemisphere The ship satellite,remote- sensingairplanes, Terrestrialstudies Meade River to characterize the land Occupied 55 hydrographic stations, as and a nuclear submarine collected forms and vegetationg "commieffittieS, falls south as 07'45' S Latitude data in a large area 00Q kilometers `salinity- temperature -depthend northeastof Barrow, AlaskaTheir11 easure the physiological response of conditions, --and conduc try( tv- temperalure-depth re- breakup of sea ice in ,October 1975 plantsto. physical corders were deployed., and water and forced abandonmentofthe main assess theeffectofgrazerson . krill samples were- taken for heavy camp,butall mail goals ofthe vegetation.Mappi gofsoiland'' , metal analysis A Scripps Institution'experiment were accomplished vegetation is compled, experiments of Oceanography cientIst headed the Analys,s.of the data is in progress and OR grazing effect's., re in progress oofik Lake, near research team is expected to give the bestdelicrip- quatic studies at The ice-strengthened research ship lion to date of the behivior-of sea ice e trans-Alaska pi ,eline route, have Was ,OrLadas operated by Argentina in responsetoatmosphericand q tilledtheb structure and used cooperatively by 'Argentine oceanicprocessesThe experiment and tro developed a model and U S scientists,. made three culminated 5 years of planning and of biological productivity, yielded data cruises in fise,.1 year 1976.0Research pilot studiesObjectives are to un-'ein _environmental andrecreational was per ed in the Scotia Sea to derstand .therelationshipof arctic stresses, and developed mathematical trace ure zone trends and in- processes to climate and to improve models for predicting biological con- variotis disturbances vest taseismic ridges in the sea tei.l.ttniciuesoficeforecastingThe sequences of Researchand , toobtain sediment cores, and to University of Washington, Seattle, is TheColdRegions investigate the oceanicpiola'r front coordinating the project under con- Engine,ei-ingLaboratory,Hanover, ,is the coordinating office "toneAlso, U Sbiologistswieirked tract'svith NSF -- N

, S 6 " ASTRONOMICAL ATMOSPHERIC, EARTH AND OCEAN SCIENCES 53

p Geophystosts from StLouis Uni- versity, working with scientists from Poland, West Germany, and Norway, set up Portable seismic stations, on Svalbard during tore miner of 197e' Earthquake,epicenters e located and .analyzed to help determine the present 'tectonic activity of this area of the arctic continental shelf The group set off large explosions and measured the sound waves atdis- tances of 1-00 and 200 kilometers as they passed through the deep crust-of the Earth .bene4th SvalbardThese data will help -to determine crust4I structure and composition The Foundation published a com- prehensivestatementoffederally wir supported .az.ctic research performed in fiscal 107b, it is aN,ailable froin the North Slope. At Meade River, Alaska, researchers continue studies of the impacts of Division of Polar Programs grazing and othdr ecological stresses oh the fragile tpndra environment

. -

4-1

I Of IV 7/1.;

AIDJEX. This main camp was one of four fanned installations established on the sea ice 600 kilometers northeast of Barrow, Aliska, for a study of air/fee/sea interactions and possible effects on climate in the arctic (Photo by Norbert Untersteiner )

6rt)

BIOLOGICAL, BEHAVIORAL, AND SOCIAL SCIENCES. 55

Biological, Behavioral, and Social Sciences

ofbrganization of the Founda- percent of the Federal support toFederal support in recent years from tion in July 1975 fesulted in.universities, ranging front 36 percentotheragencies,theFoundation's Athesettingup Of the in economics to 93 percent in politicalresponsibilityhasIncreased 'conso- Biological,Behavioral,andSocial science Approximately 70 percent ofnantwithnewscientificoppor- Sciencesprograipsasaseparate thebasicresearchinecologyis tunities in these a_reas. -administrativeentitywitn NSF supported by NSF, and in systematic The Foundation also has taken, on Research in these progra ranges biology the Foundation is ,the primarygreaterresponsibilityinthe plant fromstudiesonthefunmental sourceofsupportforacademicsciencesoa research effort of immense moleculesoflifeto the complex research mptarta'nce to the world's food prob- interactionsof human beings and NSF's reorganization in early fiscallems Although support for this work societal organizations, collectively:and year1976 broughtwithitnewha grown to approximately one- indtvidually the research deals with recognitionof \theFoundation'sthird of that available inNSF's someoftoday'smajorscientific responsibilities in the behavioral and -research. inthe biological sciences, challenges and rewarding discoveries neuralsciences.Neuroscienceis With'somewhatlargeramounts Although theIsitionhas madeAlong the fastest growing of theavailable from other agencies, there remarkable advances toward allevi-.sciences',attracting increasingariSstillmany promising areas of ating,.the pressing problems of food, numbers of young scientists as wellresearchgoingunexploredThese population, health, energy, and en- as established ones who are changingopportunities arise from new tech- vironment, many of the longer termfields to undertake the challenge ofniques' for manip-Ulating plant cells solutionswill be found within the understandinghowthenervous,experipentally and recent instrumen- constraints of new biological knowl-system andbrainfunctionAlso, toon that allows plant processes to edge and the limiOs of our understand-- because basic research in the psy-be quantified more accurately and ing of humankind The problems in/ chological sciences; anthropology, and rapidly "in both laboratory and field biological, behavioral,and social linguisticshasreceiveddiminishedsituations., sciences, are attracting considerable intellectualtalent andeffort,the results of this research will be ripe for exploitatidn over the next several Table 4 decades. In furthering basic knowl-, Biological, Behavioral, and Social Sciences edge in these important fields, Itis fiscal Yurs 1974, 1975. 1976 our expectationthattheNation's and Transition Quarter (July 1-Sept. 30. 1976), research ca0bilities on natural andof social phenomena will be strength- (Dollarele ened in a significant manner Fuel Yeer 1974 Fatal Year 1975 Fiscal Year 1976 Transition Quarter This is perhaps best Illustrated in Number Amount Number Amount NOmber Amount Number Amount those areas in which the Foundation Physioloo, Ceaular and MoiecularBtobri 994 1.3685 1.006 8 41 e7 1,053 $ 43 69 279 81200 assumes equal or "lead" agency-status Behr Neural Sconces 468 1524 541 18 50 539 1969 140 547 En mental Bolort '198 21 in contributing Pb the Federal efforts n 487. 26 05 534 26 84 1%6 7 15 Social Sciences 405 18 81 09 17 75 364 18 81 100 in support of basic academic research 511 Tots) 2.265 692 67 2.399 8104 17 2,490 In the'social sciences NSF provides 58 .8101 03 675 su 73 56 810pGICAL BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

The cleavage of DNA by restriction physiology, Cellular, and Molecular_ Biology enzymes coupled with techniques such as gel electrophoresis, filter hybrichiation, and use of the electron microscope for visualizing individual Researrch supported -'by the movement, and communicationcan DNA molecules provide a -new level physiology,cellular,and molecular now be analyzed quantitatively Also, of -..4knalyticalresolvingpower /for biology program. is concerned with with new understanding of virusesbiological problems that previously 'fundamental phenomena central to all that infgct higher piiint and animal could not be attacked In theory, It is biologiCal researchcellular sub- cells,- refearchers can now use these noc,", possible to a'rialYzoogenetically at cellular activities that affect activities virusesasprobeswithincellsto the molecular level any animal, plant, and functions of an entirplant ormodifyspecificcellfunctionsin or virus, including those tha are not animal It has become a a parent controlledwaysforinstance,to amenable togeneticana is,by during Ic7o that we arent ng an alter, Initiate, and inhibit certain celltraditional methods geneg erainwhich e discoveriesand- processes and the elements that control their concepts of the past are being extend- Ntliv techniques have been,activity and their prodNiitcanbe 'ed to explain phenomena at higherdeveloped for isolating and analyzing isolated and studied with pert to levels of complexitynamely, from subcellular structures such as structure andfunctionThis new intracellular Cellsandcellsystemstohigher ribosomgs, mitochondria, and approach for studying is organisms, including man Re- chloroplasts.Thesestructures, as regulationinhigher organisms searchers in this area currently are well as chromosomesandother particularly significant - because this xperiencing the excitement of dis- aggregates of complexbiopolymers, been a relatively intractable area co 'ry and an information explosion can be studiedtodeterminethe arableto those that launched relationship of their molecular struc- Gen. Structure and Function the 'new .biology" more than twoture and organization to their func- decades ago tionalproperties.This type of One ofthe most lexCiting ',and The curfent concentration of anal,iisisisat an eafily stage but is rapidly moving areas of basic research research at higher levels of Complexi- attracting sufficient attention so that in modern biology is the study of the ffy is due to a number of factors To a rapid progress can be anticipated in relationships between the structure greater extent than ever before basicundersynding many phenomena forand function of genesin organisms researchers, are directing their efforts &xample,howenzymeseffect as primitive as bacteria to those as tochallengesthathaveobvious catalysis, hOtv genes are turned "on" complicated as mn Such research relevanc7e to problems of health and and "off* the rationale of the genetic crosses the bouaries of genetics,* agricultureDisciplinary boundaries code and the spatial arrangement orbioch olecular, cell, and in biology have virtually disappeared, genes on chromosomes, the activitiesdevelopmental biology, thereby and Much oftoday'sresearch is of the ribosomal machinery during representing an interdisciplinaty ap- problem-oriented,approached -.with protein synthesis, and the intricacie*proach that uses the most powerful multidisciplinary methodologies Ma- of energy transduction in chloroplasts tools of each disciplipe-1 jor -factors thathavecatapulted and mitochondria the theoretical and practicrnicor- rstones of this research rely on the biological researchwithcomplex Mator-technical advances that may enzymesare systems to new levels of sophistica- be expected, to have a marked,effoct fa thatrestncti9l available which c break two DNA lion are the development and adapta- on the directron and rite of progress 1, biological tion of advanced instrumentation and inbiologicalresearchinclude, themoleCuies from different ref,nementsintechnique Forin- development of methodologies that origins so that hey can subsequently stance, a variety of cell types now can permit the analysis and experimerktal be splicedt ether to make a hybrid be offfiee.4tined under laboratory con-'manipulationofgeneticmater)l or chimermblecule By the addition ditionsinwhichtheycan grow, Foremost of these advancesisth of spec enzymes called polymerases molecule, divide,and beexperimentally discovery of the mode oli action and gases, thehybrid manipulated With the use 4of restriction enzymes and the, subs corytal the particular genes under. biochemical, biophysical, genetic, and qdentuseofthisknowledge for iniSestiga ion plus those genes that physiological methodologies, the mapping the genetic material at thea oc,ryplicationto occur, become dynamic processes of these cells nucleotide level For example, hybrid ' iologically inseparable The, Foundstion is supporting ims suchascellulardivision,growth, DNA molecules can be propagated in vitro and then transposed fp a host cell portant basic research dealing with %, differentiation, specialized functions,

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CHROMOSOME A _secondHarvardgroupis. examining, how .geAes for-"the OLAsKifp of t nucleic acicli&-Coroponent (? nbosomes are Anti-oiled These 4 ire-genes that ultiMately' affect the phenotype of an organism byinfluencingthetypes Woteins that the cell -produ BACT UM 6 -and their rate's of`synthesis, FRAGMENT Genes isolated from the CHROMOSOME' WITC-IFIESTRJCTION ENZYME ANNEAL AND fly,Drosophila,in aStan JOIN WITH Uni4s10 laboratoryfare being DNA LIGASE used a sa'a model system to study how repetitive sequences in the . histont. kenes affectthe wax REASSEMBLY genesact1,0'arecqntrolled .under hormonal influence A University of California, San Ptanciscd, team is studying the topological organization of mul- ANIMAL DELL RECOMBINANT tiple .copiesof 'mitdchopdrial PLASMID genes,-while another group'et i tilellUniversfty of Iowa isin CHROMOSOME vestigating the mechanisms, by which, thele genes orchestrate mitocildndrial protein,. synthesis Since mitochondria are the ne R&IMBINANT, polzerhouses of a cell,_the fun- PLASMID damentaldifferencesbetween ,the organization of cellular and 1 BACTER1M of mitochoridrial genes must be t 4 , explored to elucidate Gene isolation and amplificetiod. A new researchiechnique of immense potential for understanding the details of how genes function makes use of restriction enzymes waysinwhichinf tonal There xist in certain bacteria small rings of-DNA carrying a few genes ieparate from potential is finally expressed the bTeteria's 'chromo-sons These- rings, 'or plaSmids, esn be broken by the t restriction enzylne..as can DNA from an animal cell When mixed, parts of these two Hemoglobin is an essential corn -' different kinds-5f DNA can be recombined into a new plasmid, whi h cah then by .ponfrit of blood in that it carries introduced to tt4 bacterium and reproduced in'reat numbers for her.study -_ oxygen to allvital tissues and orgarits.,A Harvard University' 11. taiae(-atoryis examining how thetheeityand,practiceofgene' cartondioxideinplants,., a rabbit glogingenes *affect solation and amplification, the ability physogical sass fundamen- hemoglobIrr'synthesis .by study- to make' multiple =gene copies The far toall Norms on our ing the regulatory gene results and tienefik, from this "-planet. sequences_ l the mechanisms research should be both immediate . At 1-l'arvard University, 'a get-04, by whichthese genesare r far-reaching,including afull- is pursuing the genres responsi- transcribed A research team at anddamentar. understandingofhow blefornitrogenfixationby Yale University is studying both genes are'expresed and controlled to. ecialbacteria which are it- the 'normal' a.pdthalassemia how they replicate atfd tecombine, t hed !the 1100 tS o f legdmes % gtobin genes from human ..o , A research teamatthe u,nivei-7 'such, as soybeans, peanuts, and beingsIn addition to nailfying sity of C San 'Diego, is _peas and which 'are resppnsible the' methods by normal =Studying t oft chanism by for 'the.' primary Source of genes act and are controlled, &sips which certain.geneS cart coidrol. organic nitrogen necessary ter study also has pieovided a corn- the.(ixation. of t almosphoric growth of food crops , parative analysis of an abnormal . -I BIOLOGICAL, BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

*yr iii

elec onis coUnterpirtof the human as well as the gene itself.After its reactioncenters,:the a co x' hemoglobin gent synthesis m nucleotide units and"transferred"through ,short single - liequence of "acceptors" for extentual Various stages of gene amplsfica-develop in'to in the complete struc- UseinthemanufactUreof Or- tion have been accomplished in each sti'anded ture was introduced into a bacttrial bohydrate Numerous protiins, Often ofthesesystems Research made :4 thatpreviouslylackedNils associated with the plant Membranes, povible by this amplificationis,instrain function The result was a complete Ived in this electron transport most cases, just beginning However, restoration of normal function to the ocest, whichiscoupledtothe at' least two of the studies already bacteriaPcell oduchon of high-energycom- have produced important results Tlie pounds necessary for driving fun- isstudying Harvard group, which damental biochemical reactionS'in the nitttken fixa- . genes responsible for, Advances in2Photosynthesis.plant Of particular, Interest among tion, has taken a first step toward the many 'research projects on this plantsthe Our abilityto produce adequate -givingnonlegumirious electron transp.o4.44pr6duction of biological cmpactty for nitrogen fixa-foodstuffs for future generations will-- high:energy compoun sis work at made twobe linked, in part, to ourability to tion Thisgroup has Purdue on the basic interpfetation of productivity, some important recent advances First, the Increase croP light-induced potentials in techriologieS for increased productivi- bacterial replication vehicle, to which photosynthetic membranes and the ty of agricultural crops depend, in the two groups of nitrogen-fixation questiorf of whether hydrogtn ion genes have been joined,has beenturn, ona basic undersAnding of gradients are cNipled to active . shown tolsurvive transfer to plantplants One of the most important ' transport processes cells 4 Second, two indeperident aspects of plant science IS the process A new technology based ona' wh insolar replication vehicles have been con- ofphotosynthesis, Pholotlectron microscope developed ide in the structed, eacir containing a bloc of the energy converts carbon at the University of Oregon and the ,..rutrogen-fixatibn genes One of theseplants Into biochemicals necessary4or Oregon Graduate Center will enable pi ant growth hybrid ullik has been cloned, the scientiststo study chlorophyll and NSF-supportedresearchinthis Otheriwill be cloned shortly The next otherpigmentcomplexesinthe arellhas dealt with various aspects of. step is toselect a recombinant photosynthetic membranes of plant photosynthesis, from the capture of replication vehiclecontaining both criloroplastsi This microscope shows to photon's (sunlightenergy) by of .nitrogen-fixation genes images of electrons selectively ejtcted chlorophyll to the synthesis of chains tempt insertiozitito plant cells The from the chlorophyll by a laser "beam.. of carboatoms, 'andincljaing thee, Stanford University,,group, 'studying With specific lateraliartd depth resolu-- actions an ntrol of genes',Involveci' .ihe his tone genes'from Dr-ow/ rib, has tioh,it will beziasible to, detemnine inthe pr s Rese4rchers at the isolated the histone messenger RN.A, .thelocati.on anconcentration of the Universities of Rochester and Califor- artd has determined the length of the. pigment within the membranes This which it is nia, Berkeley, have beenstudyingthe messenger and the way in technique has' the potential to yield way in which light energy is"cap- 'processed by the cell to,unit size This further infO'rrriation on the pathways of tured" by chlorophyll molecules and is accorlished by the formation of electron flow duringhotosynthe- specialloopsbetweenthehistone funneled to_ the ':reaction centers," . sis gene DNA and the messengerRNA discretecomplexes of chlorophyll and thatistranscribedandprocessed other molecules, where the actual 41° from it transformation oflight to'electriCal akitcosin Nitrogen A ery different approach toward energy occurs Considerable progress Fliation th8111 goalofunderstanding. gene has been made at the Unive7sity tof structure and functon also has beenWashington, University of California, A r' es rch area spanning the whole under way fdr the past'decade At tfre San Diego,Universityof .'Penn- spectru of NSFis . MassachUsetts InstituteofTech- sylvania, and City, University of New,cellular; nd molecular biology program ncerns the process'of l'nology a gene. tivtcodesfor a 'Yorkinclardying- thefaroCess. of, fixation by rhizobia,the' suppressortransfer RNA forthe energy 'traltduction in the reaction nitrogen amino acid tyrosine has been syn-centers of plapts and photosynthetic particular bacteria on roots Of 4 leguminous plants. In addition to the thesized with. "off-the-shelf"bacteria un terms of time sequence Previously, chemicalsThe. research team hasand 4e naturedfthe ,molecules genetic work. mentioned shown unequivocally that the 19Q- progressis beinA made in numerous process :Eric unit polynucleotide consistsof botlf After the electro.t" has been other aspects. of S thy tide start - and -stop portion of the gene septr'atedfrom the chloroPhyllin the at 'Stanford . on

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A a BIOLOGICAL BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 59 C.

molybdenum protein of the complex The question of how, rhizobia aremunicationsdeveloped with chim- enzyme, otrogenase, that cata4zes attractedto the foots of legumesrp`arrzees shave proved valuablefor . the reduction of nitrogen, has pro-whore nitrogen-fixingnodules aretraining language-deficient children' vided new informationonthe formed'isa crucial facerof the whol0.Also,parallelfindingsinresearch chemical state arld envirment of process, an example of the $ eneralwith children and chimpanzees show, themolybdenum' atom Similarly, area of investigation involvingthatthe processes of language investigations..: IfWisconsin, and chemical specificity Work being con-development can now. for the first Minnesota have farther Illuminated ductetl'at Colorado, Montana State,time be studied unde4 scientifically the chemical state and environment and the University of Minnesota is in controlled conditions One such find- of the iron atom.in both the iron and the process of elucidating this topm ingshowsthat conceptsinboth iron-molybdenum; proteinsIn addi- Variousaspectsofworkatthe childrenand chimpanlees develop On to this work on the catalytic site, molecular and submolecular level are before language labels are attached to. scientists at Wiscixisid and Purdue enablingenzyinologists,geneticists, them This implies that early have characterized 'further the bioengineers, and crop specialists to , language development is not simply a unit structure of tne enzyme, as well deternuhe life processes of plants andVatter of imitating adult language as the nature and regulation of the animal&and ultimatelyto provide but requires' the prior maturation of ' metabolic pathway in nitrogen Foca- .knowledgethatwillassistJDin-cognitive functioning An offshoot of 't Lion creasing plant productivity teachingsignlanguageto914m. panzees is a new interest by linguists +IP in the use of sign language by deaf people Behivioral and Neural Sciences Researchon cognitiveprocesses' (sometimescalled"highermental.; processes") has created a great deal of . . excitement inthe past year One The behavioral and neural, sciences* methodsoftechnology,including approach, calle'd information prOCerss- continuetobe amongthe most autoradiographic and enzyme tracer,Mg, analyzescomplex,menial rapidly developing areas of -science technique§to delineatenerve.operations into kinctionalisub- During.the past year the behavioralTathWays and the use of computer processes These subpioCe,sses, bear- ,and, 'neural sClences . programswire technology for three-dimensional ing a varietyoftechnical- names,,. reorgalvized within-theFoundation to reconstruction of neurons and allow importantdistinctionsto 'be focus research 'ger human and animal raNtomicalrelationshipsof entiremade when disease or other factors behdvic;t and the orgaWystech' .tha;/nervous systemsof small otganism` s, interferewith human learning, direttry.underlies behavior the ner- have provided increased opportunities memory,ror tHought To focus most

vouS ststerri , to understand the-finesteucture a'fideffectively 'on current and expected One ofthe most important recent function of the brain advances inthis area,a new N6F" Wings in the neurosciencr is the Understanding the devetopment of program,memoryand' cognitive demOnstrationof"sprouting"or the braz1 and of human behavior is ,a prc?ceSses, was formed during fiscal 'grAtth,of nerveazcons frOrn an adult key "objectiC4e of the behaviorala. allyear j976 ." animal in raw (oufse 'the organism), neural sciencesFrom studier with A second new program, sensory, indicating a much greater capacity forodjoritant animals, thereisinuch evi- physiology and perceptidn, was es- growth and change. in the nervousdence that the nervous systemsand tabh'shed,formally to be responsive to systerrrthan was though! previously hence-the behaviorof animals maythe rapid developments occurring in tobethecase ).,therimpdtant be affected permanently by environ- researchonallsensor);systems findings !include the idefitification Of a'Mental' events, during critical periods Involvedinreceivinginformation ;lumberofpreviously' unicnoan ofearlylife. research may'from the environment especially cherrncal neurotransmitters responsi- provide, the bisisor understanding vision and hearing Knowledge of the blefor excitationorinhibition ofthOfects of:early deprivittion in the fundamental nature of hearing, Poi- neuion§ in the brainUsing simple lives of childrenAnother research example,- has been advanced Invertebrate,animals; i'seacchers-area in which work vsith animals has significantly through recent research gai:iesliroxiin that the lear'innOrbcess begun to improve our capabilities for in microanatomy, electniphysiology, .results 4ron2 'changesinsynaptic.dealing with human problimsjs that and human andanimalpsy- transmission at critical iunctrons in of language learning by chrrnpeplees chophysics Aparticularly important tfiebrain'sneural circuit New Training procedures korn- research areadeals with tykie of Bo BIOLOGICAL BEHAviQFieL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

..'1\ g loss, called -presby.cusiS, thatthese fields' Initiatives in responseto lem of how the brain is so marvelous- fletible; and various approaches accompanies aging r the reccimmenciation are under way ly have been taken to study this-plastici- Knowledge of cultural Itenomena Adaptability of the Brain ty This flexibilityis)e penally also.has advanced signifrcantly in the - pronounced_ duringear velop- past year As an example, large -scale , e-r Plasticity or adaptabilityeis the most ment, and increasing attention to how research concerning unbiased.* aractgtistic of the brain; the the brain changesduring dung this period social, programsis salit4it.' evaluaticrsof brain's a aptalility eipiesses itsslf in - has beenparticularly fruitful Newer beginning to produce unkortaryit nearlyallcentral' nervous system findings suggest the' flexibility per-. ------ces.uks__Sjani-ces of bras in the earls sists at older ages evaluation of such national prolramsila'pergitions, but especially nyrecovery , from damage A dramatic. example of GaryS.Lynchof the University of as Head Start havebeen -identified such recovery is the case of a young California,Irvine,hassuccessfully andcorrected,with't resulting tech- used i hum* of biological ". reanalysis lhowing more neficial Americansoldierin the' Korean who sustained a massiv_e niquestodetect theprocesses'by effects of this 'program than thoseImpaign . theleft' winch, the brain recovers aftej being 2reviously estimated In -arthearea,' brainwoundinvolving are isikel!damage anch 'first 'showed that has parieto-tempero4_ccipital social psychologi axohalsprouting(nerve 'growth) respond to first he was totally triable to speak, f&used on how rsons takes plate 'in the hippocampus part experience with events the are outbut in 3 months he was uSinEtWo- word sentences Eight years later, he a the odultrat brain inresponse to a of their ;gontrol The results indicate had recovered fullyand- exhibitedlesion, He used both light and-'elec- thatsuchexperiencescan cause `v normal speech Neurosclenlists halle:2', trbnmicroscopy to "ma'p-" the extent -..iudividuals to become passive in the long beefi concerned with the prob7; of the sproutingand used' biochemical. face of,seemingly ungont*lable, but :, , sk latercontrollable,events- tufft . .- . efforts arefocusing on how h "learned helplessness" may be er; 7 HIPPOCAMPUSIAND TYPICAL CELL'. come in'thefield ofanthropology, t 41- 1er- research conducted by U S scientists in Africa and Asia. has -shown new evidence indicating the origins of man a5 early as 3Lt million yeas ago Archaeological research on agriculturaltechnologwsuksts that early irrigation .tecniquarmay have been mare efficient than those inrise todayAnother investigation produced the interesting finding that even in prehistoric times the concentration of mercury in .fish, was well above,theccrcentrationtin'the surrounding ..erwironinent During the year,'NSF's programs in behavioral and'neural sciences, together with .those of the social sciences were revievted by a special committee" of 'the N 'tivnal Academy of Sciences Possibly,e most impor- % 2 tant gene-rjl commeudation ( . , presented in the firl'al report,Social and Nerve growth In 4hi brelp. The,hmpocarnpus, a part of the brain implicated in emotion, viveral activity, short-term memory, and other behavior,has recently been the National Science Behavioral Stienti in shown to "sprout" new nerve cells In response tq injury Anexperimental technique 'Foundation,is the needior larger scale has now been devised to study sprouting from normalhippoeimpus tissue removed researchefforts, -147F(,, havt been from the brain a step of great imporlance.inUrideistending mechanismi underlying supported regularly inthe .pastin this neural plasticity , r

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....ie.", and electr,oPhysiological experiments rosciences, his approach is character-number and diameter of nerve fibers to verify that this new growth was istic of many superilOrained youngserving the auditory mechanisms as indeed- funCtional These initialex.- neuroscientists Incontrastto a well as a "parallel reductiOnin the periments were carried out In VIVO (In decade ago when aneuroscientist number of receptor cells However, it the living species) for -seyeral years' tended to be either a Aeuroanatomist, isdifficult ,to obtain well preserved and'clearl! ed4blished sprouting in`a neurbiheraist, a neurophysiologot, hurrian material, and the :observed thebrain as e reproducibleor a neuropsychiplogist,todayMogifications may have been)pro- phenomenon neurciscientists are oriented toward a duced by some external agent, it (was, . Ashe research' 'progressed, how- given problem and attempt to bring-desirable for Ades fp compare these ever, it became clear that there were the full technological rangeof results with those obtained on inner limitations to a strictly.in my.) 'analysis modern biological Methods derivedears from aged nonhuman peimates, Fix example, the sprouting is preced- from a number of disciplines to bearpreserved,under controlled laboratory ed by a tremendous probferation of onthat problem T.111approach moreconditions The early results of thest gliaT cells(nori-nerve cellsinthe than any other singl?factor underliesmilestigations confirm the findings in , gEamrinVthe region into which the the success of Lynch's- research pro- humans nees would later grow Intiro,it gram 4t Working' in coniunction with the . . ,wasimpossibletodeterminethe Yerkes Prim'ate CenterinAtlanta, underlyingmolecularmechanisnis HearingLossPresbyaiisii- Ga ,;des_ andhisassociateschs- Considerations of ,this sorted Lynch coveredseveral anatomical changes in .to develop a device where Sprouting The hearing-ability of hismans and aged prim-31es which may be relate could be studied 'Invitrooutside the manyother animals clteriorates with-to the presklycusis Phenomenon increasing age The loss of hearing, organism, in "amuch more controlled example,abnorrn'alChanges w manner After *much called pFesbycusis, is ,so'widespread in found in the structure of the m m- special-today's society that-essentially every young inw-estigator devised bi-ane Mtween the sensory hair Its man4n0- womaneventually 'en- chtmber .rnwhich"slices"of, the of the cochlea (inner ear) andhe hippocainpits could be maintained as couoters 'it. 'Presbycesisistypically-{fibers that are primarily respon ble normal (nonlesion Orain tissue He .more severe for rAn than women, for, transmitting auditory inforination then developed additional new tech- and' at curs more rapidly at high to the central, nervous system These niques, necessary to study. sprouting frequen ies bf soyind than at low Thechanges occur at the afferent synaptic 1pthis chamber These 'pioneering.'first ,ecordedincidence, of Junction and appear to be of suIficienf fectiniques have benefitpd many Presbysu s is fOund in recor4 In- magnitude to impede normal synaptic netirosciaritists dicatingthatEgyptianssustained activity, '., Lynch is now seaI-CM-4:4er ,pertnanee hears centuries ago _ t%, specific?gbstarkes ', that -underlieas a 'result ofwt ongthe Various other changes ippear In sprouting ,r3slicesof brain tissue.Cataracts of the Nt Whi e any the aged cochlea For.mistance, thfre fwhere he can more easily detect and scientists have argued that specific isa.forrrition of large vacuoles and a measure changes For example, -he is,changes in the auditory system aresignificant intracellular accurnulation determining what materials are directlyca'usedorfacilitatedby aof hpo-ifiscin 4a biochemical product° released by, the slices to trigget the n/iisy environment, itis not clear ifcyf deterioration) Iii the specific ien- proliferation of glial cells and if slices the changes result from exposu?e to sory and su ring Deiters Is fromnorrpalhippocampfs 'release noise or are due to general There I ]so an abnormally materials, that - suppress' theglial physiological. aging devilioped rein -japd structure that iv- proliferation-XinCir,these substances Harlow' W Ayes of,,,the School ofprojects m the *cuticularplate are identified and characterized, hi*Electrical 'Engineerivg. at the Univer-'above the hair cell into,the receptor 'plans to reintroduce them into the.sity .(!ifIllinoisand, his ,associates- cell itself -(Although this. structure wiciteanirtial ,toverify recentlyhave Aocu'inenteoli..neurro-.rhAy 'be present in young animels,x ,molecularact?ons ana determine their afiatomical changes in the audito6, increases 111 sizea'ridlength with,/ I behavioraleffectsThis work has system that apparently occur IX in increasing age ) Also; the number of provided scientists with 1 method of acditoey mechanisms of indlviduaof macrophage cellsinthe Inner ear , I manipulating one form offneural advanced age They conducted pOs increases plasticity Sand 9f understanding In morte,rnstudiesonthe, vestibular and' hisassociates are, In- unde ing molecular mechanisms sensory- ePithella and, sensory necvee,vohlea continting effort primari- fibers in elderly` humans and found a though Lynch's work has had fy.addressed to two questions (1) Are unusualimpact upon the.tieu- considerabk redaction/ inboth the theneuoanatomicalchangesofb- (3 1

82 BIOLOGICAL. BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES ,,r

sefilved,in aged cochlear and vestibularto noise-than "pristine" ears? only slowly, but the continuedOtt mechanisms similartothe neuzo- From the results of this research,''sequence meths ologyislikelyto anatomical effects caused b intenseour knowledge of the aging ,processprovide more acc ra ts information oe' noise? did (iti Are auditory mecha-, and the" effectsaf,noise ;op the divergence lineages,especially.in nisms that haye deteriorated becauleauditory. system will be- greatly ex- cases where the fossil record15pobr of the aging process more susceptible panded ' Community ecologl, has -. con- stituted the intellectual core 'of the science of ecologysince its beginning earlyinthiscentury.Itisstill EnvironmentalBiology thriving, asking new questions, delv- ing deeper into ones long asked The natureofcoadaptive:,interactions 1 between plants and the insects that k.4ajer parts of systematic IN moat rates of structural genesfeed upon them, for example, has . and ecology; the core disciple appeal ,be lar Independent oflong piqued the interest of ecologists. NSF's' environmentalbiologypr - ratesofevoluti na5 judgedby On the basis of new knowledge, for- grams,' haveundergoneprofound,anatorral'a characteristicsofthe example, of tile biochemical- identity transitions during recent years Until species For example, Wilson and hisof a variety of "secondary subsfancesir recently systematics.the classfica-coworkers haveevidencethat-that . plants are known to pr tion of.plants and animals to. initcatealbumThA- has evolved; at about thesnore-sophisticated ecologicabins .natilral 'relatiopshipsicbuld onlysame ratein frogt and m'amm'als an emerging. New techniques of ipfer gel-tett( relationships from ready,r,Further,ithey .have compares 44'rnicrochefnical a'halysis are paving the ly discernible anatomical similarities proteins of humans and chimpanzeesWay for the study of the population. Since the 1950's, however, knowledge.and found ,therri99 percent iaeritical;genetic aspects of the relationships as ' of the molecular structure of proteins yet.from a traditional, anatomical well andof DNA (deoxyribosenuclei-c basisthe two primatepe,cits are Di. lkIg the past decade two dis- acid/incertain tax noic -groups, classified' in different fa ciptinary offshbots of systematics and particularly vertebrates has made it Although only a few of the seruc-;ecology have developedpopulation possible to inquire directly about the tural proteins have beet,' compared, biology and ecosystem science. similarities .ordifferencesinthe* the evidence suggestsstrongly that Variouslinesofinvestigatior by molecular structure of organisms By the rates of DNA :change in struc-corhmunity. ecologist4 and by comparing similir classes df Proteintural genes have little :relationto systematistsare coming ..tofocus multiiVeled .tl% t cah be isolated easily ratesof -overallevolution of the more precisely .on At molecules ,,natural in reasonably pure formblood species?tie'mselvesSince the slow'analyses of tbe biology of proteinssuch as hemoglobin and rate9fchangeinthe. DNA' ofpopulations the facets includ4opu: "albuminthe'readily detected structural, genesappearsnotto lationgenetics, behavior,and differencesinthe amino acidse- explain organisnial evolution, Wilson physiology,' as wellas ecological quencroft'temoleculescan, be Is now testing the hypothesis that the-relationships attributed to differences in structural oasis foradaptiveevolutionof Ecosystem science, embodying art genes, that is,. the DNA sequences-organisms is primarily through the approach that was evident ,early tha&-code for these proteins mutationrateofthe' ;regulatorythe history of ecology, -has made The hypothesis underlying studiesgenes genes that control the ac-.substantial progress through the U S of 'Allan C Wilson and associates at tivationofthestructuralgenes biome programs undesr the augpices ityof California,Wilson arguesthatthe mode of.'of the ,International Biological Pro- `the IBP completed its 'a- .r Berkele at careful examina-action of regulatory genes known to gram (IBP) tionor productsofspecific function in'bacterial systems will be istenceas a formal: organization , structural genes from groups .that applicable tot higherorganisms -several years ago, but the support of experienctr' contrastingrates onf-Through then work, Wilson and his.some of these large integtated proj- organismalchange wouldprovideeow,vrkerts lave sharpened the focus ects has continueJ---Duping fiscal year . .Orformation on the mutation rates ofofmolecuThrevolutiorr andhave 1976 these biome projects, were in the genes and Possibly on the rates ofundertakenchallengingstudies' ortvaryirig stages -4, completion, And a evolutioriin differentspeciesof the evolutionary -- ,significance of second generationof integrated organismsBud contrary to expec-"regulatory genes " This ambitionsecpsyste' research -projects, smaller tations, the work suggests that theproject will provide definitive results.in scale was beguria meaeure'bf tlfe

74 BIOLOGICAL BEHAVIORAL, AND SOCIAL SC CES' 63

initial pc?' grams' success In large part the new studies extend and refine insights, information, and techniques developed ;I'nthe IBP-initiated projects- The taiga ecosystem -study in Alaska, a prime example, was for mulated mainly byscientists who participated. inthe Tundra _Biome I4. project' IL-/1111 4 ....11102._ ' AdaptatiOns of .Plant0,tio- Extreme Environments , , go Harold Mooney-of Stanford. Uni- versity and011e BiOrkman and Joseph Berry of the Carnegie Institution of Washington are tioying to bridge the sap that existsbetween investigations, of held ecology, whole -plant physiology', and studies at the .4110# Ititlituorellutar levels, they

.tang to upcOver the adap- Transplant garden. SCierttists studying the tolerance of desert,plants to the extreme nisms that enable certain envirdnment Death Valley, Calif ,are trying to learn mor about the adaptive grants to tolerate, and Iii some mgchaniscns t plants to survive under such condition Such research may be( useful in the development of new kinds of food crops that can be grown under cases' eventhrive,instressen'- desert conditions vironments that are lethal to plants in general 'For this purpose they are mparing the-performance of plalhtsthose of plantstransplanted from occurs at about 46° C (115° F), and its occupying itatttats thit are extreme contrastingclimatessuch ascool productivity exceedsthat of most in one respect or another oceanic hagitatsFurther studies on plants on Earth even in lush climates One 'suchenvironment is the these plants, grown. under a series of with moderatetemperaturesand desert tloor of Death Valley, Calif, precisely.: controlled environments in ample water supplyThe ability, of one of The hottest and most- asjc1;the Carnegie laboratory at Stanford, .Talesttomia andsevOalotherhot environments onEarlh In summer,permit these workers to separate the desert plants/s'uch as the creosote the plants mpst talerate,temperatures effects of Parlous stress factors, such Larrea dtvancata, toendure 7 that often reach or even exceed 50° Cas; hightemperatures andsevere extreme heat which is-lethal to-plants (122°'F),whileatthe same timedrought, as well as to analyze thefrom temperate climltes as in large haling to cope with extremely dri air component0ml processes and thepart due to an unusually higtftheritial (about 5 percent relative,hiiMidity)propertiesof , cellularcomponents stability of their'photosynthetic and very limited water supply Plafits such as chloroplast membranes,and machineryinvolving components of that are acne and aW., to grout enzymesi the chloroplast membranes responsi- . uryier these conditions must have The research reveals striking ble for-photochemical activity 8 well special adaptations to resist thermaldifferences among higliter plants.Mth as enzymes of the CO3-fixingo1'stem , and drought injury and at the sargeregard to their capa&es to utilize Tidestrorta (and numerous' other tine be able' to Carry out photosyn- water,photosynthesize, grow, and-species fronii 15 families, mostly of Thesis Witha high efficiency of water slIrrvive Prqbablythemost spec-dry tropical' and subtropical origin) use. _Withtheaidof a specially tatular exalt-4:1e isTiestromia also possesses an especiallysefficient /equipped mobile faboratvy andan oblcogifolta,nativetothefluorof mechanism for CO, fixation, called experimental transplant garden: these Death 'Valley This remarkable plantthe C4 pathway of photosynthesis investigators are able to study. the has peak. activity:with, very rapidThis pathway, in combination with productlyrity and key, physiological grcith, during the hottest part 'of'theunusualheatstabilityofits processes, sail as photosynthesi, )n the year: but is dormant during the photosyntheticIraratus, enables extreme desert plants in the) :ye mild winter and-spring The optimum lidestromip to maintain extraordinarily sites anti also to compare thern\ w!th rsit.eof- photosynthesis and growth fastratesofphotosyntfieesand

1 a A%

BIOLOGICAL, BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

111

growth in the extreme summer heat identifiedand 'characterized The and his coworkerdiat Cornell Univer- 'and to male very efficient use of the Mooney-Bjeirkman-Berry project is a'say have been studying the chemmal ecology, Energetics, and population . limited water supply basic research program to discover, Many other species occupying the analyze, and understand the biology of two closely related, leafy floorof DeathValley,including responses and adaptations of plants eating,swallowtailbutterfliesthat several species of Atnplex (saltbush), to harsh environments As such, it is liveintheIthaca, N Y., area but possess the C4 pathway of photosyn- a good example of the fundamental which feed in-quite different thesis, but plants with the conven- work that must underlie the develop- situations_ tional C3 pathway, also, are present ment ofc s thatcantolerate The black swallowtail, Parlio polyx- and have developed special mecha- environmental" stressesand make (nes, feeds on the Wild carrot and its nisms for survival For example, theefficient uw of limited resources relativesofthe umbellifer family evergreeq shrub, brrea chrancata,is Leaves of wild carrot, with relatively ,capableofseasonally adjustingits 'Plants and Their high aihrents of nitrogen, sodiuni, photosynthetic temperature depend- Insect Herbivores andwater,provide a nutritious, ence in an adaptive manner Perhaps though somewhat sparsely dis-. the most strikingfeatureofthis Most -plants synthesize compouinds persed,foodsource forthe black the species is itsabilitynot onlyto that have the effect of protecting swallowtail,whichdetoxifies endurevery' high levels of water them from attack by insectsNot specific quSlitative poisons that act as stress liut also, to photosynthesize at surprisingly, in the course of time barriers to many other insect species normal.Mes, even when, as a conse- herbiyorous insects have developed, The second species, the tiger quence of ,lbw soil moisture and very metabolic systems to detoxify these swallowtail, P glaucus, feeds On the dry air, the water potential of the noxiousplantcompounds These leaves of many families offorest plant has fallen to very low levels (-35 relationshipsbetween plants .and trees While the canopy of these trees bars)In plants from moderate insectsareof-Increasinginterest is a seemingly abundant food source, climates, photosynthesis usually because they may have led to the use it is not.nutritio,tis since it is relatively ceases at about -10 to -15 bars, and of"natural"strategiesforplant low-inthe /nitrogen,water,and pelickingedstress' below-17bars protection In an effort to learn more sodium required by growing insects. generally islethal The mechanisms about these relationships, Paul Feeny The scientistshave foundthat responsible for 'the ability of Lirrea 'aidcertainotherdesertplants, including Atriplez hymenelytra, to retain riorrnal rates of photosynthesis under' severe .drought- arecuriesttlythe subjectofintensivestudy by the Carnegie-Stanford Group , Another interesting and potentially useful aspect of the research is the genetic studies in which C4 species and C3 species of flittplex, are h./Br-1d- t*m orderto determine the dWe of iphentance of the C4 photosynthetic NUL pathw:ayIt wouli,ofcourse, be enormously useful if scientists could sr- discover how Some of the characteristics of desert-adapted plants could be ititroddced into plants that are useful for food, fiber, fodder for animals, fuel, or ev-en' Soil stabilization Intro: Plait defense strategist. This caterpillar.of the black swallowtail butterfly is one of the duction of such adaptations through few insects able to eat and tolerate the specific chemicAls in thiannual umbellifer plant, breeding probably, will be very .plant _Community ecologists suggest that many plants use t hemical defense mechanisms wakes this, in which only a fqw insect species'can locate andadapt to difficult H%vaer, before the that food supplr61.In the other hand, *vet of longstanding perennial plants, such as feasibilityof ,efforts -can be ,trees; are subject to being eateribylmany species of insects They tend todevelop evaluated, itis, Of coul-se,mecessary general. multiple toxins that act to limit the 'population growth of their irrslact that these adaptive/ Mechanisms. be poltdators (Photo by Paul Feeny/Cornell Univ ty,) _

jt) BIOLOGICAL BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIE4CES 65

black sWallowtat) caterpillars feedingthe "qualitative" chemical defenses, forest type knowe After a century of on the weedy Wild carrot mature in 3imposing 'less ofa metabolic cost, growth, a blackspruce tree inay be weeks Caterpillarsofthe tiger sufficeto .protect the plants from little taller than a person Individual swallowtail,feeding, ontheforest excessive defoliation The established needles may be retained 25 years, and canopy, however, take 8 weeks to canopytrees, on the other hand, theoldertreesretaintheir dead. mature Compounding the rettirdantper'sist for long periods of time As branches arrayed on the bole beneath effect of the low nutritive level of the'they are readily available to a great.. the small crown of living branches tree leaves is the presence Of tanninsvarietyofinsectherbivores,they This dry, "standing dead" material and terpenes, both of which interferemust' Protect' themselves key the makes the. black spruce ecosystem with theinsect's utilization of themetabolically, ccistlyproductionof particularly'susceptible to ft rest fires nitrogen present in the leaies large amounts of toxins, with which In addition, theirshall6wroot Drawing onthese observations,,.ery few insect species cancope system, extending above the mineral Feeny and his coworkers hftve- ,soil,makes'the trees readily suscepti- developed- a general .hypothesis about Alaskan Taiga Ecosystem ' ble to erosion, especially along river the nature and consequers of the, banks ... . consistent and predictable differences Unlike ;theConimuility .ecologist, Frequent fires and the action of the 4.in chemical defenses of plants that the ecosystem ecologist studies the abundant glacier-fed, silt-laden rimers characterize recently disttrbed 'areas structureand dynamicsofmajor continuously modify the landscape as.' compared withthoseof moredistinctive elements of the world's andtopography, QkAlaska'svast. stableareas Thedisturbedareas biotic landscapeI; S scientist; were interior basin The plantsthat typically are'dominated by a diversity the pioneers In studying large-scale becomeestablishedonnewlyde- of short-lived (annual) plantsmany biomesUnder the auspice'.of thrlorposited riverbanks belong to species of which Make small amount ,sof International Biological Progra differentfro'mthosethatbecome highly toxic chemicals that absolttely (IBP),th'e _western grasslands and "seestablished on burned areasFor repel most herbivorous insects A few deserts, the eastern deciduous instance,willow and poplar are insects have the ability to detoxifyforests, and the western coniferous among the pioneer species hat grow the compounds made by different forests were the subject of integrated on newly formed riverbanks, while annualplant species Theblack studies black spruCe and other plants become swallowtail, for example, is one of the A significant post -IBP biome study reestablished on burned sitesThis , fewto' feedupontheumbellifer examiningthetaiga,orsubarctic study ofthe black spruce-taiga plantssuchaswild `carrotsThe fcrest,; in Alaska is under way This ecosystein, underthedirectionof larvae of the-cabbage butterfly select forest characteristically isiddrunated KeithVanCleve,University, of plants such as wild crucifers upor byspruce,variouslymixedwith Alaska, and Ted Dyrness, U S Forest which they grow wellContrasted deciduous trees and shrubs On well Service,isaimedat understanding Withthisisthe defensive strategy dra-inedsites and southern: slopes, growth, succession., and the dyhamics developed by plants of long-persisting white spruce 'Phea gfauca,.dominate.s a of nutrient cycling in this ecosystem communitie48 For example, in an oak closed canopy forest while a sparse The studystudy s eing conducted on forest,chemicals suchas tannins, openforestdominatedby black lands controlled in part by the Bureau ,resins, or terpenes that deter enseCts spruce (Piceamai-Irma(occupiesthe ofLand, ManagementAdditional oftenare made inrelAtivelylarge extensive poorly drained areas, sites long-term data are being supplied by quanti,tiesThese suostances canna underlainby permafrost, andthe the U'S Forest Service, which4lAo is be combated effectively ,,by insects cool, north-facing slopes Black contributing investigators and equip- They ,tend to have,a dosage-responsespruce-taiga extends to the limits of ment effect. on insect growth, slowing ittree growth, both in the high altitude The slow growth rate of the black down in a quantjtatR,e way.,the meretruiuntains and, to the north where it spruce reflects the influence of low tannin, the slower the herbivores isreplaced by ground-hugging tundra soil.temperature,and high soil growth vegetatiori Of the 140 million hec- moisture content ontheratesof The patchy and relativelytares in the Alaskan interior, about ,organici matter mineralizationand ephemeral nature of the annual-plant one-quarter is covered by sparse open nutrient cycling j3ut even the slow populationsofrecentlydisturbed forest Taiga, bog, and .fen.vegetation growing black spruce, trees seem to areas makesitmore diffis.'yl -torform the most widizread gtound further depress the already marginal many kinds'of herblvofous iriects jotoyer in interior Alaska ecosystem productivity The protec.- /aid 'and exploit these plants as a food The black spruce ecosystem tion provided by these trees' permits sourceUnder these cue umstances appears to be the leastprocfutttivethe growth of a thick mat of feather-

7 S 66 BIOLOGICAL BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

arrangements onthequalityof human-life and the achievement of

BLACK WHITE LSAM WILLOW BARE RIVER BLACK social goals. Social science knowledge BOO SPRUCE r SPRUCE POPLAR SILT SPRUCE contributes to our comprehension of what is happening as socral change intrudes.to disrupt familiar routine. Such knowledge 'alsoprovides the basis for enlightened public policies 410 that Will affect the well-being of ogr own and futti,re generations, -- Law Rrver Level The scientific stu y of social In- stitutions is charactizedy several Permafrost distinctive features: (1) the arch for general patterns and princis that extend beyond 'the particulars fa given time and place, (2) e dependence on reliable and rear C.1- Taiga ecosystem.A typical succession ottlant species in the sparse taiga forests of ble data describing sofial instittons Alaska begins with willows phd;poOlars on newly formed silty riverbanks and and their functioning, and (3) the progresses, as the community ages and the silt bwrItis up above flood levels, to spruce Growth of ground mosses under the protection of the spruce eventually systematic test of general principles retards the tree growth by 'sequestering nutrients and by promoting shallower against reliable data. permafrost Frequent fires that burn off the mosses and older trees can rejuvenate the Incontemporarysocial :science, spruce forest Current studies should be helpful in developing land management general principles-may be expressed__ approaChes in many ways, such as in the form of mathematical models or verbal mosses over the litter-strewn soil believesthatperiodicburning of statements of comparison They also The results to date indicate thatithemoribund trees and the feather-moss may beformulated topertainto development of this moss mat furtherlayer may provide the only escape relativelylargehuman groupings retardsthe growth ofthe blackfrom this tree strangulation If burn- such as nations, complex' organiza- spruce in two ways First, the mosses ing occurs when the pine cones of the tions,or communitiesortothe compete wittthe spruce roots for theblack spruce are closed,the cones relations between individual persons nutrients re aced brminoralizationtend to resist burning, thus protect- and the effect of the social context on of fallen organic matter Second, theing the seeds for dispersion later The 'individual response Recognizing the afeather quilt, moss mat acts as resultant seedlings bring a cycle of uneven'clevelopment of various social insulatingthesoilfrom warming sciencesubfields and the potential revegetationBy examining succes- during the brief hot summef and thus interplay- betweenprinciplesthat sion and ecosystem dynamics, the retarding mineralization As .the mat pertaintoindividualinterrelations study should provide basic informa- thic&ens, thepermafrostsurface andlargeraggregates, NSF gives gradually approaches the upper layer tion that will prove useful in design- priority to studies that promise to ofthemineralsoilandfurthering applied projects and in guiding contribute to the systematic develop- retards tree growth The, study team land management practices ment of abstract principles. that can serve asgeneralguidesfor, understanding basic processes of social life arid institutional change. -.Social Sciences Reliable and useful social science data require the painstaking efforts of individual investigators and, fre- , . quently, of relatively large end highly Human sOcial institutipn9are inquiry-4o discern basicpatterns of organized teams of workers The lack variableandcomp'le'x,andthey human sociarorganization, to deter-ofadequate descriptivedatacoti- change constantlyinresponseto minethegeneralOinciplesthat tinues to be a major impediment to shifting circumstances The study of explain how social institutiedis change the accelerated development of the socialinstitutionsthus presents a and affect each other, and to describe social science disciplm In response demandjig challengeforscientific the impact of changing institutionalto this condition, N supports the BIOLOGICAL BEHAVIDRAL ANDASOCIALSCIENCES

development of broadly useful datafinancial marketsSuch models are includingcontentanalysesofthe re-sources Which can be madebecomingincreasingly common inresponses of heads of state at press available to the general social scienceother social science disciplines too conferences during' the period community, Thissupportismost In some areas of social science, the covered The file contains a variety off clearly illustrated in the developrnent'accumulated knowledge baseis not information suchasthepersonal of social indicators designed to reflect s,ifficient to permit the formulation characteristicsofpoliticalleaders, trends and differentials in the quality and testingofmultivariateex- structuresandstandald operating of life and thLis to help explore towplanatory models Here, wqrk may beprocedures of defense and foreign' major institutional changes affect thesupported not because it representsoffices, constitutional characteristics well-being ofindividualcitizens the culmination _of work that has led of political regimes; social, economic, Other social science programs alsoto a profound understanding of socialand political attributes of the nations, are working toward the productionphenomena but because it rePresents thestructureofregionalpolitical and distribution of data resources andtheearlystagesinthat effort systems,the past behavior of the towardtheimprOvementofdata exploratory and descriptive work in nationsintheconductoftheir collection technrques These develop-new areas of investigation, methodo- foreign policies, and transitory ments Are expected to enhance thelogical developments that promise to situationsand events surrounding 'capabilities of future social scienceenhance- the quality of future sub- each identified foreign policy decision. research to contribute effectively tostantive work, or examinations of the The investigators have been Ale to the development of more adequatetenability of tentative and relatively explorethedegree ofassociation and comprehensivesocialscientificcrude generalizations between potentialpredictors of findings foreign policy and the actual out- The systematic testing of general Foreign Policy Decision come, andtoassesstherelative formulationsagainstrelevant data Analysis weight gf particular factors under constitutes the most demanding, the various conditions On the basis of most exciting,andfrequently the Complex international negotiahonstheir analysis, they *report that most most visibly fruitful aspect of socialoftenentailanticipationsby each foreignpolicydecisions are made sciences researchSu'ci, work buildsparty Concerning future decisions bywithin narrowly constricting ,on the development of models ani,theotherpartiesinvolved Itis, bureaucratic constraints of the principles worthy of extensive -'\,therefore, of considerable importancedefense andforeignofficesOnly testing Italso trequires methodo- td, determine the major factors thatunder conditions of great crisis are logicaldevelopmentsthatpermit inftiittnce fore,n policy decisions Ofthe aders relatively- free from the assemblingappropriatedata particular interestisthe degree to constrats ,of organizational routines, assessingthecorrespondencebe-I which,andtheconditionsunderand short erm interests tween the implications of the for-which, decisions are shaped by the Through ontent analysis of the re- mulation being tested and the out-personal style of political leaders, by marks fpf thleaders, the researchers comes in the data being analyzed In %bureaucratic habits that are resistant were able o characterize the some areas of social science rnvesti-to change, or by economic iriterests decisionmake according to various gation, the necessary grdundwork inThese are among tre"fectors berng personals traitsUnder crisis con- building models- and assessing dataexplored as determinants of foreignditions,particularfacetsof. the esources has not been completed policy decisions in a series of studies leaders'personalitiesfotinstance, Curreht work, therefore, is concen-.based on a carefully coded data file o1 their "need for power," internal self- traced on explfatory investigations,foreign policy events of 36 nations control, di*strpst of others*, or "beliefs methodologicaldevelopments,and during the period 1959-68 about the nature _of man and the the development of date resources In One of these studies, the Com- politicalorderplayedadominant other areas of investigation, modelsparativeResearchon -Eventsof roleininfluencingforeignpolicy have been developed, and appropriateNations (CREON), project, is' a, ma- decrSions.ForeignpoliCydecisions but imperfect *a can be assembledtiuniversity research venture directedmade in noncrisis situations, on the to test their implAtions This kind of by principalinvestigatorCharlesother hand, were more closely related work is most highly developed m 'ec-Hermann .of Ohio Stat5 University,to the constraints ,imposed by past econo- decisions,bureaucratic Land -political, 000mics, wherefunctional Maurice A East of the University of . metric models operate on many levelsKentucky, and Stephen A Salmore o(procedures, andnational economic 41 (local,regional, national, and inter-Rutgers, The State University Theirinterests national) and concern many topics,detaileddatafiledrawstogether The data file for this project lends such as *housing, education. and theinformationfromdiversesources,itselftoavarietyofexploratpry

7 ,5 -68 BIOLOGICAL BEHAVIORAL ANDBOCIAL SCIENCES

analyses, amd those working on the usefulto AnotherNSF-supported weeklyhoursdevotedtovarious CREON project already have pub- project dealing with the feasibility of activitiesis scheduled to -appear in lished a number of them Currently extending national income accounting Social Indicators .1976,a alication they are integrating these Analyses toInclude productive activities, oc- currentlybeing 'preparedbythe Intoa ,coherent theory offoreign curring outsidethemarketplace of Management and Budget. policy decisionmaking This is one of Particulai, attention is being given to Wirtfor Pay. On anaverage," severalcurrentlyfundedprojects Unpaid prOduCtive activities in orderAmericans spent lesiptime working designed to increase understanding of to arrive at a more realistic system of (Including commuting) in 1975 than factorsrelatedto foreignpolicy economic accounts and, in particular, they did in 1965 This is true for both decisions For example, Ole Holsti of to Improve our understanding of the men and women Although college Duke University and Alexander,household as the Nation'sbasic graduates and the 24-45 age group George of Stanford University areeconomic unit increased their work hours, the rest' investigating theinfluenceof The survey also has been planned of the population worked less (This to serve 'the needs of those Federal decisionmakers'basic beliefs about shiftrefersonlyto the employed issues on their foreign policy agencies concerned with such matters segment of the population and is not- asIncome security and unemploy- decisions RobertAxelrodofthe affected by the higher unemployment ment Moreover, itis expected that University of Michigan is examining rates of 1975 ) an ever wider range of Government the processes by Which participants in Family Care Time spent on family small 'groups having different beliefs and- private organizationswillfind care activities(mainly housework) and values reach political decisions the results highly useful for policy analysis in such areas as transporta- has fallen almost 20 peg'cent As was Studies such as' these promise to true*.in 1.965, most of the family care tion, heaith, the mass media, extend our understanding 'of how activity falls to women whether or decisionrnakers resolve difficult and housework, childc'are; and volunteer notthey work outside the home complex issues Although the factors activities Thepresentsurveyintroduces again in 1975 no difference has been that influence Suih decisions remain found to the amount-of houseWork incompletely conceptualized and the several 'methodologicalinnovations that make it the most sophisticated.clone by married-men whether or not natureof 'their influenceunder- their -wives had outside employment different conditions aS not yet well research ofitskind The types of less understood, ,thereisa growing ac- analytic results anticipated from the - Free Tim`e.With time being cumulation of findings to illuminate research thus will go beyond current-%spent on work and family carein how political Leads resolve Conflict- ly available information on time -use- 1975, It is not surprising to find that -1 ing influenced inaking decisions on- For example,: considerable effort' is Americans had more free timein matters of vital c incern devoted to developing an accounting'1975 than in 1965 Thedifference is .system to differentiate usof time as significant, totaling alms5 hours "output- (Valuable at the1,i4ge rate) ,per week The most 'drangotic rise in- How 4merican Adults vei-)ustime as "Input" (ptire con- free time is registered by employed Allocaie Their Time sumption)Ifa quantitaEive assess- women, whose total free time in 197,5 ment of this problem can' be achieved, almost matchedthatof employed `How _people allOcate their time is a -answers may be .obtained to questions men Among the working population .fundanienlat area, of measurement in such as. What econormsvalue'can we. in, both 1965 and 1975, there is a social -- indicators research,, because it attach to housework? HOw much do curvilinear relationship betweert age directly refle.cts many aspects of life leisure activities contrute to worksand free 'time, the youngest (aged -18 quality Sincoetg74, the. Foundation performanceor 5cco shments? 25) andtheoldest(age'cl, 56-65) hds been supporting a major national_How will new househo d technol- Having the most of4t Older peop,le survey of time-use among American ogies, like microwave ovens or cable registered a large_ dig in social life familaes The ltrve); isa project of,TV, affect the way time is spent? anU in visiting friellrs and relations the University of Michigan's IrIttitute Although survey. procedures are between 1965 and 1975 The level*/ for Social Researclb, whiZh conducted still in (tie final stage of completion, It education, which was Unrelated to the, first coptehensive time-budget is possible Co present some social life in 1965, now seems to be study in the United States just10 preliminaryresults which corn( acre related to It in a positive direction. In years ago estimates of- time allocatuiti from the other words, iq years ago people Although basically a replication of early phases of the present survey engaged equally insocial activities, the 1,965 -66; study,, the prest sur- with those obtained ig years ago A regardless of hay much education. vey has been planned.to proMe data detailed exposition of differences in y had Now, those with higher% I BIOLOGICAL BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 69

gic

WORK FOR PAY FREE TIME . - FAMILY CARE Employed Men 1965 D Single 06 00 °60 0 00 00 04 4 -00 .1 00 00 00 eD 00.00 00 00 00 11 4 00.00

000,E 00d OKD O e 0 0 010 GO 1. 00 ID ° 004D O ,D 00 00 D 00 0041 00 ' 00 A Housewiveg, 1965 C'0 0,0 O eD 00 o0 6 , .00-0 ° Single 0400' 4101 00.00 1965 Married 00 0 000 00061 00,00 D, (10 04 44- AlcD 00441 4* 0- 12 HoursNjeek 1965 12 Hours/Week 1%75

s w Spending tie. nse early, preliminary results'of a major national survey of hoadults allocate their tine suggest significant shifts in relativeamounts of time spent on work and free time over a 10-year an, edtication tendto engage mere in visiting In 1965there 'wasan similar informatton collected 10 years social life than those with less educa- educationalg'apin. media usethe ago The major analytic work-As still bon more educated tended to watch less to be done, and the data will become Mass Media Thre -pent watching"%television tjian the less educated By molicinterpretable as theyare television agpears,,,to have increased..1975 this gap had closed, only the entered into social `--accounting Reading time has- stayed 'about thecollege graduate group repqrted less frameworks and are 'mapped against same as' in1965, but time spentMedia iie than othe coups in 1975. significant social events of the past 10 listeningto radioand watching It must b,r stressed that the above yearssuch as the energy crisis, th%, molvws hasdeclined Themajor findingsare only ylimnsarw and rise of "counter- cultures;' and thlf increaseintelevisionvie -wing was represent a'first cru41. cut at deter- various pblitical, econornicLantsocial among women, who also showed the miringthe generalshapeof time-use movements aimed at creating greater maindecreaseinh&sework and,information in comparisoato roughly equity in our society

11 ti

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4 Gin SCIENCE EDUCATION 71

Science fducation

41 . '4 ; :. hegoalofNSF's,Science, programs was a s riesofeon help citizens use scientificand Educ.ation.prograniIS to in-gtession4 actionstat affected the technical,: information in, ordet to dea! itiate and support,activales to--science education pr ram area. The more effectively with issuespf public strengthen education, in the sciences first of these was the teriftination ofpolicy In shapir the new programs, a saillevels.,Quring the pas't year, the zthb institutional grants fo,r science--NSF has solicitedthe opinions of Foundation ft, bjected and prograin,the second was thees-_ scienceeducators and interested themeansbywhich canbe tablishment of two new programscitilens through a series of regional achieved to close scrutipy Ada resit designed to ImprOve science educa-meetings, This is Bart of a broadfr thiscritical- -examination;the.tion; and the thirdtwas the establish- effort to identify and address national,. program iiSs been restructured into ment of \a new program designed toneeds in science education.' following four. coherent areae., qt,Scanemanpower impropement,Milne objectives are toIdentify nd* en'- coutlage scientific' talent, toassist in . the maintenance 'Of high. standards I` Science' Manpower Improvement and q'ualify in the trainin4 of student's and professionals in the science& and w e to stimulate moN,edrticipation in ale \ '- - sckemes by minorites, women, and I Programsthatsupport theIm- Studdnt-Oriented the handicapped provementofscientificpersonnel Some,'ediicalni:resourtes.mprorement, Frrograms providetheNationwith a more whose objetere is to strengthen and effeclive° supply of'scientific The Student-orientedprograms Imprtwe the quality of science in- manpowera central and traditional encourage students of Spec-ial interest struction and research/trainingin responsibilityoftheFoundation and ability by pr%viding challenges schools. Colleges, and universitte4, gtudent-oriented Aerograms prOvide-; and ,opportunities.' na usually Some education' development aneresear.ch, high school and"undergraciate available at their level ;_whose objectivesicare tw ourur students.withexperience in scientific 4% ledge of hpw scientific concepts, Stmatent Science Training sses, and' skills are learned and activities' to encourage 'their entry Alito :scientific _careers, At the 'grade' toencouragethe development of In the 125 pr gig t din uate means by which.the learnin40, and . postdoctoral. levels,' the 1976,_ some .4,100 high school processes in science can be improved ernihasis ison'traininghighly students received special instruction Silence_and society,,whose objective is tajoted young scientists, particularly in science-and participated in research to bring About greater understanding'training for research ancr teaching in projects atcolleges or universal scientific areas *elatedto national /0 of science and technology as It affects fifty-twb, of hlese involve, ,contemporarylift,-inclOm.g the. needs FacultYioriented preigral:ns are high-ability secondary school ,social. and ethi.calimplicit ions and designed to enhance the .competeoce students whose opportunities have consequences o an ,Increasingly of teachers ir as to maintain high. beenlimited by the facilities and technology-deponaent society qualax in the training of students and instruction ,availableintheir own A factor th this feahgnment of prafe*pnals in the sciences high schools.' , w.

or 83

I 72 SCIENCE EDUCATION r-

JIL 2

WI*

r11--

3 -

Student Selence training. High school students take advant qt mtepsive sclente instruction opportunities at four colleges 1). onvironmerital biology of ap pond; ot prtburg College in .1 Iowa, (2).math, probability, and 46mterrIgutge atocklalyiama State University,(3) computer pro g of phys)os .attronomy data at East Carolina -University, (4) oceanoOaphic \ sirnPlf analysis,at the University of Rhode'fsland

t SCIENCE EDNATION 73

Table 5 - fields of science The projects -sup- Science Manpower Improvement ported wereinfieldsofscience fiscal Year 1976 and Trans Quarter (July 1-Sept. 30, 1976) iudEted to have greater than usual 4f" unilh'representation of women and Fixal Year 1176 Transrbon Quadei good opportunities for employment.

ProPoSals 'Awards Number of Awards Individuals Number Amount Number Amount Supported Number Amount Graduate and Ppstdoctoral Fellowships and Traineeships 7,492 71a97 704 776 $16.250,523 850 11 3527.748 Programs Graduate Fellowships rn Science and En/sneering. 6 419 53 100 000 550 11 322 685 550 11 527 748 _ Fellowships andtraineeshipsfor Faculty Fellowships in Science graduate study and for work in high: Applied to Scott* Problems 538 , 8 504 704 79 1299 960 79 00 'Energy Related Postdoctoral A priority na bona I. needs_ areas increase ^. Feilowshms 455 5 454 0001 118 1,414,336 118 00 the quality of scieNtific manpower Energy Related Graduate a. strengthenthescientificpro- traineeships 11739 000 29 2163 542 103 00 and Student Oriented Programs 1 391 23 408 735 395 5 471 033 6 467 1 5 595 grams at the host institutions,. These Student Science Training 320 ° 6 960 580 125 1 94-4 957 4 400 1 5 595 awards uppOrt the highest quality Undertraduate Research Participation - 627 9 664 335 201 2 543 770 1 481 scientific talent available at, the grad- Student Originated Studies 444 6 783 620 69 982 306 586 00- uateandpostdoctorallevelsand Women in Science 144 5128 515 33 1 003 431 6,350 1 1.266 strengthen the energy-related science Faculty Programs 235 3 351 932 116 2 157 150 3 552 00- capacity of the Nation. et Faculty Short Course 13 913 392 13 894 450 '3 325 00 Faculty Research Participation '222 2 438 540 103 1262 700 227 0,- 0 Total 9 161 $110686.946 1.328 84.882 137 17 219 - 13 $534,609 Graduate Fellowships New 3-year Graduate Fellowships . were awarded in fiscal year 1976 to 550 beginning graduate students in sc-tence;- math etna ors-, and--engirreer-- Undergraduate Research 6g awards suppEn-ted tke work 61586 students at 63 colleges and oniver- rig This program is the only sizeable 'Participation 'oneFederal or otherwisespanning sities Most oftheprojeCts were Lich the fellows are This Program- providesoppor- aimed at providing data 4lei/ant to the sciences in j tuoities to undergraduate students, theplanningoradministeringof selected 'in A ional competition accordingtoabilityBecause only Ito' have -completed asubstantial,public, programs portion of their science requirements, about one of every 11 applicants can for fUll-time work with college facul-Women in Seience beselectedforanaward,the;e ty on research projects,an opportuni- fellows represent the most promising ty that goes beyond Ohat is normally In fiAll gear 19761!the first yeaeof graduates of our colleges' In addition available the, curriculaofthe full operation for this prpgram, NSF tothe 550fellows,almost 2,000 Nation's colleAs. In li,976, among the Supported 22 -science career additional highly qualified applicants 201projectsat163collegesand workshopsin 1 Statesanti 1-1 were accorded honorable mention, an universities for 1,481 Kidergraduates science career facilitation projects in tclentillcationthatassists ,many of were 3 designed to acquaint'students 10 States and the District of Colum- thenytkolbiatning alternative awards with the researchactwities f bia About 6,009 women ,pArtiapated without Ouch they would be unable trial laboratories intheworkshops, which -provide to undertake graduate study. women students with candid, infor- Student-Originated Studies matiOn abdut carter opportunities in Energy-Relited Graduate' "'various fields of science and various Traineeships, TO encourage studentto assume sectors of the economy The facilita- more responsibilityfor \their,, ogn tionprojects helped about350' To help meet the Nation's_ernerg- learning and to sttmulatA their in' Women w.ho received a bachelor's or 'needs111116 scientific and terest in science, this program sup- master's degree' between 2 and 15 professionalmanpoikertrainedin ports ,researih onceivcd years ago and needed a short, spetial- energy-.telateil' areas, 29 grants were and carried out by the undergraduate ly designed educational experience to.rnade to institutions in support of students th4selves with only enterorreenteremployment,or the energy-relad training,and minimal facUlty supervisionIn 1976, graduate degree, programsintilteir'research of 103 graduate students t . 74 SCIENCt tDUCATION-

Each traineeship,rlovides for4k3 years Faculty Fellowships in Science Faculty Research Participation of work in one,dif two research areas 'Arfplied to Societal 'problems This program college coal or nonrenewable resourcits (such assists . teachers in reevaluating therelevance as extractive metallurgy, geothermal These fellows-hips, awarded to 79 of their course materials to the needs reservorrs,explorative geophysit,_s, experienced teachers an 2- and 4-year andrequirements of studentsTo geochemiStry hydrd'therrrtal colleges anduniversities,enabled help dothis,science, faculty par- uranium deposits, and tertiaryoil thep to undertake independent study ticipatein theongoingres'earcht recovery) ". and research to increase their com' activitiespfindustriallaboratories petence in areas specifically related to and research institutes In its 3 years theNation'sproblems. andtheir Energy-Related of operation, the prografn supported - Postdoctoral Fellowships possible solutions The fellows, from the participation of over 500 college 69 colleges, and universitiesin31 teachersinsuchappliedresearch Fellowshipapawarn were made to States, conducted, their projects for T18 young scientists demonstrating experiencesThe projectsin1976 periods ranging from 3 to 9 months special aptitude for'study and included research on energy conver- research on energy-relateoblems at, institutionsappropriatetothe sion and recovery, pollutants, The fellows receive stipen s in sup- topic,oftheprotectsThe topics biomedicalproductsandsystems, port of up td a year of research and rangedfrOrnthedevelop/ventof computer control of industrial tratmag to ificreasithei"r competence physics coursesforstudentsIn processing, exploitation and develop- in research andfristruction in energy-. health- related fields to an improved ment ofmaterials,and electronic "elated areas understanding of criminal behavior devices for communication, diagnosis, and violence and processing 'Faculty-Oriind Programi These progragis, which enhance theprofessional' skillsofscience teachers, improveboth process and cop.er. ,nctr,)rtionfor all , stuaents . 'College Faculty'Short Courses Tnis proyram to e,ivose'iacultv new knowle,ge and (- peditc its diSs-Inaft^^ m tte classrooml'sof parti.ular',.alueto faculti,-tiv2- and 4-year collegis without ac W. campus research pro-- .trams Fotty,-4e :differentshort tieursts- m 127 classes

held' at13, field renters across, the , Nation :Appr:"..;itiattly 3,200 college teachers aa41,orrdgd 'these short, inten: si.ve preserirations,,by'expert,,,,..Also in , fiscalyear1976,1.50 jukh school teachers attended three ctfurses.offered as ,,atrial-run of the feasibility.of this format for second- aiy xiuH i tea.liri, The f3riTglarn ha, involved teachers from all of the 50 States and Puerto Rico, representing Faculty RelearCh-PartIcIpatIbn. Marion. Johnson,facully member at Faderal*City' one -halfto` two-thirds ofallthe adlege in Washington, D C ,participates ina project to separate and purity ,-Institutions of higher education in the Eidlogical materials with Louis McCreight at General. Electric's Space Science Nation Laboratory

110. t 4, t SCIENCE EDUCATION 75

a I

d., some $59 million was submitted for. Science Education Reourcea. Improvement te Fciundation's consideratiOnby the :s March15closing date esus ofthecompetition were unced on JUne 23, 1976 with The primary obieetive-N.SF's by the Cppgress oAugust 9, 1975. $4,0 &Ilion beingawarded to19' §cience ed uca non resourcesWproc7e- to provide assisnce to institutionsinstitutionsOf the grantees, six ment programs is to strengthen, arfd of higher learng in their foftfortg to were so- called' research universities, Improve the science educatic;n1"arld' improvethe- quality,effectiveness, fivt, were other doctorate-granting research training capabilities .o'f and efficiency of their graduate andinstitutyns,sixwereinstitutions ..- schools,colleges,anduniversities postgraduateprogramsforyoung whose gra,ihafe,training is conducted These. -programs, support equipment scientistsandengineersFortile'for the most part, atthe master's purchase, research, course improve- level, and two were consortia s a purposes ,61;his -,program, "young N ment, and c rehensive mul- 4cieritists andhengineers" are defined Protects supported cliffet widely.m tidiscipliparyprogr An -science'A graduatestudents,postdoctoral theircornplexify, ando'rgamiation education Theregionalmeetings appointees,ornontenuredfaculty Some 'institutionshavetried to held in early fiscal vear 197b during. members who haveearnedtheir address their training and lresearch the de,,elopment° of thee two 'newest highest 'postgraduate .degree duringneedsatthe' departmental or 'in- , programsResearchInitiationand the past 5 years terdepartmehtallevel At Brown 'Support, and Comprehensive Assist- To help shape the program and (to'University, for jexample, the ance to Undergraduate Science give it visibility, 7b1 U,S ,Institutions Geological "Sciencesspepartment and Educationcontributedsigtnicantly offering graduate programs in science ,the Engineering DiviZton are pooling to their initial success by allowing thewere invited to send representatives resourcesto strengthenan Poundatioh to focus On the realistic to,sixregionalmeefing.sheldin.r King toteiUrxilliuialy Nitrgiain in -needs of the science educatioNcom-;October of 1Q75 in Chicago, tectonophysics, which deals with the NullityThose who. attendedthe Houston, Denver, I os apd physics of deformation in the Earth meetings also indicated their commit- Washington ft.,.o meetings) The-394 'Other colleg'es and universities, on . merrt to support:for these programs attendeesproyideci -extensive com- the other lancf, have approached the by volunteering to serve on reciew. ments on Ind react:ons to a draft of problem in an institution-wide mode panels , . the RIP'S guidelines, which had bevi ypiCa-I of this approach is.a program, `mailed to them before the meetings at Iowa State University to improve ' Research Initiation and These suggest, receivedcareful the traiiioA ..*f young scientists in the *Support considerahyry formulate 7n 'of effective use of new digital informa-

- The arch Initiation and-Sup- the final RIA eimes. tion techniquesforexperimental . port (RIAS) program was eahlished A total of 2To rnrrac requestingcontrol, data acquisiti,on, largedata 40.basedmanipulation, and specialled computation ,By drawing 1:1 gether elpments, and sivngths existingin the Department,' of Fintrical neerpng and Computer Science and Table 6' the UniveLsity Computattn Center, Science Education Resources ImprovemertY IowaState Fiscal Year 1976 and Transttion Quarter (July.1-Sept 30:1976) training -and semcfa'inicompatation -- ) to young scientistslrom four colleges . Of Far Ser"1976 ' tran.t,44Quarter and 20 departments' * ' Awarck P *wilts Awards Nulabe Amount olu"hr imnsrt Wurehe, ".t.01, Two of the awards were made' to

Comprehensive assistance to Undergraduate instituicins actingin consort One ar. 760'$151354,',40 59 1131. 733 1 .$ 33,858 Sconce Education - such grant provides support for a htmotrty Indtitans Sconce Improsement 60 16 981 50' 26 4 142 521 l ' 1 515 Joint doctor program"ffiplant lout Co-..4 trr.;,n,ecerr. In" 4 !'.74', ! 132 0- Inset's-haul Equipment 1619 18137196. 329 2 993 456 0 0 biology conducted by Lehman College 'Improvement of Pie-Cotter testructton 29 '2 949 797 3 1:435 150 3 285230 of the City University of Nev. York 261 59 314779 14 4008996- To_ .Research Inaurtton an Signor! and the New York Botanical Garden tout 951 $252 S67 $31 SOS -,24,324 332 5 $320,1423 - The program enriches the research

I i.

76 *SCIENCE EDUCATION

r .,. and training opportunities availableCom rehensive Assistanci to'with several .disciplines at Lehman by itk repl'esentmg the coordinated effoqs 4 .young scientists U ergradtiate Science of' their sciencevisions or depart- -providing modern laboratdry facilities Education that will allow them to take fuller '- mentsComprehensiveeducational dvantage oftheoutstanding 're- CAUSE was establishediby l'egisla-,strategies include varying degrees of sources of the Botanical Garden hopon August ?1975Its majorcourserevision,developmentof objective is to strengthen the scienceauc4-tutorial activities, use of com- capabilitiesofpredomi-putertechnology, improvement of , education Improvement of Pre-College nantlyundergraduateeducational Geld or classroom instructional institutionsanddepartmentsorloathes, staff training, or purchase . - Instruction groups of departments are of relatedlitructional equipment The primary purpOse of this 'Pro-made -ftir revitallimg oror improvMg Fp' r 'example, e College of Idaho will gram isto improve elementary andscience' 'effuCation ,within.ti-'year incoepogratemoderncomputing secondary school science education bycollege4. 2-year colleges, groups offacilities w4thin the course work of providing suppoltfor the develop-,such institutions, and for the Itricler--un,decgraduatescienceclassrooms ment of models for moreeffectivegraduate,compon.ents of 'advanced-The project calls for the purchase of a' minicomputer and requisite training pre- Serviceandin-ser ,teacherdegree Institutions _ education In the fall of1975the program held ofsciencefacultyinthe use of In the area of pr"e:strvice teacher 13regionalconferencesatwhich computers. /At Mohave Community 'eligible1 College,fundswillbe, usedto edificationin'1976, the Foundation-representatives from \ science vans concentrateditssupport onthestitutions made suggestions 'to im-purchase two mobile assessntent of the irhpact of previous-', prove, thedraftguidelines,Final neededto serve.undergraduate ly deveped nrdels rather than onguidelines were issued in November*studentsiiik '-remoteregions Ad- thellidev,lopment of additional new 195,withproposalsdue byFebruary ditional funds will be provided kir mode Two.such awai-ds weremalie le, 197,6 On 'June 18', 106, 59, .specific instructional equipment ,and, expanded thispast' yearA*, theNavajoawardswereannounced 'totaling forthe development of Donsi OnofEducattn,' received a"-SIO 1 millpon, denial letterS Are sentcourse Offerings in the physical and planning award directed toward in-fir701' proposals requesting $1.5,biological sciences creasingthenuinber-ofNavajo million.. , . teachers of science and mathematics Itis- too 'earlyto' determine the -. EducationalPrograM As a way to encoura,;ea coor-success or impact' of given local -Restructuring dinated attack on complex problemsproject On a national level, however, Involving Slate, regional, or lirban iseN, ident from fiscal yhir1Q76 The pi-It-narypurpoges ofedu- systemsofscience education,the'pro'posals that CAUSE must continue'cational program restructuring are to Foundation awards relatively .,latgeto address the needs of a .variety of encourage the development, tekkrig, sums of money in a few large -scaleinstitutionslarge and small,' public'and .evaluation of new or unco'hATn- prZ)jects-,that involve several strata in,and prelate that have experienced a tional aurOkbes toallaspects: of the edupationg strubture TAus year decline,' inundergraduateScience;scienee -instructio,n' at the undergrad: ,grants were made in further supporte education standar/ over thep'Ost uate le'vel, and to 'prOducechanges in, of "project City Science in.Ne'w York decalle'In' sui),Qorting-these /im- the undergradiffte science learning City's middle schools Inclthe Oregonprovements, particillar attention willexperieaces of science majo;rs, non0'.4 Mathematics EdtRation project 'have to be given to a lorge number of sciencif majOrS enrolledinscience The Foundation' iscontirun'ng its.' intitutiops heretofore.unin./olved-in courses', or those preparing spetilfiCal- efforts to improve the; teaching skillsthe science education activities"of The ly for careers as teachers,Of elemen-- ' .of'practicingclassroom feacherS'Foundation C6pgress mandated that' -tary and secondary school science throughthesopliort'oflocalized 20perceritof `CAUSE fundsbe Infiscal year 197,6this prcig7,m- Teachers' CentersRenewal grantsawardedstO2 -year collegesin-fiscal--ctitripleted its ev'olutton_frorn`support were Made to Teachers' Centers inyear1976the..,buccess ratios for 2- of massive institutional restrticturing. California, Colorado, and.Wisconsin year and '4-.year colleges were ap- "projects to highly focused pro ects for 'An ongn7tig tP;ir.cf proximately equal restructuring of local coursrcontertt theseCentersjsbeing conducted CAUSE -projectsreflett eachin- or 'method of delivery Awards').rang under 'Foundation support -throughslitution's unique efforts to improveing,firorn V2,700 to $25,000 went jo the Department of Scicrice*Educttismundergraduatescience .education. 69colleges ancINAniersities in at the University of Georgia' Therefore, a maicipitY of awa'rd.'dealport. of,virnova time science teaching

, 1,5

SCIENCE EDUCATION 7-7

. , I , rojects designed by --individualor and resultant aWards this year in:Into science .careers and to Amprove smallgroupsof science faculty. vokied protects, in'the .4 physical thequality,' ofscienceeducation members -sciences,. f 'lowed by the life sciences programs atminorityinsurutions, At the State Uniefsity of New and engiergig The earth and socialNSF support protects designed to York in Binghamton, undergraduate sciencesvererelatively as successful 'effectlonik.-Tange 'Improvemezusin 4stseienee majorS will gain experience in inthecompetitionas theother science education at Institutions", communicating scientific knowledge fewer, _whose enrollments are predommautV '4 sae but'submitted, ---: , to 'the Jay public While they are still-pro sals Black, Native-American, Sparlish- prepanng themsel4sforscientific Grantsweremadefo'support speaking,orotherdisadvantaged careers The ,,projectinvolves an pUrchase of. equipment ranging over ethruc.minbrities Approximately 2410 interdeciplinarr collSboration among minicomputers in engineering, .2- and 4-year collegesarid univ.er- the several science departments, the seismic apparatus for, use in geology, sales, whichenroll more ,,}ran English Department, and the, uipment to perform data manipula-,400,000students, are eligibleto Education:at Communicatins (5epart- tinin.the social. sciences,and participate inhe program

,Tien! analyticaleqpipmen forthelife, Thisfiscal year85awardswere The chemistryfacult,.atXaier sciences Itisperhaps' noteworthy made bytheminorityinstitutions University of Louisiana will develop that 65 yercent of the funds to be.science improvement program and by learnulgmodule,for dzieintwo expended forheseprojectswill the research initiation- fdr minority general chemistry laboratory cocirses support- thi puctchase of com- institutionimprovementprogram. and twill conduct a pilot study of their,putational 'e t foruse in aPipe tlicluded 26multiyearin- effecto,ene,ss At Hillsborough Coirr- s%arietyof sciencinstructional ac- stitutional science improv'ement proj- munity CollegeinTapapa, Fkwida tn,ities ect award9, 6 regional briefing' cOn- computer programs will be developed_ ferAce awards Designed to inform for student use to- stimulate, basic Minority Institutions newly .eligibleinstitutions.. ofthe physical and topermit Science Improvement ` programs, and 53 grants to individual mathema at l modelingofphysical science faculty members at 26 minor= proceSses 6F' sysTals rid- atthe To letp. -Increase the. flowof ty 'Institutions for irTfriarrrig scientific LnRer-,Ity of the Pacif,,-. in Stockton, un.derrepresentedethnicminorities, research Calif , a multidisciplinary, upper- laboratory course will be cesignec. expressly for science majors The course )...111 make Science. Education Development and Research, the ion- terrelationships between'scie?tific diccipltnec and .tea0 them the Ialue . ofskills andmetkod.;,cdsc,p1,neR' The science educ'ation development science literacy for the much larger .9'oWnrnawr and research programs assist in the number ofstudents who need a imprAement of teachirie and learn- thorough understanding of science to Instructional Scientific' through support for' ths develop-function effectively in a technolog-' meth,evaluation, and useofin- ically sophisticated society Equipment PrograM . novativeinstructionaltechnologies, Qtherprojectsareintendedto This program, corn ^e pr,-7);:dc- teachirigmethoK,Indcourse iniprOvescience' education, atthe 'small grants to brit2- and 4-year - cnaterials to increase the quality,,cosl-college levelInstructicinal' maiteria Is c.,Ileges and un,,,crs,t,c-; as matching effectiv'e'ness,'andcurrerttriess were developed; innovative delivery dstosupportscientthc andor science- eduction ..at 'all levels modes were tested, and new curricula,- trUct,onal equipment ,kindsl.ofprojectswerewere designed to improve the ne d to jrnf lement specific Science`supPorted during fiscal year 1976 Acapability of colleges and,universities,' cour e, ,and curriculum reyibionsIn number of them involve the develop- to educate scientists and 'engineers fiseah'car IVO the program rr,a2c. 14g 1,-0testing of new materials forC,rants were also made to identify 32Q awards,averagi-ng $8,Q30, tot277 useinelementary andsecondary more effective ways. to deliver con- :,institutions lo.aked in 49 States, the sthool .scle.ncencourses rhese t4nuing education to practicing scien- D:str,,t, Col.,,rribia, and the Co materials help prepare students fortists and engineersFinally, several monwealth of Puerto Rico, more advanced work in scientific andinvestigat6rs ;ore seeking tp develqp The -grritateit numbers of Proposals technological fields and also providecom uter-based instructional sysiiam4; , 3 a , r 8 4 a

7e SCIENCE EDUCATION

'Tab,* 7 in-service and instructional resource, ScrenakEducation Development and Research materials _from which teachers of Fiscal Year 1976 and Transition Quarter (July 1 -Sept. 30, 1976) mathematics can, selectto extend their qwn knowledie and to increase Fiscal Tear 1976 Tranbtion Quarter 'the flexibility bf the 14rning environ- Proposals . awaftei Awaits meritfortheirstudentsThee - . , Number Amount Number Amount Number . Amount Pre-Coiley litslenals Development ' materials,suitable for;use at ?the Testing and Evtuabon 31 8 9156,16 26 8 4293,717 4 81,3211.080 middle-school level, treat such topics wart.* .,Hoer-ED iuSon 57 14,3 I 2,486 818 6 ' 333271 S , "measurementandthe - metric Science and EN:meeting technical Education 15 2 system" and , "relations and graphs." 288 600 0 0 . Contriving Educebon lof Scientists A group led by Watson M, LaefSch end Engineers 8 1817 9 2 , 221 146 02- 0 Twimolorcal Innoraor 11 Eclusattel 65 162 681 t7.14 2925 -595 2 684238 of the Lawrence Hall of Science at the 'swot%Idles and Experimental i University of California, Berkeley, is Propects -22 141 914 18 716252 1 255965b designing instructiontl strategie real 191 $46,6 184 71 810,932 121 13 82 601 554 teachings biologythrough out

)

that ultimately'can make in- 11 Clividualizedinstruction available at costs that are competitive with con- ventionak instructional - systems.

`.. Fire-Callege Materials' Development, Testing, and 74 ------.. - Evaluation . ., Mir AA-

Fiscal year '1976 was a time for - .Mit , intensive review and 'reevaluation of 4this program and its achievements

and ongavig" rationale. Following the ' soli.itation of nornmpation,s'froill . Virtually every interested professional"' and civic organization 'iri the Nation, 73- experts convened in,Washington . inDec./saber1Q75for a.,week's exhaustive study of the prod cts of 19Foundation supportedprsects . Theysubmitted extensive comrne criticisms, and'recommendations ,, 'These reviews provided a basis for, -...7. NSF'S support for the continuation or a-,. ..- . Completion of :several projects' For t "/". , 0 .example, Earlel Lomon of EducatiOn ( Development Centerreceived a grant t toCompletethe development andIF. classroom 'testingofinstructional i ' unitsthatteachmatheoltics and 4.. - science to elementary 'school children by engaging' them in investigations AVitaworz4..- .. i :--- .... into a variety tf practical problems A Junior high scienctiStudents in Los Angeles wOik on'a uritt 01 thewidely used project at the University of Oregon, IntermediateScience Curriculum Study, a series of science aourAes developed with directed by Alan Hoffer, is,cleyelopuig NSF support el 1

SeIENCE EtSUEATION 79

.'activities The AmericanPsy- when they are places where: peoplematerialsmust bedesignedwith choldgical.Association received a 'not only learn, but do so ,as they',adequate attention to the structure of grant to continue the development of'.'participatetouch, pound, open, pullthat syste,m if they are to be effective a course on human behavior Theon, look through, listeroo, screech at, This program, accordingly, is.con- project. staff;led,by John Ba-re ofarid climb through" the exhibitions ducting several conc,ufrent ex- Carleton College, r producing In addition, three contracts haveperiments to provide additional in- modular units for use in secondarybeen let to produce objective needs sights Into what influences the choice school psychology courses The Foun- analyses In relevant aspectS ofpre-of _instructionalmaterialsinthe dation is also supporting the develop-college science education The award-scientific and engineering disoplinek, ment of a highschool course 'ining of major grants, to devEllop newSeveral 'new projects are Illustrative AmericangaVernment by thepre-college curricula has been of these ekperiments Cohn Moodie American PoliticalScience Associa-suspended until these 'findingcan be of Purdue uziversity s developing tion in a project directed by Howard,considered and testing PvAnet y of educational, Mehlinger materialsrelevantto production One newly fundedprotect may engineering The American Univer- proveto typify the more discrete Alternatives in Higher sities Field, Staff has already produced targeting of f ndin that is expected fdycation. 25 films tracing themes 'such as the tobethe rogr s ruleinthe roleOf women through different futurelncre sing 'Scholarly ,accept- Projects in 'this category are de- cultu. res Now Norman Milleris ance of therinciples of plate tec- signedtci\ Increasethe educational directi'ng the development and testing tonics has trsformed the science of options available to ople whoginust of essays designed to atsist students geologyduring thepastdecade, use science and engeering in their enrolled invariotis /collegesocial outtlatingvirtuallyallteaching of work,,.as well as thos who are going science courses to derive maximum earth science Under the direction of into academic or in igtrialscience benefitfrorrr viewingthefilms the President of the National Associa- careers In fiscalyear1976the Finally, the Education Development non of Geology Teachers, Edwin) C program continued to focus on the Cehter *s developing modular instruc- Stoever, University of -Oklahoma-, dervelormtrn-t -ofmaterielsforex- , tional units on topics in mathematics, clagsropm teachers, researchers perimental 'courses and for programs for use sc ncestudentsA major knowledgeable in crustal evolution, dealing h new areas of science, ongoal oft roject, which will show and support personnel at six colls,ge- newrofatesofdeliveringscience the applications of mathematics to based development centers will instruction, On the .development of prOblems inthe natural and social produceapproximatelynsupple- alternatives to traditional'science and sciences, is todeviseprocedures mental instructionalunitsinareas engineering degree programs, and.on through which such units can be where the impact of recent discov- the development of prototype prO-,generated, reviewed, catalogued, and eries has chahged what needs to be grams forfuture technicians who willretrieved for use by faculty members taught at introd'uctofy-level courses serve as assistants to scientists and a part ,of their regular professional Also ,supportedin107e wasa' engineers duties fUrther test of the thesis that science Updatingofmanycollege-revel At the University of Illinois, Paul museums neednotbestaidnor science coursesishampered by atHandler and hiscolleagtiesare

musty, but function best_-when least,two foetors most college preparineinstruplonal units'on pop- visitors "Can Integrate learning dnd'professors have insufficient time to ulation and its effect on the social aki enjoyment" asthey share and work intotheir classroom presen-' economic welitbeing of the peoples,' feel at home with the cumulative and tationsallthe new materials andthe world These new units, along increasingly coherent awareness of disjoyetiesneeded tokeeptheirwithspecifications iforthe storage nature that is the tradittonat harvest instruction current, and some are tooand retrieval of existing demographic "oaf scientists Fran lc Oppen- overloaded or too remote from the data in a variety of computerized data heimer, Director ofthe San frarl professional mainstream even to keepbanks, will make It possible forNocial cisco-based rxeloratortum since 196Q, abreast of all highly specfaltzed,andphysicalscience instructorsin has sought-io make discovering the content, their 'courses should include othercollegesand upwersitiesto .museum -stumblingintothe Since virtually every decision qs to Incorporate up -to -datematerial on Lelly of a giant whale Fiere some what will be taught to a given collegepopulation-relatect issues intotheir mad soserthst has fo'und a h6me " A class i's' made by the -professcy 'who coursesAlso, the American SoCiety recent award will test.his clotIon that presidesover thatclassroom,dis- for Microbiology isintensifyingits science museums are. Most effective tribution*systems 'forcurrioulmefforts.to improxle and diversify the % °

BO SCIENCE EDUCATION I

array of teaching \aidsavallable to Science and Engineering . Technqlogical Innortion' instructorsof coursesin'micro- Technician Education in Education biology Program Duringthepastseveral Other pr jectsarefocusingo'n. has been provided for everal test making impremonts in theeaching ProposalsrOposals .to' develop amid experimental- computer-based' sys- programs fortraining process 'John JAllan, III, and J J curricular terns of instruction Fisti year 1976 rS Lagowski at the University of TeCistechnicians to contribute to .research saw a phasing pouta...large-scale Austin are completing a 4-yeardevelopment in specific subfields of support for system. development and dy of the impact of computer-science andengineering werere- the beginning, of a greater emphasir- ased instruction at _a large unive-viewed this past year by a panel ofon how the Computer can be usedto sit,Previous support had enabled experts, which made several recom- Improve learning, the development of mendations. for awardsTypical of instructorsinmany different' dis- computer courseware, and in- ciplines to use interactive terminals, these is a project at Oklahoma State vestigations Into the..cost-effec interactive graphics, laboratory data University for the development of a tiveness of comppter-based instruc- acquisition and process control, mark- model program for the training of tion Terminal grants, were made,to with special *nse grading, real-time tcleo projec- electricaltechnicians the...University of Illinois in support of tion, and terminal-controlled video'expertiseinpower engineering A the PLATO sysem,r to the Mitre very different -activity is being led by and slidesintheir coursesAt the Corporation to complete development of Springfield- unwer'sityofChicafie, William D RobertTinker ofthe TICCIT and to the Technical Community-College, which Cattison has been organizing teaching Educational TeshsystengService for the development programs, for doctoral is developing Improved materials for evaleition of these systems basic courses in physics and 'studentsin geography, and the Research'esearc Into the Tole the com-. mathematics suitable for a wide range Associationfor, American Geogr,a- pu ter can play in facilitatinglearning is pherstbas a;su'ilied responsibility forof prospective technicians being conducted by Seymour Papert at extenaing 'educational reform in the, MIT Papert teaches young children to teickirg ogeography throughout program mechanical devices and com- the. undergraduate andpre-college .0 puters to run mazes, draw diagrams, Continuing Education for and solve problems, and then studies The alternatives Ili higher educa- Scientists' and Engineers how these talents affect the students' tion program has also supported a motivation for further activities and numberofproiectsaimed at While no'major new projects in thethe numerical and verbal skills they generating neo. curricula for exam-- delivery of contrnuing education todisplay in perform_ing basic tasks At pie. the University of Michigan and suentists and engineers were the Ilnivgrsity 4...California; Irvine,' MassachusettsInstituteofTech- hated dune -1976,everal projects AlfredBorkis :developing irtstruc- norogy are coorerating. in designing started the p,revi year continuedtional materials th/irexploit the graph- computer and And tes'tir*gapro)4r.am for introducing their efforts. Ty f these is the icalcapabilities of large ) 'the latest computer-aided methods of.work of Jack shianat she testingthemon relatively designing shipsmtt theii programs in, University of Sou nCalifornia, numbers of students who are enrolled Detailed nival archftecture, Northwestern where he and his cogues havein various khysics courses. records are kept of hock many students clniversitvisexperimenting with a been developing materials or courses novel plan for providing uridergrad- offered on closed.-circuittelevision use the materials, the timesand cir- uate scrce students with enough,The coursesareavailableatoff- cumstancescharacteristicoftheir uses, and the nature of assistance the balance/ inthe majorsciencedis- campussitesconvenientlylocated ciplines to permit .each candidate to with respecttofhe aerospacein-students seek and receive At Stan- is select either ,,graduare v..ork any dus tries'where theintendedford *University,Patrick Suppes directing inyestigations into the use of one of'severaldifferentfieldsor Venginering students ,are* employed employment inaninterdisciplinary An innovative feature of ihisoystemthe computer as a language processor area Because this.prolect directedby is the inclusion of opportunities'for Included ,it)this work are efforts to Robert C Speed, will.admit Only very the studentsat their various remoteexplore the potential'of computer-gen- ablestudents,graduation.alter 3 lo( atronstointeract, viaanaircilo erated speech and the possibility of years will be possibleifor sonut,,ever channel with the instructor on the 'teaching.readrng more effectively by though the oourses will be rigorous campusawhile thelectureis'in combining audio matek'als, and com- and thorough progress },ter- assisted instruction techniques

4 SCIENCE EDUCATION 81

In response to the Congressional Science and Society mandate to seek broad pbblic -Par- .ticipation in the development of the program, NSF sponsOredseven regional forums in December 1975 Se Vera)different 'activitieswereshoyldtheybejudged' How canprior to submitting a program plan to consolidated into a new science andcitizens who are not scientists par--Congress- Over 1,400 sersons con- society program in 1976 to prvidg a ticipateeffectively inpublicpolicy tributedtothe plait ngprocess, focus for issues arising out of thedecisionswith Important scientificII-lauding private ritizffs and public ,changing relationships between theand technological components' Eachofficials, persons from business, in- scientificandtechnologicalcom- ofthe programs. approaches thesedustry, labor, and consulting firms, munities and the society of whichdifficult and perplexing questions in a`directors,staff,and volunteers in they are part Theincreaseddifferent way science museums and centers; and specialization and institutionalization representativesofpublicInterest of science and technology and their groups and professional societies The reporttoCongressofferednine pervasive influence on contemporary Science for Citizens life have added to a growing concern program, options, aboutthe ethicalimplications and Authorized by Congress infiscal_ socialconsequencesofthese..ac-year 1976, the science for Citizens Ethical. and Human Value tivities The problem oftcountabili-program seeks. Implications of Science ty" has emerged as a .central social ,A and Technology (EHVIST) ttsue affecting science no less than To facilitate the participation of government, business, education, and scientists and nonscierwstsin Theetcalandhumanvalue or other major instituctionsIt is the the processes,- by which py,bhcimplicat ons-ofscienceand distinctive task ofttte science and ,policyissueswithsignificanttechnology program was established society program to trylio bring about scientific and technological com-in 1975 and deals with.such questions greater understanding of these ponents are 'resolved as changes and problems, both among the general public and within the To g noble citizens, individ4lly The ethical problem-s and con- and cnIfectivVy, to identify and flicts generated bp-scientific and I Ali scientific 'andtechnological corn -, securescientific ,andtechnrtal munities. themselves technological' developments, as informationthatwill'enable How do the activities of scientists they affect both the scientific 9. them to deal more effectively community and the layger socie- affect our lives' How and by whom with issues of public policy are decisions ,m'ade abou.t. the direc- ty, tion of scientificactivities and the To establish effect ve dialo'gtes - The 'Impact of changing ethical resources Invested in them, and how, between citizensA,_scientists,; andsocial' standards onthe Aould these decisions be made in a espeeraliyat roiialon'commtini- ..' scientific and technological de aticsociety?Againstwhat ,,,.(,,s,tho4,,,.Ntritt leadto: ` enterprise, including the issues ethical and social standardscanand Incre:ised muti! . . nd4rstanding..._. raisedinestablishing 'research /4: 0. priontieS and in regulating" the -' conduct of research Table 8 The ethical issues and problems Science and Society Fiscal Year 1976 and Transition Quarter(July 1-ept 90.1976) . thatarise within science and techmol6gy, including those en- counteredbyscientistsavd Fscal Year i376 .., TrAnstion Barter .. engineers 'intheir professiotial. , Procesais" hvords Avia;t15' NtImber Arsabn1Humble_ Amount . Number Ansonnt capacittes 1 , Scre.e.lor COPIA' 0 0' 3. --0-*0,.. -1:- 8 Pubk UnderStanding of Oence . 64 S19200.000 34. S1 6713E6 1 S 27 70 The processesofinteraction Ethical and Numan Value Onpinabons a between science and society that , et Sow. and Tetnnology 11J1,1 1 12 067 000 19 670 757 172,448 geheratevalueconflictsand Nat, - 295 S28.267 092 53 S2 342.013 I , 1200.231 .4those that may leadtotheir Program dinialonnant stage No or opOsals reamed Or awards made 'resolution

9(3 82 SCIENCE EDUCATION

twkik

.0,

In1976 the prpgram supportedothers on the Interactions betweenwith thelNational Instito of Mental experimentalknstitu-tesand work- individualandsocial valuesand Health) == Computer .sci ntistsand' shops, national and intei:national con"-,scientific and technological develop-,psychcilogists at work'In,e cikfrunal ferences and symposiainterdiscipli,"merit One project, fp; example, dealsjustice system will alst bonsidering nary research, and the preparation of with the ethical queStioris surround-the development of ethical guidelines reference materials ,Several awardsing the dismissal of three engineersat ovorls,shops funded by the program were mide\ jointly by 'the' EHVISTemployed by a rapid transit districtin 1976.' program and theNat,ronal -Endow- who voiced.their cOncern-about the - me nt for the Humanities, including'potential safety of the automatic ti.ain one to supportanexperimental control system Public Understanding institute onfethical.theory for scien- Fiscal ye4- 1976 marksthe'second of Sbience , tistsandengineersinterestedin year of a project to collect and make - teaching and research pri the" subject, accessible all printed lid oral history This program directs its activities and anotherto support aninter- materials on the deveMpment of th5toward increasing public understand- disciplinary workshop to design an controersial recombirtant DNA ingofthesocialandintellectual agenda for studying the relationship research guidelines and fon the events procejses underlyipgscience and of American alues toalte'rnative thatfollowedThe prlam alsotechnology and of the scientific and types of human living en-N,ArOnments funded conferences, wo.rksPops;:and technologicalcomponentsof public A number of awards went to studies svmposy tobegin the process of policy Issues The program supports of the ethical issues arising in partic- developih'5,thicalguidelines for projects that make use of a variety of ular-cases bf scie;ntific research out scientists In fs,elkral fields, ipiiiiclng communicationchannelsinCtuding, ofparticularforms of technological those condueong research on human forexample,television and other development Some of these projects tissue cultures 'andon- humaRmass media, museum exhibits,lec- focus ort..enytrollmental issues and reproductRe (jointlyointly funded tures, conferfnces, forums, and scien-

sr.

History of recombinant DNA guidelines. The MIT Technology Studies Program is compiling a collection ofhistorical materials relating to the ongoing debate (such as this working session of setntists at the 1975 AsilomarConference) over recombinant DNA research (Photo by Andrew Stern for National Academy of Sciences ) , SCIBNCE. EDUCAT '1

....-- ' . .. . tificlour sm and plibiljatton. Given the diversity of backgrounds, educron, and interests of American citizens, some pripjects are armedat special audiences, such as minority rgrqups,rural' populations, (-senior citizens, and union members Recent projects include: ',. . '4

Norseit-, NOVROThis popular public tele'vi- J, mon science program now reaches an aucbence estimated at four ti even rri'illioh oiewe4's each week. During thecul'rent seasonItpresented programs -cmtopicsranging from I genetics and/ astronomy, ito energy and insecticides. . Science /or local TV news A roupat the MassaChusetts lnstigite of Technology is exploring a new' ap; proach''-to disseminating science io-for- matron through 'local TV news programs A series . of- brief films on world food problems. will be tested this yearif successful, the project could become the basis fora new science news service ., Public awareness programThe country'slargeststientificsociety,the American Associationforitshe Ad- vancement of Science, has begi.cria comprehensive programincluding regional -seminars about science and techndok, mass media internships and workshops to 'improve science reportirig, and a science firth review- ing service &; Astronomy in theparks The Atrierican Astronomical'Societyand .stiv Nationaj,Park Service hate begun a program in Which. park rangers and natutilists 0-01% visitors about the stars and the universe as well as the local ecology and geology Tire Christmac LecturesFor the past 6 years,several Chicago universities have cooperated tpresent a series of publiclectures yworld -famous scientists who discuss the frontiers of

sfierke in 14 terms ..' Crienie,('rrhrldrrni .televisron Saturday morning television. With SF support, a series of science "Closeups" has Television's Mr Wizaris producing been preparoglifor use on netwo television during children's stows In each segment Mr Wiza?d pesents a ve close .vIew of some familiar science-related a'a seties of 3Q-second science.' object Children are ctiallenged to guess the object while they are told a bit of the segments to be incorporated .1,n com- science background mercial chddren's TV programs

r* t.)

RESEARCH APPLIED TO NATIONAL NEEDS 85

Research. Applied To .National 'Needs.

S'"

. . NSF establishedthe Research nonreliew.able resourcesrin the Technoloar-Integration of science and .AppliedtoNationalNeeds national interest technolTgy as an essential resource (RANN) prograni in. 1971 to Envirinment enhancement ofthe Into the policy and program planning bring' fhe resources of science andNation's capaqty to mitigate environ-and execution activities of -State and technology to bear on selected impOr- mental hazards, whether natural or localgovernments,andtestand tant national problems To do this, manmade evaluation of selected incentives that the RANN program acts to. the Federal Government may proper- 1 Prdfluctivity policy research and ly and effectivelyusetoincrease Identift,,y national needs that are development of new technologies .t2 R&D investment in the ifrivate sector not being addressed by, existipg help improve the productivity of the where new technology is needed in, research agencies, provide early public and privatthsectors .ofthe the national Interest warningof1))otentialnational!economy During fiscal year 1976, the further problems,andinitiateassess- Expleratort Research and Technology phase-down of energy researchin .. meets and researchthatad- Assessment research and assessment dress these need; and problem. RANN continued as theEnergy to provide better andei-standing ofResearch and.' Development Act:- Increasetheeffectiveuseof;the long-range social, environmental, ministration enlarOd its energy R&D science and technology in deal- and economic Impact of neweffortsThis phase-down included a ing with national problems . technology applications, and to iden-transfer of technical oversight Shorten the .leadtime betteleenlily and- analyze emerging nationalresponsibility for 125 projects being basic _scientific discoveries and problems that may be avoided orsupported at a level of over ameliorated by effective application of relevantpracticalapplications $21,000,000 in fossil energy, energy science and technology and serve as a bridge 'between conservation, solar energy, and , the Foundation's basic research intergovernmental Science and Public geothermal, energy programs kid the development demonstration, and open-ational Table 9 programsofFederalmission Research Applied to National Needs agencies, State 'andlocal Fiscal Years 1974, 1975, 1976 and Transition Quarter (July 1-Sept. 30, 1976) governments, and industry (Dollars in Millions) Assure thet communicationand, use of the rewarch results tr. Fiscal Year 1974 fiscal Year 1975 Fiscal Year 1976 Transition Quarter Number Amount In furtherance.of these goals, and Number Amount Number Amount Number Amount Resources' 228 $29 72 . 298 $3884 159 ' $15 20 38 1, 3 26 reflecting'changingnational Environmih JO.' 25 85 . 170 ,23 16 " 1% 2698 58 638 priorities,RANN.,, reorganizedits Productivity 135 1511 164 16 V 196 24 11 50 636 activities in fiscal year 1976 to focus, intergovernmental Science and R&D Incentives 2 096' 51 - 2 84 67 434 18 101 on the following five major areas Exporory Research and Technology Assessment 57 17 Resources.strategiesand view 380 . I21 19 114400 2 041 , technologies that will make possible Total 615 $76 04 701 $13 59 637' $7Air I% $17 41 more effective use of cenewableand The R&D locentives Program was not' inch:reed in MANN in Fiscal Year 1974

9? 88 RESEARCH APPLIED TO NATIONAL NEEDS

RANN looksto small business, representativeginformationon supported evaluations of the impacts with" its history of innovation and RANN aswell asaccessto NSFof various technical and policy op- new Technology .development, as an program managers and to represent- tions on ene,rgy supply and consump- important participant in its researchatives of14 Federal agencies with tion Modeling efforts have created a programsThisinvo'vementwith the largest research and development long -range energy supply model, a small business was increased in 1976 budgets Duringfiscal, year1976, simulation model of the world oil an alternative leasing through a 2-day RANN National sonde 56 a wai'ds, totaling 2 million, market, Small Businesg Conference heldin were made to srrtall business This strategy evaluation model, and Washington and' through increased represented 8 5 percent of ItANN's models' for better estimation of the awards made' to small business The funding and exceeded th,,7 5 percent energy resource basePortions of National Small Business Conference minimum level. recidired-by the.Con- thesemodels havebeenused by provided to "some 400 small business gress several Federal agencies Continuingeffortis improving 4 modelstoincludetl impacts of potentialenvironmen alandeco- nomic policy decisions on energy sup- Resouices ply, and expanding modeling activ- Ines to include nonenergy resources andtheirrelationtothe energy The problems the United Statestory of energy and protein .and an supply system Studies of techniques to improve the efficient use of energy contendswithindevelopin.gand initial model showing the resources managing the naturaliesources q needed for six alternalwebeef have also been completed, including needs are Complicated,today by-productionsystems in Colorado. the effect of alt ernativeelectrical rate retrAt. strategiesfor)P increasedworldwidedemandand Work at the University of Kentuiky structures, competitionforresources; and byhas,provided preliminary estimates of buildings,theuse' of underground reduce inadequate incentives for continuedthe potential for producing red meatstructures, policiesto technological progress in the procluc- in areas )here forage can,be used as,automobilegasolineconsumption, Iti tionof many resourcesThere- theprincipalfeed And work a-t and end use energy efficiency to-' WashingtonUniversity,St Louis, addition, the program has evaluated sources program supports research existing -::identify emerging problems andto'indicates that Organic cropping the effectiveness,of legislative measures and developed °developalternatepolicies,andmethods may offeron economically new strategies for a wide rangeof technical solutions acceptable alternative to the-energy- intensive and resource - consumptive energy «mservation problems Resburce System& conventional feedlot operations, which requiregrainproduced from Theresourcesystems program, irngated land Renewable Resources through its focus on system defirn- Reeearchin other food commodity The three high priority areas for ' non, ' analysis,,andevaluationin areas,such astheapplicationof nonenergy areas, seeks better waysenzyme technology to the processing research ip the renewable resources programbiomass utiliotfation, in- 11 to deal with resource problems ".Itand storage of dairy products and the also provides 4 way to intlegrdte theidentification and evaluation of novative biosynthetic technaques, and nonconventional foodsgained their i results of eitploratory research on,, manageMent alternativeg for fisheries Impetus from results of studiessuch renewable and nonrenewable re- inthe extended Jurisdiction,is ex- Productivi- sources into this assessment process pected to yield a better understanding as The Federal Role in Increasing Food 50m, and Protein Research on.,food resource systems of the consequences.of the introduc- tyof the U S has focused on malor commodities, tion of new techniques Resources and technology. such as beef, in order .to identify'and Research on energy systems has Research on biomass utilization has assess alternative ways to provide continued to develop and evaluate focused on innovative technologies to nutritious products, 'meet food quali- improvedanalyticalmethodsand convert wood' and wood waste to industrial chemicals Projects started tyandsafetyrequirements,' and modelingtechniques,expandthe emphasized minimize ,the Use of fossil energy and needed data base, and create newin fiscal year 1976 have biological processes fot the degradetion othercompetitive. resourceinputs ways to help design, plan,evaluate, Researchers at Colorado State Um- and implement alternate solutions In of cellulose and lignin to sugars and aromatic compounds, which can . vers)ty have completed a data 4nyen- a number of areas the programhas RESEARCH APPLIED T6 NATIONAL NEEDS 87 4

be converted to food and otheruseful material4 Amajor areaofresearchon innovative biosynthetic techniques is biological, nitrogenfixation The synthesis of ammonia from molecular nitrogen in the air by vapous natural k5iologicalsystemsrepresentsthe singlepredominant contributorof "fixed"nitrogen on thisplanet However, few people, realize hbw extensive this process really is Every yearthroughout the world,ap- proximgely 175 milliontonsof natural niteogen fertilizer, inchicling 90 mitikon tons, on agricultural soil, are fixed by microorganisms, that is, A bacteria, and blue-green algaeThis compareswith "46million tons p.roduccl chemically on a worldwide basis, including 9 million tons in the United States The manufacture of thisghemicallyprodaetlnitrogen fertilrzerrequiresfossilfuels, a rionfenewable resource of decreasing abundance and increasing cost Ob- viously, itis important to investigate means to enhance the natural ability" of nitrogen-fixing microbes in nature as a way to reduce our dependence on commercial fertilizers Nitrogen- fixing microbes contain a delicatefeedback mechanism Which immediately shuts off further .nitrogen fixation as soon as sufficient ammonia has been synthesizedto meetthegrowth andmetabolic requirements of the organism Two projects were initiated in fiscal year 1976 to construct mutants ,of such organismsinwhichthefeedback ..mechanism is no longer functional Results from both projects have been highly encouraging The projectatthe University of Wisconsin, Madison, has produced nu Cants of the nitrogen-fixing soil organismAzoobacter Vtnelandu that continue to synthesize ammonia and excreteitintothesurrounding Nitrogenfixer. Nitrogenase enzyme (crystalsof which are shown here in a medium Microphotograph) occurring naturally in some microbes performs the important job Similarly, the protect at the Univer- of catalyzing the transformation 9,1 molecular nitrogen to ammonia nbeded for plant growth Research projects are uunder wAy to-find ways to take advantage of the, sity of California,Davis, has con- properties' of these microbes to reduce man's need formariitfactured nitrogen structedmutantsof Klebsiella.fertiliers (Photo'by Winston Brill /University of Wisconsin ) , 4 0

If 4 t 88 RESEARCH APPLIED TO NATIONAL NEEDS

(4,s

andadvancedprocessing- technol- Neumontae and a blue-green -algaecould easily reduce the loss by at least ogies whichalsoexcreteammonia' A 50 Percent . mutant of KPneurnoniae provided a Thelackofan _accepted' rapid The mineral market behavior pro- focuses oninvestmentbe- 440to500percentincrease in methqd to assess the protein quality gram in-.:. ammonia production overothe parent of foods is a majonproblemfacingthe havior ina number of mineral ofalternative strain Blue-greenalgaeare par- foodindustry,regulatory, dustries,evaluatiop ticular-1'y important since they haveand resea,cElfers in food technology,measures of resource scarcity,and the ability to use sunlight as a sourcenutrition, and plant breedingItis international aspects of mineral trade! of energy /end war as the source ofalso a major obstacle to the use of and worldwidemineraldemand' Studies on investment behavior were hydrogen to reduce molecular novelsourcesof proteininfood nitrogen 'to ammonia products The problem has become recently completed for the, zinc anii . . acute. in recent years because of the nickel industries In the zinc industry; In another biosynthetic area, it has demands for nutritional labeling on the combined impct of the U.S. zinc been foundatthe University of _ptlocessedf9ods and growing con- stockpile,tariff, and quota r/olicie.s Miami that many marine algae oc-sumer interests in.the qualityof all'were shoWntoadverselyaffect curring in the' tropical or subtropical foodsAt present, the only method investment in the domestic industof.- eriergy of regions are ablto use the acceptable to the regulatory agencies -In the area of resource scarcity,',It sunlight to split water and releasefor determining protein quality is the was concluded that 'the most com- molecular hvdi'ogena potentialprotein efficiency ratio (PER) test. It monlycitedmeasure ofresource fiscalyear energy stiurceDuring is an expensive ($225 to$300, per scarcity,unit cost,is such an am-' - 1976, a very active and highly stablesample) and time consuming (mini-_biguous indicator of scarcity that it"' ., blue-green algae was isolated which mum of 28 days) procedure using rats Shouldnotbeused- Amongits is five to ei-ght times more active thanas the assay organism, and there is no deficiencies are the fact that the index the best pitviously known hydrogen-substitute as 'yet for it in the qualityis a lagging, not a leading, indicator, producing microbe,, t ontrol ,,of procesged foodproducts ,,thatit reveals nothing about future ,..., Nonconventional food research has However,theUniversity'of costs of extraction, and that it ,does OlystCal ex- involvedprojectsinleafprotein,'Nebraska is attemptaig to develop a not warn of impending 'i oilseed_protein, andmethodsto methodto ,predictthenutritional haustion - . overcomebarriers that inhibit the usequality, ..combinations of proteins In the field of advanced paressing of new protein resources A projectused in footortification .They have technologies,. Milton Wadsworth, initiated at the University of Wiscon-foundthat aninvitroenzymatic University 'of Utah, combined forces Ma'rietta sin has produced significant'progress,digestion procedure shows prorlcise as witt the Martin , to in developing a system to harvestand a meanstopredicttheprotein Laboratories in.713altimore, 1%./1d searchfor alternative 'Methods ,to:, processforage Thesystemwillefficiencyt ratio of a given source of minimize field losses, maximizeproteinItishoped 'that with ad- process"- relatively small deposits of nutritnt use, and allow farmers` toditional refinements, such as meas- low grade copper ores Such d4osits harvest their crops when they are aturements on the rate of liberatiOn of are n tcurrentlybeing_used fora numbe of environmental. and theheightofnutritionalqueity,essential amino acids (e g lysine and with withoutinterruption bypoormethionine) and on the response, of economicreasonsassociated weather The traditional means tothe digest in supporting the growth scale of operations After exafntnitig a harvest alfalfarequires drying. theof a single cell protozoan, a rapid and number cif alternatives, they have crop in the held until it reaches alowinexpensive methodology can be narrowest -their research 'to an acid enough level of moisture for it to bedeveloped ferric dulfate leach process A chalcopyrite (copper ore} concentrate,* 'stored the siloThisis usually accompanied.by.huge losses; up to 25 Nonrenewable Resdurdes is grouhd to less than 1-micron _size I. percentofdrymatter andfeed in an "attntor" prior to-multistage featurerehilting nutrientInateas where thereis.jo "provide timely technical and leachingA key frequent rainfall in the early summer,economic options to strengthen the from grinding in the attrito'r is that the entire first cutting is often lost ANation's'long -term mineral resource for a given energy input, up to twice conservative estimate' indicates thatposture whileachievingitssocial, as much copper can beleached as is losses -incurred throughout the' Na-environmental, economic and conser: realied by conventional ball milling. tion during the harvesting off,ust oneTation goals, this program supports'tol,silver,and sulfur may be As byproductsof the crop,alfalfa,exceed$400 milliopresearch in mineral market behavior rec,verect protest, and the sulfur- produced is annuallyIf successful, thisresearchand shortages, resource conservatyn, wir

f RESEARCH APPLIED TO NATIONAL NEEDS 89,

ihe equivalent in purity to distilled$620 per ton of copper fora 45,000 - mental decisionmaking, (2) methods sulfur Breliminaryeconomices- ton- per -yearplantThis compares forpredictingland. use and other -'1imates by Martin Marietta-with $1:,500 per ton For a conven- secondary consequences ofenvie-on- Laboratories show an investment of,tional 130,000-ton-per-year plant mental control,(3) management of estcluals from ,municipal and industrial sources,. and (41 )synthesis and testingofregional .environmental Environment management strategies ScientistsattheUniversityof California,Davis, . arecontinuing their work with the GaliforniaTahoe lkANN environmentalprogramssignificantlyaffect the health and RegionalPlanning Agencyinthe ardirected toward the improvementwell-bOingof humansandthe'preparation of a generI plan for the oscientific base; for the mitigationregional ecosystems upon which they development of the Lake Tahoe basin crf major environmental hazards anddependSolutionsto, problenisof The regional plan will correlate land he rational management of environ--regional ecosystem qualityrequire use(Includingwater andairre2 mentalresources,Ultimately,theconsideration ata scale stIfficiently sources),transportation,conserva- results of this research cdn save lives,large toprovidemeasureable tion,recrqation, and public services reduce injury and property damage,relationships between population and facilities andrelieveecological,social, 'andchanges, land use, material, energy, Research under the direction of economicdisruption By encom-and economic factors John'G. Trump at the Massachusetts passing both .manmade and natural During1976, specificprogram Institute of Technology has led to the hazards,theseprogramsprovideareas were(1) improvedeconomic design and construction of a facility, systematic analyses of major environ-andecologicalbasesforenviron- fordeterminingthefeasibilityof mental hazards This, in turn, permits a unified approach totheformulation of policies , !TokaCZir" In 1976 -research in RANN's en: viro,nrnent program was supported in sevenseparateareas (1)regional environmental management, (2) en- Aar vironmentala'spects of trace. contaminants,(3)environmental effects of energy, (4) weather modification, 5) earthquake engineering, (6) fire research, and 17)societalresponse to natural' hazardsand 'disastersIn, ,fiscalyear 1976 thefireresearch program was transferred, along with personnel, jothe Departmentof Commerce Similarly, research under the environmental' effects of energy' program was phased out and the new Energy- Research and ,Development IN/ Administration assumed responsibility for it . .

Regional Env(yonmantal . Management Municipal sludge. Management of sludges producedt5ythe Nation's increasing number of municipal Wastewater treatment plants is an already large and growing -problem The Deer Island Metropolitan Distndt Commission's (Boston) Wastewater Research supported by this pro- Treatment Plant is Cooperating with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in gramsynthesozes and evaluates conducting an expbriment to determine the feasibility of using high-energy electrons proceddres to manage factorS that as an economical way to disinfect sludges for safe handling 1

90 RESEARCH APPLIED TO NATIONAL NEEDS

using high energy electrons to disinfect municipal wastewater, sludge and. treateleffluents Disinfection of sludges may be necessary to reduce nskof'Infectionthat may. be associated -,ithth placement of sludges on agricultural soil An in-line unit, located at the Deer island Wistewater Treatment Plant of the Bostori Metro- politanDistrict Commission, began operating ill May 197b The standard, htgl-vnergy electron source InStalled there will deliver, a dose of 400,000 rads, which is anticipated to. re adequate for disinfection of up to 100,000 gallons of sludge per day The cost of electron treatment for dismfection is estimated to be in the range of $10 per ;dry ton- of sludge When .combinkd with subsequent chiect injection of sludges into soil Aar, additional cost of r $15 per ton, the total represents ,a substantial .savings horn the current costs of managing's.ludge, Which range Environmaptal warning. NSF - supported scientists, using a new methodof chemical `upto $100' per. dry- tonElection- analysis, found that some formulations of cutting fluids, used inmetalworking tools _radiationtreatmentsjfsludgesto like this one, contained possibly hazardous amounts of mtrosamtnes,a family of achieve disinfection is expected to be compounds that are suspected human carcinogens much less costly th Vin. use of radioac- .12t tive ()topes ouch as Cobalt ot) and t treatment plants were studied Of the cesiu 137ortheuseofheat used in in4st'ry to reduce friction Indications are that 41101ectron- and heat in cutting metals five sources tested, the black liquor treatment of the slydges will improve f(Jttrosamines, formed from the com-fromthe .pulp)plantwas clearly their capability for being dewatered,bination of nitrites and amines, bothnegative, effluents from the refinery thereby reducing the cost of trans-of which are common in our environ-and one irrdustrial waste' treatment portation to disposal sites ment, are known to cause cancer inplant were clearly positive and +must 'animals and are suspected of causing be' regarded as delivering "prqump- its in humans David Fine of Thermo tive" carcinogens into `receiving Environmental Aspects of Electron had previously reported to Waters Results ,fromtht.second the American Chemical'Society thatwaste treatMent plant were border- . Trace Contaminants nitrosarninesroutinely contaminate lineResults from the steel mill eft The erwironmental aspects of trace several herbicides, including one usedfluent were' ambigupus, but when contaminants program is concerned on tomato and other food crops '4epara'ted five components by .with the identification, quantifiCation, Incollaborationwiththe Harris 'thin -layer chromatography, two at and assessment of the impact of the'County, Tex , Pollution Control De-the five were mut'agenic and one spread in the environment of haz- partment, researchers at Washing-toxictothebacteria Extracts o ardous chemical maters Is, both man- ton .'University have collected efflu-particUlate smatter from St Louis and made and naturally occurring ent water.from several plants Chicago air have also been subjected Antes test' M,utagemc 17 singa sensitive new detection'discharging into the Houston Ship to the materials were, definitely present in method called thermal energy Channel and subjectedittothe analysis, NSF-supported scientists at"Aabes test," a bacterial test, for theboth and more \concentratedin ThermoElectronCorporation in'presence of muta-genic, (and probably material from the central cities thart Waltham, Mass ,have found large carcinogenic) chemii.als Effluentsin that from outlying* areas amounts ofnitrbsammes. Ineight frOrrlf pulp plant, an oil refinery, a At the University of California, reseascg brands of- cutting" 91Is that are widely steel mil), and tw-k industrial waste Davis,an NSF-supported ,1 0 RESEARCH APPLIED,TO NATIONAL NEEDS 91 ,

I . that most effluents can be used for drinking or 'agricultural purposes if onlyone,two,or atmost three elements are ,removedthose being arsenic, boron, and fluorine 4Itboughithasbeen' shown that

',geothermal watrs carry a large rium" ber of trace metal4, onk those three occur_ in amounts considered tralful to man in many of the low to medium salinity waters Research on the feasibility of using large artificial islands as locations for multiplant industrial complexes was carried out by the College of Marine Studies at the University of Delaware withassistance fromTexa's A &M Elniversity, Frederick R.,,,Harris Inc, andGilbertAssociates,Inc.The project evaluated the -economic, engineering, legal, and environmental possibilities of large artificial Indus- trial port islands located off the L.P.S7 I Atlantic and 4ulf Coasts The initial, studies show,that,withknown Smog chemistry. As a way to learfi more about the sequences of chemical reactions that occur in polluted air, James N Pitts, Jr , at the University of California, Riverside, technology,artificialislandsinthe uses a 200-cubit-foot reacpon chamber 'for simulation experiments. range of 5,000 to 10,000 acres can be built at a present cost o? between $1 and $2 billion per 'slaty' Because of group has developed an automatedresolved a major controversy about thescarcityoflandavailablefor methodologyforanalyzing aerosol oxidantmeasurements, whichwill industrial siting and because of the ''samples, it his since been adopted for significantly modify the manner in-.proximity of markets, such Istanlls routine use by the 'California Airwhich local authoinies declare in spite -of their costajtipear to be Resources Board This, methodis .tion alerts econovically feasibleoff the many times faster and about one- northeasterncoastoftheUnited . States fourth the cost of the chief competing . Environmental Effects method, and the \rinuaf saving in of Energy 'California alone will be about equal Weather Modification thecostoftheproject Andin The developmentof r new southernCaltfornia, research at the technologies to extralli,liCstore, The weathermodification program University of California, Riverside, is tran4port,ofconvert energywill continues to supporrthe de4elopment defirling thechemistry of the likelyrequiresubstantialexpend- of improved techniques -an al capabil- photochemical smog - forming' process itures' of public and private funds as ales and to exp,fore the impact of The, indent there is to identify the well as several yeas or, decades to weather modification on society Hail exact roles of the primary pollutants'develop During 197o, this program_suppression, precipitation augmenta- hydrocarbons,,nitrogen oxides, car- sought to identify the environmental;ion, improved weather -for agricul- bon monoxide, sulfur dioxide) that effects of energy development and' to ture, and inadvertent weather react in the aieto form bicc.irtitants designmeans ofminirnizins'the.modification are some ,of the areas such asozone Theprojecthas associated environmental dam,age. being investigated identified several exotic substances in Research at theUniversity 0 Climate andFood,a.recently cork syntheticsrrtogmixturesthatAre Southeirr California on the chem- pleted study by the National likelyto modify the course of the-istry, fate, and removal of cbritam-Academy of SciencesINIeltional smog-formingprocessorto' 'have inants_ from low and mediuni salinity Research Council on the effect's of adverse health effectsIthasalso geothermal wastewaters indicates weather and climate on agricultur'a'l I . 103, Tor,

92 RESEARCH APPLIED TO NATIONAL NEEDS a

, 1 prOclution-; looked at climatic fluc- andis cb,eingincorporatedintl'e , Fire Research ttiations,Water and land resources, Uniform Building;tode of the liter, The objectivesof this program, plants breeding, crop and livestock national Conferenceof Building Offi: transferred in 1976 to the Degart-. management,'cials And the 'American Association management, pest ment of Commerce, were to reduce Weather Modification, and strategies .sif StateHighway dotransportaiion fireolosses through the improvement Itfound Officials incorpora4d standard tables for developing, countries of the design of buildings to _resist a primary determi- and curves developed in this research that weather is and contain fires, the Improvement of - nant Of agriculeure and that weather Into its design codes for bridges. flammability testing procedures, and modification offers major economic Results of NSF studies 9n tsunami thedeterminationofthe 'factors d production benefits (earthquake-caused waves') behavio'r' leading to more effective fire detec- Project METROMEX resultsin-'will be used by the Nuclear tion and control systems. dicate thattheSt Louisurban- Regulatory Commission in evaluating A third in s series of bedroom,fire industrial area is an important source applications for nuclear powerplants tests was conducted jointly.by_Har- cft cloud condensation, nuclei, which incoastalareas The. President's yard University and Factory Mutual Quality form by the gas-to-particle-c-,nver- Councilon Environmental Research Corporation with the slop of SO, and subsequentparticle has alsy made use of the results of cooperation of the Norwood, Mass.; to estimate growth processes These aerosols are these tsunami' studies Fire. DepartmentThe purpo.seof 'formation spilloge due to earth- a major'contribiitor to the potential 'oil thesetestsis ,,t)understandthe of Stable haze commonly observedquake effects do structures in the phenomenon of room involvement," during airpollution episodesThe Gulf of Alaska 'and to estimate thethe sudden dbange from asmall! relative 'frequency of tsunamis on two- to th'reefold increase ip frequen- localizedfiretothe simultaneous cy of precipitation initiation events in variousdevelopment 'plans...Otherignition of all the other combustibles urban-influenced airis attributed toorganizatiOns currently using these to the room The first fest; in 1973, the effectof theincreased number of results include the U.S. Army Corps' firegrowth, Or on the experiencedrapid largecondensationnuclei of Engineers, Pacific Gas and Electric "roominvolvement,.' 17minutes coalesceitce (warm rain) 'process Company, and Puget Sound Power afterignition, 'thesecondtest,in aneOtight'Company 1974, using an identical room 'layout Earthquake Engineering Two cooperativeingreements ' in but slightly, different materials, ex- earthquake, engineer g withthe perienced rapid fire groNth in only 7 This program,.o,kep?iting.research Soviet, Union are now in operation minutes after ignition The third test, to improve our o,nderstandingof the The first, on environmental protec- identical in both layout and materials physical and socital effects of earth- tion,providesforjointresearch to thesecondtodeterminethe quakes, concentrate on. (1) develop- programs in engineering. seismology reproducibility of such a 'realistic full- ing civilworks design' procedures Projects are currently under way in scale test, was the most extensively InEorporating disaster- resistant pro- the areas of strong-ground ;motion insetumented room fire test ever run visions,(2)investigating the social and'induced seismicity frOm\ re ervotr "Room involvement" occurred just 20 and economic ejfects of larthquakes, Impoundment Thesecond, gree- seconds sooner than t'i'the second and (3) transferring the 'knowledge ment, on housing and other con true- test, with only minorcrifferences in and procedures to designers, decision- bon, provides for joint research ithe thepreceding flame spread .1tis makers,publicofficials,and the seismic design and analysis of st c- expected that theseltests will lead'to a 'general public. tures A benefitalready received frdin new approach to fire safetystandards and regtilations based on realistic fire A groupattheUniversityof this program is a sophisticated and California, Berkeley, doing research novelapproach developed .bythe testsSmall-scale flammability tests Unfortunately, on soil responses toearthquakes, has Soviet Academy of Sciences to es- currentlyavailable, developed computer programs widely timate blinding site seismicity due to can lead to unwarrantedconclusions useful irrl.the design of earthquake- point,line, and distributedseismic, and theMarketingof hai&dout resistant- structuresThe programs sources' Theli computer progra'ms materials, albeit unintentionally the arenow used,by virtually all have been implementedat An elevator simulation investiga- engineering c,onstilting buns en 'aged Massachusetts Institute of Technol- tion has shown,that elevators, properly equipped, can be used ef- inearthquake analysisrelated'it ogy as petof a comprehensive construction One of. the programs seismic risk project at the savings of ficiently inther_echstributioriof has been adopted by the Structural several, man -years of research and "peOpla within a tall building ancrrcIre" Engineers Association or Californiacomputer program development the movement of people awa from

1.0 I ,.

RESEARE9-1 APPLIED TON TIONAL NEEDS 93

S .3,

firedanger zones through im-permit 'development. and testing of the costs of development and demand provementsinelevatordispatcher procedures, techniques,: - customs, for urban- cable TV (CATV) services logic 51esign ,Simultaneous elevatorstructures, and Policies for individual'and' estimates 'the economic conse- cab assignments to the same floor,and 'community preparation for quences - ofalternativeregulatory zones with overlapping floors, response to and recoveryfrom CATV policies, has been used by the floating cabs, or cabs parked evenly natural disasters , . cities of Cleveland and Detroit' ft) throughoutthe zone maygive The InstituteiifBehavioral Sol,planning CATV polities Research superior means to bandle-emewen-ences of the University of Colorado the model, at Johns HopkinUnive ciesthan the common praitice of has completed a comprehensive say, was supported by the Foto a- taking all elevator's to the lobby to,"Assessment of Research on Natural non and the Federal Communicat ns provide for fire fighter transport . Hazard" This study will stnongly, Commission influence future research both at NSF Following'a ,,major conferen on Societal Response to andin 'other Federal agenciesFor children and television, suppor' d by Natural Hazards example, a recently established Com- the NSF, the Ford FoUndati* *and munity Preparedness Program in: thethe Markle Foundation, NF ijittated . This program seeks to accumulate, National Oceanic Id Atmosphericsupport of eight research p ects on analyze, andtest 'knowledge about Admaitstration was in part a thesocial impacts of broad.c.a etelevi- . individual,Organizational, arld an- resnse to that agency's participa-sion'in areas including. ad eitising, stituttonal behavior associated with tioninthe University of Coloradorole-learning violence, ancultural major natural disasters for all rele- project Also, through ,tulty of flood change vant time periods p&impact, impact, losses,_ this project-de:veloped During fiscal year 1176 tl-ye Foun- rescue: relief, restoration, rehabilita- simulation model that has been dation supported resear chn alter- tionThis body of information will adopted ..by the Corps of Engineers native organizational rangements by local government fothe delivery of four 'urban service--pOlice, fire,

Advanced Productivity Research and .- public health,,, and Solid, waste Technology, management Extenvedatahave- been collected on te organizattional and ?gal -arrange -involved in One of the Nation's most impor- Public Sector Productivity thedelivery' of eke servicesin

tant economic problems over the past ° Standard Metrooliran Statistical decade ha; been the declining rate'of This program supports research toAreas of less than1 5 million popula- productivity increase The advanced analyze and measure theeffec- tion, by fiscal yer 1'978 case studies produCtivity research and technology tiveness., efficiency,andequityof oftheperfomance ofthese p,pgram provides a SuentifK 'and public service delivery systems Major organizationalrrangements will be technical basis to increase productivi- projects are in the areas of the social completed ty through research on the effects of andeconomiceffectsoftglecom- The firA pase of aproject on pUblicpolicies on productivity and on munications innovations in providing developmen I a productivity meas- the better use of human resources, services, the pojential of technology urement sysem for State govern- technology and capital for improving local government ment has beh completedIt includes Infiscal year 1-97b this program operations, and the productivity ofsystems tossess the efficiency and emphasized sltudies to improve health deliverysystemsthrough effectivenes of foster careand productivity- in the delivery of publrc improved medicalinstrumentation nursing me services- within the services to assess the benefits and technologies .4 State of ashington A subsequent costs of Federal assistance programs. In1976, thetable qTelevisionphase wiI, involve evaluating service to State and local governments, to Information Center ofthe Urbandeliver and establishingthe analyze the net effectsof Federal and Institute conducted a national stkrvey transfeability of /the measurement State regulation on industry and the-of social service applications of cable syste to other Services within .the public, and to facilitate the adoption TV The tudy demonstrated that a Stat oftechnologytoimprovepriva'te vast range of applications has been Re rch on fhe delivery of civil sectorindustrial productivity, with attempted over the past 10 years, butlaw vices ingiudes Studies of how particularattention tothejoint thatpurelylocalinitiativeshave co canbe/ organized more ef- contribution of industry and univer- proven very difficult to maintain A FR. ly,- how/ technologies "Lich as ti sities computer simulation, which models v tape and/computers can/enhance

ft, 10',) 94 , RESEARCH APPLIED TO NA.TIOPkl NEEDS.

I, court productivity without diminish-.str4ture, behavior, And performance meantof ater and enz1thvi. an

...' ing the quality of iustncedelivered,: In ',Kcal year 197b, the FoundationanalOcal-basis for the ablishment and hOw clients can organize more 1iiated research on the Impact of ofnewicresidential tricityra.t,e effectiv-ely to acquire legal services In rrgrvulation in consumer fLnancral serv- structures the latter area, the Futures Group of> Ices, in ground bsef production., and in A two-volume Analysis Sourtl Glastonbury,'COnn, prodtated a copperwire processing These awards Boot prepared. e National Plan- , handbookentitled"PrepaidLegal, were made toprov.ide better :un-ning Associat jnwas Published in ,Services How to Start a Plan" and aderstandirrg of the cumulative impact4March '1976 by the U.S. Goyern- policy:orientedreference buck en- of regulation at the Federal, State, and ment Print ffice andis currently - titled "Prepaid Legal Services local levels on the price, supply, and available 'eThe, Source Boot 'con Socioeconomic Impacts Thequalityofthe goods andservices tains ab 7#0 abstracts g# s tg n i f 1 - American Bar Foundation of Chicago, produced PR thesesectors Such can s, articles,andreports III , produced a series of articles and information w4i be useful to conc with policy Issues and the monographs 'dealing -with types of regulators, labor, business, aridpublic ana of social programs, and a list legal 'service plans, their organization, interest groups in making the of ut 775 titles recommerld41 by V purpose, annegitlattoni regulatory process more efficient and e is asadditionalsourcesfor s In, instrumentation iechnology, equitable' alable policyinformati4 The. Uno.fersity of .Califorrua, San Fran- Theeconomicconsequencesof rce Book is a comprehensive cisco, researchers constructed agasL .current ratemaking procedures use eference work that can be available filled, proportional chamber _Cameraby public utilities are being studi at de4kside to provide easy access to . to show the spatial distribution of and compared.with alterna the contents of many of the .most . radiopharmaceuticals labeled withprocedures' which might reflect p useful studies that ass'ecs Meads of; positron-emitting radionuclides The -"under competition, An NSF-f d meeting the 'Nation's social goals and scientific-announcement of thiseffort at theRand liCorp ion Weigh social policy alternatives, device waslisted as pneof , theprovided theLos Angeles art- As part of a nationwide *study of :."Highlights of 1975".by the Society of ) 4 * Nudear MedicineThe camera is being used in tests supported by the !. NationalCancerInstitutetoin- vestigate its potential for improting

the' monitoring patient recovery ,.... using minimum radiation exposure

PublicPolley

Public'policyresearchaims to developsys'tematicassessmentsof theeffectsofpublicpolicieson nationalproductivityinboththe public and. private sectorsProjects are intended to provide timely, rele- vantinformationtoassist_policy- makersintheirdeliberations' on -specific issues Research support. emphasizes productivity measurement,regulation,distributionand equity, and private- public sector relationships Virtual, all industries are subject ,to bryld 'regulatory statutes, such as antitrustlaws and the Consumer Bieitt ves. At New York Medical ,College, an 8-year-old boy istested by a ProductSafetyAct,andcan be compu razed "neurometriC series to help diagnose whether he has a specific subjecttp specific regulations. that/learnt g disability The tecleique may prsove feasible for early identification of such may have significant effects on their, diseb sties and also for diagnosingstroke and serpie dementia / .... / ' . dr RESCAIrldi APPLIED TO NATIONAL NEEDS 95

information systemS, and their hasfocusedonthediagnosis of areas where theriAlate sector has pactsoncitiesand counties,the learning disabilities but shoWs little incentive to invest in research , Public Policy Research Organization,promise for the diagnosis- of stroke Duringfiscalyear 1976 progress University of Califortfia, Irvine, has andsenile deMentiaaswell /The continuedinincreasing excavation produced bad directories, the Countytechnique shOws- promise for con-rates .and reducing costs of subsur- InformatuMsystemsDirectory and thesideration in mass scveening and early face constructionField testing of a-

MulszcipalInftirmattonSystem.D:rectory. identificationofchildren who will water-jet-assisted,tunnel , boring The guide to municipal computerlieddeveloplearning RroTlems, permit- machine has been completed by the information systems throughouttheting remediation gfore the -problem ColoradoS'shoolofMines,and United States includes 401 cities withcauses lasting harm to the child designs for incorporation into com- populations of 50,000 or more, and mercial unitsare now being con- the guidetocounty computeilzed Private - Sector Productivity sidered by industry Ground-probing information'Systemsincludes310 radarwasusedsuccessfully counties with populations of 100,000 Theprivatesectorproductivity ENSCO,Incdrporated,Springfield, or more program emphasizes studies to iden- Va , 'in a pilottunnel, ofthe A project at .Duke University-hastify and test techndlogies well suited Oashington,D.C.,Metro,: to examined some of the issues raised by forproductivityimprovement in delineate and locate geological= and demdgraphic changei, such asthe decreased rate of population growth' andconcomitantchanges inage distributicuk, A central question is the relationship, between age structure the and the economic, security of 4...1 elderly A policy report issued by a research ""s team at the University of Sothhern c, O., California working on the "Cultural Context of Aging" is 'concerned with thetransportatioeneedsof the elderly The report concludes that the elderly havesubstantialcurrent transpdrtationneedsandthat a demand-respdnse systernco probibly necessary if si nihcant improvement, intransportationservicetothe ' .elderly is to be provided A projectatthe" Universityof Marylandhasbeen.ifivestigatmg better ways to determine cost-benefit ratios for product safety standards The stddy concluded that the size range0-6.Xsleepwear flammability' standard, used as the exemplar case, was a cost-effective means of providing protection to the consumer Research atthe Brain Research Laboratory, New Yor Medical Collegej has resulted in the development ofanew toolto diagnose dysfunction of the brain The method uses FOrnputer averaging and analysis of 'the brain waves produced as Rock cutter.Research on, h4gh-pressige water jets mounted on a tunnel-borcp result of 'providing' stimuli such es machine has shown them to significantly improve itsperformance4Commercial users clicks and light flashes The research are assessing thejets for adoption on their boring machines,

.10 . Y 4

96 RESEARCH APPLIED TO NATIONAL NEEDS'

.hyLfrologic features of a metamorphic.. 'rock mass at 'rangesof up .to 50 feet The Massachusetts Institute of Tet'fi- nology's hard rock tunnel cost is now being used in CODIUIlc bon with, the construction/of tunnels in .New-; Hampshire and ColoradoA study was'completed by the National' Acallemy of engineering identifying the Nation drilling R&D needs to -crevelop U.S, energy resources a InproducEion. researchand technology, a computerized automatic part' recognitionsystemhas been developed at the Stanford Research Institute for automatically identifying and''cleterminingthepositionand

orientation of each part in a set of "ra' diverse parts, such as foundry .)

, castings The methodrreliesona. ribrarii of feste-measurement sub-Partikrecognit d handling. In a Stanford Research Institute experimept, a robot apart oul;of a box Lights at the end of Hie moving conveyor *routines that compute characteristics arm. moves to illumknate, the ob ts.jor a televisioncamera, The resulting Rage is processed by a of potential value for tdentification A computer utilizing patern recogrOlon and becisionmaking ayorithmsThe part 16 selection strategy use; examples of identified. its position is determin07and the arm is told how torrant the part for the particular parts to determine whfia... atsOmbly stepThisis one of seteral proieyli,airned -atiMproving the subroutines. tocall,. andtheirse- productivity ofAmencan manufacturing processes quence,so thateach part can be, er identified in less than one-h4alf second This system ago, permits processing systemthatmayoffer a_ break- nient and interchange of solutions to images of obiects on a moving con-through irrdrafting as well as appli-problems faced .bycities,counties, In veyor cation to automatic process planning andother local icri7ernments Basic work on parts description at operations,Dimeisoneddrawings.addition to the California trinovat'Ion theUmwersityofRochesterhis are, automaticallyt. produced by Group, the first State-based network, progFesed far enough to pe itthe providing the systemwithpart-which' became a' priyate, 'nonprofit. design andimplementation -.a definition. informayion, .corporation ,durih'g* the 'fiscal gear, grants were made to plan and InitAte additional innovation- groups, one irf. Ohio and,)another" in New England Intergovernmental- Science andublic The: Foundation continuedto Technology' ItnphasizeActivitiesto heir localgovernments bpdcl national networks to develop and share technolOgy. The Activities in this area focus on the Intergovernmental Program Urban Consortium for Technology Initiatives The 27 largest American *public sector (State and, local , governrhents)throughtheinter- Theintergovernmental' program cities and six urban counties) was governrrAntal program and on the facilitates the integration of science strengthened*,by a grant to the U.S. private sector (Primarily small and technology into' thiflpolicy for-Conference of Mayors.. Federal mis- Depart- business) throughthe industrial mulation,programplanning,and-sion agencies such as the program Elements of the continuing program execution activities of State ments ofHousing arid Urban Deyel- experimental R&D incentivespro- and kcal governments During fiscalopment and TransporMtion and the , gram, which includes pA 1.mects'in both year14'76,activitiesinthelocal EnvironmentalProtectionAgency the public and private sector, are now governmentprogram focusedin- helped to)support. the functional task integratedintoeitheytheinter- creasinglyon -State,regvnal, and force activity of the Consortium NSF gov.ernmental or inkstrial programa.national networks to aid tlit develop- also initiated a speCial pilot progratri,

1 i)J .

yo F1ESEARDH APPLIED TO NATIONAL NEAS 97,

Qw .

. . . The fourth program area, science and technology resources, focuses on b. the institutional, resource bases (s'uch . As institutions of higher education, Federal. laboratories;privatenon- profitorganizations, and the private sector) that offer potential for the support of,,State and local govern - ;ment. Most activity In. thisarea during1976Involvedexploratory .v.ork on the issue of academic public service and ' t develOpment and s re the Feder,A1 L alao hum, a grouping of m ret an 60 nondefense and defense la1?6rAtoriesde5Igned to help Federal latioratories as a group con- tribdte to. the onehorationof domettic sector 'problems

. ., 1. ,z Industrial Prograth .

The iNdus,trial progr,am is,designe;:l Emergency services. The California Innovation Group, a statewide network to provide to stimulate increased 'non-Federal. science advice tO local governirnents, has performed the requirements analysis and investment in research and develop- conceptual design for this computer-assisted dispatch system for a local police force ment and accelerate the 'commercial application of researchresultsTo reach these goals NSF supports work involving both the Urban Ccinsortium program; and NSF supportedex-to help identify, test, and evaluate the and the Urban Technology S4Plemplcrratory And developmental Work,Sncentives thatcan be used to en- (27 cities in the 50,000 to 5d0,000,withtheNationalAssociationofcourage R&D investment And the population range), to develop betterState Budget Officers barriers that rivght iiiipede it. 0)is to integrate direct local govern- .During1976:the State goverfunent. The 4 remisefortheindustri al nt inputs. into l\tSFactivities to (legislative)program continuedto program isthat new and "diproved "define problems, set priorthes, ten- qmphasize. the development of newgiocesses, products, and services, are duCt_te,search, and use results approaches to incorporating ,science-important elements of technological The 'State government (executive) and technology into the legislativeprogress through which- advances ip program, 'duringfiscalyear1976, process: An award was mack tp the economicstatus . and, standardof focused oh various aspects of policy.State of Minnesota td establish suchhyingtakePlace. Since 'innovation and resources' management. In thecapability The Foundation also and invention are most likely t ccur policy area, growth was selected asstrengthened the new emphasis on in small (rather thaii lar'ge) fi s, the the initial area for contentration; and'regiOnally based, functional activities-program places anemphasiso mall .. 'an award was,made tb the Com;with grant; to the Northeast Energy business monwealth of Massachusetts to, helpVroiect and ,the Fort Union Coat The industrial prograothas achieved develop a comprehensive approach to project, involving North and' South Considerable success+1111111the area of growth policy management At theDakota,Wyoming, andMontana entrepreneurialedtkation andthe same.time, a grant was madeto theSupport was continued In 1276 forinitiation, of aikov business ventures Cduncil of Skate c2vernments to laytheCommittee on Sciennand through Innovation Center; at the the groundwork Mr more effectiveTechnology oftheNational Con-Massachusetee Institute of 'Technol- use ofs and technology for.ference of State Legislatures 'During ogy, Carnegie-Mellon University, and growthI9airgeementtt lo,other States the year, the State legislatures of the the Uniiersityof :Oregon, The In the resources management area,-Nation, displayed increasing interest necessarypracticalexperience is pro-' laUdgeting and `financial n4anagement-inheightened use ofscience andvided by continuing interactions with Ictivities are the ,rnaior foci for the. technology individual investors and businessmen .

1 0

1 . 98 RESEARCH APPLIED TO NATIONAL NEEDS

.0 funds This creative atmosphere has already 'corn16anies.has developed new Consequences of Electronic led to' the development of 27 flew constructiontechnique the Cl;rk TransferA Technology Assessment of Movement Towprd aLess Cash/Less prodUcts,' and 24businesseshave chairframe:which conserves wood Check Society, deal'swiththe beeninitiatedor assisted through by using small pieces acid is 30 to 40 ossible consequences of move- 3Pter activitiesTheseinclude a percent righter in 'weight than con- ent toward an, EFT-based ectorof 'preciouskietals_being ventionalconstruction It( reduces manuf'acturfd by fietra Corporation, costs by 20 to 44 percent, and the °cloy An analysis was carried a Capacitance, meter produced by ECID joint strength has beerycloubled Fox out to determine how the im- or Corporation,. andsecurity' devices FurnitureCompany in North pacts can be changed dependingupon marketed by Compu-Guard, IncA" Carolina andNoritage, -Inc , in mitigated, which path. to EFT is chosen totalNSFinvestmentinstpeck Wisconsin, have already adopted this The study proposes means for proiettsof$221,750hasalready technology in their prOduction lines stimulated private sector investmentIn another area, the Mitre Corpora- monitoring EFT. activities and of $701,800 and generated.sales in tion is cooperating wit4 the rcal suggestsinstitutionsforthe excess of $30 mil.lion over 3 years utility" Industrytomodify ' am resolution' ofissues as they r, Irt'addition to assessing Over 8 new jobs (including subcon- boilers to allow stable and efficient- arise financial tractor s'u iers).have been created turbine-generator operationinthe the impacts on the .. industry,thestudy team -in- This atIoneisexpectedto produce range of, 135 to 185 megawatts rathei vestigated the passible effects of 'ariaal Federal tax revenues twice the thanonlyatfull-loadconditions. 4FT on business in general, on $3,0 000 total.NSF expenditure for Also, MIT's participation with five thegovernment; and. oni'n- .all Innation Center efforts for 5 companies inthe Polymer industry dividuals, with particular atten- years has led' to a newly developed, low- Fragmented industries gave been cost injection molding technique for tion paid to the 'Issues of per- couplefl to university and industrial polyurethane'forwhichlicensing sonal privacy, freedom of choice, er behavior, and resources through the Cooperative arrangementsarecurrentlybeing crime, consu ' methods of formatiop han- Research Experiment, and the made Each of these'industry tnductry-directed research.has,,identifiedproects involvesa high dling . . Geothermalenergy'resource resulted in new or improved products degreeofcostsharingBoththe development Some potential with immediate user acceptance Ah number -'ofparticipating industries futures fOr geothermal energy arrangement with North Carolina..and the degree of priv'ate cost sharing in theUnited States vtere State University and eight furniture are increasing for these experiments .. ,studied and evaluated by a team atthe Futures. Group, which made recommendations Con- Exploratory ResearCh and l'echnolOgy .cerning - exploration, ^ useof geothermalresources,and Assessment research and development that can help 'policymakers in Con- , . gress andinFederal agencies developing a better The exploratory research andobjectiveof capture the desirable aspects of basefor policymakmg technology assessment program sup-information this energy resourcewhile and decision processes at all levels of pottsstudies on selected problems avoidingits -pitfalls Recom- that have potential fotmajor national society meriletions inelude the use of a Some of the areas reported on in impactGaps in the spectrum of sing environmental impact existing research relevant to nationalthis past year include statement for largeblocks Of needs are approached through prol; Electronic fUnds transfer land; adoption of the lead agency tem assessment and definition stud- Significnt-ehanges in the finan-' concepttominimizeFederal, ies, exploratory research projects, and cial IndustryNand the regulatory State,and localgdvernment technology assessments system under which it operates overllp of regulations, the `NSF Antinued its emphasis in 1976 are probable with the use of building and operation of on studies of the full range of societal electronic funds transfer (EFT) demonstration plants; the crea- effectsthat maysternfrom 'the technology, according to'a tion. of "resource longevity in- introduction, extension, or modifica- report prepared by Arthur D surance" to minimizerisk of tion of a technology, with the overall Little,Inc' Thereport,The earlyfielddepletion, and the RESEARCH APPLIED TO NATIONAL 4EEDS 99

. creationof.adata exchangeoutlinesoptionsfor . S. oceanects were 4elected as representative center. .. pohcymakers in such fieldsas of efforts that "have- received good Additional,results intheevnational security,-commer al navig user It was founfor example, that ploratoryresearch andteetinology tion, marine .environment, s, use of eeseZr.ch rgults.was influenced assessment program inclu ded a mineralresourceo,andscientific bt such - factors asthe stature and report,Toward a National Ocean 'Policy research; and stresses tIn need for 'commitmentbytheprincipalin- P lifik6and Beyond,produced;by the comprehensive 'management ap- vestigator,adequatefundingfor Ocean Policy Project of the School ofvpniach to ocean. 'use.s, both nationally'utilization, good 'timing for the 00- . - )4 AdvancedInternationalStudiesat and internationally terests of the user community,con-- Johns Hopkins University The report As part of NSF's effort to improve tinuingprofessionalliaison;,user analyzestheresultsof the 1975'the use of the r*search the RANNparticipationintheproject;high eneva session of the United Nations'programssupport,theResearch quality of the research and convincing Law'of the Sea Conference, presents Triangle Institute, reported on30case research results, and involvement of _ allernati*, treaty outcomes inthe' studies concerning the us; of RANN- the project team in communication and 1976 L. theliftNegotiations,supported research result) The proj-use of project results e

111 . 4 a

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DIRECTORIES: REPORTS: FORM LETTERS. +Apes, LISTS: PAGE PROOFS BY-PRODUCT TAPES Accounts payable Acknowledgements,st Membership,. indexes, and receivable Reminders, et 'Subscription, etc.. 1 1-

SCIENTIFIC TECHNOLOGICAL AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS 101

Scientific, Technological and.

International Affairs .

The Foundation's programs in sponsored a workshop on long-range showed that the proportion of science ScientifiC,Technological mid energy demandsGovernment,in- and engineering doc torates awarded International Affairs address a dustry,andacademicparticipants.to women continues to increase. ft. broad range of scientific and addiessed, such topics as forecasting stood at over 15 circent Ili fiscal year teehnologicale,isstresof Concernto electricity demand, comparing future 1975, compared to 14 percent in 1974 policymars.Through these 40ro- energyuseinmajor consuming and 7 percent -in 1065. grams N collectsdata,siiplSorts sectors,' and possible directions for NSF'splanningand' evaluatic rearth, conductg studies, ad- national energy conservation policies program also conduct's ience plan-

> rustersinternationalscienceac- Inthe scienceresources studiesning and policy ,analY§es of issues of tivities, and undertakes science and program/ which maintains the special concern tothe NSF Director technology policy analysis Thetpur7 national data base for planning and and to the National Science-Board, as pose of these endeavors is to provide policy101-mutationinthe area ofwell as evaluations of selected NSF analysis and Options or direct assist- scienceandtechnologyresources, programs. Studies in 1976 concen- as.. 'tothescientific and special ,emphasis is placed on R&D trated heavily oh NSF's peer review technological communityinbetter funding and science manpower NSFsystem for evaluating proposals: The meeting national artdinternational carries an periodicsurveysand Foundatiola also initiated a series of economic and social objectives The st dies of all elements of the national,regional forums, which provide In- three main areas of activity are(1) s ence and technology enterprise increased Opportunities for 'scientific, science and technologypolicy,(2) pport of decisions regarding the professional, and citizen participation scientific and technological data and allocation of national resources Dur- in Foundation program planning information,and(3)international ingthis .pastyear,thePresident NSF's science information program scientific and technological activities released the seuenth annual report of fosters the interchinge of informa- The policy research and analysis the National Science Board,"'Sciencetion among scientists in the Unttojd program supports policy formulation Indicators 1974,a repor,t prepared with States and with thoseinforeign by analyzing options for enhancing the assistance of this program andcountries, stimulates services leasing thecontributionof science and other NSF staff This report presents to more effective dissemination bf technologytonationalissuesFor the quantitativ'e data needed to assessinformation, and supports the example, during this past -year, the tar'entire national scienceand development of improved methods ot' staff prepared working papers for thi hnology effortIt deals principallyrisking science information reAdily_ Government Task Force on Inadver- withchangesinthesupportof available tent Modification of the Atmosphere innovation in the United States and During this past fiscal year, infor"- These are now being used by the other Major developed nations and mation exchange lend joint activities FederalCoordinatingCouncilon with the role of research and develop-were arranged in bilateol agreements Sciencf, Enginepring, and Technology ment in innovation NSF also sup:between U.S. informltion services to develop new Federal R&D pro-ported various reports on scientificand similtir groups from India, Jak..6,,,g grams on the biological and climatic manpower For example, the Summarythe Soviet Union, and Egypt .0n a effectsof stratospheric oione OnReport, 1975 DoctorateRecipientsfrom global scale, the Foundation another important national issue, the United StatesUniversities,pubIlhed by representedthe 'UnitedStatesat Foundation'sworkntg group on the National Academy of Sci- meetings of the Office of Science end energy, resources, and environment ences/National Research Council,Technology of the United Nations, 113 ice SCIENTIFIC, TECHIVOLOGICAL AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS t,

UNISIST, UNESCO, and ' atthe Conference on !Atonal and Regional Planning for Scientific and Technical Information Systems artd Services in the Arab 'countriesIn addition, a Table 10 variety of research prijects, reports, Scientific, Technological, and International Affairs sisal Years 1974, 1975, 1976 4 and' workshops engyraged greater and Transition Quarter (July 1-Sept. 30,1976) effectiveness in the transfer and use of scienlifirnfprmation Over 1,000 (Dollars in Millions)

copies of an Innovation Guide for the Fiscal Year 1974 Fiscal Yea; 1975 Fiscal Year 1976 Transition Q0arter publishing industry were distributed NUIT"1 Amount Number Amyl Number Amount Number Amount to interested parties An experiment litternational Cooperative itiajly supported by, NSF infour 'Scientific Activities" 757 $ 627 719 $ 7 93 690 $ 53 224. $304 Science Information California public libraries to provide Activities '62 808 75 538 192 589 33. 0 76 searching services of scientific apd Science Assessment Policy technical information data b4ses has and Planning 114 .805 172 11 57 218 999 71 42 35 spread withodt further support to Total 933 $22110 966l $24 Sty 1.01() $22 41 32$ $615 nihe additional large public libraries in other parts of the country As a ,result of the Fou ation's international programs, coops sat,e scientific research projects, joint seminars, andexci-iangevisitsare, earned out, under bilateral arrange- S ence AssessThent,Policy, and Planning ments. with sorr* 40 different countries.TheFoundation alsopar- ticipates in the scientific and, technical compOnentsofnew Joint `Com-' missions for Economic, Cooperation, )icy Research and AnalysisThe Effects-oi Public,,,Policy on established by the Executive Brapch Science and Technology toachievenationalforeignpolicy The policyresearch and analysis otnectives rogram is responsible forin- ILstudies.of"public policies directed and During, 1976, 55 cooperative,vestigating analyzingthe to °gorial and economic `goals that research projects Involved morrythan magnitude and directiong of scientific influence the ,scienc and technology and technologicalresearch andits 200 U.S and Japanesescientists environment,attentionisdirected U.S. experts also: undertookjoint ability to meet the Nation's domestic.towards .better understanding of (1) work in electrometalhurg.y, chemical 'needs and internationalcom- the incentives government can use to catalysis, and-computeh applications, mitments Also, thisprogramstimulate socially desirabletech- , .. provides analytical support to various in manageentsystems with Soviet nological -innovationinthe private groups within the Executive Office of specialists -in, more than a do en sectorand(2)theincentivesfor projects, U.S.-owned -excess foreign, the President such, as the Officel oftechnological innovation created by currencie4 in Poland, Pakistan, Egypt, Manage,ment and Budget, the Council policies directed to other public can - and India sttpportedother eooperatiye of Economic Advisers,the .Domesticterns research efforts, and the Foundation Country, and the Office of Science Projectssupportedduring1976 also used 'these- foreign Currencies to,and Technology Policy included.' : have foiteign scientific iqurnals and Policy research and analysis 'aids in monographs translated into English, scienceand _technology policy for- A reviewofthehistoryof In "acklitIon:to'bilateral activitieSSF mUlatiOn .through internal analyses technological diffusion in supported U.S. participation in such an& externalstudiesofrelevant hospitals to suggest a model of multilateralactivitiesas the Inter-'existing and emerging national issues. such diffusion The model, now national Council of Scientific Unions, These issues are roughly divided ipto being developed furthir, should the International Institute fior Applted six. categories, with responsibilities proyideirhprovedinformation Systems analysis, and the Pacific assigned to the NSF working groups about the Federal Government's Science Association whose activities de *scribed below. increasing role in health care. 1 1 4

A SCIENTIFIC, TECHNOLOGICAL'AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS 103

, A study completed under the case study in Boston examin- science and techhology on productiyi- Federal Council for Science and ng, the planning proltss under-/tr "-TechnologytohelpFederal Dying the national wastewater Projects ,supporteddulRlSg 1976 agencies set policies and reatment facilities constRictiontincluded. proceduhis for_repaymenf to the grants program administered by Gewernment for its R&D expen-- EPA An assessment of the effects of. , ditures that lead to pr'ofitmaking technolOgicalchangeonthe, goods and servics in the private supplyanddemand 'of. raw seotor. TheAnalysis of International Science and Technology Poky materials. .. Examinationof,how foreign Analysis of Emerging Sciente Analyses aremade of411the subsidiaries and .Investment of and Technology Impact of international science and U.S.-based firms spread U.S. teCknology programs on theU'. S, techntology abroad. The rapid development ,of sciencekjeqtific community; (2) the iinpact; and technology raises'sur.h importadt of internatiohalscience and tech-' nologytrarsfere,' th'rough Govern-The Processes of Innovation and issues as' (1) the adecluac. y.of federal- , meht and private channels, on theTheir Management k . ly suppor*ted basic and applied scignee foreign,partnere;.3)appropriate romeetnational needs;,(24 the institutional arrangements forU.S1' Analyses ale made ottheInoentives ,adequacyof'the science and InvolVfment in,iniernationalspoperi-and roadblocks that influence innova- technology base_ for'Federal ,regulatory activity; (3) "spin-C,ff im- tivelactivities, and (4) the purpose and tion inscience ani technology By vSldeof U.S. partiipation in the;Comparing' how various organizations.; pacts4' of Fryleral,'science and technology programs, and 14) the science and tech noloA pr6gramsof usetechnologicalinnovations,this adequacy of Federal mechanisms forinternational organizations . prtigram can ,help theFederal monitoringothe potential impacts et Projectssupporteddimming 1976 Government' and priyatemanage- included mbiitimprbvealit-utilizationof .U.S. and foreign Government , tet.hnorogy. policies on the health nf the domestic A comparatiVeastudy prfast-and Projectssuppbctedduring1976 science and technology enterprise . 'included; Projecits. supported ,during197e. proposed, U.N. science r. included. feres, 1#ssons a for U.S.` involvement .6n; assessment of the impact of . taprd innovation pn standardiza- 4, A series of reports titled Halocax- in future U.N. ;Conferences ..t lion and mass productron in the -bons EnvIronmental Effects of A -'reviewofpostwarU.B. aptornibile industry Chlorofluoromethane gelase/Effects on policies loward the transfer bf ,StratispfteruOzone Supported by U fechnologymacross national - . A reviewpf how -State and local NSF ih -joint sporisorship with boNjare,entitled Tethnology. governments - haveintroduced NASA,'EPA, NOAA, and FAA, T and' U 5'Fo.relinPolley.' teChnological,indovation in their this series was prepared under project -are being services, .and the factors that theauspicesof the Nalunal 6y NSF andtile' lead to their ,suecess or failure. Academy of Sconcestt f)in apartments of Slate.and Corp- to the need foe? selective r.egu mere - tion of chlorofluoromethane and Policy Aspects of Energy,' , evaluates the extent to which - Resourcks, and Environment The Socioeconomic Effects of stratosphericozone 'be' affecteelpby, man . Science Ad-Technology n'sibilities in this area includ anja ysisof,(1)energy technology' An analysis ofimpfoved Areabeing investigated include'.research,(2) environmental health climatologicalinformationfor (1) the socioeconomic variables affect-issues related to energy; and (3) the agricultural decisionmaking, co- ing technologypolicyoptions;(2)relation of science and technology to sponsored by NOAA Thies pro): di'stribu'tion of public versus privaterenewable an nonrenewablere- \ , . eet will help determinethe value costs and returns from innovate n;sources. of better Climatological forecasts (3) effects of science and technology Projectssupportedduring19,6 . for agriculture yn the individual, and (4) effects ofincluded

4 4 0 4 4 - -104 SCIENTIFIC TECHNOLOGICAL AND INTGFINPTIONAL AFFAIRS

_! A series of open "'workshops to, publication of, reports 'Some repre- UnitedState;,1-953.1976,which con- promOte discussionbetween sentativeexamples.oftscierkcere- tains analysesof thenatirmal R&D government, industry, the getsources studies carried outduring the)effort in terms of types A.i:esearCh on pei-fortner',and eral public, academia:ad special year are described below anddevelopment, sourcef funds Interest groups on% issues such Deltaased onthe President's Fiscal 4 ' ' as "Public Participation in Periodic, Studies 111.-fire FtindingYear1977 , Budget,indicatethat Energy Relate'd Decision- of Science and- Technology Federal obligations for research and making,""Leg4I and In- development are expected to total stitutional Problems of Energy and $23"5 billion, a record high and an FacilitySiting,"and ,"In- Expenditures forresearch development-in' -the United St;les are,increase of 8 6 percent ovser 1976. stitutional lternatives for estimated at $38-1 billion m 1'97, anThis growth is ahead of anticipated LMFBR'Development and-Com- 8-percent increase over 1975. For theinflatib'n, although in terms of con- mercialization," first time in 3 years, total R&D fundsstant dollars theestmnated 1977,total °Inapendentstudies onalter- are also expected-tOincrease in termsrs apprciately 20 percent berow., is native fission reactor strategies ofconstantdollars-2percentth?itjfor 1967 Energy edevelopm,ent for the United St'tes, long-term assuming a 6-percent rate of inflation andtonversion is expected to be the ) energyalternativesfor autcc-*fo?1976 In1976, the Nationis leading growth area n' Federal R&D motive. propulsion, biocon- expected to devAte 2 2 percent of itsfunding for 1977, with obligations version, and alcohol fuel tech- gross national product to R&D ac-expected toincreaseby 24 percent nology - tivities This ratiohas declined steach-:over the previous yearEducation, , ly from its' peak of ,3 0 pertant in developrrientofthescienceantl. Inadditionto -the- e.xtrare urais1964, primarily as a Jesuit of thetechnology base, and national defense projects highlighted under Ow sixsloWdown in growth of FederalR&Dalso show gr8wth welt _ahead of__ notedabove, in-h se categoiles spendmg, ,Nese and-other -datare--an--tIcipared,,inflationthse and other projects were also undertaken by.published inNational Patterm of R&Ddata Nvere published in prelimitiary progr,agoltaff.,to analyze-the scientiis Resourc''s -Funds and Marioruerinthe'form in th; Science. Resources Stud- I and Technological aspects of elation . ies Highlights series. Twofull issues on the premise that a bekter analyfmal,reports,An Analysis of Federal understanding cstf such questions may 'R&D funding trandf 1907-76 11, R&D Funding by Function,FiscalYears 8...ons m poi an) iMprove Federal policies The policy 1969- I 977 4.640 Federal Fun'ds for 40 research and analysis program draws Research, DevelivMent, and Other Screntdic ..ohthe expertise, of the basic and Activities, Volume XXV,' lein prepara- appliedresearchprogramswithin tion fox publication early in fisCal year N9F, Firoyiding them in turn with 1977 1 access to information from the user Preliminary data on 1975 industrial agencies and with assistance in dello- R&D funding ghowed that total R&D InF policy- problems ...... expenditures u sector t in 1975, an Constant were over $23 'billion Science fiesources Studies 25 972 dollars' increaseof percentoverthe previous yeelnevel However, when 4 The Foundation's program of sci- me4sured in constant dollars, there ence resources studies encompasses was a 4-percent dece6se between the thecollection,analysis.,interpret- two years. The Federal Government von, and disseminationofdata ...... funded one-third of the total, four- relating to the Nation's scientific and' ...... fifthsof the 'Federalsharebeing technologicalactivates Themain concentrated in two industries, aircraft and electrical equipment Total obiectiveoftheprogram k the 0 Non-Federal development of information for energy R&D spending increased by ning 'and policy formulation in the 15 percent to a level of $1 4 billion area of science and technology re- 5 industryemploy'ed -thefuktime-

1 I 1 I i equiv;lent, of 360,000 scientists and sources The inforination developed' r 1 I I T 1967 a 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 engineers in January 1974 about the through these studies is made ,,rst El AOKIon GNP mpt.ot ,,Nre4.fia1r ' available to a wide audience through SOURCE Nal.n.1 oundat,on same number as a year earlier A

SCIENTIFIC TECHVOLObICAL AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS 105 '

PeriodicStudieiofScientificthe ratio of science and engineering ,Two special studies dealing with and Technological Manpower doctorate degrees to 30- year -olds, atadernic'facultyinsciencean traditionalreference , group,w4 engineering were completed .during 'The Foundation's Manpower Ch'ar-declinetothelevelofthe early the year One of these indicated that actetistics System, institikted in 1972,sixtiesBotreports describe in detail the proportion of young faculty (1 e had.produCed by1976-comprehensivethe methodology used those who had held doctorates7 rata that make 'possible a national years orless) to doctorate-level appraisal of the employ' ment work departments was expectedto fall 'r from 28 perCent in 1976 to 25 percent activates,andprofessional charac-* A0Mewled ion War* teirs ,of the scientific and 1342 by 1980, a level which nearly one-half ea eenng population Estimates of ofthe department heads: consider' the characteristics,of U.S. sCientists undesirable The othe'rstudy and engineers in 1974 were released reported that more than four-fifths in,theScience Resourds Studies ofthefull-tiMedoctoratefaculty Highli sseries' A full .arralyttl spent.at least 20 percent of their time report, U ienb,t and Engineers 1Q74 in researty and that two-thirds of Ckaracteryst is in press THese these had external, separately reportspresentdata describing a bud eted research support Nearly a population of 'almost 2million',1 1 tenth,ho tnlliiofi' of whom were engineers in anred other' than that in which Slightly ',less than 10 percent of the they prefereed to work These stuchey. 'population Were women Racial were two of aseriesof Higher minorities accounted for less than 5 EduNtion Panel Surveys conducted ;. percentofthepopulation The for heFoundation,the National 'representation of both women and Institutes of Health, and the 'U.S.$ C, minorities was substantially greater Office-of Education by the American Doeldratee In the erne Wendt/ engineering NO* 1111.11-74 and WM*, Council on Education ' amorig scien1ists thanamong POO end 1Polp pronto:1We 6 (T7772161 engineers The data also show that 25 70 research and development- was the 7 0 NSF Planning and Evaluation I p?incipal work. activity, of .tcientists e0 acid ;en'gineers Basicandapplied 554 Policy studies on Foundation-wide 360 }- researcItt_were dominated by scien- 715 issues and concerns,are carried out by tilts, development was the Fru:nary V 40% both NSF staff and.under contract for work activity of ,about one -third of 30 theuseofthe Director sand the 25 the employed engineers Nations Science Board in 'planning 5 and pollmakingStudies originate 0 Special Studies 5 froni needs perceived by the Founda- 3155 INC Iwo gi6 tion, ancrthe science community and W./ , s jr::: Dury the year two special report's from requests'made bytheOffice of ",SOLOCI 4 CSKANT eMil dealaf With 'protections of science ter *Yaw, Cs.reo MO.. Scree .c. Management and Budget and by the' and technolo$y resources were Congress released One,RtiDFunding Projections, The "steadystate"ofacadesmic projected a 3-percent annual growth To supplement the in-house protec:employment forecasts ,for the next inconstant- dollar R&D spendingtions, the ,Foundation announced a two decades has occasioned a series of between 1974 and 41985Another,new prOgrarn to isuppisi studies inpolicy discussions concerning likely Projectionsof Degrees and Enrollment m the field ofscientific and technical consequences for the health of sca- Science andEregineermgFieldstoI9$5, manpower forecasting. Proposals ence,and'possibleapproachesto protected additiOns to the supply of,wereinvited' inthreecategories 'mitigate negative effects. Two v,x-. scientists and engineers, with empha-improvement of protection tramoal awards have been made to sisondoctclrat.eproctionThemethodology, development of infor-assess the areas of voluntary early pplections InIclicStethatthere willmation' needed tofillexisting data retirement andmid-career change probably be an adequate supply ofgaps, and protections of science and opportunities for college and. uhiver- science and engineering doctoratesengineering manpower supply and sity faci;Ity The first of these studies during the next decade even though demand reviews existing and newly collected _106 SCINTIFIEC TECHNOLOGICAL AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS p

A urvey material on faculty age dis- rnitteeonScience,Research, and To -meet .the Congressiol man- ribu' tion 14 scientific field, incltdingTechnology felt required more exten- ate to facilitate Pablt.c:4 ation ata relatingtopossible facultysive. study and.ahalysis To this end in thefprmulation4iitA.lop t, and terest in early retirement and mid- the Subcommittee directed the conduct of NSF's programs'; ties, c reer changes The second National'Science'Board to study eight and priorities, the National documents existing institutional prac- specific IssUes, as follows BOard in.1976 initiated a progra tices in universities, government, and regional public meetings designed to Y- Industry relating to earlj, retirement Support of innovative research encourage thexpressicyn, of views by and mid-career change Together the Support of young scientist; the general public on scientific and studieswill 'identify a seriesof science education' $&sues: The first optioriSforuniversity an* collhe Thefundingofresearchat such forum was held in June 106 in faculty, paying special attritionto undergraduate-teaching in- Atlanta Approximately200,in- costs and benefits for both individuals stitutions without aduate dividuals representing a broad section and institutions -o departments (rotleges) of societyIncluding business, State Internal staff studies have included and 19r.algovernments, public interest fhe extent fb whicthe Foun- an analnis of NSF's Spence Educa- groups,citizenorganizatimis,and dation should ref; 'npler panel tio(04sr-oparns, relating them to areas academiafrom seven States review) of national needs and identifying-the (Alabaffia, Florida, Geora,Mississip- NSF..-tole in science eLcation in the Establishmentof : an internal pi,, North and SouthCarolina,Id context of the larger role of Federal, ,Foundation program to monitor Tennessee) were in attendance The State, acid local government problems arising from the this-.four'.--.topicsdiscussedenergy, A related, extramural study was 'match between the size of the natural Systems, food systems, educa-. designated assist' the Foundation scientificcommunity andthe tion, and knowledge were by devisrgrwaysio utilize &lusting amountofFoundation funds by a planning group that was repre-

_ infoirnabon t. resources both within availablefor supportofthat sentative of the Southeastern United. NSF and an other scene agencies for community States A second forum was held in policy analysesThe objectofthe Seattle in early November 1976. research it. to Itivelop a formalized The question of whether the `The Foundation regularly-conducts description of the research system National SienceFoundation in-depth studies of major,program; to that will serve as a' framework for should have formal procedure; provide the NSF Director with infor- elating dispirate data sources and for considering- appeals of mation on prtigram results, impact, rg zinp data: in ways most useful decisions made on 'award .effectiveness, and conformance with for dtsewsions and analyses of sci- applications legal authorityInfiscal year 1976 Battelle Columbus Laboratories com- enencepolicy issues The effects of publication of the pleted an evaluation of three Of the, . Coric-0-n with the proceSses and listof reviewers used by the five major biome studies conducted as consequences rOfpeerrevliewhas Foundation come to the fore in the p4t year Partof the International Biological s both in Congress and in the 'scientific Further in(ormation concerning Program The biome progrims were

community TheFoundation has effects on the peerreview Intended to increase understanding of launched three major studies in this system of the,level of confiden- large ecological systems through area an awardtotheNational tiality in which peer reviewers' integrated research efforts Battelle's Academy of Sciencesto compile a.` names and verbatim comments evaluatikm focused on the extent to detailedescnption of the way The are held rhich the results were integrated or NSF review system works, a In developing responses to these integrable. The evaluation concluded survej, of the attitudes toward thequestions the Foundation has pre- that the biomes werea well managed functioning of peer reveiw held by pared a detailedanalysisofthe bOanced effort HcMiever, proposal reviewers and byrecent hearings, awarded eight extramural causeresearchresultsarestill applicant; for NSF funding, and a study contracts, and initiated a series tieing 'produced, this evaluation did seriesofstudiesrelatedtopeer of internal staff studies to deal with not attempt to assess the primary review as part of the Cohgressional he Subcommittee's questions .e.g , a productofthebiomeprograms, studiesimentioped_beLw study that looks at innovations and Increased understanding or the eco- In 1975 ci4eisiglit hearings -on,,,scientific reputations in four Ileitis of systems.Two additionalprogram ; review, a number ofissues were science (chemistry,ast)ionomy, evaluations,those'Of theInter- raised whichthe House Subcom- mathematics, and earth science)` national Decade of Ocean Exploration SC ENTWIC TECHNOLOGICAL AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS 107

, 1. 4 and scienceinform ationactivities,tract with Computronions. Access Improvement were under way during the year and The Foundatiocontinued to sup - are scheduled foeFompletion in earlyport /anduse h:analytical and The access improvement prograin fiscalyear 1977In another afea, advis`Fyservics oftheNational supported 33 projects to imp?ovethe attention was given to studies of the Academy of Sieces Committee on transferofscientificInformation from onginators to users One such publiThed literature .asa means of Science and uis Policy (COSPUP) ti assessing research output This and the Naional Academy of project contirrnes tsurvey technical resultedina monograph, 'Evaluatwe engineering'sCommittee on Public andorganizations innovations in Bthhometncs, completed under a con- Engineeringolicy (COPEP) scientrfic and tech ical communication, and resultsre regularly distributed to than1,000 persons in position to take advantage of such, innovations Otherprojectswere Soience:Ins fcirmatioActivities concerned with effectivenessof abstracting and indexing services in

providiiijgaccesstoscientificand 1 technicalliterature Projects he science informationprograms in particular, the repeated informa -. this year resulted' in a descrip- supportactivitiesto =Improvethe .tion.strucIures of science language by tion of some 1,80,0 abstracting and accessibility and increase the use of:#subdisciplinewereinvestigatedto4ndexing service's, an analysis of the scientific and technical information provide the basis for natural langua.ge article overlap in 14 abstracting and It During 1976,projects were carried processing indexing.rvices, and a compilation out in four program areas. informa- In the area of information systemsof some 26,000 terms used to index tion science,accessimprovement,evaluation, results from work sup- literature on energy. uses; requirements, and .managementported at Ohio State University led to Since 1973, NSF has supported studie; anci coordination a general- simulation capabilityfor research on the editorial processing research in the underlying method- center (EPC), ,a mechanism tos help Information Science ologyof system performance small journal publishers use computer measures Further support in 1976 technology > tocreatethe primary Informs ion science is an emerging extendedthis simulation capability record pf scientific accomplishments field orient d toward understandingfrom the basic computer configura-Tests conducted with a small-scale the processes. offormation trensfer tion to such areas as the efficiency of EPC prototype showed the feasibility The Foundation supports theoretical data base structures relative to theof several methods .'forprocessing ,ra and conceptual research in this held,underlying computer systein and to manuscripts A second series of tests, building upon advances inrelated the cost allocation of computer re- initiated in 1976, uses a more ad- disciplines such as behavioral science, sources to information system serv-vanced prototype and swill lead to a computerscience,andlinguistics ices full-scale operational demonstration Particularattention isgivento The information science program Also in 1976, a test facility for the researchforaccessingknowledge continued its jointsupportof experifne9talinvestigation ofelec- about more useful and, effective waysnetworking problems with the Foun- tronicinformationexchange was ofapplyingnewtechnologiesfordation's computer science program completed.Severalsmallresearch improving access to and use of infor-One project, a large-scale simulation communitieswillexperimentnext mation and gaming effort under the auspices year with this innovative method of During 1976 the program con-of EDUCOM, involvessome20 communication tinued" to support work to enhanceacademic institutions. Exploration of the theoretical foundations of infoi-the 'economicsof computer com- User Requirements mation science, Case Western munications networks is the object of Reseriepnwergityexploredibe a long-termprojectatStanford The user requirements program possibilityofintegratiqgvarious University Two other projects, at thecontinued to fund research designed competing paradigms into a generalMassachtAetts Institute' of Technol-to encourage more effective use of theory of information transfer Newogy and at the University of Illinois,scientific and technical information York University was given furtherare intended,to ease the problems ofbyscientistsandengineers This , supporttoinvestigatetheinfor- access by users of on -line, interactiveprograin sponsored empirical studies, mationalsRroperties of scientific text's; scleonie information network systems.analyses, and field experiments on

,A119 ; 108 SCIENTIFIC TECHNOLOGICAL ANO INTERNAVNAL AFFAIRS ,

I PA

MAXUhl CONFIGURATION requireComputeriztd designaids Another study determinedthat technologywill not be _the .prime REVIEWERS inhibiting factor in the.improvement' of information service ,

.Management Studies and Coordination Management studies continued' to supporl the collection and analysis of economic data on the production, distribution, and use of scientific and technic information. Studies were inittatecr on the interaction of law, economics,aid technology in the use ' t of copyrighted materials; the impact ofphotocopying onlibrariesand publishers, the development of models to predict and assess use of librarymaterials; and methods to weigh the costs and benefits of the different kinds of information sely- ices- Two 'reports from the first year's research on statistical indicators of scientificand, technical communication were recently completed. One provides' the data compiled and 'a, statementofresearch undertaken, resourcesexamined, and methods used for projection and estifation; the ,,,jecond rsport provides an analysis of the data

REPORTS FORM LETTERS LABELS. LISTS DIRECTORIES Support for communication and Accusals paysbis AcSnOwlsdownsnts. lismtership, -Weiss, NW "VI M' Reminders, Mc Subscription. Mc coordinationamong U.S. science Primary publishing. A prototype Editorial, Processing Center, being tested ps a information services was continued, prelkde to a full-scale demonstration, is a computer-basedlpystem with potential for as was the 'interchange ofscientific fast'r and More economical publishing for scientific Journals The technologies informition with international organ- employed in an EPC may include optical ch-aracter recognition (OCR), text editing, izations During 1976 NSF arranged a inventory control, ask' photocoNtpogition. series of mtetings among managers ofFederalscientific andtechnical thedevelopmentofmoreuser- productive'reseaechers and suggested inforgiatic4Myices, on such topics as responsive "services. Other projects howtodesign new information Federal' and private sector problems wefe aimed at improving the products to fill this group's 'needs. inscientific and technical informa- organizational ' conditionsaffecting Several technology forecast prbj- tion, international information policy, the' use of scientific and technicalects in 1976 attempted to find the and directions for future research and information effects of information/communication development. The influence of infaimation, use technology on the delivery, cost, and The Foundation also participated in , onthe, conduct of research and the use of scientific and technicalinfor- bilateral international science infor- managemekt of research-and develop- mation One studyassessedthe matignactivitiesduring theyear. ment was a principal area of concern feasibility of electronic storage and cooperative activities were 'carried during 1976. One study identified the deliveryofengineeringhandbook out with the Soviet Union, Japan, Information -usehabitsofhighly data and concluded that this would Mexico, and Egypt

41 . SCIENTIFIC, TECHNOLOdICAL AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS 109

. a

**'

Through an exchange agreement, tinued to srye as the focal point for the PhilippinesU.S. scientists will the Government of India will help set UNESCO'sUNISIST activities in the work with tReir East Asian colleagues up a seminar on information sources United Staes With support froethe to study the productivity and utiliza- Amt,' related to energy, environment, andFoundatio, the NationalAcademy of tion >oftropicalforests,, equatorial. natural resource proBlems. and Sciences cntinued its review of 61. S. swamps, and other, resources pf the arrange for a seminar the followingpacticipaon in international science regionthatare *subjectto severe year on . theeducationofscience informalon programs and worked ecological stress informationspecialists NSF. con-towardstablishing U.S. goals Under an award to the National Academy of Sciences, the Foundation conti Liedto support exchanges of sc ars with the People's Republic of International CoOperatiye Science Actiyities China From July 1975 to September 1976, seven U.S. delegations visited China for discu;;sions with Chinese colleagues, which they subsequently reported to the scientific com- NSF has sole, or Executive Agency, TheU.S./Government also hasmunity The fields of interest includ- re'sponsibILItyfor :binationalagreeme iswith several countries,ed insect control, solid state, physics, agreements relating to%inteinationalmost of em in the Middle East, forpure and applied mathematics, wheat . cooperation in science between theeconomic cooperation NSF continVesstudies,theLiaoningearthquake, United States and 14 foreign coun- to contribute to the programs out-steroid chemistry, and biochemistry. tries,and major involvement with lined by the several Joint Conimissio,ns Eight Chinese delegatiorl visited the seven 'other agreementsResearch for Economic Cooperation that wereUnited States. They represented the conducted under these agreementsestablished wider these agreements followingtechnical'areas: obtains for scientists in the UnitedFor examine, on February 29, 1976,petrochemical'Industry,industrial States, the benefits of .InternationalNSF agreed to assist, on a rembtir-automation, earthquake engineering, collaboration, including exchanges of sable basis, Saudi Arabia to establishtumor immunology, agricultural information and access tounique aNational Center for Science andmechanization, natural gas, environ-e talents andfacilinesFor example,Technology (SANCST) SANCST, amental sciences, and interdisciplinary under,the U.S -ItalyCooperativecentral science agency, will enhancestudies Otherawards to the Science Prog.rarn, NSF assisted in theSaudi Arabia's ability to use scienteAcademy enablecrthe United .States supportofajointstudyofthe and technologyfor economic andto participate in international scien- dramaticphysicochemicalchanges socialdevelopmentNSF hases- tificorganizations,includingthe that occur in the lungs of newborn tablished a Joint Commission Staff toInternationalInstitutefor Applied mammals The vxperimental concepts serveas a principalchannelof SystemsAnalysisandthe 'Inter- came from Italy and were refined in communication on Joint Commission national Council of Scientific Unions the UnitedStatesAnd undera progiams betweenthe Foundaelon Under the special foreign currency cooperative arrangement with theand other organizationsNSF also(SPC) programs NSF can use U.S.- Soviet Union, both countries havecoordinates program evaluationto ovned localcurrenciesinsteadof benefited from joint projects in the assurebenefitstoscience i the dollarsin several countriesThese field of electrometallurgy The United States and For thefutds ,which must be used abroad, Soviets are advanced inextractive objectives of the JointsJoints ommissioo are declared by the Department of metallurgy and ih ate techniques of agreements the' Theasury to be in excess of the reduction, purification, and casting, The Foundation continues to seek immediateneeds of theU.S. U.S., expertiseliesinmaterials opportunitiesforinternationalGovernment The SFC research and science and materials engineering cooperation in selected regions of therelated-activitiesprogram funds Each bilateral agreement /has its world,outsidetheframework ofcollaliorativescienceprojects e- own modes pf cooperation, suited to formal ,agreements In Latin America volvingU.S.scientistsinEgypt, the need.;of the United States and its these opportunities have involved 29tnclia, Pakistan, Poland, and Tunisia. partnernations' Thecommonest°activities in "nonagreement"Engineers of Colorado State Univer- forms are cooperative research proj- countriesIn 1976 a new program sity were able to test classical theories ects,seminars,and, thevisitsof made seven awards in cooperationof flow and sedimentation in alluvial scientists to teach orperform withfourEastAsiancountries channels by working with colleagues research in the other country Thailand,Malaysia,Indone %ia, and of the Water and Pdwer Development

121 110 SCIENTIFIC TECFINOLOGICAL.AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS °

II1

MI I h.- Ala

.., t , .1"::",,-.1.,, .... -..11 ., 1hr. le= . - , . Water research. As part of a'llS -Pakigtan joint research project, scientists (left) meter the water surface level ofa Link Canal and take a soil core (rapt) to deterthirte particle size of bottom sediments The Link Canals, built to redistribute scarce water among - Pakistan's ravers, are part of one of the world's mostambitioN water development projects Their size and variety make' them . valuable foe research on the design of modern irrigationcriannels (Photos by Kahlid Ma4mood/GeorgeWaseiiiigton University )

AuthorityinPakistan, where tacts with the U S.scientific com- to attend. internationalscientific fin al teams 1.rad access , to the munity, the foundation sometimesmeetings, obtain or exchange infor- celebrated Link Canals of the Indus respon 0 requeststomanage mation on basic research, and Valley for collecting their dataIn progr hat are authorized and cooperate ininternational scientific Egypt, local currencies were-used to fund y other, U.S. GovernmentactivitiesApproximately 450 inter- fund lirojectsinhistorical geology,agencies One example is the Scien- national travel awards were made nutrition, the improvement of science tistsandEngineersin 'Economic during 1976 teaching, and the -physiologICatadap- Development(SEED)program, Science studies undertAen during tation of large mammals to desertoperlted by NSF for the Agency forthe past year to develop and widen iconditions Iragy,Rt and in India, !Scat In 1976 International Development theinternationalroleof NSF are currencies are usee`ttend the U.S`. supported the SEED program continuing, with initial emphasis on portions of protects designated by the teaching and research activities ,of establishing methodologies to Joint Commissionstobeofhigh U.S.. scientists in 13 different coun- evaluate the Foundation's inter, priority to the participating countries Africa,Asia.. andLatin tries 'of nationalprograms. A related pro- The science information pro- Amet'ica Arpong the subjects studied gram, s dealing with selected gram procures translationsinto were energy resources in Pakistan, English of foreign technical transnational issues of importance to child nutrition and family planningthe United States, will help provide publicationsThose translations are attitudes in Kenya, forest insect pests ..requesteci:by various U.S. Govern- policymakers with information for in Chile, and the naturalresources'of mentagenc.ies and are made available, decisionmaking on transnational the Amazon basin. to ncin.:governoient scientists problemsItwillalso improve BecauseOfitsbroadlegislative The internationaltravelsupport applicationofresearchand other authority and its professional con-program has enabled U.S. scientists scientific activities to these problems toy 4

SCIENTIFIC. TECHNOLOGICAL AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS 111/ -

Bilateral Science and Technology Agreements Special Foreign Currency program Number of Approved Atti.ities in Fl197o and Summary of-Proiects bytountry in FY 1976 * the Transition Quarter (Icily 1 to Sept30, 19701 and Trapsition Quarter 0 Cboperati.e Active Aeseari b Tran,olation positing Scientists ['core,. t s Research Grant.Travel Grant Protects . _.2.______1..:S . Awards I Awards Cont racts ,.., Foreign Seminars FY FY F..N Fl FY FY FY Country 1970TQ107o TQ1970 TQ 197o TQ Country 197o TQ 1976 TQ 1976 TQ 4 Argentina 3 -- 2 Burma 0 0 0 0 , 11. f., t __ 7 Australia. 13 , 11 8 1 Egypt. 12 1 - 3 2 2 f, Brazil .4 2 1 10 India I 1 30 2 2 2 Rep of China 12 ..3 2 3 Pakistan 2 1 o 1 1 1 fr France 10 2. 10 . - 5 Poland 8- 2 *29 4 E. I '1 Hungary 8 4 1 t Tunisia 1 0 0 1 --____''t India 19 4 to 4 -. - - II.. . l total 24 r/.."*.5 71 0 8 8 Italy '20 I 3 0 3 Japan 8 2 3 I 25 7 21 11 Me,10 3 27 8 3

New -Zealand 1 2

Romania 1 o 3' 1 5 -,

Spain 14 -- lo 1

USSR 24 .5 6 1 57' 2'

Total 120 25 5o 5 52 11 158 37 U.S.-U S.S.R and East Europe Academy Exchange Programs Visits Each Way Funded During FY 1076

Ificludes awardsmade by other NSF components under L S -L S S R lomt Commission on Science and*Tet hnology United States .i Foreign Country ScientistsMan.Monetis SCietitists Man-Months ..- USSR 4 131 32 0 Bulgariaria 27 b la 8 'CzeLhoslo.akia 1 17, 56 II 55 Hungary . 10 36 14 35 Poland tr. 18 43. 5 40 Romania 8 26 " b 25 \ ugoslav hi' 12- 3o 8 35 (iermanv 5 5 5 . 5 Total 134 360 87.I 302

ti *fp rl

4 I s

',V-

Rio

12? . . 4 APPENDICES 113

Appendix A National Science Board, NSF Staff Advisory Committees and Panel4-...... , sit

NATIONAL SCIENCE BOARD Jon% R HOGNESS, President, University of Washingtop 4VILLIAm F HUEG, JR , Professor of Agronomy and Deputy Vice President and Dean, Institute of Agriculture, Forestry, and Home Economics, University of Minnescita, St Paul Terms Expire. May 10, 1978 MARIAN E KOSH LA ND,ProfessorofBacteriology and Immunology, University of California, Berkeley GLENN CANINO t I.,Director,,,, Hoover Institution on War, ALEXANDER RICH. Sedgwick Professor of Biophysics, Department ReVolution. and Pe,ice, Stanford -Unisersity of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology MA isn ALL HAHN, JR President, Georgia-Pacific Corporation, (Vacancy) Portland, Oreg ANNA JHARRISON, *illiant -Kerran,Jr ,Professor of Chemistry, %sum liolyolte College Member,Ex Officio WILLIAM H MECKI LNG, Dean. ElieGraduate Schoolof Management, The University of Rochester RICHARD CATKINSCA (Acting Chairman, Executive WILLIAM A NIERENBERG--,Director.ScrippsInstitutionof ComMittee), Acting Director, National Science Foundation, Oceanography, Unnersity of California, San Diego Washington, D C Rt SSELL D O'NEAL (Vice Chairman. National Sc fence Board). Consultant, KMS Fusion, Inc. Ann Arbor, Mu h V.ERN tCE ANDERSON, Executive Secret y, National Science JOSEPH M REYNOLDS, Boyd Professor ofPhysics and Vice Board, National Science F;olinclation, Washington, D C President for Instruction and Research, Louisiana State Ulm ersirs GHARI ES P SLICHTFR, Professor of Physics and in the Center for JP* AdvancedStody,UnnerslyofIllinoisatUrbana- NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION STAFF Champaign Director,(Acting), Ric hard CAtkinson Deputy Director,(Acting), Ejiward C Cteutz 'Terms Expire May 10, 1980 Director, Office of Equal EmploymentOpportunity, Herbert H4rrington, Jr , JEwFtP CORIS, Dean and Professortif Blology,DouglassCol lege; Gene-ral Counsel,Charles H Herz Rutgers -The State Un isersits of New Jersey Deputy General Counsel,Maryann B Lloyd NORMAN. HACKFRMAN (Ghalffilab,. National S ience Board), Director-Office of Government and Public Programs, °Ptesident. William Marsh Rue t rosersity TheodoreW Wirths 4v N HUBBARD, JR ,President, The Upjohn Company, Deputy Director, Office of 4ilovernment and Public Kalamazoo, Mich Programs,Jack Krim hman SAl NDERS MAC LANE, Max Mason IiAtinguished Service ProLessor Associate Director for Public Programs, of Mathematics, Unisersity of Chicago Theodore Q Drury GROVER E MURRAY. I 'rinerstt) Professor., Texas Tec h Unisersiq Head, Congressional Liaison Branch,Patricia E Nicely $ Complex Head,Public Information Branch,Jack Rennie ,7 DONALD BRICE, JR ,President, Rand Corporation, Santa Head,Communwations Resouirre Branch,Bruce R Abell. Monica. Head,Community Affairs Branch,R. Lynn Carroll L. DONALD SHIEI US,President, California State University, Director, Office of Planning and Resources Management, Fullertim Jack 1 Sanderson jAmEs H ZUMBFR(.F. President, SOLIthelli iMethodIst Unisersits Deputy Director, Office of plannint and Resources Management,Waltoti M Hudson AuditOfficer, Audit Office,Robert IS Boyden Terms Expire May 10,-1982, Head (Acting), Budge'' Offue,Thomas Ryan Head, Evaluation Staff,Harry J. ['KG-melt() RAYMOND L BillIeLINGnoFF, Vice President for Research. and Head,Planning and Policy Analysis, Detelopment. Tyco Laboratories, Waltham, Mass L Vaughn Blatikensfrip IA OYD M COOKE. Corporate Dire( tor-CorAminity Affairs, Union Ikad, Programming dffice,Syl Mc Ninth, Jr, Carbide Corporation, New York, N'Y4 Head, Program Review Office,Lewis PJones HERBERT D DOAN. Chairman. -Doan Resources Corporatum, Assistant Director for Astronomical, Atmospheric, Litth, Midland. Mich and Ocean Sciences,Robert E Hughes Deputy Assistant Dirlitor for Astronomical, Atmospheric, Earth, and Ocean Sciences, Member, Executive Comnintee Edward P Todd

P 12.1

4 114 APPENDICES

4 Deputy Assistant Director, Operations, Daniel Hunt Director, Division of Exploratory Research and Systems Director !Acting), Division of Astronomical Sciences,, Analysis, Joshua 'Menkes R. Marcus Price 4 Director ;vision of IntergovernmentalScience and Director (Acting), Division of Atmospheric Sciences, P isechtoplogy, William Wetmore Edward P Todd ctor, Western Projects Office, Sidney Sternberg Director (Acting), Division of Earth Sciences, ssistant Director for Science Education, Harvey Ayerch Norman D Watkins 1 Deputy Assistant Director for Science Education (Acting), Director (Acting), Division ofOceanSciences (Rotational), ' Allen M Shinn Feenan Jennings, Mary Johrde Group Director, Office of Program Integration, Alphonse Director, Divisiori.of Polar Programs, Robert H Rutford Buccino Assistant Director for Biological, Behavioral, and Director, Office of Science and Sociej Alexander J Morin *octal Sciences, Eloise E Clark Director, Division of Science Education Development and Deputy Assistant Director for Biological, Behavioral, and Research, Jerome S Daen Social Sciences Vacant Director,Divisionof Science Education Resources Director, Drum on of Behavioral and Neural Sciences,' Improvement, Walter L Gillespie Richard T utut Director, Division of Science Manpower Improvent, Lewis Director (Acting), Division of Environmental Biology, A Gist .. John Brooks Assistant Director forScien;,;:s1Technological,nd Director (Acting), Division of Physiology, Cellular,a nd International Affairs (Acting), John V Graer Molecular Biology, Eloise E Clark Deputy Assistant Director for Scientific, Tec logical, and Dirertor, Division of Social Sciences, Herbert I. Costner, International Affairs (Acting), Thomas U AssistantDiret tor for Mathematical and PhysicalSelences, Special Deputy Assistant Director, Internattp.h1 Affairs, and Engineering, Edward C Creutz T O Jones Deputy Assistant Director for Operations, Jerome H Fregeau Director of Operations (Acting), Richard R Ries Deputy Assistant Director for Planning and. Evaluation, Deputy Assistant Director for Planning and Programs (Acting), M. Kent Nilson Leonard L Lederman DirecWr, Division of Chemistry. Jack B Kinsinger Director, Division of International Programs, Bodo Bartocha Direclgr (Acting): Division of Engineering, Charles Polk Director (Acting), Division of Policy Research and Analysis, Director, Division of Materials Research, Ronald E Kaganse Thomas Ubois Director, Division of Mathematical and Computer Sciences Director, Division of Science Resources Studies,' John R Pasta j Charles E Falk Director, Division of Physics, William E Wright Head, Division of Science Information, Lee C. Burchina Assistant Director for Research Application s, Alfred J. Eggers, Jr Deputy Assistant Dire( for for Researcik4pplications. Assistant Director for Administration, Eldon D Taylor ; Richard J Green Deputy Assistant Director for Administration, Deputy Assistant Director for .4nalysis and Planning, George,Pilarmos LarroniTorgbaugh Director, Divisionof Financial and Administrative Director, Office of Programs and Resices, Burl Valentine tManagement, Kenneth B Foster Director, Diui..sion of .4cli int ed Energfarid Resources Research Director, Division of Grants and Contrasts, Gaylord L Ellis and Tec hnology Donald Sena h Director (Acting), Division of Information Systems, Director(Ailing),Divisionof .AdvancedEni-tronmerital Emilio Naranjo Research and Technology, Charles C Thiel Director, Division of Perionnel and Management, Fred K Director (Acting), birvsion of Advanced Produt tivi(y Research N1urakamt and Technology. James P tug Director, Health .Service, faints W Long, MI)

ADVISORY COMMITTEES R 1%an Caae%er ANDTANELS Professor of Nlatheniatus Corporate Reseal-eh and Development University of -Texas at Austin Centor OFFICE OF THE DIREC1OR General Electra Co rheodbre ICairns Schenectady, N Y Director. Central Research Department PIESITIENT'S COMMITTEE ON THE/ EIDuPont DeNemours and Co,lac Philip Handler (ex officio) NATIONAL MEDALOF SCIENCE Wirinington, Del, President, National Academy 'of Se teriats

John D Baldesavisieler . Edward F Druid Chairman, Department of Chermstr% and F zee uti% e Vie e President. Research. William D *McElroy Chancellor Chi-mic al Frigineering,- Development .ind Planning Califomia Institute of technology Gould,ne University df Califormi, San Diego Rolling Meadows, Ill Ivan L Bennett, Jr Nathan M Newmark Provost of the Medical Center and Robert II Duke Professor of Cull Engineerimpand Professor Dean of the School of Medkme Cvnis Brack( tt Professor of Phy.sus -Nu4.4terrrertor Aelvanc ed Studies ' New York University , Princeton University Ilnitersity of Illinois

+TA APPENDICES ,41.115

ifaith R. Porter 2: DIRECTORATE$FOR ASTRONOMICAL, John M. Wallace Charm-tan, Department of Wolecuiar, ATMOSPHERIC, EARTH, AND OCEAN 'Department of Atmospheric Sciences Cellular, and Developmental.biology SCIENCES University of Washington University of Colorado ADVISORY PANEL FOR ASSRONOMY Frank Press Chairman, Depirtment of Earth and Anne P""awley Planetary Sciences Department of Astronomy ADVISORY PANEL FOR EARTH SCIENCES Massachusetts Institute of Technology University of Michigan Thomas J Ahrens . Division of the Geological Sciences H. Gtiyford Steer Alexander Dalgarno California Institute of Technology Science Adviserm the President Harvard College Observatory Alfred G Fischer Beverly,T Lynds Department of Geolostwatand Kitt Peak National Observatory OFFICEAF PLANNING ASD Geophysical Sciences Tucson, Ariz RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Princeton University Edward Isley Bruno J Giletu, ChairpFrson THE ALA/4 T.WATERMAN AWARD School of Physics and Astronomy Department of Geological Sciences cpseamr.z University of Minnesota Brown University John Bardeen, Professor Emeritus University oPIllincus, Urbana Bematnin F Peery Kitt Peak National'Observatory John C. Maxwell Tucson, Ariz Department of Geological Sciences William BrOWder, Professor of 4., University of Texas Mathematics, Princeton tinners!ty P A Strittm'atter Thomas V. McEvilly Melvin C.alyan, Director Steward Observatory Department of Geology and Geophysics University of Arizona 'Laboratory of,Chemical Biodynamics University of California, Berkeley 'University of Califomd, 'Berkeley a Williani'J Welch Radio Astronomy Laborato,ry Amos M Nur rr Adrian Chamberlain,P.ItHIlent Department of Geophysics -Unlyersity of California, Berkeley Colorado State University Staliford University Jack B Ztrker 'Frank Cotton, Robert A Welch ' Lloyd C Pray Distingtilshed Professor of Chemistry Institute of Astronomy se Unnersity of Hawaii Department of Geology and Geophysics Texas A&M University University of Wisconsin Leo Goldberg, Director Lynn R Sykes Kitt PealCNational Observatory ADVISORY PANEL FOR ATMOSPHERIC Lamont-Doherty Geol,Ogical Observatory Columbia University . Norman --Hackenrian, Chairman SCIENCES National Science Board . ,Norinan D Watkins Reid A 'Bryson k Graduate School of Oceanography Philip Handler, President Institute for Environmental Studies University of'Rhode Island National Academy of Sciences University of Wisconsin Peter J., Wyllie GardnEiLindzey, Director, ° Edwin F Danielsen- Hinds 5rophysical Laboratory CenterIor Advanced Study in the National Center for Atmospheric Research UniversitY, of Chicago Behavioral Sciences ,Boulder, Colo

Clement Marken, Professor of Biology . Alexander J Dessler Yale University Department of Space Physics and INTERNATIONAL DECADE OF OCEAN Astronomy, Rice University EXPLORATION PROPOSAL REVIOV PANEL RuthPatrick, Curator of Limnology Academy of Natural Sciences . Andrew F Nagy Christopher Harrison Siac Physics Research Laboratory . Rosensuel Schoolof Marine and Os tren Phillips, Decker Professor of Unwersity of Michigan= Atmospheric Sciencs', Science and Engineering University of Miami Johns Hoplins University Joanire Simpson Department of Environmental Sciences Donald W. Hood Norman Ramsey, Higgins Professor ?f University of Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences Physics, Harvard University University of Alaska Edward P Todd Robeft Solo, Professor of Economic s Dtvisibn of Atmospheric stiences Victor J Linnenbom Michigan State University Natuinal Science Foundaudn Office of Naval4Research 126 'r 11% .APPENDICES

tit

ADVISORY PANEL FOR ECONOMICS Gordon R dry Wilton Sturges Institute of 0&aiibgraPh) Department of Oceanography Florida State University James 13 Blackman D'alh'Ousie University Program Director for Eeorltsucs Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada 'a. National Science FoundatiM Peter Tatro,1 CDR, USN SPECIAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON THE RudIger Dom busch Acoustic Environmental Support SACRAMENTO PEAR OISERVATORY , Departmentof Economics Detachment Massachusetts Institute of Technology Office of Naval Research Harold M Agnew Director - Los Alamos Scientific, Laboratory Ray C Fair Bruce A Warren Cowles Foundvon for Reearch Department of Physical Oceanography, Economics Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Wtlhem Golden 40 Wall Street YalerUniversity Charles D Woodhouse, Jr New York. N Y _Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Robert J Gordon Robert %%. Noses Wpartmeru of Economics Solar and Stellar Physics My loon Northwestern University Center for Astiophysics v ADVISORY PANEL FOR OCEANOGRAPHY Peter Mieszkowski I PROW, Sy [PORT Bernard'Oliyer Department of Economics e Vice President for Research and University of Houston Robert C Beardsley Deselopment Department of Physical Oceanography Hrwlets -Pao card Corporation Michael Rothschild Woods H Oteanograptia Institution Department of Economics Frank0,Orrall Princeton University Pierre Biscaye Institute for Astronoms Lamo t-DohertyGeolical Obstryatory myeisin of Havyaii Joseph Sughtz Colobia University Department of Economics Eugene N Parker StSnford Unlyersity Nikol I Christensen Laboratory for Astrophysics and Space Deparem of Geology Research ADVISORY PANEL FOR GENETIC BIOLOGY rats of Washington Unlye'rsity of Chicago

Robert (ti--Douglas Cebrge %V Preston Laurence BerLowier Departrne`nt of Geological Sciences Hale Obsryatories Genetic Biology Program Unisersits of Southern California Pasadena, Calif National Science FoeMdatt,on

e Louis I. Gordon Robert Skrivanek Allan M Campbell ir School of Oteanographs Air Force Cambridge Research Department of Biological Sciences Oregon State Uniyersity Laboratories Stanford University 1.G EINorn Field Holger W Jannasch Mario B Cape«hi Department of Biology Arthur B C Walker, Jr Department of Biology Woods Hole Oceanographic' Insti.ution Institute for Plasma Re4arth and University of Utah Department of Physics Dana R Kestp StanfojdnlYersity Roy Curtiss. 111 Graduate School of Oceanography School of Medicine UMyersity of Rhode Island Harold F Zinn tyersity of Alabama California Institute of Technology Rueben Laskor Bernard N Fields Southwest F sheries (;enter Gerrs. WMinshall Deparolient of Microbiology and MolecUlar Departrrient of Commerce Departnient of Biology Genetics\ National Marines,Fishories S

123

/7. APPENDICES 117

Kenneth D tof Brian J McCarthy l k ADVISORY PANEL FOR MEMORY AND Institute fat cer Research , Department of Bipchemistry COGNITIVE. PROCESSES Philadelphia, Pa University of 'forma, San Francisco Herbert H. Clark Robert E Po11ac ' ADV1LSORY PANEL IfOR HIFORY AND Department of Psychology Department of Miriology .Stanford University PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE' State University York at S`tovry oo :Stephen Brush William K. Estes Institute of Physical Science and Patricia Speat Mathematical Psyrhology Laboratory Technology Department of Microbiology Rockefeller UnivIrsity University of Marylapd University of Chicago Rochel S Gelman Arthur I Fine Department of.PsycholTgy ADVISORYPANEL FOE LAW AND University of Pennsylvania Department of Philosophy SOCIAL SCIENCES University of Ilknois at Chicago Circle James G Greeno Shari S Diamond Ian Hacking Learning kesearch and Development Deportment of Criminal Justice Cent& Department of Philosophy University of Illinois Stanford i'myersity UniversityOf Pittsburgh . Marc Galanter Thomas P Hughes Edwin`Martin Law.School r Department of Psychology History and Sociology of Science University of Wisconsin University of Pennsylyania *University of,Kansas , Akin K Kleyonck Ronald J Oyermann Roger W, Schvaneveldt Lev. School Department of Psychology Assistant ProgramDirector,'Histon, and Yale University Philosophy of Science Program State University of New York at Stony Brook National Science Foundation Richajd 0 Lernpert LawSchool Nathan Remgold University of Michigan John Henry Papers . ADVISORY PANEL FOR METABOLIC BIOLOGY Sthithsoman Institution Sheldon L Messinger Winston JBrill Center For Study of Law and Society Department of Bacteriology William A Wallace Uniyersity of.Califorfita, Berkeley Department of Philosophy University of Wiscon4m- Catholic University Franklin E Zunring Ric harcrA Law School Department of Biological Sciences Unlyersitii of Chicago Purdue University ADVISORY PANEL FOR HUMAN CALL BIOLOGY 'ADVISORY PANEL FOR LINGUISTICS Alan D Elbein .., Health Science Center Carl Anderson William O Dingwall Unnersily of "rexas. Brookhaven National Laboratory Linguistics Program 'Associated Universities, Inc Urnver.sity of Maryland Lovsell P Hager .41101111k Department of Biochemistry Suzanne U Emerson Victoria A Fromkin U iversity of Illinois at Department of Microbiology Department of Linguistics ;rbana-Champaign University of Virginia School cifMedicine University of California, Los Angeles ariklin M Harold Stephen Harnson Robert H I Goddard, ill 9 Division of Research GiOs\Lab Assistant Curator National Jewish Hospital Harvard University Smithsonian, Institution Henry Kamin Lerc; £ Hood Roger W Shuy pepartmein of Biochemistry Division of Biology Sociolinguistics Program' Duke University Medial Center California Institute of Technology Georgetown Unliersity Walter D Loomis

Joel A .Hubertgan , Carlota S Smith Department of Biochemistry and Department of Medical Oncology Department of Linguistics Biophysics Rpswell 'Park MemonakInstifute University of Texas Oregon State University

Herman W Lewis '41s, Arnold M Zwicky. Evangelos N Moudrian'akis Head, Cellular Biology Section Department of Linguistics Department of Biology NationarScrence Foundation Ohio State University Johns Hopkins University V 12b 0

.00 118 APPENDICES6

Elijah B Romanoff Barry J. Hoffer Norman 13 Henderson Progrant Director, Nletabolx Biology Department of Pharmacology Department of Psychology Section University of Colorado Medical School Oberlin College National Science Foundation Giry S Lynch. Edwin Martin ADVDORY PANEL ,FC1R MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Deparunent ofPsychobiology Department of Psychology University of Californta, In me University of Kansas Eugene H Cordes Jeffrey F McKelyy _ram E R. Staddon Department of Chemistry' Depattment of Psychology Indiana University Department of Biochemistry tiUnlyersity of Texas Duke Voiversity Michael A Edidin John G Vandenbergh Lorne M Mendell, Department of Biology Dyttsion of Research Department of Physiology Johns Hopkins.University North Carolina Department of Duke - University Mental Health Harvey F Fish13, Deparynent of tliochemIsoy Allen ISelyerston Vniversitv of lamas Department of Biology ADVISOAPANELFOR REGULATORY BIOLOGY Uniyersity of California, San Diego Guido Guidotti Roland M Bagby Biological Laboratories Donald J Woodward Department of Zoology Harvard University Department of Cell Biology :University of Tennessee Uniyersity of Texas Chuan-pu Lee, David C Benjamin Department of Biochemistry Department of Microbiology ADVISORY PANEL FOR POLMCALiSCIENCE Wayne State University School df Medicine; University of Virginia Richard F Fenno, Jr Brian tt' Matthews Department of Politic al Scierxe Peter J Bentley Institute of Molecular Biology Uniyrsity of Rochester University of Oregon Departments of Optha.mology and Pharmacology John V Gillespie Mount Sinai School of Medicine Alfred C Redfield Department of Political Sc lencce Departments of Bloc hernistwand Physic s City University of New York Indiana University Brandeis University Murray S Blum Dal id C Lerge Department of Entomology Dieter C. Soll Program Director, Political Scienc6 Department of Molecular Brophy sic s University of Georgia Prograin and Biochemistry National Sc ten( e Foundation Stella Y Botelho Yale l'nwisity Likepartment of Physiology `Robert Lineberry Vniversity of Pennsylvania Donald F Summers Department of Political Science Department 04A( robiology ts Northwestern University fan P Canard University of Utah Department of Biology Ric hard C. Snyder Boston University Kemal E Van Hojde Deparkos of Biochemistry and BiophysicsMershon Center Ohio State University John H Crowe ,Oregon State University Department 'of ZoologyI John Sprague University ofCalifornia, Davis RobyT, Webster Department of Political Science Department of Biochemistry Washington UrriYITsity Aubrey Gorbman Duke Ul'iersity Medical Center Department of Zoology University of Washingtoft Richard V Wolfenden nottvisoavPANEL FOR PSYCHOBIOLOGY Department of Biochemistry Roger A Hoffman University of North Carolina Stephen T Emlem Division of Physiology, Cellular and Langrnuir Laboratory Molecular Biology National Science Foundation ADVISORY PANEL FOR NEUROBIOLOGY Cornell'niversity Jack W Hudson Glenn iThatton , "Wil am k Estes Section of Ecology andSysternSucs Department of Psychology Mathematical Psychology Laboratory 4 Cornell University kichigan State University The Rockefeller University Roderick MacLeod ithnG Hildebrand Howard E Evans Department of ibology an4,Eatomology Center for Electron Muroscopy Department of Neurobiology University of Illinois Harvard Medical School Colorado Statefinivers4 5.

V-

4PPENDICES 119

Andrew V. Nalbandov DrOtilld R 'Ploch Henry M Fales Department of Animal Science Program Director, Scxiologs National Heart and Lung Institute University of Minims National Science Foundation Nationhl Institutes of Health

, Jeanne C !tidies Mary L Good AIVYISORT PANEL FOR SENSORY PHYSIOLOGY Center for Population Research Department of Chemistry AND PERCEPTION Georgetown Unnersits Unisersity of New Orleans

!Heise H Goldstein SamueOF Sampson William A Guillory Department of Biomedical Engineering Department of SOciology Department pf Chemistrs Unisersits L'IllserS10, of Vermont UniVersity of Utah

Joseph S Lappin Gid,eon Sjoberg Edche Heday a Department of Psychology Department of Sot lologs Union Carbide Corp Vanderbilt Unisersits Unisersits of -Texas Tarrytown, N V Maxwell M Motelr .0 ADVISORY PANEL FURSYSIRATICBIOLOGY Hubert 0 Hofise Upstate Medical Center Department of Chemistry State Unisersits of Ness York Alan J Kohn Georgia Institute of Technology Department of Zoology Alan C Rosenquist niserSits of Washington EatPL Muetternes Department of Anatoms Department of ehemistr) University of Pennss ham,' Cornell University RubenW b- tysardt Deivrttnent of Botany Robert W Sekuler Unik-c.r.A.a;of Kansas RON ce W Murray Cresap Neuroscience Laborauirs Department of Chemistry NorthysesternUnisersits W %%astir Moss Lrisersitv of North Carolina Department of Entomologs Theodore P Academy of Natural Sciences John Ross Department of Biologic al Sc lent is Philadelphia, Pa Department of Chemistry ' Florida State Unisersits Massachusetts Institute, of 'I ethnology Peter II Rasen Dr., Missouri Botanic al Garden William A Steele ADVISORY PANELror34.1.AND, Department of Chemistry DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY Flews JThomson Pennsylsama State University Department of Biology James H Das is nisrsits of California, Los Angeles Barry M Tiost Department of PSNCh9logs Department of ChemistryI UnisersitY of Illinois- lit oh Thompson Unnersit of Wisconsin Peabcxls Museum Harold H Kellev Unisrsits Department of Psschologs Umsersits of California, Los Angeles A Philip B lornlinson ADVISORY PANEL FOR COMPUTED SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Judith H Regan Harsard Forest Harsard Unnersny Department of Psschology Robert P Abbott Wells College B, L Turner Computer Research Projects Department of Botany Lawrence Livermore Laboratory Karl I Weld( 4f Unisersity of Texas at Austin t.Cornell University James C Browne Department of Computer Science 'Robert A Wuklund University of Texas at Austin , Depailment of Psychology DIRECTORATE MDR MATHEMATICAL_ Univeisity of Texas AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES, AND George G Dodd ENGINEERING Computer Science Department General Motors Research Laboratories ADVISORY PANEL FOR SO.CIOLOGI ADVISORY PANEL FOR CHEMISTRY David J Farber Phillip F Bonauch Fred C Anson Department of Information and t Department of Sociology Department of Chemistry Computer Science University of California, Los Angeles California Institute of Technology trmsersuy of California, Irvine

James E Conyers lohn I Brauman Anthony C Hearn Department of Sociology Department of Chemistry Computer Science Department Indiana State University Stanford University University of Utah

130. 120 APPENDICES

Albert L Hopkins, Jr 4D% HORT PANEL FOR ENGINECRING David V Ragone C S Draper Libor-mon CHEMISTRY AND ENERGETICS College of Engineering -Cambridge, Mass. . -riiiversity of Michigan JoohnA Clark :- Lois Mansfield' Department of Mechanical Engineering e Ronald Scbit Department of Computer Science Universny of Michigan Division of Engineering University of Kansas California Institute of Technology James -R 'Eau, Jr Robert W Ritchie Direflor, Engineering Technology Daryl Simons Monsanto Com ny College-of Engineering University of Washington .4 - Colorado State 11-'nner9tv Hugh NI Hurlrt Harold S Stoll; Associate Dean, uate School Sheila 1Vidnall Department of Electrical Engineering Northssestern versus Universus of Massachusetts Department of Aero Engineering Marcus Karel Mass.:id-at-se:Us Institute of Technology Jeffrey D Ullman Department of Nutrition arld Food Science Department of Electrical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of "technology Princeton Un ersits ADVISORY PANEL ON THE MATERIALS 'Emil Pfender RESEARCH LABORATORIES Department of Mechanical En'gineering University of Minnesota John S Blakemore Department of Physics ADVISORY PiiNEL FOR ELECTRICAL SCIENCES Cornelius J Pings Florida Atlantic University ANdrIANBLYSIS Vice Pros ost - to California Institute of Technology Richard S Claasen Electronic Component Development Gerard A Alphonse Frank Ntiller Sandia Laboratories Information Sc iences h nu al Staf f Department of Chemical Engineering 4 RCA David Sarnoff Center SI t of Houston Norm:an A Gig em SE idiotic Lab°tory Robert F Cotellesa Charles B Watkins. Jr Fend Motor Cpmpans Department of ,Eler tr ic al F ngmerring Schoof of Engine( ring Clarkson College of 'ft( hnologv flov.ard University John P Hirth Department of Metallurgical Engineering James Cullum Ohio State University Technical Assistant to the Direc tor ADVISORY PANEL FOR ENGINEERING of IBM Research M ECHAN ICS J C M IBM Thomas Watson Research Center Department of Mechanical and Aerospace if Noonan Abramson Sciences Fred Grodins Department of Nfec hanu al Sc iences University of Roc hestet Department of Biomedical Engineering South% est Rest arc h Institute University of :southern C.iliflognia. Harold E. Rorschach, Jr Reginald Amory Wpartment of Physics Edward C Jordan Shoed of Engineering Rue University Department of Flee tried! F rigineerrig North Carolina Agri( ultnral and "Fix hn Ica! William 6 Spitzer rniversits ofIllmori (Pilate University Department of Physics University of Southern California Ernest Kuh Daniel (. Drucker . School of Engineering College of Engineering University of Illinois University of California, Berkelev ADVISORY PANEL FOR MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES S James Masses Phillip Eisenberg Robert King Brayton Chain-thin of F xecuthe Committet Department of Electricalrigmeering IBM Research Laboratory University of Notre Dame . FIN dumdums, Inc Yorktown Heights, N Y Leo Packer Charles Fairhurst Cathleen S Morawetz 'Science Adviser _ Institute of Technology Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences U S. Slate Department Uniserstts of Minnesota New York University Charles Polk Richard Gallagher Ingram Olken Division of Engineering College of Engineering Department of ,Statistics National Sr iencelFyindation Cornell University Stanford University F J Rosenbaum Earnest (,loin 0 Timothy O'Meara Department of Electrical Engineering College of Fngin mg Department of Mathematics Washington [university University of Texat Austin Universty of Notre Dame

131 ). APPENDICES 121

Paul JSally, Jr Roger S Porter Norman Ro.:toker Department of :Mathematics Polymer Science and Engin itrig Department of Physics University of Chicago Goessmann IAburator, Uniselsity of (.alifc.erma, (mine Universal, of Massachusetts 1, Allen L Shields Roland W Schmitt Departmek of Nlathematics Rusturn Roy Research and Development Center University of Michigan Materials Research Laboratory General Electric Company PennsvIvarua State Urns ersitv James D. Stashefl 11 ADVISORY PANEL FOR PHYSICS Department of Mathematic s Nlaurice J Sinnott University of North Carolma kssoc late Dran,.Collge of Engineering Marc eF Bardon Urine min, of 'Mu higan Divisiorof Physics Karen uhlenbeck Ncitional Selene e Foundation Department of Mathematic s Dale Franklin Stein Northwestern University Dic par twin of Metallurgic al Engineering, Peter A (.arruthers S he higan Tee hnologic al Un tr sit} Viilf "Fheoretic al Division Herbert S Los Alamos Scientific Laborator, Department of Madre mail( s John B %Vac htman, Jr . Unisersits of PefillS% Rama Chief, Inorganic Materials Division James W Cronin NattunaI Btlfedll Of Standards Enrico Fermi Institute niversity of Chicago ADVISORY PANEL FOR METALLURGY AND Watt VX Webb MATERIALS De partment Of Applied Physic s Edward A Frieman School of Aprted & Engineering Physics Plasma Physics Laboraton George S Ansell Corm II Ref' SO5 PrancetorVniversity Dean, Se hoof of Engine er ing Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Dons Kuhlmann WilsClorf James A Krumhans DePdf linen( of Materials Sc tenet' Department of Physics Geoffrey Ric hard Belton Unnersitv of Xaginia Cornell University Department of 'Metallurgy and Matetials Se write Walter F Masses College of Engineering rows University University of Pe 11114% 15.1111,1 NATIONAL MAGNET LABORATORY VISITING COMMITTEE Ju.Nlatthcws Rolf Buc hdahl Department of Plivsic* . Central Research Department Martin Blume Nlassac h user ts Institute of Tec hnology Monsanto Comparn, Department of Physics St Louis, Mo Brookhaven National tAborator, J Horst Meser Department of Physics Mildred S Dtsselhaus B S Chandrasekhar Duke University Department of Lie( trical Engineering and Cast Western Resene University I Computer Sc +clues Frances NI Pipkin llassaehuseits Institute of rei hnologs Robert XColmar' I yman Laboratory Deparinlelll of Physic s Harvard University lkotxriel Fisher University of Virginia Manager, Phssus Physical Metallurgy Allan M Sachs Research Labor., tors Luther [1.1515 Department of, Physics United States Steel Corp Research DRision Columbia Urtiversin, Monroeville, Pa Ray.pron Company Gerald A Smith Ronald S Gordon Leo Fsaki Department of Physics College of Engineering HIM Watson Research Center Michigan State University University of Utah orktossn Heights, N Y, a Georges M Iemmer Julius J. Harwood William T Oosterhuis Department of Physics ,,Scientific Research Staff Division of Materials Research Rutgers -The State University of New Jersey Ford Motor/Co National Sc term' Foundation LincolnWolfenstOm H D Keith John R Purcell Department of Physics Bell Telephone Laboratories High F.nergs Physics Carnegie-Mellon University Mum:/04111, N J Argonne National Ciboratory C N Yang Nuantan Partkh George r Rado Institute for Theoretical Physics Research Laboratory Magnetism Branch State Unfliersity of New York at American Can Laboratory Naval Research Laboratory Stony Brook

130 in APPENDICES

ArovtionY C.omburrxit FOR RESEARCH Howard K. Schachman ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR:: Department of Molecular Biology SCIENCE EDUCATION George S. Benton and yirtij Laboratory Vice President for Homewood Divisions Unisersity of California, Berkeley Richard D. Anderson Johns 1-lopluns University Department of Mathematics Louisiana State University 7/0 Maurice E. Shank Pratt and Whitney Aircraft Division W. Dale Compton Ernest A Boykins, Jr. United Technologies Corp. Scientific Research Staff President Ford Motor Co Mississippi Valle'State College Earl D Shaw Fernando J Corbato Technical Staff Susan Goldhor Department of Electrical Engineering Bell Laboratories, Inc Dean, Scliool of Natural Science Massachusetts institute of Technology Hampshire College Harrison Shull Edward C Creutz Vice Chancellor for Research and Seymour W. Henvild Mathematical and Physical Sciences. and Development Strategic ResourcesWestinghouse Engnieering Indiana Ltsnisersity Building, National Science Foundation Pittsburgh, Pa..

'S Fred Singer , . , William R. Dawson *Department of Environmental Sciences Bernard Luskin Department of Zoology Unisersity of Virginia Coast Community College District University of Michigan Costa Mesa, Calif " Allen H Smith , William E. Gordon Academic Vice President Michael Scriven Collegedef Science add Engineering Washington State Unisersity Professor of Philosophy Rice Unmersits, yniversity of California, Berkeley Donald E Stokes Anne 0 Krueger Wood rovs School Carl York Department of Economics Kinceton University Oakland, Calif University of Minnesota Klaus D Tipimerhaus Donald.N Langenberg College of Engineering Unisersits of Colorado Vice Prevost for Graduati'c Studies DIRECTORATE FOR RESEARCH and Research APPLICATIONS f Unisersity of Pennss !calla ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR RESEARCH Cardner Lindzes APPLICATIONS POLICY Center for Ads anced Studies Stanford, Calif DIRECTORIVE FOR SCIENCE Raymond L Bisplinghoff 'ED CATION Vice President for Researchand Mars A McWhinhie Development Department of Biological Sc ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON ETHICAL Tyco Laboratories, Inc d DePaul Unisersits AND HUMAN VALUE IMPLICATIONS OF Waltham, Mass SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Charles %V Misner Robert R Berks Department of Phssus and Astronoms Ian Barbour Orient. N Y Unisersits of Mars land. Professor of Phssus and Religion ) Carleton College John A Blume frank J Munger URS,' John A Blume and Associates, Institute for Research in Sexual ienc es fine (Mona, Jr , Esc] Engineers University of North Carolina (.04,den. Colo San Francisco.

John FO'Leary Garrett Hardin Arthur M Bueche r. Energy Resources Admimstrator pepartment of Biology. Vice ?resident for Research State of New Mexico nisersits of California, Santa Barbara -General Electric Co

H L Royclen Cc Icfff ol ton Date W Compton The School of Hurtanies and Spenc e Jefferson Physics Laboratory Vice President for Research Stanford Universny liars ard University Ford Motor Co Frank C DiLuzio Myriam P. Sarachik Harriet Zuclarman 'Assistant to the Dire( torfor Planning Departmens of Physii-s Department of Sociology Los Alamog Scientific Research Laboratory City College of New York '/ Columbia Unisersityo,

13 '3 APPENDICES 123

Nat,

LewisO Grant _ Sylvan Wittwrr Bernard Silverman Department of Atmospheric Sciences Agricultural Experiment Station and College Office of Atmospheric Water Resources Colorado State University of Agriculture and Natural Resources - Bureau of Reclamation Michigan State University Denver, Cob. Edward K. Hamilton GriffenhagenKroger, Inc Robert B Yegge Merlin Williams .Burlingame, Calif College of Law Office of the Program Manager for University of Denver Weather Mbdification Hazel Henderson ol Environmental Research Labeiatories Princeton, N J. ADVISORY PANEL ON WEATHER MOPIFIC#ILTIONNOAA, Department of Commerte Charles E Anderson Thomas F Jones UTILITY ADVISORY PANEL. Vice President for Research Department of Meteorology University of Wisconsin Massachusetts Institute of Technology `Joseph Agosta Currie S 'Downie Project Manager, gasification Arthur R Kantroyvin Division of Advanced Environmental Commonwealth Edison Co AVCO-Everett Research Laboratory Researclr and Technology Chicago, III Everett, Mass National Scienie'Eounclation Vance Cooper Oskar Morgenstern Earl G Droessler Arting Manager, Thermal - Mechanical Mathematua, Inc Administrative Dean for Research Engineering, Princeton, N J North Carolina Slate University Electric Power Research Itnsoltute Palo Alto, Calif Thomas G Moore Robert D Elliott Hoover Institute of War, Revolution, and'North American Weather Consultants Rort R Curry Peace' Santa Barbara Municipal Airport Du ctor of Research Stanford University Goleta, Calf Th Sierra Club SaFrancisco, Calif Roger Revelle John Flueck Population Studies Department of Statistics Rot Dunham Harvard University Temple University Director, Engineering Design Tennessee Valley Authority Nevin S 'Itcrimsha* EFLII!Fosse Manager, Crop Hail Insurance Actuarial Department of Nutrition and FoodSers ice Ray mond Huse Asvx Litton Massachusetts Institute of Technology Llire( tor of Research Chicago, III Public Service Electric and Gas Co Eleanor Bernert Sheldon Le* is 0 Grant Newark, N.J Social Science Research Council Department of, Atmospheric Sciences New York, N Y Colorado State University Ho*artl Phillips Directo) of Research and Development Bruce :I hrasher Glenn R Mist Niagra Mohawk Power Corp United Steelworkers of America "The Research Corp Syracuse, N Y Pittsburgh, Pa Weatherslield, Conn Albert A Rosenberg William Vogel) Wendell Mordy Consolidated Edison Company Mineral Sciences Center for the Fjottre of New York Pennsylvania State University Santa Barbara Calif New York, N Y

444

134 124 APPENDICES

Appendipt B

Patents and Inventions Resulting from Activities Supported by the National Science Foundation

During ifiscal%ear 1976 and the transition quarter. the Institutional Patent Agreements for a total of 13, under which 23 Foundation receiveq 186 invention disclosures and made rights inventions were selected for exploitation Licenses were received determinations in40 inventions The determinations, made in by the Foundation under four patents and 67 patent applications accordance with NSF- Patent Regulations, included decisions to filed by grantees and contractors who had been allowed to retain dedicate the inventions to the public through putilihitionin 10 principal rights in their inventions cases, to transfer rights to other interested Gmernmenjgencies in 7 cases, to permit retention of rights by the grantee or inventor in 22 instances, and acquisition of rights b% NSF in One case At the The following U S Nents issued from research supported by end of the fiscal year NSF had entered into two additional the Foundation), J Title institution 3,892,839 Prcxess for 1(71-Hung Nitrosvl Tetrafluoroborate Massachusetts Institute Of Technology

3,895,561 Method and Apkraratus for Reliably Parallel Self-Shifting University of Illinois Information in a Plasma Display Memory Panel

3,902,096 Method dand Apparatus for Exciting Luminescence in a Massachilsetts Institute of Cathode Ra% Tube Having an Image Scieen Composed of a Technology Material that is Both Cathochromic and (thodoluminescent

3,902,848 Liquid Chromatography Detec for and Method Arizona State University

3,902,99-1 High Gradient r%1X Magnetic Separator with` Continuously, Massathusetts Institute of Mcning Matra v , Technology

3,904,501 Fluorine Plasma Synthesis for Carbon Monofluokdes Massachusetts Institute of Technology

3,11.31; Cathcxle Ra%I ittie Whose Image Screen is both (athodo hromic Massachusetts Institute of and Fluorescent gild the Material for the screen . Technology

3,*16,905 Method and Means foritiaRepair of 'severed Peripheral University of Cincinnati, Nerves

3,921,415 Force and Torque Sensing Method and ,,leans for Mantpu- Stanford Research Institute lators and the Like

3,922,259 Vinylic Substitution Reactions University of Delaware

3,932,592 Pnxess for Preparing Cathodochromic Sodalite H4ing MassachUsetts Institute of F nhanmi Coloration Properties and a Cathode R Tube Technology Fmployin Same

3,931,192 Method of Detectiern of Ions in Solution that are Sus- Massa( husetts'Institute of ceptible to an Applied Force Field and Applratus Technology Therrfor

111, 3,934.9211 Aerodynamic Drag Reduction Devices for Surface Vehicles Aerovironment

3,935,457 , The Production of RadiationInduced Thermally Activated University of Wisconsin Current Devi«s by Selective Purificaticinsof Dielectric Solid Material

3,935,592 Recordtng'Instrurrient Adapted for Use in Remote Unattended Massachusetts Institute of Locations Technology 135 ENpici 125

3,944,732 Methods of Improying the Sensimity of an Acoustically' Stanford University Scanned Optical Imaging Des u e

3,946,381 Graphic System Apparatus'Utdizing Plasma Display University of Illinois Memory Des ices with Dilett Electrical Read-Out

3,947.622 VacuumInsulated AC iipertorujut ting Cables Massachusetts Institute of Technology '- 3,949,320 Miniature Crystalline laser Massachusetts Institute c.4 Tet hnology

3.950.789 Drs Ice Cooling Ja ket Kansas State University 4 3,951.689 Alkali Metal Sulfur (Al %Rh Gas Fuel Cell Electrode Ford Motor Co.'

3.952.88(1 Eon( and torque Sensing Method and Means for Manipu- Stanford Research lrytitine lators and the lake

3,954,58", Sinthtsv, of Trifluoromethly-Substituted Compounds Massachusetts Institute of Technology if. 3.961,102 Scanning Electron Microscope Falintation of °ritual Cornell Unixe.Lsay Gratings

3,961.997 abruation of Polvcrystalfine Solar Cells on !Am.:Lost Southern Methodist Substrates University

. 3,962,586 Sensitization of Radiothermoluminesceme in Dosimetry 'University of Wisconsin Grade La' bi Simultaneous Appealing and t'ltrasiolet illumination

3,%2,70b Data ProcessingeApparatus for Ilighls Parallel Execution Massachusetts Institute of of Stored Programs Tec hnologv . 3,963.698 klkylations Employing In Situ Generations of Diazoalkane Mase( hust.tts Institute Alky lat ion Reagt nts Technology

3,963,858 High Vhltage F le( trio al 5-isolator Mgssat hitsetts iRstiJute of I, "TechnoloVc 3,961.273 ebornpatt' Absorption Refrigeratton.Apparatus Arkla Indiveries 3,965.116 Multioxymacroot les University of California It1010 . 3,964,192 Sodium Sulfur Battery or Cell with Improyed.Ampre-Hour fora 'Motor Co Capacity J

, . 3,967,515 Apparatus for Controlling Vibrational Chatter It a . Purdue University. Mat hme-Tool Utilizing_an Updated Synthesti Can tut

3.970,471 . Method and Apparatus for ki,lectrocherincal Generation of. . Stanrord Research Institute Power from CarliOnaceous Fuels . I .4 3,975,167 Spark Source with Flectronit,,Switthing Is University of ,Wisconsin

3,976,503. Process for Recharging Secondary Batteries Ford MotorCo

3,980.076 Method for Measuring Externally of the Human Body Stanftltal University Magnetic Susceptibility Changes .

1 3,985.398* Method and Apparatus for X-Ray or Gamma-Ray 5-1) Tom- rStanford University ography dung a Fan Beam

3,983,507 Tunable Laser Systems and Method Cornell 1.Truversity

136 t 128 APPENDICES

. AppendiA-C

f4. Financial Report for Fiscal Year 1976

On Thousands of Dollars) di 4 Saleriefind Expenses Appropriation Fend Availability . a J $711250 &calyear 1976 appropriation Unobligated ballfice carried forward from fiscal year 1975 4,868 Deferrals carried forward from fiscal year 1975 20000 2,803 kbus prior year torts

F r 1976 availability

Obligations , tMathemafRlland bhysical sciences, and engineering Mathtmabcal sciences 617257 13,216 Computer.research 45,171 Physics 31,650 Chemistry 35,848 Ingmeering I 46.123 . Materials research, 44 Subtotal. mathematical al sciences, and engineering $192165

Astronomical, atmospheric, eartW id ocean sciences Astronomfat sciences t )10635 44,527 Atmospheric sciences 27.121 Earth sciences . 01111010. 47,082 Ocean sciences -. US Antarctic research program 48585 ,3,621 Arctic research program 44. $219671 'N . Subtotal, astronomical, atriospherrc, earth and ocean sciences ., 'reoloical, behavioral and social sciences. 4 Physiology, cellular and molecular biology $4193668994 0 Behavioral and neural sciences ; : ,Eprwonmental balm 26,838 . \ i Sbcal sciences ' ..'18.814 4 Subtotal, biological, behavioral, and social sciences, . $109,035

Science education . . $24682 Science manpower improvement. . 24,325 Science erg/cation resources IrlieleYellie9l jive 10.932 , Science educationcati development and research 2.342 Spence and society . Subtotal, science edpcatidh,Esit,...... $62.481 fiesearch applied tie national needs. I, 4 , pesources 4* 26,982 .._ Environment. . 2:.108 Productivity Irrtergoveram science and R&D incenbinis 1,400 Exploratory ch and-technology assessment .4 ;11tAdal. reseatch *Plied to national needs , $72,027 Sortfht, Zechnolognal, and witernabccal affairs. $ International cooperative scientific activities , $7.529 Science inkmation activities / 5,895' Scienie assessment. poticy,end *wird 8,986 . . Subtotal, south* technological, and abonal affairs p $22,410 Proirghidevelopment and management, ' 02226 e Subtotal, obligations 8180015 '/ $10,000 - AkmTrlistratten defeats Ca mini forward to transiborF quarter, $8,906 Unobhgated balancerned forward to transition quarter Total, fiscal year 1976 availatalY 8738,921

$04$141Ferollh CurrocY SOPrePr sod .A Fiscal year 1976 apprOprabon 64000. Unobfleted balance carried forward from nscelat 1975 1298 Admstments Gloria yeti cosh 4 ,' 1 5,302 - Ma year 1976 availability 111; 41,

wr ^

$300,000 /year Man in the -Arctic If%ogremItransferred to the Biological,tavioral. and Social Sciences Ginty r

tPPENDICES- 127 fit

Special toter currency activity CibiCitim; Research end related activities program $4,239163 Silence reforniabon program , ' ' Sbbtotal, obligations $4,402 Unablipled time carried forward to transibon quarter 8900 Total, fiscal year 1976 availability 15.302 treat Fon( - Feed Ift/ Unebhpied balance carried forward horn fiscal year 1975 $2:;69 Receipts from non-Federal sources 1,605

Focal year 1976 availability $4,174

Oblipboes Asbonemell, atmospheric, earth, and ocean sciences Kitt Peak National Observatory $40 Ocean sediment coring program 3,092 Se atmospheric, earth, and ocean sciences $3132

Gilts and tons $4 Subtotal, weppowilk ' $3,136

Unobhpted balanciawiliforward to transition quarter 61.038 4, Total, fiscal year..1976 availability _54,174

da. Salaries net Appropnefroe

Feed Avadaft o0 %Transition rter appropiebon carried forward horn fiscalyear 1976 " rals red forward from fiscal year 1976 11' 'Ailiust of prior year costs

Tra tarter heliblftr 3187,458

' Obliaboes . . Mathematical and physical sciences, and engineering E. . Mathematical sciences o .$4,695 research 2.982 10.563 Chematry 9252 Enpneermg 9210 Materials research ,40,1_8.280 Subtotal 4611fitatical and physlcal sciefices,,and engineers $44,982

Astronomical, atmospheric, earth, and ocean scenes. 4. Astronomical sciences e $12,321 Atmospheric sciences . 9,657 7,728. .berth sciences 1 Ocean sciences 19 US Antarctic research program , 135 Arctic research program 299

Subtotal astronomical, atmosphenc,nali, and ocean'aura $116L53,359 I Eholoicai behavioral, and social sciences . Physebg, celluleppelwrilece biology $11,995 isio? Behavioral and neural sconces_ 75:414674 Environmental befog %col sciences r 5,163 Subtotal, boloptal, behavioral, JP social sciences

Science education Science manpower impromimenj $535 Science whicabon resources improvement 321 " Science educaban development and rescpch 2410 I \ be Scot ce antsoewty r Subtotal, scencenagskal Rictselellked lo I needs 1326Q neronnwint 6 ,.W. Productivity 6.355 ant ypvemmental science and RID incentives 1.01 if EsploratoryJerearch and technology assessment 40

Subtotal. Newell applied to national needs . ttr,420

Scientific. 6schnolorcat, and pelimaponel 'dm 4 fRionm801141criaIimatrve mere& sambas Science edam/bon sehtbere 7 Science assessment, policy, and planning i2 *total. 14nlen, technological. and *material-affrs 36.149 1111641poloprnent and manapment - $1.0,511 Subtotal, obhpbons 4165113 12e APPENDICES a

8113 Unobagaled balance lapsing from fiscal year1;76 $10,000 Mminstraboo deferrals earned lanyard lo fiscal year 1977 $11,462 Umlauted balance awned forward to fiscal year 1977 v $187.458 trans/bon quarter availability

*eel Forego Camay Aurognatioa Feel Rvegabdtty . $500 Transbompuarter appropriation, . 900 Unolliptad balance carried forward from fiscal year 1976 IA 81,400 a Transition quarter aradetobty

Obbgaboas currency acbvity ' Special for $690 Reseed and related activities program 321 Science mformater programe ., $1,011 Subtotal, obligations $5 )1nobligated balance Iselin& from kcal year 1976 $304.. Unobliated balance carried forward to fiscal year 1977 $1,400 Total, transition boner availability .

Trust Fad_ , Feed Avadaluldr $1,038 Unobligated balance carried for:ward from fiscal year 1176 1,302 Receipts from non-Federal sources $2,340 TransiteiLquarter avadabddy , Obligabons Astronomical, atmospheric earth and Ocean sciences. $727 . Ocean sedimedt coring program' $727 Subtotal. obligations $1,613ii UTbagated balance car* forward to fiscal year 1977, '. $2,34°W Total Wansibon quarter availability

SOURCES FY 1978 Revisedimentary Budget Schedules to OMB lust4cabon of Estimates of Approprabons FY 1976 Budgettothe Cone

F '4

I O

.139 APPENDICES 129

1 Aipendix D

Nationalliesearch Centers Contractors r- Associated Universities, Inc (A671) University Corporation Jor il Research (UCAR) Gerald F Tape, President EraMis P Bretherton. President

National Radio Astronomy Observatory David S Heeschen, Director _National Center for Atmospheric Research Francis P Bretherton, Director Cs AUI Member Universities Columbia. University UCAR Member Unis'ersities Cornell University University of Alaska Harvard University ,University ol:Arizona The Johns Hopkins University California Institute of Technology Massachusetts Institute of Technology Unisersity of California , University orPThsqvania The Catholic University of America Princeton University University of Chicago University of Rochester Colorado State Universit/s-..° Yale Universitc- University of Coldatdo Cornell University Unisersity of Denver Drexel University Assoliation of Universities for Ir._rechin Astronomy, Inc . (AIR 4) =-Flocidi State UniVersity Gilbert Lee. President Harvard Ift.wversiiy ,U4versity of Hawaii ,lowa State University Cerro Tololo InterAmerican Obiers ators C- Vyctor M Blanco, Dictor The lo'ins Hopki ps troversity Kitt Peak National ObsFsatorsf tniers of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Leo Coldberg, Director University of Maryland Cl 7 -Massachusetts Institute of Thchnollogy ., il.,3vieGilt University ' - giniversit,y of Myelin '- AURA Member- Universities University of Arizona University, ichigan California institute of Technologs. Universe of Minnesota University of California !Amer° ty of Missouri University of Chicago 'Univ 'y of Nevr . Harvard University i'co Institute of Mining and Technology Indiana University ' New Vniversity - "k University of Michigan ., State Uversify of New York alitlbany 'Ohio State University %,:Qhm State University Princeton University 'niversity of Okalahoma University of Texas at Austin regon ltite University University of Wisconsin Pennsylvania State University Yale University Purdue.University The Rice Unisersity Saint 1..oul;University Stanfiird University Cornell f nwerstIN Texas A&M University W Donald Cooke. Vice President for Research ../ -University of Texas University of Toronto. Utah State University National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center ".__' 'University of Utah ,_..,krank D. Drake, Dice( tor, Ithaca, N Y University of Washington Harold I) Craft,Thrector, Observatory tniversity of Wisconsin Operations,SSr(( re(ibo,P! Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution I 4

ti AILS GOVERNMENT PRINTING 1977 0-239-160

14i p