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WORT NO NSF-77-I PUB DATE , 4771, C NOTE' 140E; Photographs May Not-Rfavoduce Well' AVAILABLEFROM Superintendent of Documents, U.S DOCOSZIT MOPE ' SD 146 037 , SE -023 238 TITLE National Science-Foundatipn A4nual Report 1976, INSTITUTION National Science Fouidation, Washington, 'D.C. WORT NO NSF-77-I PUB DATE , 4771, C NOTE' 140e; Photographs may not-rfavoduce well' AVAILABLEFROM Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing ' 04 kNum ber ) Off' ce -Washington, D.C. 20402 (Stoc 038 -000-0031"3 -5, 33.00) , - . EDRS PRICE' . NF-$.0.83 HC-17.35 Plus Postage. , DESCRIPTORS *Annual Reports; BudgetS, *Fedetal Prcgrams;. Governmedt Role; *Mathematics; 'Mathematics Bducationi, Program Descriptions; Science Education; *Sciences; .. *Scientific Research; Teacher Educafion . .IDENTIFIERS' *Natilial Science Foundation ABSTRACT A, . This doCumr provides highlights of.research efforts, . sdpported by tle Nationalcience Foundation, NSF inthe areas Of 4' mathematics, physical sciences, -and engineering; astionomical,' ' . atmospheric, earth, and ocean sciences; science education;4research applied .to national needs; and scientific, technological, and , international affairA for fiscal' fear1976. Also'idcluded are listings of the National acifhcet pdard, the NSF Staff AdviSory Committees and Pateltv paten and inventions resulting from NSF , ., supported activities, and the summary NSF filweincial report for .fiscal year 1976. (SL) . - .. ) - IMO ********************891!********************************.***************** Documents acquired by ERIC includt many-inforlal unpublished" * materials not -avallable--froa-other sources. ERIC makes every.eff&t * * to obtain the best copy available..Neyertheless, items of marginal * * reproducibility are often encountered and thisaftects the quality' * of the microfiche and hardcopy reprodactiods ERIC makes available * *.via the ERIC DocumentReproductiOd Service (pDRS). EDRS is not' * responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions * , , * supplied by EDRS are the best thatAcan be made from the original. *************************************4********"************************* 4 4 fe reN U S DEPARTMENT OF HERON, I EDUCATION L WELFARE ,CD . s NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION ^ THIS DOCUMENT HAS SVEN &REPRO- DUCED EXACTLY AS RECE WED FR I& THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGN ATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OWOFNNIONS STATED 00 NOT NECESSARILY REPRE SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY National Science ti Foundatign dir Twenty -Sixth Annual Report for Fiscal Year1976 tot t V S I ' al . " For Sale by the Supennte 'dent of,Docuroents,IIS Ciovernment'Printing Office W hington, 1)C '20402 - Pnee $3 Stock No 038-00H00313-5 SIP V st, Letter of Transmittal Washington, Li C. DEAR MR PREVENT. I have the honor to transmit herewith the Annual Report for' Fiscal Year . 1976 of the National Science' Foandauon foi submission to the t CaTess avequffed by thy Nation,a1 Science Foundatiem Act of 1950 , Respectfuliy, , "ITI 0- RICHARD C ATKINSOic, Acting Director, National SciencP Foundation The Honorable . The Presicrent of th'e United States 40 . .. , Contents .... ---.. A Page * Director'sl§tatement vii fiv1athemafictl and Physical Sciences, and Engineering 1 Physics . 2 chemistry 6 Mathematical and Computer Sciences , 10 i Engineering .1 14 Materials Research , 18 I Astronomical, Atmospheric, Earth, and Ocean Sciences r 23 Astronomy # 24 Atmospheric Sciences 1 33 Earth Sciences /4 39 Ocean-Sciences . 43 Polar Programs , 50 . Biological, Behavioral, ani6octal Sciences . .55 Physiology, Cellular, and !Molecular Biology 56 Behavioral 4 nd Neural Sciences g n v 1 r o n m e n t a I Biology 62. Social Sciences 66 r science Education 71 Science Manpower Improvement . 71 Science Education Resources 1mprovement 75 Science Education Development and Researchl .. .\ Science and Society ,,81 Research Applied to National Needs 8,5 ___..---7 Resources 86 f Environment , J 89 Advanced Productivity Researc-h and Technology 93 Intergovernmhital Science and Public Technology 96 Exploratory Research and Technology Assessment 98 .ScientificTechnoJog!cal, and International Affairs 101 Science Assessment, Policy, and Planning , , 102 Science- Information Achvits 107 1 International Cooperativecience Activities,.. 109 App. endices . - 4, Natidnal Scien4 Boar taff, Advisory 'Committees and Pan's , 113 B Patents and Inventions Resultinfrom Activities . Supported:by the National S lence Foundation 124 CPitiancial Report fr Fiscal Yea19761. 126 DNational Res.earch enters Contractorsf . 129 A J S. 11* DIRECTOR'S STATEMENT vu a. The Frontier is\Still Endless 3 . t is with pride that I tender the annual-report mg machines in more powerful and stbtle ways to the President of tht4activities of the as well as advances in the electrical sciences National Science Foundation for the year 1976 Which may lead to the development of practical I propose to'cliscuss some of the specific,research device,* for: communications in the infrared and -efforts suppor.teAy the'Foundation as well as the optical Frequencies. There is evidence to' suggest recent progress of American scientific research that areas of materials research may be leading Po in general, emphasizing the kind of basic inquiry, a new range ofidw:-cyst materials with remarkable which it is the.primary duty of he FOundation to properties for example, d treatment of graphite foster, In addition, I shall commenton some of the giving it an electrical conductivity 50 percent larger issues of science-policy and suggestap-. greater than copper. We are realizing similar ad- proaches thatmay assure the continued health and vances in understanding how catalysts stimulate strength of American scientific research in the chemical teactions of importance to majorindus- future trial processes, and the exact, way that fatigtie This report sets forth a broad record of the impairs the Strength or metals subjectoto cyclic_ Foundation's support of research-in areas ranging loads . from the most fundamental investigation of quan- In the behavioral and neural sciences, an Y-'tum properties of matter to applied research dealing anthropologist supported by the Foundation and with natural disasters, environmental quality, nd the National Geographic Society has traced man's weather and climateIt also discusses the Folina- origins to 31/2 million years in the past, other ..tion's important role m'science education, science scientists have gained, important insights into Manpower analysis, and science policy studies the role of early expenence'in the development Advances during 1976 again demonserate that of "wirinethe adult brain, in the very early we have barely scratched the surface-of scientific development of linguistic concepts in primates disccivery. The rec'ent successful construction of, and young children, and in the growth and self- an entirely manmade gene and (elated -results in repair prOcesses of therain. These latter devel- biochemistry are leading is to new insights into opments have importakt implications for dealing - such prosaiC but vital life processes as the photo-' with deprivation and learning disabilities in synthetic fixatiorrof carbon dioxide and wafer by children and ultimately, perhaps, in coping with plants into carbohydrates andproterns for human brain damage itself. 'nutrition and the natural fixation of nitrogen com- A similar problemmis also the basis for impor- pounds for-plant use by one-celled organisms .tant work in the research applications area,. We have recOrded.advances in abstract areas There, a computerized neurological measuring like mathematics. that permit ihe'use ofcomput- technique shows promise for a simple screening a . rut DIRECTOR S STATEPANT, a -e test-to.ass4t yl the early identification and as did the carpenters and stonemasonsof the remediation of children' who are likely to develop earlierlieriod learning problems. The computer also figures However, the' systematic' gathering of new scientific knowledge is not solely an end,in prominently in another important result in re-- search applications- methods to improve the earth-.. even if the individual scientist has no conception q-uakeLresistance of structures, computer programs of the ultimate practical significance of his work. , developed in the course of research on soil Acquisition of new knowledge is a form of economic respQnses to earthquakes are now in wide useby investment, with an importance eval to land, engineering firms involved in structural design labor, and capital, the more traditional components and are bein.incorporated into building codes, of production and investment. Several neW actiyiies intended to help the This investment aspect of scientific inviry Nation's eduCatiOnal institutions keep pace with t is recognized by the economist, EdwardF Denison, , theserapid advances in science began in 1976, in his major study, "Accounting forUnited States including one aimed primarily at improving instruc- Economic GrOwth 1929-1969." Denison found tional programs at 2and 4-year colleges NSF' also': that "advances in knowledge" have been of major began a program to make it easier and more pro- importance in natidnol economic groWth, partic- ductive for private citizens .to take part in public ularly in the comparatitely recent period of U,S. policy decisionshaving strong science and tech- history , He found that advances in knowledge were`re- nologY components , Internationally, scientific inquiry is moving sponsibie for about 31 percent of the potential ahead toda'y with a renewed vigor and fruitfulness, growth rate in national income over the entire and American inyestigators are playing
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