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How a Plastic Model of the Moon Was Made

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How a Plastic Model of the Moon Was Made --a"1 ---ZFT ----'wo -sy-" --;- '0-; ms"crz ;v-ac' ""m7�- -'tnT�r-z wz'rs3a�zt� G 68 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT No. 2013 August 1, 1914 ' The moon, 8 Yz days old, as seen First quarter, as seen on the Last quarter, as seen on the sculp­ The moon, 20 Yz days old, as seen through the telescope. sculptured moon. tured model. through the teles�ope. How a Plastic Model of the Moon Was Made The Hemisphere of the Moon Constructed After Telescopic Photographs By Herbert Collier AFTER some years of telescopic observation with a blurry confusion in the fierce light of overhead rays. In undertook the systematic photographing of the moon. A Brashear telescope I determined to undertake the task such a moving picture there is a peculiar fascination. unique telescope was designed, and elaborate plans and of sculpturing the moon, mainly for the, purpose of at­ A new panorama presents itself each night to the watch­ specifications made for this remarkable undertaking. taining greater familiarity personally with every detail ful eye. To see it all is impossible, as the moon is in The instrument was an ingenious combination of a huge of the surface. the visible sky for but a few hours comparatively, and object-glass or light collector nearly two feet in diam­ When you consider that the artist's model was some nightly vigils with the telescope are sure to be inter­ eter and mirrors. Equatorially mounted and�driven by 240,000 miles away and had gained a reputation rupted frequently by cloudy weather or bad atmos­ clockwork, the refracting lens faithfully followed the through the ages of being "fickle," some of the difficul­ pheric conditions. Thus a long course of looking is ob­ object across the sky, while the mirrors, two in num­ ties become apparent. Every day the moon has a dif­ ligatory before the student by personal observation ber, were so arranged as to convey the image thus se­ ferent appearance-a new dress every sitting. As the knows the surface of the moon thoroughly. cured through a tube in the wall to the eye-piece situ­ sunlight creeps over the hills and lights up the moun­ Though my eye had registered through the telescope ated within a comfortable room. Here the camera was taiu peaks, the view of yesterday changes, and quite a thousands of impressions of the surface markings of attached, and the 'men worked free from the usual new aspect results. New valleys, great yawning craters the moon, I dared not trust that organ solely in trans­ bodily discomforts associated with the ordinary tele­ jump into view with their dark depths untouched by ferring them to sculpture.' Accuracy of result de­ scope. even a glimmer of twilight, forming a background of manded exact measurements. Telescopic photographs While some of the finest individual photographs of Rembrandt's choosing. Continually the terminator, the present an unchanging recorq. They give an indelible the moon have been taken by the great telescope at the irregular dawn line dividing light and darkness, is impression of what is revea:�ed, and such permanent Yerkes Observatory, which is the largest refracting tele­ moving forward. On the earth this travels at the rate record is ready for investigation at all times. Beyond scope in the world, nothing can Compare with the series of about 1,000 miles an hour, completing the circuit of question, photography pr,e-emi'i.tently has enabled astron­ secured by the Paris astronomers through years of de­ the globe in one day:' On the moon this movement is omy to merit the title given ,it to-day "the most exact voted effort. Thousands of photographs were taken of about 225 miles per diy, or nearly 10 miles an hour, for of sciences." Therefore- I made, as the foundation of the moon at all stages of its progress from new to full, the earth turns round 29% times to one revolution of my work, the best series of photographs of the moon and then on to new again. Possibly twenty would be the moon. that the world has to-day, which is known as the Paris secured one night and but one selected as good enough The details of cr3{ters-breadth and depth, a crag Atlas. to enter the atlas. These pictures form a wonderful here, a precipice then�--show clearly, contrasted by the Twenty years ago M. Loewy, the gifted director of catalogue of the topography of the moon, presenting far shadows. But as thi sun rises all this passes into the Paris Observatory, with his colleague, M. Puiseux, more minute details of the surface of our own satellite Full moon as seen in the telescopes. Full moon as it appears on the model, © 1914 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC August 1, 1914 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT No. 2013 69 1 Kastner 78 Bianchini NAMES CORRESPONDING TO KEY-MAP, LOCATING ALL PROMINENT OBJECTS ON THE MOON. 452 Burg 604 Epigenes 2 Maclaurin 79 Playfair 453 Plana 605 Fontenelli 3 Lapeyrouse 80 Fermat 220 Wargentin 256 Pictet 292 Purbach 416 Hahn 454 Posidonins 606 Anaximenes 4 Ansger 81 Pons 221 Weigel 257 Nasireddin 293 Lacaille 417 Berosus 455 ' Chacornac 607 Carpenter 5 Behaim 82 Azophi 222 Riist 258 Miller 294 Delaunay 418 Burckhardt 456 Romer 608 J. Herschel 6 Hecataus 83 Abenezra 223 Schiller 259 Sasserides 295 Thebit 419 Gauss 457 Macroibus 609 Anaximander 7 Philips 84 Donati 224 Bayer 260 Wilhelm I. 296 Right Wall 420 Geminus 458 Proclus 610 Pythagoras 8 Legendre 85 Faye 225 Schickard 261 Heinsius 297 Arzachel 421 Berzelius 459 Taruntius 611 South 9 Haze 86 Almanon 226 Inghirami 262 Hainzel 298 Alphonsus 422 Messala 460 Maskelyne 612 Harpalus 10 Furnerius 87 Catharina 227 Lehmann Bouvard 263 Lexell 299 ptolemaus 423 Franklin 461 Sabine 613 Xenophenes 11 Marinus 88 Cyrillus 228 Drebbel 264 Hell 300 Wm. Herschel 424 Cepheus 462 Ritter 614 Plato 12 Oken 89 Theophilus 229 265 Gauricus 301 Alpetragius 425 Oersted 463 Arago 615 Plato A. 13 Fraunhofer 90 Beaumont 230 Clausius 266 Wurzel bauer 302 Lassell 426 Volta 464 Sosigenes 6J6 Condamine 14 Brisbane 91 Madler 231 Lacroix 267 Pitatus 303 Davy 427 Long 465 Godin 617 Bouguer 15 Hannon 92 Torricelli 232 Piazzi 268 Hesiodus 304 Lalande 428 Mercurius 466 Rhaeticus 618 Straight Range 16 Pentecoulant 93 Hypatia 233 Lagrange 269 Cichus 305 Flammarion 429 Endymion 467 Tresnecker 619 Cape Laplace 17 Biela 94 Delambre 468 Agrippa 620 Cape Heraclides 18 Hagecius 95 Taylor Soul' H 469 Ukert 621 Bianchini 19 Helmholz 96 Kant 470 Hyginus 622 Sharp 20 Boussillgault 97 Descart�s . 471 Boscovich 623 Mairan 21 Boguslawsky 98 Abulfeda 624 Repsold 22 Manzinus 99 Hipparc'hus 625 Harding 23 Mutus 100 Albategnius 626 Gerard 24 Simpelius $27 Lavoisier 25 Curtius 628 Ulugh Beigh 26 Pentland 629 Lich ten berg 27 Zach 630 Otto Struve 28 Jacobi 631 Aristarchus 29 Lilius 632 Herodotus 30 Cuvier 633 Schiaparelli 31 Bacon 634 Seleucus 32 Pitiscus Kraft 33 Rosenberger 34 Vlacq 35 Steinheil 36 Janssen (S) 37 Fabricus 38 Metius 39 Rheita 40 Stevinus 636 Cardanus 41 Snellius 637 Galileo 42 Reichenbach 638 Marinus 43 Petavius 639 Reiner 44 Vendelinus 640 Olbers 45 Langrenus 641 Hevel 46 Webb 642 East 47 Messier ,643 Encke 48 Goclenius 101 Hind 475 Ross 644 Kepler 49 Guttenberg 102 Halley 476 Plinius 645 Kunowsky 50 Capella 103 Argelander 477 Jansen 646 Reinhold 51 Isidorus 104 Airy 478 Dawes '647 Copernicus 52 Colombo 105 Reaumur 479 Vitruvius 648 Gay-Lussac 53 Cook 106 Sacrobosco 480 Maraldi 649 Tobias Mayer 54 Santbech 107 Schamberger 481 Argaeus Mts. ,650 Euler 55 Bohnenberger 108 Janssen 482 Lemonnier 651 Diophantus 56 Fracastorius 109 Horrocks 234 Fourier 270 Capuanus 306 Masting 4:lO Atlas 483 Bessel 652 Delisle 57 Borda 110 Rothmann 235 Vieta 271 Ramsden 307 Birt 431 Hercules 484 Aratus 653 Gruithuisell 58 Neander 111 Lindenau 236 Palmieri 272 Vitello 308 Prom. Aenarium 432 De la Rue 485 Linne 654 Helicon 59 Picclomini 201 Newton 237 Cavendish 273 Mercator 3()9 Huggins 433 Strabo 486 Conon 655 Lavoisier 60 Stiborius 202 Moretus 238 Henry 274 Campanus 310 Liebig 434 Thales 487 Autolycus 656 Mt. Pico 61 Riccius 203 Cysatus 239 Byrgius 275 Kies 311 Lee 435 Democritus 488 Aristillus 657 Mt, Piton 62 Rabbi Levi 204 Casalus 240 Darwin 2'16 Doppelmayer 312 Hippalus 436 Kant 489 Theaetetus 658 Kirch 6:3 Zagut 205 Klaproth 241 Zupus 277 Mersenius 401 Schubert 437 Moigno 490 Cassini 659 Archimedes 64 Nicolai 206 Wilson 242 Fontana 278 Gassendi 402 Apollonius 438 Euctemon 491 Prot agoras 660 Timocharis 65 Biishing 207 Blancanus 243 Criiger 279 Letronne 403 Neper 439 Challis 492 Peirce 661 Lambert 66 Buch 208 Scheiner 244 Sirsalis 280 Billy 404 Firmin 440 Gioja 493. Eernouilli 662 Pytheas , 67 Maurolycus 209 Gruemberger 245 Trouvelot 2'81 Hansteen 405 Condorcet 441 Barrow 494" Timaeus 663 Eratosthenes 68 Barocius 210 Clavius 246 Rocca 282 Flamsteed 406 Auzout 442 W. C. Bond 495 Scoresby 664 Stadius 69 Licetus 211 Deluc 247 Grimaldi 283 Landsberg 407 Hansen 443 Ch. Mayer 496 Goldschmidt 665 Pallas 70 Stotler 212 Kircher 248 Damoiseau 284 Fra Mauro 408 Picard 444 Archytas 497 Meton 666 Schroter 71 Fernelius 213 Bettinus 249 Riccioli 285 Bonpland 409 Cape Agarum 445 Alpine Valley 498 Kirchhoff 667 S6mmering 72 Frisius 214 Bailly 250 Lohrmann 286 Pamy 410 Alhazen 446 Aristoteles 499 Schumacher 668 Gambart 73 Pont anus 215 Zuchius 251 Maginus 287 Guerike 411 Eimmart 447 Egede GOO Hooke 669 Briggs 74 AliacensiR 216 Segner 252 LongolllOntanl1S 288 L u biniezky 412 Oriani 44i1 EuejoxeR 1i0! ('",sar 670 Cava ]�l'inR 75 Walter 217 Yausen 253 Street 289 Bullialdus 413 Plutarch 449 Alexander 6()1 Anaxag01'3F1 ti71 Rainbow Bay 76 Werner 218 Procylides 254 Saussure 290 Agatharchides 414 Cleomedes 450 Calippus 602 Philolaus 672 Maupertius 77 Apian 219 Nasmytll 255 Tycho 291 Regiomontanus 415 Tralles 451 Baily 603 Birmingham 673 Foucault © 1914 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC 70 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT No.
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