Report of the Inspection Program carried out by Argentina and Chile under Article VII of the Antarctic Treaty and Article 14 of the Protocol on Environmental Protection
Introduction
Between February 16 and 18 of 2016, observers from Argentina and Chile carried out a series of inspections in several Antarctic facilities located in the South Shetland Islands region, under Articles VII of the Antarctic Treaty and 14 of the Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty on Environmental Protection.
For this purpose, each country appointed four observers which were duly notified to the other Consultative Parties according to Article VII of the Treaty, and additionally also to the Treaty Secretariat as per Decision 7 (2013).
The observer team (left to right): Rodolfo Sánchez; Fabián Ramallo; Rafael Castillo; Marcelo Leppe; John Patrick Ranson; Máximo Gowland; Patricia Ortúzar y Yanko Cariceo.
1 The appointed Observers were:
For Chile:
• Dr. (c) John Patrick Ranson (Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores) • Dr. Marcelo Leppe (Instituto Antártico Chileno, INACH) • Ing. Yanko Cariceo (Ministerio de Medio Ambiente) • Crl. (RE) Rafael Castillo (Ministerio de Defensa Nacional)
For Argentina:
• Ministro Máximo Gowland (Dir. General Asuntos Antárticos ‐ Cancillería) • Mg. Rodolfo Sánchez (Dir. General Asuntos Antárticos – Cancillería) • Lic. Patricia Ortúzar (Dirección Nacional del Antártico – Cancillería) • Capt. Fabián Ramallo (Armada Argentina)
The joint inspections were carried out with logistic assistance from the Chilean Antarctic Institute (INACH), the Chilean Navy and Air Force, and inspections took place at the following stations: Bellingshausen (Russia); Arctowski (Poland); Great Wall (China); King Sejong (Korea) and Juan Carlos I (Spain). As a follow up to the inspection carried out in 2014/2015 by the United Kingdom and the Czech Republic, the non‐governmental hut Eco‐Nelson was also inspected.
The work undertaken by the observer team included, as a guide, the use of Checklist A: Antarctic Stations and Subsidiary Installations, agreed to by Resolution 3 (2010), and was complemented by staff interviews and visual inspection of the stations' facilities. Prior to performing the inspections, the observers sought information through the Electronic Information Exchange System (EIES) of the Antarctic Treaty, the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs (COMNAP), previous inspection reports and the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat environmental impact assessment database.
Acknowledgments
The observer team wishes to express its appreciation to INACH for its support in the joint work carried out; to the personnel at Prof. Julio Escudero station (INACH), in particular to the station leader Marcelo González, for his support while hosting the observer team the station; as well as to the Chilean Air Force for its logistical support with air transport via its Hércules C‐130 and Bell 412 helicopters and the Chilean Navy for the naval transportation. The team's gratitude is also extensive to the Argentine Consul General in Punta Arenas, Minister Jorge Insausti, for his support in the joint coordination meetings and for the assistance provided to the Argentine delegation during their stay in that city.
Finally the team would like to acknowledge the Governments of China, Republic of Korea, Poland and Czech Republic for the comments received to the station's preliminary inspection reports, which were either incorporated into the main body of the report or annexed thereto, as appropriate, according to the nature of the comments received.
2 Preliminary comments
With the exception of the Eco‐Nelson hut which was unattended at the time of inspection, the observer team was welcomed at all of the inspected stations. Ample access was given to all of the stations' facilities and to the checklist which, in most cases, had been previously prepared be the station leader, as well as to the requested documentation and, in some cases, powerpoint presentations or videos which were considered of great use to illustrate specific aspects of the stations or the procedures implemented therein. Inspections were conducted in English language, with the exception of Juan Carlos I station, which was undertaken in Spanish.
General observations and recommendations
In view of the observations at each of the inspected stations, the observer team was able to identify certain issues related to the inspection mechanism itself which could be considered as future general recommendations for all Consultative Parties.
INFORMATION AVAILABILITY
In this sense and regarding scientific stations, the observer team considered that:
1. When collecting information on the stations to be visited, the most useful source for observer team was the reports of previous inspections. The available information on the Electronic Information Exchange System (EIES) regarding the inspected stations was limited in general, especially due to the fact that in some cases the pre‐season and/or annual information required had not been uploaded to the EIES.
2. In light of the above, the National Programs should consider the possibility of elaborating and constantly updating the technical datasheets of their stations in one of the Antarctic Treaty official languages, based on the Checklist A: Antarctic Stations and Subsidiary Installations (Resolution 3, 2010).
3. It would be convenient that these technical datasheets could be downloaded from the Electronic Information Exchange System (EIES), via an official National Antarctic Program link.
4. It would be convenient that COMNAP could eventually incorporate these datasheets to the information on the Antarctic stations available on its website, and could suggest a standard format for their elaboration, given the ample familiarity COMNAP has with the operation of Antarctic stations.
5. It would be very useful to have greater availability of public information as to the stations’ environmental conduct guidelines, especially in the station’s more transited areas.
6. It would be a healthy practice for station leaders to complete the verification checklists upon arrival and taking up of their positions, with the objective of familiarizing themselves with the Treaty and Protocol regulations in relation with the operation of
3 their Antarctic stations. As has already been mentioned, such practice would be of great use for the observer team at the time of inspection.
7. It is highlighted that some stations presented ample availability of procedure and work protocols regarding various aspects of their operation, and that such a practice should be considered an example to be replicated in all Antarctic stations.
INFRASTRUCTURE
Regarding the infrastructure available at the inspected Antarctic stations, the observer team considered that:
8. In general terms, the inspected stations have made significant efforts to comply with recommendations presented after previous inspections, including the installation of new infrastructure. This is proof that the inspections mechanism included in Article VII of the Antarctic Treaty and in Article 14 of the Protocol on Environmental Protection is an effective tool for the continuous improvement of Antarctic stations. 9. It is commendable that most of the inspected stations currently employ, or are in the process of installing –or increasing‐ the use of renewable energy sources. 10. It would be of great use for National Antarctic Programs to review the designated areas for helicopter landings ‐as well as the procedures associated with their operation‐ at their stations, when applicable. In this respect, and in view of its considerable knowledge on Antarctic logistic matters, COMNAP´s advice would be greatly appreciated.
MEDICAL
Regarding issues associated with this aspect, the team of observers considered that:
11. In areas of high station density, such as Fildes / Guardia Nacional Bay and its vicinity, it would be advisable that efforts be made to widen the existing medical coordination in order to optimize the use of resources available at each of the stations, regarding both medical equipment and instruments, and the work fields of the different medical professionals posted at the stations.
SCIENCE
In terms of the development of scientific activity at the inspected stations, the observer team considered that:
12. At the stations where previous inspection reports had identified there was limited international scientific cooperation, it was noted that there is an incipient increase of such cooperation, even though there is still room for further expansion of joint scientific work.
4 TRAINING
Regarding issues related to training systems in place for personnel stationed in Antarctica, the observer team acknowledged that:
13. It proved important for personnel of the inspected Antarctic stations to have received, in some degree, training courses regarding their activities in Antarctica, and that it would be advisable for such training to be continuously incremented, both in its duration and contents.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
In this regard, and in general terms, the observer team considered that:
14. There is a need for Antarctic stations to continue efforts to improve their waste management, in particular associated with hazardous wastes and the removal of wastes associated with past activities, as well as the specific personnel training regarding these matters. 15. Special attention should be given to the minimization of risks related to the possible introduction of non‐native species and diseases, particularly to those linked to the hydroponics installations present in Antarctica.
5 REPORT INDEX
Introduction 1
Acknowledgements 2
Preliminary comments 3
General observations and recommendations 3
Bellingshausen Station (Russian Federation) 7
Great Wall Station (China) 17
Arctowski Station (Poland) 27
King Sejong Station (Republic of Korea) 37
Juan Carlos I Station (Spain) 46
Eco‐Nelson Hut 54
Annex I: Inspected Parties’ comments 58
6
Bellingshausen (Russia)
INSPECTED ON FEBRUARY 16, 2016, BETWEEN 15:30 AND 18:30
Imagen 1: Bellingshausen Station’s main building.
Introduction Bellingshausen Station is a year‐round Antarctic station operated by the Russian Federation, located at 62° 11´47´´S 58°57´39´´W, across from Fildes / Guardia Nacional Bay; in the western section of King George / 25 de Mayo Island. The station was inaugurated by the ex Soviet Union on February 22nd, 1968, and since then it has operated continuously, and by the Russian Federation as from 1991. It was the first station established in that area, where today Chilean bases Presidente Frei and Prof. Julio Escudero, Chinese station Great Wall, (towards a westerly location) and the Uruguayan station Artigas (to the east) all coexist. According to provided information, the governmental agencies in charge of the station are the Russian Federal Service of Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (Rosgidromet), the Federal Budget Institute; and the Institute of Arctic and Antarctic Investigation (AARI), Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation. The main purpose of the station is scientific investigation and the continuous development of monitoring programs. The most recent inspection at Bellingshausen station was conducted in December 2015, by a group of observers from The People’s Republic of China.
7 Physical description The base covers an area of 800 x 600 meters with a total constructed surface of 0.17 square kilometers. It is formed by 18 different purpose housing modules that are not interconnected, therefore roads or paths are used when moving from module to module. The base’s road network is approximately 2km long and is composed of gravel roads. The modules, of between 8 and 35 years of age, form a common conglomerate with the Chilean bases Frei and Prof. Julio Escudero and are well preserved. Also forming part of the area of the station's facilities is the Russian Orthodox Church of the Holy Trinity, located on a promontory adjacent to the main buildings, and a series of large fuel tanks currently out of use, towards the east of Bellingshausen station. A small body of water is located towards the west of the base that caters to the needs of the Russian and Chilean bases. The base also has an area with 5 antennae for HF and satellite communications. There is a boat ramp near the coast‐line that facilitates the operations of small vessels.
Personnel At the time of inspection there were 27 people at the station, 16 of them were reported to be staying over winter. We were informed that the average occupancy in summer is 23 people, with a maximum occupancy of 30. The optimum number of occupants during summer season varies between 25‐30 people.
Scientific Research The Observer team was informed of the existence of an inter‐ministerial agreement for scientific cooperation between the Russian Federation and the Federal Republic of Germany for the development of polar and marine research at Bellingshausen Station. The scientific programs that are permanently operational at the station include meteorological and solar radiation observation and registry; oceanographic and coastal marine ice research; and studies in medicine. During the summer season, these are complemented with scientific works in glaciology, botany, paleogeography and with the surveillance of tectonic activity. At the time of inspection, the base had seven scientists assigned; four of them were Russian and covered disciplines associated with glaciology, botany and edaphology, among others. Four German scientists from Jena University were carrying out ornithological monitoring studies in the Fildes region, while a technician from the University of Dresden (Germany) was working on geodesic research. Two of the Russian scientists, with expertise in oceanography and meteorology, will be remaining throughout the winter. The base leader informed us that the station has a hydrobiology laboratory, instruments for meteorological and oceanographic measurements, an automatic geodesic station and equipment for the reception of ice field satellite images. Due to time and weather constraints, the observer team was unable to visually verify these installations.
8 Logistics and Infrastructure The observer team was informed of the existence of a cooperation agreement between the governments of the Russian Federation and Chile in the scope of Fildes / Guardia Nacional Bay. For its usual supply the station uses 150.000 liters of diesel fuel and 300 liters of gas annually. It operates with three 1.000m3 tanks for their storage, which are located approximately 3,5 kilometers from the station, located next to six other old tanks that are no longer in use. Fuel is unloaded from a vessel offshore with the use of flexible and reinforced hosepipes. If a fuel spill occurs the hosepipes shutdown immediately. The hoses are cleaned out by means of compressed air. The station leader informed that a spill occurred in December 2009 during the refueling process and while no impact on wildlife was evidenced, a minor oil slick was observed on the ocean surface of the bay. The fuel is unloaded in 200 liter barrels. The station personnel indicated that new tanks for fuel storage, which are already at the station, will be installed in order to avoid transporting fuel by tanker vehicles between the two locations. In the vicinity of the station there are two 50m3 tanks and eight 1m3 tanks. Even though the fuel storage installations could not all be visited, due to weather conditions during the inspection, we did observe that some of these tanks do not have anti spill containers.
Image 2: Fuel storage tanks. Note the absence of an anti spill containers.
The station leader also mentioned that a tank that was located near a work site had been removed and replaced by a 1 m3 tank, as the result of the recommendations of the 2012/2013 inspection. The station is resupplied once a year by MV Akademik Federov. The fuel tanks were transported by the MV Vassilyv Golovnin, in charge of resupplies for the Argentine stations, supplied the gas tanks. The station leader and the general mechanic are in charge of fuel operations.
9 The fuel is used for the electricity generators and for the operation of station vehicles. Three 110, 120 and 140 Kwh Cummins electric generators are used for power generation. The station does not use renewable energies. Measures to reduce the consumption of energy are limited to the use of low consumption bulbs and to the implementation of methods to avoid the loss of heat in the buildings, considered a technique for thermal insulation. The base has plans that show a layout of the buildings, as well as the internal pipeline network. The water pipe system extends over a 350 m surface. There is also a 150 m section of galvanized pipelines that transport fuel from the tanks towards the work and housing facilities. The network is completed by underground pipelines for the discharge of gray water. All the buildings in the station have an ecological technical fact sheet. Regarding management of chemical substances, the team of inspectors was informed that the station stores 30 liters of acids, without specifying types, that they are kept in special boxes in a sealed room, and that they are subject to visual control. Water used for showers and toilets is collected from a lagoon that is near the base (its use is shared with the Chilean “Frei” station) by the use of pumps and is deposited in a storage tank. From there it is distributed by a series of 40mm‐diameter‐pipes to the different station buildings, where there are 1‐1,5 m3 tanks. We were informed that the daily average consumption is approximately 70 liters per person.
Transport and Communications The station has different means of transport that are especially used to support the unloading of materials, both from Lt. Marsh as from Fildes / Guardia Nacional Bay. For this purpose it counts with a backhoe loader, two 4 x 4 vehicles, a truck, two tractors and a snow vehicle. It also has two small watercraft vessels, a zodiac boat and an amphibious type boat. The station has with VHF, UHF and HF media, INMARSAT satellite communication, internet, fax and satellite television.
Firearms and military support The station does not maintain with any means of firearms.
Security, Training and Emergency Procedures The station has a Contingency Plan for fuel spills on land. The plan was provided to the observer team in Russian. Despite the language restriction, the station personnel’s translation efforts allowed the observer team to assess that the plan was thorough. The observer team noted a register for the spill contingency exercises included as Annex to the Plan, with facts regarding completion and supervisor signature. The station also has fire fighting procedures that were updated in 2015, with assigned responsibilities and which provide for fire drills twice a year, and are complemented with lectures every three months. The observer team verified records of these drills, which are supervised by the chief of mechanics. Lastly, we were informed of the existence of a Medical Evacuation Plan.
10 The station leader receives special training in Russia regarding all aspects related to the functioning of the station. Prior to the initiation of the expedition the entire staff receives training in matters regarding security, firefighting, waste management, first aid and general rules of conduct in Antarctica. Individual training in fuel management is given to personnel in charge of operating generators and transport. The station leader provided information of a previous incident in 2009 in which seven tons of fuel were spilt in the station. He reported that the spill had been contained and that all contaminated materials had been removed. Additionally, we were informed that the firefighting system had been upgraded two years before. The most significant change includes the installation of a smoke detector system in the station’s main building. During the brief tour of the station facilities, the presence of contingency material in the incinerator room was verified (fuel absorbent cloths). However the observer team noticed that the fire extinguishers installed in the station buildings were expired, although the observers also noted the existence of a stock of apparently new, unpacked extinguishers in another station module.
Environmental Management Environmental Impact Assessment The station personnel were knowledgeable in the Environmental Impact Assessment requirements of Annex 1 of the Protocol on Environmental Protection, even though copies of previous studies were not provided. The station leader stated that no new work that required an environmental impact study would be carried out in the near future, except for the disassembly of the large fuel tanks not in use that are found on the beach to the east of Bellingshausen station, in direction of Artigas station (Uruguay) and that are currently used to store waste prior to its removal from Antarctica. Despite there not being a precise date for removal, the station leader stated that five years could be a reasonable time frame. According to the information included in the completed Verification List provided by the station chief, the station has a digital copy of the EIA for activities planned for the 2013‐2017 Russian Antarctic expedition. Waste management The station has a waste management plan, of which a copy in Russian was provided. Despite the language restriction, the station personnel’s translation efforts led to the observer team assessing that the plan was effective. It was informed that all personnel receive waste management training and that they are also provided with specific reading material.
11 The station generates common and hazardous waste materials. Organic waste (food and paper mainly) and inorganic waste (cans, plastic and glass mainly) are separated on‐site. Organic waste is incinerated in a double chamber incinerator equipped only with mechanical filters, and the ashes are removed from the Antarctic territory. The inorganic waste is compacted for ulterior removal. Hazardous wastes mainly include oil and filter changes and those related to other station maintenance. The observer team was informed that hazardous wastes are removed and treated outside Antarctic territory.
Image 3: Incinerator
One of the aspects that the observer team noted during the inspection was that empty food cans and metallic motor filters were in the same box. This shows that on‐site separation of hazardous and non hazardous wastes was inappropriate. Despite this, station personnel informed that before final discarding, these wastes were separated into hazardous and non hazardous. The removal of waste from the station to Russia and other non informed destinations is carried out once a year.
Image 4: incorrect separation and treatment of hazardous wastes. Note that oil filters are mixed with metals and cans.
In this regard, it would be desirable to improve classification of these wastes and to establish a single special site for their storage, since it was observed that they are kept in diverse areas of the station. Such an area should include impermeable flooring. There is no estimate of per capita waste generation at the station, or statistical records of its composition. Despite this, the station leader informed that there is a registry sheet in each building which records waste generated per building. We were informed that a specialist reports to the Russian Antarctic Program once a month, and that a final station waste management report is sent once a year. Due to time restraints this information could not be corroborated by the observer team.
12 The temporary storage of Bellingshausen station waste, prior to its removal, is carried out in three tanks that are no longer in use located approximately 3.5 kilometers to the east of the station. The leader of the station explained that these tanks had not been originally installed for Bellingshausen station but rather to provide fuel to Russian fishing vessels. The observer team noted that large quantities of waste are stored inside these tanks, including some very old and other more recent waste. Most of this waste appears to be metallic remains, although other hazardous materials, such as motor batteries and fuel drums could also be observed. Even though these old tank floors are metallic, they are corroded in various sections, thus allowing for ground and substrate contamination. The tops of these tanks are also corroded with large openings, enabling snow to enter and mix with the wastes, leading to additional contamination hazard during summer ice melting. Due to their advanced state of decay, these old tanks should themselves be considered historical waste. Therefore the prompt removal of all waste, including the disassembly of the three tanks is recommended. In this respect the station leader informed that they would be removed within a 5 year period.
Image 5: Deposit of waste in tanks no longer in use.
Effluent treatment There is an operating biological treatment plant for sewage water. The treated effluents are discharged through pipes into Fildes / Guardia Nacional Bay. No odors resulting from the treatment plant were perceived in areas surrounding the station. According to provided information, effluent quality controls are not performed at the station. Surveillance of physical‐chemical parameters related to the functioning of the effluent treatment plant is carried out on board the MV Akademik Fedorov when it visits the station for resupply. Reports with the results of these analyses were unavailable at the station at the time of inspection.
13 Conservation of flora and fauna The station personnel were knowledgeable regarding permit requirements related to Annex II of the Protocol on Environmental Protection. We were informed that staff receives training before each season commences, attending lectures on Antarctic issues. During the present season, a Russian botanist carried out on‐site research, and was the only Russian scientist that required permits for taking or harmful interference. In the case of the German researchers from Jena University, Germany issues the corresponding permits.
As to prevention measures regarding non‐native species to the Antarctic continent, the station leader informed that cargo sent from the Russian Federation to Antarctica is checked before vessel loading. Additionally all clothing and footwear provided to staff is new. These measures are considered positive by the observer team. But we must point out that in the station’s main building we observed the presence of a non native ornamental plant of approximately 1.80 meter height. After inquiring about the plant, the station leader consented that its presence was prohibited but mentioned that it had been there for several years already. The observer team noted that the inspection report presented by United States in 2006 also mentioned the presence of such ornamental plants in Bellingshausen station. Image 6: Non native ornamental plant,
Lastly, during the visit to the old fuel tanks, the presence of abundant patches of moss was observed in their immediate surroundings. Some of these sections were crossed by vehicle tracks. Protected Areas The station personnel were knowledgeable with respect to the presence of Antarctic Specially Protected Areas (ASPAs) in the vicinity of the base, as well as existing regulations on the matter. The base also has posters of ASPAs 125 and 150. The management plans for these ASAPs were available at the station and were provided to the observer team, as well as maps of both areas. Lastly, a record of personnel leaving the station was deemed good management practice by the observer team due to the fact that it enables identifying visits to the protected areas. A record of exits and entries to the station is available, where all locations visited daily by the staff are recorded, proving to be a useful tool to verify unauthorized visits to protected areas. The station leader stated that the Russian scientists held permits for Taking and Harmful Interference, and that they had not needed to work in nearby ASPAs this season, therefore, no Russian scientists had required permits to enter ASPAs.
14 Training regarding matters related to the Protocol on Environmental Protection At the time of inspection, the station personnel were aware of the contents of the Treaty and Protocol on Environmental Protection, and hard and digital copies were available on the station premises. According to information provided by the station personnel, the leader of the station receives special training prior to arriving at Antarctica, and he in turn trains the remaining personnel once at the station. Personnel also receive training on board the ship en route to Antarctica.
Medicine The station leader informed that the station has a wide range of medical capabilities that include X‐rays, an ultrasound scanner, surgery equipment, ECG, a dental office and physical therapy equipment. The lab equipment allows for measurements of glucose in blood, blood pressure and urological parameters, among others. A defibrillator, mobile mechanical ventilation unit and oxygen tanks are also available. The station had an in‐house surgeon, an emergencies specialist and two beds for patient isolation. Tourism The station leader stated that despite periodical visits to the station by tourists, no major problems have occurred, due to the fact that tourists normally arrive with tour guides who are familiar with existing regulations and restrictions at the station and surrounding areas. During the current season, between November and December, they were visited by cruise‐ships three times a month. The average duration of each visit is between one and two hours. The cruise ships request authorization to visit the station prior to disembarkation.
Conclusions The observer team recognizes the efforts made to adjust to recommendations made for the station in the 2012/2013 season inspection carried out by United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Spain, in particular, the installation of a new smoke detector system inside the station. Furthermore, the observer team appreciated the provision of a complete inspection checklist by the station leader at the beginning of the inspection, which greatly facilitated the observer team’s task. We must underline that Bellingshausen station has adequate internal documentation management procedures and that its personnel receives training prior to arriving at the station.
Recommendations In regards to compliance with the Protocol on Environmental Protection we suggest: • That efforts be made to improve the management of hazardous wastes, in particular regarding its classification.
15 • To undertake removal of wastes stored at the tanks located on the beach distant 3.5 km from the station, which are no longer in use, especially hazardous waste. • To consider dismantling those tanks, taking into account that upon planning this activity, an environmental impact assessment that considers precautions in the management of wastes contained inside, should be undertaken, considering management of contaminated ground substrates and applying caution regarding surrounding moss. • To carry out periodic surveillances of parameters associated to incinerator emissions and of the effluents of the sewage treatment plant. • To consider the possibility of extending the drainpipe of the treatment plant from the station to Fildes / Guardia Nacional Bay. • To remove the non‐native ornamental plant present in the station’s main quarters.
Lastly, and regarding matters related to the station’s security, we recommend disposing of the expired fire extinguishers and replacing them promptly with the new extinguishers currently present at the station.
16 Great Wall (China)
INSPECTED ON 17 FEBRUARY 2016, FROM 10:30 A.M. TO 01:30 P.M.
1. Introduction Great Wall Station is a permanent base of the People’s Republic of China, located south of Fildes Peninsula, at the Southwest end of King George / 25 de Mayo Island (South Shetland Islands). It is located at Lat. 62°12´59´´S and Long. 58°57´52´´W, along a coastal ice‐free area, which looks onto Ardley Island, approximately one kilometer south of the cluster of Antarctic bases at Fildes / Guardia Nacional Bay, comprised by the Chilean stations of President Frei and Prof. Julio Escudero, and the Bellingshausen base (Russian Federation). The Station was opened by the Chinese First National Research Expedition to Antarctica (CHINARE ‐1), on 20 February 1985, and since then has operated permanently; at present under the Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration (CAA). The last inspection of Great Wall station had been carried out by a team of observers from the Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom in the 2012/2013 season.
Image 1. General view of Great Wall station
2. Description The station expands across an area of approximately 2.5 km2. It has 15 buildings, including living quarters and a medical facility, power generators, storage warehouses, garages, communications and several laboratories and observation stations, with a roofed area of about 5000 m2. The two most modern buildings are a scientific lab and a recreation centre, both three stories high. Their construction started in 2008 and was completed in 2010. The station’s premises are in good condition as a result of the refurbishing carried out in 2010‐2014. Such works included Building No. 1, built in
17 1985, and designated as Historic Site and Monument (HSM) No. 86 by the Antarctic Treaty in 2011. Likewise, within the station’s area one finds HSM No. 52, a monolith erected to commemorate the installation of the first Antarctic base built by the People’s Republic of China.
Image 2. Inside HSM 86, with a small‐scale model of the Great Wall Station.
The station has a small concrete pier used for loading and unloading, and is connected by an earth road to the group of Antarctic bases at Fildes / Guardia Nacional Bay, and to Lieutenant Marsh airfield (Chile). The station’s road works equipment is used to clean and maintain the road. Although there is no helicopter pad, there is a helicopter landing area near the older buildings of the base.
Image 3. View of the new buildings. To the right (the red and white one) is the laboratory, in the middle, the power station, and to the left (blue and white) are the living quarters.
The station does not have any camps or shelters of its own nearby. According to what the station leader reported, two containers that had been used for this purpose had been removed from Great Wall on 5 January 2016. Although there were plans of the station, within HSM 86 there is a recently installed small‐scale detailed model of the station area.
18 3. Personnel At the time of the inspection, the station leader reported that the total population of Great Wall was 34 people, 20 of whom are scientists and 14 support staff. The maximum capacity of the base was said to be 50 people. It was also mentioned that the summer staff would be withdrawn in February and March, leaving a total of 14 personnel for the winter. The base’s international scientific cooperation is limited to the presence of four foreign researchers. The observer team took note that the station’s personnel is provided with special training in topics related to the Protocol on Environmental Protection, before traveling and once they are at the station. En route to Antarctica, they also receive instruction on fauna and flora conservation and protected areas. Furthermore, the wintering staff is also trained in fire management and emergencies, survival, search and rescue operations, and psychological support (in connection with situations of isolation) and they must also undergo medical check‐ups.
4. Scientific Research The new building for scientific research is spacious and modern. It was reported that, throughout the whole year, the station has scientific Programs in place for monitoring climate, tides, upper atmosphere physics, geomagnetism, geophysics and seismology, among others. Some of these activities have been taking place for over 25 years. Work carried out on site during the summer includes disciplines such as geology, glaciology, biology, marine and earth ecology, environmental sciences, medicine and marine sciences. Image 4. Work areas at the laboratory
The team of observers was also informed about the presence of two researchers from Portugal who were working on ecology‐related topics, and another two from Thailand, looking into fisheries.
5. Logistics and Infrastructure Great Wall station is connected by an improved earth road to the following bases: Frei and Escudero (Chile), Bellingshausen (Russia) and Artigas (Uruguay), on King George / 25 de Mayo Island. The roads are used to carry material and staff between all these Antarctic bases. The station does not have the necessary facilities for fixed‐wing aircraft although it does have a landing area for helicopters that, according to the station leader, is seldom used and holds no certification as a helicopter landing pad.
19 Fuel is stored in eight 50m3 tanks, one kilometer away from the main buildings. These were installed two years ago, to replace the old tank battery located in a nearby area. The station consumes around 150 tons of fuel every year. A visual inspection showed that all of them are in a good state of conservation and maintenance, with no evidence of surface corrosion. Tanks are placed on a concrete spill containment berms, half a metre above the ground. The team of observers noted that the berms were cracked in certain parts, preventing any eventual spills from being adequately contained. A main pipeline, cut across by a secondary one, feeds into the tanks from the vessels anchored at the pier. Generator engines are fed from the tanks using a rigid pipeline, some 50 cms above ground. Three mechanics stationed at the base are responsible for this operation. The ice‐breaker R/V Xue Long refuels the station every three years. The station leader reported that in the last few years they have had no incidents involving fuel.
Image 5. New tanks on spill containment berms (left) and crack in the berm (right)
The main tanks are refilled using two gear pumps that inject fuel through fixed pipelines connecting the vessel to the tanks. The pumps are also used to empty the pipelines once the task has been completed. With regard to the old tank battery, the station’s staff informed that the tanks have been completely emptied and that they will be dismantled and removed in the next few years by the vessel R/V Xue Long.
Image 6. Old fuel tanks
A concrete pier is used for bulk cargo and containers, thus facilitating loading and unloading and minimizing the risks of this kind of activity.
20 The power plant has three 120‐kwh Volvo‐Penta generators, although one generator would be enough to supply electricity to the whole of the base. For maintenance purposes, these generators are rotated weekly. Gas emissions from the use of the generators are filtered before being released into the atmosphere, although there is no report or record measuring emission‐related parameters. The station has no current renewable energy generation systems, although the installation of solar panels was reported. These, however, are no longer operational due to damage by strong winds. Picture 7. Fuel pipelines.
In winter and summer, freshwater comes from an ice‐water lake located to the west, in the vicinity of the base. The person in charge of the station said it was not necessary to treat this water at all. The station leader reported a daily water consumption of 20m3, per day per person, a figure that also includes the amount necessary to feed into the heating system.
6. Transport and Communications Great Wall Station has a fleet of 12 vehicles: three jeeps, a heavy truck, three bulldozers, two snow‐cats, and a large crane, among others.
Image 8. Large crane (left) and Snow‐Cat (right) at Great Wall Station.
The base has a concrete pier where medium‐sized, barge‐type vessels can dock. Furthermore, the station has two Zodiac MK‐7 boats, with two engines each for marine transportation.
21 The base has VHF, HF and satellite communications equipment. It moreover has a 2‐ mega satellite Internet service.
7. Firearms and military support The station leader stated there were no firearms or explosives on site, except for flares, and that they receive no assistance or support from Chinese military forces.
8. Safety, Security, Training and Emergency Procedures The station leader mentioned the existence of documentation regarding the station’s internal procedures, for instance, a Contingency Manual should there be any fuel spill. However, the team of observers did not have access to such documents since ‐ according to the station leader‐ they are only available in Chinese.
Great Wall Station has a modern central fire alarm system. Fire drills at the base are carried out once a month. It was reported that the staff has been especially trained in fuel and waste management, medical emergencies and evacuations, search and rescue (SAR), fire fighting, survival and psychological preparedness. Likewise, before traveling, all staff is receives instruction on matters concerning the Antarctic Treaty and the Protocol on Environmental Protection.
9. Environmental Management Environmental Impact Assessment The station leader had no copies of the environmental impact assessments that had been carried out at the station for the current season, nor was he aware of such assessments. Nonetheless, he stated that China assessed all activities in advance, before they were undertaken in Antarctica. Flora and fauna conservation The station leader was knowledgeable about the requirements for permits on taking and harmful interference. It was reported that the staff carrying out this sort of work is provided with a permit in China. Such permit is required once they have arrived at the station. It was also stated that during this season only one Chinese scientist had needed this kind of permit. Along the coastal area of the base there is an area in which many skuas are present. The station leader explained that as a good conservation practice, and to avoid people walking in the area, the bird zone is marked with streamers. On the road to the fuel tanks, we also noted the presence of moss. The existence of a well marked road towards such facilities avoids people from stepping on the moss on both sides. As regards measures to avoid the introduction of non‐native species, the station leader indicated that they cannot bring any plants into Antarctica, except for those in the hydroponic greenhouse at the base. The inspection team believes that the hydroponic growing of vegetables has state‐of‐the‐art technology. According to the station leader, the seeds arrive in Antarctica in sealed packages and, once they have been taken into the greenhouse, they cannot be taken out again. He also mentioned that all waste from this facility is taken to a container and then evacuated from the Antarctic Treaty
22 area. Although the procedure seems appropriate, during the visit to the facilities the obsevers noticed many small flies inside the greenhouse, on the one hand and, on the other, remains of dead plants scattered outside the greenhouse, on the ground.
Image 9. Greenhouse: overall view (top, left); cucumber plant (bottom, left) and inside view (right)
The inspection team concluded that the hydroponic facilities are of high technical quality but the procedures should be adapted to the environmental requirements in force, to ensure there is no dispersal of non‐native species into the Antarctic environment. In this regard, we suggest the use of the “Guidelines to minimise the risk of non‐native species and diseases associated with Antarctic hydroponic facilities”, included in the Non‐Native Species Manual of the Antarctica Treaty Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP), in 2012.
Waste management As stated by the station leader, the base has a waste management plan. Since it was only available in Chinese the inspection team was not provided a copy. Waste generated at the base is classified into five types: metal, glass, plastic, organic and hazardous. Waste treatment is carried out in two buildings used for this purpose. The incinerator is in one of them, and the effluent treatment plant is in the other. The station leader said effluents are monitored using quality parameters applicable in
23 China. The waste to be evacuated is stored in containers. At Great Wall Station there is a person in charge of waste management who, on a daily basis, supervises and records the amount generated within each type of waste. The station leader also highlighted that they have a special container for storing chemicals from the scientific labs.
Picture 10. Debris and scrap from the dismantling of the old buildings.
Near the shore there is an accumulation of debris and scrap from the dismantling of the older buildings. The stowing is orderly while awaiting the prompt evacuation of all the scrap. Protected Areas The station leader showed he was aware of the existence of Antarctic Specially Protected Areas and their applicable regulations. Although the observer team was not given a management plan for the Antarctic Specially Protected Areas (ASPA), the station leader said that, together with the entry permit, scientists are given a copy of the pertinent Management Plan and a map. It was reported that during the current season, Chinese scientific staff had an entry permit to perform tasks in ASPA 150 (Ardley Island). The team of observers took note of the refurbishing works to turn Building No. 1 of Great Wall Station into a museum, designated as HSM 86 by Measure 12 (2011). This building is now in an excellent state, and the museum provides information about the history of the Base, and also about the Antarctic Treaty system. The inspection team was highly impressed by the work done in this HSM and its museum. Prevention of fuel spills Finally, the inspection team noted that, as previously informed by observers visiting the base, substantial improvements were made at Great Wall Station in fuel management, so as to avoid any potential spills. It is particularly worth highlighting the installation of a new tank battery, near the old one. These new tanks are placed on a concrete spill containment berm although, as already described, it was cracked at one of its corners. Thus the berm would not adequately contain an eventual spill.
24 10. Tourism As informed by the station leader, the station has very little interaction with tourists. Visitors arriving at the base do so by sea. On average, two to three ships arrive every month during the summer. The team of observers was informed that there have been no major issues connected with the presence of tourists at the station. The station leader informed that, in summer, three ships had arrived per month, with people disembarking for around three hours. The inspection team perceived that, in the station leader’s opinion, this entailed a high number of visitors. The station leader also stated that the base has a protocol for visitors who are informed about environmental protection guidelines. He also said that no record of such activities is kept at the station.
Conclusions The inspection team congratulates China for having responded to the recommendations made by the group of observers from the Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom in 2012/2013 in a timely manner, particularly taking into account the following:
• A new tank battery has been installed.
• The first building set up at the Base (HSM 86) was repaired, turning it into a well‐equipped, modern museum and interpretation centre.
• There is incipient scientific cooperation at the international level, although there is still room for its expansion.
The inspection team was also pleasantly surprised by the very good overall conditions of the buildings, and particularly by the fire alarm system in place.
Recommendations The following recommendations are made as regards the provisions of the Protocol on Environmental Protection:
• That consideration be given to enforcing the “Guidelines to minimise the risks of non‐native species and diseases associated with Antarctic hydroponic facilities”, included in the Non‐Native Species Manual, CEP, in 2012, for producing greenhouse vegetables. The group of observers noted that, despite having state‐of‐the‐art technical equipment in the greenhouse, the application of prevention measures to avoid the proliferation of non‐native species in the Antarctic environment was inappropriate.
• That efforts be made to complete the building of spill containment berms, to avoid fuel from coming into contact with the surrounding ground in case of a spill.
25 • That training addressed to station authorities further stress procedures on Environmental Impact Assessments, and the outcomes of previous inspections.
• That the station consider greater development and use of renewable energies.
• That debris and scrap from the dismantling of the older buildings, accumulated near the shore, be removed as soon as possible.
With regard to other matters, the team also suggests the following:
• That the policy to increase international scientific cooperation be furthered. In this event, it would be desirable for documents on internal station procedures to be available in one of the Antarctic Treaty official languages to facilitate their dissemination among foreign researchers.
26 Arctowski (Poland)
INSPECTED ON FEBRUARY 17, 2016, BETWEEN 10:30 AND 13:30.
Image 1. Arctowski Station’s main building
1.Introduction Henryk Arctowski Station is a year‐round Antarctic scientific station operated by Poland, located at 60° 09´41´´S and 58°28´10´´W, at a 2m altitude, in Arctowski cove at Almirantazgo / Lasserre Bay on King George/ 25 de Mayo Island (South Shetland Islands). The station was inaugurated on February 26th, 1977 and is currently operated by the Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics at the Polish Academy of Sciences. Its main research fields include marine biology, oceanography, geology, geomorphology, glaciology, meteorology, climatology, seismology, magnetism and ecology. The last inspection was carried out in the year 2012‐13, by The Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom. The station leader was uncertain about the date of the last inspection, but believed it had been about three years ago. A report of the last inspection was unavailable at the station. At the time of the inspection, station personnel were knowledgeable about the Antarctic Treaty and the Protocol on Environmental Protection, of which both digital and hard copies were available at the station. The station leader was also familiar with the recent Initial Environmental Impact Assessments for tasks carried out at the station, such as the installation of an eolic generator and the modernization of the generators room.
2. Physical description The main area of the station covers an approximate area of 4000 m2 and is composed of 11 buildings. The main building is used for living quarters, offices, storage and
27 kitchen. Six other constructions are also used for housing purposes, and there is also a laboratory for scientific purposes, two workshops and a shed for the generators. They are all in use, except for one that is used sporadically. A shelter located around 250 m to the northeast of the base, below the lighthouse, is out of service. The shed for the main generator is being remodeled internally. Renovation tasks include the installation of an office to monitor the functioning of the generator, which will be replaced by a new one, already purchased and present at the station. The station leader was aware that these tasks had been informed to the ATCM. There is only one established pathway to Thomas Point, some 800 m to the Northeast of Arctowski, that is primarily used for transportation of fuel between the station and the main tanks. The station leader informed of the presence of a Polish shelter at Demay Point, within ASPA 128, and another one in the area of Lion’s Rump (ASPA 151), that are included in the Electronic Information Exchange System (EIES) of the Antarctic Treaty. Regarding another shelter in Italy Valley ‐that is also included in the EIES‐ the station leader mentioned that only remains of old foundations are found there. There are two marked areas for helicopter landings about 100 m to the north of the station, in an area next to a mount. A flat section located between the station and the lighthouse is occasionally also used due to safety reasons.
Image 2. General view of Arctowski station, from the north.
The station does not have a dock to unload oversized materials. Re‐supply tasks are carried out with the use of small vessels and an amphibious vehicle.
3. Personnel The station leader reported that 22 people were staying at the station at the time of inspection, 16 of which were carrying out scientific tasks and 8 who would be staying over winter. According to the EIES, the stations maximum capacity is 35 people. The observer team was informed that all staff members at Arctowski station receive a one week training course on Antarctic survival while in Poland. The course is complemented with two full days dedicated to instruction on Antarctic environmental matters, and with two additional days on the specific activities to be carried out at the station.
28 4. Scientific Research The station leader informed that scientific research included areas such as microbiology, plant physiology, geology, hydrology, glaciology and surveillance studies on seals and penguins. The only building dedicated to scientific activities ‐a glass panel building that overlooks the ocean‐, located behind the main building, contains basic equipment and individual work areas. Considering that the report from the last inspection in 2012‐13 (The Netherlands, Spain and The United Kingdom) had mentioned that Arctowski station had potential to develop closer scientific cooperation with other stations in the region, the observer team was pleased to hear, according to what was informed by the station leader, that during the 2015/16 season and prior to the arrival of the observers, eight Chilean scientists, two Brazilian and three Norwegian had worked at the station. Apart from an automatic station for climate parameter recording, the observer team was informed of the presence of an automatic station for the measurement of atmospheric electricity serving, as part of a surveillance program of the structure of the Earth’s electric field.
Image 3. View of the interior of the laboratory facilities
5. Logistics and Infrastructure Arctowski station is re‐supplied for fuel once a year, or eventually once every two years. The MV Polar Pioneer uses floating hosepipes that connect to the tanks in Thomas Point. Multiple trips from there to the station take place with a mobile tank towed by a vehicle. The observer team noted that the mobile tank was old and that it was not in optimal conditions. There are four 4,5m3 tanks and one double‐skinned 25m3 tank with diesel fuel in the vicinity of the station and five other 25 m3 tanks in the Thomas Point area. An additional cistern located next to the generators’ building stores 10m3 of gasoline. The 4,5 m3 station tanks do not have anti‐spill containment trays, and were in direct contact with the ground. All 25m3 tanks are resting on floors of pre‐cast concrete slabs. Both fuel systems are equipped with safety devices (alarms, emergency shutdown systems) and automated fuel data acquisition system. The annual consumption of the station is approximately 77m3 of diesel fuel and 3m3 of gasoline, approximately half of its fuel reserves. The station keeps records of the fuel consumption and keeps
29 absorbent substances, centrifugal pumps and containment devices adequate for minor fuel spills.
Image 4. Mobile tank (left) tanks in the station radius (center) and eolic generator (right).
Arctowski station has three diesel electrical generators (one 120 KW and two 60‐70 KW of power), all running in the station’s generator facility. The largest generator will soon be replaced once remodeling tasks in the generator room are finished. Also, two solar panels have been installed as well as an eolic generator with vertical blades, all in their trial period. As to greases and machine oil stored in barrels, we were able to observe that they were placed directly on permeable ground in several facilities, and the presence of leaks and minor spills were evident.
Image 5. Observation of minor fuel spills, on permeable ground.
It would be advisable to construct an impermeable base on which to store greases and machine oil bins. Even though the station does not use any special equipment for energy saving and storage the station leader pointed out that the station buildings carry thermal
30 insulation systems, and that station personnel helps control energy consumption by turning off unnecessary lights. The station leader also reported the presence of chemical substances for use in scientific purposes, such as ethanol, hydrochloric acid, sulphydric acid and acetone. Water used for showers and bathrooms is collected from a lagoon near the station and stored in a tank for its distribution to the facilities. Only bottled water is used for drinking. It was reported that the quality of the lagoon water is monitored once a year by the station’s hydrologist and that monthly use of water is recorded.
6. Transport and Communications The station has a series of vehicles for its logistics, including two tractors, a crane, a mechanical shovel and five snowmobiles. For marine transportation it has an amphibious vehicle, three zodiac boats and a barge. The station also uses Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for scientific research. Arctowski station mainly uses VHF communications, with the support of 3 Iridium satellite telephones. The station also keeps equipment for communications via Internet and fax.
7. Firearms and military support. The station does not have any type of firearms nor uses military support for its station operations.
8. Security, Training and Emergency Procedures. The station’s early fire warning system includes an alarm button located in the main building entrance, which is activated manually in case of a fire; and a telephone located in the station’s dining room, that allows personnel on duty to send an alarm signal to the different station facilities. Smoke detectors are only present in the generator room. Fire extinguishers have yet to be installed in each and every facility, even though they were renewed in the course of the present season. The station leader reported that fire drills were carried out once a month.
9. Environmental management Waste management Station operations generate common and hazardous wastes. As to the first, organic waste (food remains and mainly paper) and inorganic waste (cans, plastics, glass) are separated on‐site. Organic waste is stored in closed sheds to protect them from carrion‐feeding birds. Organic wastes are incinerated at 900 °C and the ashes are carried back to the country of origin.
31 Inorganic wastes (plastics, cans, glass) are separated and compacted. There is no estimate of the generation per capita, nor statistic records of waste composition. The station leader informed that a container full of wastes is removed annually. The team of observers was able to verify that the on‐site separation of wastes is not meticulous.
Image 6. Detail of wastes generated in Arctowski station. Note that in the first bag there is a mixture of paper, cardboard and plastics, and in the second, glass, plastics and cardboard.
As to hazardous wastes, they are a product mainly of oil changes, and of the use of filters, aerosol and other wastes that arise from maintenance tasks carried out in the station. We were able to verify that hazardous and non hazardous wastes are not correctly separated and noting that fuel filters are collected together with common metals. We were also able to observe that aerosol cans had been incinerated.
Image 7. Incorrect separation and compacting of household and dangerous wastes.
It would be advisable to incorporate special focus on the integral management of wastes for personnel training.
32
Image 8. Arctowski station Incinerator, notice remains of incinerated aerosol cans on the floor.
Due to the fact that the team of observers was able to see that these types of wastes are collected in various sectors of the station, it would be convenient to define a clearly marked single site specially designated for their temporary storage.
In regards to the remains of previous activities, the observer team took note of old concrete blocks by the coastal area in front of the main building, serving as a temporal, makeshift wave breakers limiting erosion of the coastline. Also, in the rear part of the station, behind the workshops, there are a series of vehicles and vessels no longer in use. The station leader informed that there is a plan to remove those vehicles as soon as economic resources are available to do so.
Image 9. Voluminous wastes observed in the station surroundings.
As to the management of effluents, the station does not have a water sewage treatment plant. The station leader reported that they are discharged into the sea, after passing through two septic chambers. Despite this, there were no odors in the station surroundings. According to what was informed, there is no monitoring of environmental variables associated with the effluents. It is therefore recommended to implement a more adequate treatment system to reduce the possible contamination of coastal waters, and to also address periodic sampling to detect diffuse contamination in the sea.
33 Flora and fauna and Protected areas. The station leader informed that Arctowski station’s staff is trained in these matters before arriving to Antarctica. The leader himself showed precise knowledge of the presence, entry conditions and restrictions related to the protected areas near the station. Furthermore, he presented records of entry permits to ASPA 128 (West coast of Del Almirantazgo /Lasserre Bay, King George /25 de Mayo Island, South Shetland Islands) and 151 (Lions Rump, King George / 25 de Mayo Island, South Shetland Islands) issued for the current season, for scientific projects and for the maintenance of Demay hut (ZAEP 128). Also, he reported the existence of a sign at the entrance to ASPA 128, that indicates its boundaries. The management plans for ASPA 128 and 151 and of ASPA number 1 were available at the station, even though posters referring to the protected areas were not observed in visible sectors of the station. We were able to observe abundant introduced vegetation in areas surrounding the station, principally Poa spp, that is subject to studies at the station and informed in the EIES. When consulted on the presence of sites and historical monuments, the station leader mentioned the presence of some remains of an old whaling industry at Ezcurra Bay. The omission of SMH number 50 (Plate with the Polish national emblem in remembrance of the first Antarctic expedition carried out in February 1976) and number 51 (tomb of the Polish nature photographer Wlodzimierz Puchalski with an bronze cross), located in the radius of Arctowski station, seemed to indicate that he was unaware of their presence, or of their designation as such.
10. Medicine The station has paramedic personnel and basic facilities for medical attention. The leader of the station mentioned that these installations allow for the stabilization of patients or those who have suffered accidents, for their latter evacuation. There is a medical emergency kit located by the station entrance that consists of a defibrillator, a first aid back‐pack and a stretcher used to immobilize patients.
A protocol for medical emergencies exists. In the presence of complex cases, the first option is to send the patient to Ferraz station (Brazil), and if the case cannot be solved there, the patient is transferred to Frei station (Chile).
11. Tourism The station is visited on average by one tourism vessel per month. The tourists disembark respecting the maximum number of 100 people on land at a time. The station keeps a registry of all visitors. The leader of the station informed that the cruise ships usually communicate their presence to the station in advance, and that certain
34 restrictions apply to visit areas in the station that could be a hazard for tourist safety or cause problems for any ongoing scientific activity. The station leader reported that no problems had arisen from the visit of tourists to the station, and that if the number of visitors remains the same as to date, no inconveniences should arise in the future. It was also mentioned that the shelter located under the lighthouse, where souvenirs used to be sold, is no longer in use and that it will me dismantled in the future. The team of observers verified that the state of the shelter was inadequate for any use.
Image 10. Medical emergency kit (left) and Shelter near the lighthouse (right)
Even though tourism activities seemed to coincide with the guidelines included in the Management Plan for ASMA # 1 (Del Almirantazgo / Lasserre Bay), King George / 25 de Mayo Island), the team of observers realized that the station leader did not naturally relate tourism management with the existence of those guidelines.
Conclusions The observer team congratulates Poland for remodeling the electrical generator facility and for installing a new generator that will lead to a more efficient use of fuel, and to greater safety. Furthermore, the team emphasizes that these tasks were preceded by their corresponding Environmental Impact Assessments, which were appropriately reported by the Electronic Information Exchange System. Additionally, the installation of renewable source energy generators is also praiseworthy, which, after the trial period will allow for additional reduction of fuel consumption at the Station.
The team of observers was also pleased to see that all Arctowski station personnel receive training on the operation of the station, as well as on matters related to the Antarctic Treaty and the Protocol on Environmental Protection, before traveling to Antarctica, and encourages the continuation of such good practices, with special emphasis on integral waste management.
35 Lastly, the team of inspectors recognizes the efforts made by the Polish Antarctic Program to respond to the recommendations which resulted from the inspection carried out at Arctowski station in the 2012/13 season (United Kingdom, The Netherlands and Spain), particularly in regards to the increase in the presence of researchers and scientific cooperation with personnel from nearby stations.
Recommendations In matters related to waste management, and in line with the Protocol on Environmental Protection guidelines, it is suggested:
• That station personnel exercise more care when carrying out tasks associated to waste management, particularly those related to waste classification, and when proceeding with incineration.
• To consider the possibility of removing the remaining waste from previous activities, mainly machinery and vehicles no longer in use.
• That efforts be made towards periodically monitoring the incinerator’s emissions and that sewage effluents receive some type of treatment before being discharged into Del Almirantazgo / Lasserre Bay.
• To establish a single well conditioned site for the temporary storage of hazardous wastes.
In regards to matters associated to fuel management, it is suggested: • To consider alternatives to the current procedure that is implemented for the refueling from the Thomas Point tanks, so as to reduce the risk of fuel spills as a result of fuel transport with the mobile tank.
• To consider the possibility of installing an automatic smoke detector system inside the station facilities, so as to reduce the risks associated to human error.
• That the fuel greases and machine oil in barrels be placed on impermeable flooring, to avoid contaminating the substrate due to possible leaks and / or minor spills resulting from use. Lastly, it would be desirable also: • To replace the expired fire extinguishers present in the station.
• To consider the refurbishing of the shelter located near the lighthouse.
36
King Sejong (Republic of Korea)
INSPECTED ON FEBRUARY 17TH 2016, BETWEEN 15.30 AND 18.00 HS.
Introduction King Sejong Station (Korea) is a year‐round Antarctic scientific research station, located at 63°13´40´´S ‐58°47´35´´W, on the coast of Marian Cove/Caleta Mariana, Barton Peninsula / Punta Barton, in the Southwestern section of King George / 25 de Mayo Island (South Shetland Islands). The station was inaugurated on February 17th, 1988 and is operated by the Korean Polar Research Institute (KOPRI) and the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries of the Republic Of Korea. The last inspection to King Sejong station was carried out on December 2015 by a group of observers from The People´s Republic of China. The base leader had personally received that inspection and also had knowledge of the previous inspection to the station (The Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom, 2012/2013) and had the corresponding report. Furthermore, at the beginning of the inspection, the station leader provided the team of observers with a copy of the inspection checklist, with all the required information in English.
Image 1.The team of observers and the station leader (blue) in front of King Sejong station´s main building.
1. Physical description The base covers an area of approximately 0.15 km2 (750 x 200 m) and has 12 buildings: the main building; two which are allocated to housing; five used for logistic activities (boat houses, generator room, two mechanic garages and one for heavy vehicle storage) and four are used for scientific purposes (two laboratories and two observatories). Most of the buildings are from the time the base was built (1988). The
37 geodesic observatory was built in 2014/15 and two containers that host hyperbaric chambers to assist diving activities were installed this season. The base leader informed there are plans for renovating the facilities that so require in the next three years. The station buildings are connected by a network of internal tracks that are about 1500 m long. The roads are located on flat land and made of a mixture of natural substratum and pebble.
Image 2. Buildings (housing and laboratories) to be replaced by new constructions.
Image 3. View of station pier. At the end of the pier there is a barge for unloading supplies. Behind, to the right, is the boat house.
The station has a concrete pier which is 15m wide by 30m long and has ten pillars for the berth of boats and vessels, thus providing easy loading and unloading of people and supplies from vessels. It also has a rectangular concrete heliport of about 80m by 90m. The station leader gave the observers a complete map of the station that included details of all the facilities and infrastructure.
38 Finally, the station leader mentioned there is a shelter to the Northeast of the Marian Cove/Caleta Mariana and another within the ASPA 171 (Narebski Point/Punta Narebski) also by the coast, located about 2 km Southeast of King Sejong.
2. Personnel At the time of the inspection there were 41 people at the station, 21 of them were scientists. Summer occupation can reach a maximum of 68 people (although its optimum level is 50) and it is reduced to 17 during winter.
According to the information provided by the base leader , before departing to Antarctica, the the wintering personnel receives training on issues related to fuel and waste management, first aid, search and rescue activities (SAR), medical evacuation procedures, and other issues related to the Antarctic Treaty and the Environment Protocol.
3. Scientific Research In general, scientific research at the station relates to the atmosphere, biology (animal and plant eco physiology, microbiology, marine ecology), oceanography and geophysics. The base leader informed the observer team that there are monitoring programs for identification of local environmental changes, study of marine resources and ecosystems, and for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. Special note was taken of the LTER (Long Term Ecological Research at the Marian / Mariana Cove immediately to the West of the station.
The station leader provided detailed information about the facilities and equipment destined for scientific activity at the station. Particularly, he highlighted the work associated with atmospheric measurements and the data obtained, which is shared on international scientific networks. In this respect, it is noted that the base is part of the Observatories Network for the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Project. Lastly, it was noted that two domes that collect data from the geomagnetic field are operating in the station.
The observers were informed that 15 researchers from Romania, Portugal, Malaysia, Canada and the United States would take part in scientific activities during the summer season 2015/16.
4. Logistics and Infrastructure Korean station King Sejong receives fuel and general cargo through a vessel rented by the KOPRI, which arrives to the base in December. The transfer of personnel and minor cargo is carried out through KOPRI rented airplanes that use the available facilities at Tte. Marsh airfield (Chile).
39 The observer team noted that the base infrastructure is in excellent conditions. Its engine room has three Caterpillar electricity generators with a capability of 275 kW each. The two older generators date from 2006 and the third one operates since 2011. The generators work in 10‐day rotating shifts. There is a 275 kW emergency generator and two 2 kW portable generators. The generators are constantly monitored by internal circuit video and there are night shifts for supervision.
The inside of the generator facility allows for an optimal visual control of the three engines and for comfortable conditions for maintenance tasks. The observer team was pleased to note that the room floor is now made of concrete and covered with fireproof paint, following a recommendation made by the observers that carried out an inspection at the station in 2012/13 (The Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom). In this facility there is also a modern plant for the biological treatment of grey waters, which has an adequate space for functioning, maintenance and control. The plant discharges are electronically monitored in their physicochemical variables (but not in their biological variables, such as fecal coliforms) and ultraviolet radiation is applied to them prior to their discharge to the sea.
Image 4. Fuel tanks with snow covered anti spill containers (left) and generator facility with impermeable flooring (right).
The station leader informed the observers that King Sejong station uses around 380 m3 of Antarctic diesel and around 4000 liters of gas per year. Diesel is stored in six 150 m3 single panel stainless steel tanks, which are set on concrete anti‐spill containers which, at the moment of the inspection, were partially covered in snow.
Fuel is unloaded from a vessel with the use of floating hosepipes, assisted by a team that permanently monitors the operation. The base leader used an ad hoc video to
40 show the observer team how these procedures are carried out. From the main tankers to the generators room, the fuel is carried through a network of steel piping, which is elevated on pillars. The Fuel Management Plan regulates all fuel‐related activities carried out at the station.
Low quantities of chemical substances are stored in a special deposit at the station. They are used for scientific purposes and include formaldehydes, formalin, chlorophorm, diuron, hydrochloric acid, mercuric sulphate and sulphuric acid, among others.
There are strategies and procedures for energy conservation at the base, focused mainly on thermal treatment systems and monthly monitoring of consumption. In particular, the base leader informed us the residual heat produced by the generators is used to heat up and provide hot water to the main building at the station. In this regard, he noted that there is no need for thermostats to regulate the temperature of the station buildings, as the previous observer team had recommended on their 2012/13 visit to the station.
Image 5. Energy recovery system.
At the time of the inspection, the station did not use renewable energies. However, the observers were informed that the installation of solar panels is planned for 2016.
While weather allows, water is collected from a lagoon in a glacier near the station. Water is pumped to a tank and then filtered to obtain the right quality for its general use at the station. On a year average, this system is used during nine months. To guarantee the winter water supply, there is a reverse osmosis desalination plant that processes around 3 tons of water daily. We were informed that the base average consumption reaches 4 m3 per day. Image 6. Reverse osmosis desalinisation plant.
41 5. Transport and Communications King Sejong station has a varied and modern vehicle fleet to transport both personnel and cargo, providing for adequate support to the scientific and logistic activities at the station. The fleet includes a tractor, a 12 ton crane, a backhoe, two snow‐cat vehicles, two medium sized trucks, four snow motorcycles, a medium and a large forklift trucks, and a small 4x4 vehicle. It also counts with four boats and two landing crafts.
Image 7. King Sejong station vehicles: crane unloading on a landing barge (top); loading shovel (bottom, left) and snow‐cat vehicle and quadbike (bottom, right).
The station has links via VHF, HF, INMARSAT communication system, satellite communications, Iridium telephone, Internet (including e‐mail and a videoconference line), fax and satellite television.
6. Firearms and military support The station does not house firearms or explosive elements. Only flares are kept for emergency use.
7. Security, Training and Emergency Procedures King Sejong station has a wide range of work procedures and protocols, in pocket size publications, written in two languages (Korean and English) and in a style that is understandable for non‐experts. The material includes emergency response procedures (fires and fuel spills), safety and survival manuals, and general guidelines for the station operation and cohabitation at the base, among others.
42 The station leader informed that there is a search and rescue team at the base, formed by a navy officer, a heavy machinery operator, a biologist and a medical doctor.
It was further informed that every two months there are fire and fuel spill emergency drills, and that there is a special communication line between the station and KOPRI headquarters, ensuring an immediate connection in cases of emergency.
Finally, the base keeps a video surveillance system that monitors fifteen high risk areas within the station. All buildings have fire extinguishers and smoke detectors.
8. Environmental Management Waste Management Common waste materials are separated on‐site: organic waste (food and paper mainly) and inorganic waste (cans, plastic and glass). Organic waste is incinerated and the ashes are taken to a waste manager in Chile. Inorganic waste is packed and also taken to Chile for their treatment. There is no estimate of waste generation per capita at the station, or statistical records of its composition.
Hazardous wastes are mainly generated as a consequence of oil and filter changes, residues from lab chemicals, and other tasks related to station maintenance. The observer team was informed that hazardous wastes are collected for removal and treatment in Korea.
Correct separation of hazardous and common waste materials was evidenced. However, the observers noted that a container of oily waste materials had a minor leak in contact with the substratum on which it was directly located, without any protection layer. It was informed that this container would be removed in December 2016, during the facility renovation project, and the contaminated soil, retrieved.
Image 8. Store of hazardous waste materials and soil pollution.
43 Flora and fauna conservation, and protected areas
Sporadic presence of moss and lichens around the station was noticed, and some 500 m from the station, some sites with concentration of skuas were found. Most of the flora and fauna in the region is located in Antarctic Specially Protected Area 171 (ASPA 171), Narebski Point/Punta Narebski, of which Korea was the proponent. The access point to ASPA 171 is located a little over 1 km from the base. The station leader had full knowledge of the existence of said ASPA, as well as its designation purpose, the current entry restrictions and the Korean monitoring program for it. The observer team was provided with a pocket size publication with all the relevant information related to the management of ASPA 171, both in Korean and English languages, with maps and illustrations, and in user friendly layout. Furthermore, the station leader provided the observers with a list of all the ASPA 171 entry permits issued during the current season. In this sense, the observer team noted that all the wintering crew was included in said list.
The observers noted that the station leader was well versed on the Antarctic Treaty and its Protocol on Environmental Protection. As to the King Sejong crew, the base leader informed they receive specific one‐week training on environmental issues, prior to their arrival at the base. The station keeps hard and electronic copies of the Antarctic Treaty, the Protocol on Environmental Protection and –according to the information provided by the station leader‐ copies of the environmental impact assessments carried out in the last three years.
9. Medical services and facilities The station has a portable X ray machine, a defibrillator, an autoclave sterilizer, a heat and ultraviolet sterilizer, an hyperbaric chamber, a Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulator (TENS) for pain relief, therapeutic ultrasound equipment and a thoracic suction unit. There are medical evacuation procedures in place, which include the shared use of Chilean and Brazilian airplanes.
10. Tourism activities King Sejong does not usually receive touristic visits.
Conclusions The observer team acknowledged the excellent infrastructure at King Sejong station and the availability of a wide range of procedures and work protocols on various topics related to the station functioning, including in English language.
Moreover, the fact that the station leader provided the observers with complete information regarding all aspects covered by the checklist, even using audiovisual support, was particularly valued.
44 Finally, the observers highlighted that the base acted in response to recommendations made by previous observer teams, particularly in reference to the expansion of international scientific cooperation at the base and the impermeabilization of the generator facility floor.
Recommendations In general terms, it would be beneficial that the Korean Antarctic Program took advantage of the opportunities offered by the Electronic Information Exchange System (EIES) to promote, within the Antarctic Treaty System, the very adequate infrastructure and equipment as well as the wide range of procedures and services available at King Sejong station. In particular, and in relation to the Environmental Protection Protocol, the observer team makes the following suggestions: • That issuing of entry permits to ASPA 171 (Narebski Point / Punta Narebski) be exclusively limited to base personnel that need to carry out activities within the protected area, instead of extending the issue of permits to all station’s personnel.
• Efforts could be made for the oily waste materials to be stored in defined and clearly identifiable containers, which should be isolated from the natural substratum, on an impermeabilized cement floor or container.
45 Juan Carlos I (Spain)
INSPECTED ON 18 FEBRUARY 2016, BETWEEN 10.30 AM AND 12.30 PM.
Image 1 Overview of the new main building of the base.
Introduction The Juan Carlos I Antarctic Base is a Spanish scientific station in the Española Cove on Hurd Peninsula, Livingston Island (South Shetland Islands). Located at 62° 39´ 46´´S – 60° 23´ 20´´W, it only operates during the summer season, that is, November through March. The station was inaugurated on 8 January 1988, and was the first Spanish base in the Antarctic territory. It is currently undergoing a complete renovation. The base reports to the High Council for Scientific Research (CSIC) of the Spanish Ministry of Economy, and it is administered by its Marine Technology Unit. Its goal is to provide support for the scientific research projects coordinated by the National Antarctic Research Program of Spain. The station also provides logistics and medical support to the St. Kliment Ohridski Base (Bulgaria), located 2.7 km to the Northeast. As was informed during the visit, the 2015‐2016 season was expected to last 97 days. The base was last inspected on 11 January 2015 by a team of observers from the United Kingdom and the Czech Republic.
1. Physical description
In 2010, the Juan Carlos I Antarctic Base began a significant renovation that was scheduled to end in 2013/2014 and was supported by an Initial Environmental Impact Assessment, which was duly reported to the 2009 Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting. Although works were temporarily interrupted in the past, they resumed during the current 2015‐2016 season and are expected to end during the next Southern Hemisphere summer. After remodelling works are finished, the base will include 9 modern and spacious raised structures made of fibreglass panels and supported by steel and concrete pillars already installed on the ground. At the time of the inspection, the internal panels were being installed and electricity lines, water pipes and other services were being laid out inside the new structures.
46 The main star‐shaped structure is formed by three red glass‐fibre modules joined in the middle by a yellow connection module, and will serve as living, dining and general accommodation unit. Six other structures will serve to house laboratories, workshops, storehouses, generators and boat storage. Once works are finished, all replaced structures will be shipped out of Antarctica. The new station will accommodate a maximum of 50 people. The base is currently comprised of 49 modules (including the nine new modules that have already been installed), which consist of container and igloo‐shaped shelters, as well as four main fuel tanks. Eleven modules are used for accommodation: 6 small modules with room for 18 people, and 5 large modules that can lodge 28 people. There are two igloo‐type refuges that are dependant on the base and are located in the Byers Peninsula, in Antarctic Specially Protected Area No. 126. At the time of the observer team’s visit, the station personnel was housed in two small refuges for four people and in containers modified for living purposes.
Image 2 The observer team visiting housing modules (left) and work in progress inside the new buildings (right).
The Juan Carlos I Base also has a series of automated stations that gather geomagnetic, ionospheric, seismic, meteorological and microclimate data. Helicopters can land on an elevated area uphill of the Station, approximately 150 metres in the direction of Mount Reina Sofia. The base receives logistics support and supplies from the Oceanographic Research Vessel Hesperides operated by the Spanish Navy. Support for the construction of the new station during this campaign is also provided by survey vessel Sarmiento de Gamboa. Both vessels visit the base on a monthly basis. In specific cases, the Spanish base has received logistic support from Chile and South Korea.
2. Personnel At the time of the inspection, there were 41 people at the base, almost reaching its maximum capacity in its current condition (46 people). Of these people 12 were in charge of the base operation, 11 were researchers and 18 were technicians responsible for the construction of the new facilities. During peak activity, the station leader reported that 26 people were dedicated to renovation works.
47 At the time of the inspection, the interviewed base personnel were knowledgeable about the Antarctic Treaty and the Protocol on Environmental Protection, and digital and hard copies of these documents were readily available at the station facilities.
3. Scientific Research The station leader informed that during this season, in spite of the operating difficulties resulting from renovation process the base is undergoing, eight scientific projects are being carried out by 8 to 20 Spanish researchers. In addition, as part of international scientific cooperation, two scientists from Portugal and two from Japan are also conducting scientific activities. Scientific cooperation with Bulgarian researchers from Ohridski station is also frequent. The station leader noted that the renovation under way will provide more favourable conditions for the conduct and expansion of scientific activities. The base currently conducts weather forecasting studies in land and marine areas through an observatory that gathers information using surface synoptic meteorological observation (SYNOP). Since the previous season, as part of a cooperation agreement between Spanish and Japanese universities, the temperature at varying depths of Johnsons glacier (near Juan Carlos I Base) and the pressure of the glacier’s base water have been measured using automated solar energy sensors. Studies are also carried out to assess the impact of different climate factors on Antarctic vegetation and microbial communities, as well as for observation of the plant colonization process that is taking place in the areas where ice has recently retreated due to the glacier retreat. Juan Carlos I Base has provided support for studies on the frozen soil of Livingston Island for more than 20 years. The composition of bacterial colonies on the surface of lakes, creeks and soil in the region is also analysed in order to understand the interaction of living organisms in these areas. The station has an automated geomagnetic observatory that has been continuously recording variations in the geomagnetic field of Livingston Island since 1996.
4. Logistics and Infrastructure The base has three 6,000‐litre fuel tanks and one 4,000‐litre fuel tank, which have an aggregate fuel storage capacity of 22,000 litres. The main steel tanks have double walls and are placed directly on the ground, with no spill containment tray. However, the connections of each tank do have anti‐spill containment trays. The station leader reported that the renovation plans include the installation of three new 20,000‐litre tanks. The vessel BIO Hesperides transports fuel using a 1,000‐litre rolling tank. The bigger tanks are then loaded to full capacity with fuel from this tank. Fuel is pumped into vehicles with a manual pump connected to these tanks. Power generators are refuelled using auxiliary 1,000‐litre tanks that are placed a few meters from the main tanks and next to the container that houses the generators. Generators have anti‐spill containment trays. The base has three recently installed generators with a capacity of 95 Kva.
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Image 4. Main fuel tanks mounted directly on the ground. Note the anti‐spill containment trays placed under the connection of each tank (left). Auxiliary fuel tanks for the power generators facility. Note the anti‐spill trays below these tanks (right).
Diesel fuel is internally distributed using hosepipes that connect the main tanks to the auxiliary 1,000‐litre tanks. The station leader reported that only small spills have been observed during regular use and that in cases of fuel spills the polluted soil was removed from the station and disposed of as hazardous waste. It was also informed that the station has oil absorbent materials in case of spills. Small amounts of chemicals are also kept at the station for scientific purposes, including ethanol, hydrochloric acid, hydrogen sulphide and acetone. The base also has three wind turbines to supply energy for automated stations that continue operating during winter. Due to a strong storm that affected the base two days prior to the observer team visit one of the turbines had been placed out of service.
Image 5. View of the wind turbines. Note that the first turbine has lost its blades in a recent storm.
Fresh water is collected from a waterway close to the base, and is stored in a 5000‐litre tank for distribution to the station units. The station leader informed that microbiological analyses were performed weekly to test water quality. It was also informed that base building and renovation works prevented the control of per capita water consumption. The special circumstances of the season called for the implementation of certain restrictions on water use. The station leader expressed that in previous seasons water consumption was of approximately 100 litres per person.
5. Transport and communications The base has five snowmobiles, two quad bikes and six tractors for land transportation, as well as three Zodiac M5 vessels.
49 Juan Carlos I Base uses VHF radio communication (13‐16 channels and 2 VHF channels of its own), Iridium satellite telephones, and has Internet connection. To this end, the station has one VSAT antenna that receives data via satellite and connects to the Broadband Global Area Network (BGAN) through Inmarsat for voice and data broadband mobile communications.
6. Firearms and military support Juan Carlos I Base does not keep firearms, except for flares for nautical emergencies. The military support received by the station is limited to that afforded by the vessel BIO Hesperides, which provides supplies during the summer season. Juan Carlos I Base staff is entirely comprised of civil personnel.
7. Safety, Training and Emergency Procedures Juan Carlos I Base implements a series of procedures for the conduct of activities within its perimeter, including a guide for living in the base, mobility safety rules (including road outlines), general loading and unloading guidelines, sea safety guidelines and emergency rescue protocols, rules for fuel transfer, and fuel spill, fire and general evacuation contingency plans. The observer team congratulated the station leader for the high level of organization of base activities, evidenced by the wide availability of this type of material. The station leader also noted that once a week (every Saturday), drills and/or practices related to the safety measures in force are carried out at the base, including incident and accident contingencies, mountain rescue procedures, and external emergencies. These drills usually include staff from the Bulgarian base. The station leader highlighted the constant logistical cooperation of the base with the Bulgarian Antarctic Program. The scientific and technical team of Juan Carlos I Base takes a half‐day training course before arriving at the Antarctic facility, jointly with the personnel of Gabriel de Castilla Base (Deception Island). The station leader noted that the base team includes a considerable proportion of members who have participated in previous Antarctic missions, ensuring that the base is in experienced hands. The construction group in charge of refurbishing the base, according to the station leader, were briefed on‐board en route to Antarctica. However, the station leader observed that with this group it had been necessary to review some of the rules in force at the station on a regular basis.
8. Environmental Management Waste disposal Base operations generate domestic and hazardous waste. Waste is separated at source into organic waste (mainly food waste and paper) and inorganic waste (cans, plastic, glass, electronic waste, etc.). Organic waste is incinerated firstly at 750° C and then in a second chamber at 1200° C. The base performs weekly analyses of the incinerator’s gas emissions, which include temperature, CO2, mercury, lead, and nitrogen oxide measurements. Organic waste is incinerated in potato‐starch biodegradable bags. It was reported that inorganic waste (plastic, tin and glass) is separated, compacted and shipped to waste managers in the cities of Punta Arenas (Chile) and/or Ushuaia
50 (Argentina). Different colour bags are used to clearly identify each type of waste. It was reported that there are no per capita waste generation statistics or statistical records of waste composition.
Image 6. Incinerator (left) and trash compactor (right).
Hazardous waste results mainly from oil changes, filters, paint, solvents and polluted soil, among others inherent to maintenance and construction works. It was reported that this type of waste is also shipped to waste managers in the cities of Punta Arenas (Chile) and/or Ushuaia (Argentina). Since it was observed that this type of waste is stored in different parts of the base, it is recommended that a clearly identified specific area be established for the temporary storage of hazardous wastes.
Image 7. Storage of used oil. Note the absence of anti‐spill trays and the lack of correct identification of container contents.
Treatment plant Juan Carlos I Base has a primary wastewater treatment plant, which only separates solid from liquid effluents. However, no odours were perceived in the area around the plant. The effluent is not monitored and it discharges into a septic tank in the coastal area of the station. It was reported that all of the resulting sludge is shipped to waste managers in the cities of Punta Arenas and/or Ushuaia. It would be desirable for the
51 new buildings of the base to include a more adequate wastewater treatment system that is regularly monitored in order to prevent diffuse marine pollution.
Image 8. Pipes for the discharge of wastewater into the sea.
Flora, Fauna and Protected Areas Before the Antarctic season, the team is trained through lectures on access and restrictions applicable to nearby protected areas. The station leader submitted records on environmental behaviour codes and the reduction of the environmental impact on the Antarctic territory. The Spanish Antarctic Program has a protocol for disinfection before landing and leaving work stations, which is aimed at minimizing the entry and dissemination of non‐native species in Antarctica. In the area around the base there are only isolated specimens of Adélie and Gentoo penguins, and Crabeater and Weddell seals, among others.
9. Medicine The base houses an infirmary with a medical professional. Due to time constraints, the observer team was unable to visit the medical facilities and equipment at the base. However, inspectors were informed of medical cooperation between Juan Carlos I Base and Bulgarian base Ohridski. It was also noted that medical evacuations are conducted using helicopters that fly to 25 de Mayo/King George Island, for subsequent transfer of patients to Chile or Argentina.
10. Tourism It was informed that the base has limited interaction with tourism. Upon arrival, tourists land on the coast and are invited to visit the base. During the 2015‐2016 season, only one sailing boat had anchored near the base, but the station leader reported that there had been no interaction with its occupants.
Conclusions The inspection team specially highlights the resumption of construction works for the new station facilities, as they will contribute to the consolidation and expansion of
52 scientific activities at the base. In addition, and despite the complex construction process of the new station, observers noted that scientific activities at the base had not been reduced or interrupted.
The wide availability of working procedures and protocols was also highlighted. Their inclusion in the Electronic Information Exchange System of the Antarctic Treaty evidences the high level of administrative organization at the base. In this respect, observers also praised the station for issuing weekly reports with the results of the different environmental monitoring activities conducted at the station.
The inspection team also acknowledged the powerpoint presentation prepared by the station leader, which covered all of the items on the checklist.
Finally, the team welcomed the use of renewable energy for the maintenance of automated stations for scientific data recording.
Recommendations The inspection team recommends that, under the current operating circumstances of the station and whilst the new station construction is ongoing, special precautions be taken in order to reduce risks associated with fuel management, and that special attention be paid to water consumption at the station, since this may affect the proper functioning of the effluent treatment plant.
53 Eco‐Nelson Hut
INSPECTED ON FEBRUARY 18, 2016, BETWEEN 10:30 ‐11:30 HS
1. Introduction Eco‐Nelson is an infrastructure that was established by a Czech citizen in the late 80’s. It is located at 62° 15 [S; 58° 59' W in an ice‐free area towards the northeast of Nelson Island (Rip Point), 2 miles SW of the center of Ardley Peninsula at Fildes / National Guard Bay. Because Eco‐Nelson Hut was unattended at the time of the observers visit, only a visual inspection of the site could be carried out. According to notes found inside the hut, it appeared to have been inhabited during the month of January, 2016. According to information collected previously by the observer team, the hut is operated by a citizen of the Czech Republic, who has no relationship with the Czech Antarctic Program.
Image 1: General view of the main installations of Eco‐Nelson hut The hut's most recent inspection was carried out in 2014/15 by a group of observers from the United Kingdom and the Czech Republic. This group recommended that in the case that the purpose and the conditions of this hut were not fully reviewed, it should be dismantled as soon as possible and the surrounding area should be cleaned out and properly remedied. Prior to inspection, we took note of a website on the internet (www.econelson.org) that offers trips to this hut to volunteers for an experimental survival program, stating no age restrictions (including children and handicapped) at a cost between 1800 and 5000 euros. The minimum stay is 45 days and the maximum is 1 year.
54 2. Physical description Eco‐Nelson hut is composed of a main cabin, that has several rooms, and two more minor installations (approximately 9 m2 ), all of which are constructed in wood and lined with burlap in their interior, and seem to be used for housing purposes.
Image 2: Details of the main installation of Eco‐Nelson hut (left) and of an associated storage (right) In the a beach‐side area there is a small storage unit containing bags and ropes, along with the fuel storage where some fuel tanks and other basic elements for fuel transfer were observed. In regards to the building itself, despite the fact that all the hut installations are upright, they evidence an advanced state of deterioration, proving that maintenance has been scarce or very sporadic. A significant amount of snow was observed inside the main building. The few elements inside the main were disorganized and they included very basic furniture and cooking elements.
Image 3:Details of the Eco‐Nelson Hut’s interior.
As to the possible use or functioning of the hut, the observers found no evidence of it’s any scientific activity, nor that it could meet the minimum requirements to develop or back up any such activity. Furthermore, its poor state of maintenance makes it hard to believe that it could be used to accommodate tourists.
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In regards to the fauna associated to the site, a large group of sea lions (Arctocephallus gazella) were observed near the hut.
3. Logistical and environmental matters The observer team was unable to identify the presence of any safety elements, such as fire extinguishers, nor food or other materials that could be used in case of emergency or survival needs, nor any evidence of medical equipment or supplies. Energy is most probably obtained by the use of fuel and / or batteries, due to the fact that some of them were stored in a small unit in the rear part of the main buildings. Their poor state of conservation presented potential hazards for possible spills or acid leaks. Small batteries were also observed in the hut’s interior. Fuel was limited to the storage near the beach, although no contingency elements other than a single metallic pan were present. The inspecting team was unable to observe containers or any equipment for the treatment of waste which evidenced any form of waste management taking place at the hut.
Image 4: Fuel storage.
Buoys and other remains of fishing activity were found in the coastal area, as well as plastic containers, rusted metals and even an outboard metallic motor exposed in the open air; as well as what seemed to be and old zodiac type boat, clearly no longer in use. The observer team considered that these wastes constitute a hazard risk for the fauna present in the area.
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Image 5: Coastal wastes
Conclusions After the visual inspection of the hut, the team of observers concluded that Eco‐Nelson hut does not meet the minimum safety measures to be inhabited, considering the extreme climate conditions of the area; and also concluded that the state which it presents cannot allow for any appropriate support for scientific or touristic activities. Its poor state of conservation and the lack of order of the elements present in its interior also lead to conclude that it does not have a level of organization that can guarantee the proper functioning of the installations or a minimum of compliance with the dispositions of the Protocol on Environmental Protection. In summary, the observers consider that this hut presents a potential safety hazard to any circumstantial inhabitant, as well as to the environmental values present in the area.
Recommendations In agreement with what was pointed out in the previous inspection report (United Kingdom and the Czech Republic, 2014‐15) it is strongly recommended to proceed, as soon as possible, to completely dismantle all constructions associated to Eco‐Nelson hut and to remove all the wastes present in the area. This recommendation reflects the observer team’s concern regarding the possible proliferation of other installations of this nature, without the support of a National Antarctic Program and with purposes doubtfully associated to the objectives of the Antarctic Treaty and its Protocol on Environmental Protection.
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ANNEX 1: Inspected Parties’ comments
Transcription of the most relevant excerpts of the e-mail message sent by the Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration (CAA) on April 6th, 2016, in relation to the joint Antarctic Treaty inspection carried out by Argentina and Chile on 17 February 2016 at the Chinese Antarctic Great Wall Station.
It's our great appreciation to observe the positive conclusions in the draft report about our work at the Great Wall Station and we are also grateful to the recommendations in the report which, we believe, you make much efforts, and we certainly take them very seriously. We will surely do improvements on station environment management for the next seasons. In this regard, I would like to make the following observations concerning some points raised in the report.
• We have the Great Wall Station rechecked the cracked parts of the concrete spill containment berms of the oil bank and the Station is now working on a plan to fix them and conside check them more frequently based on present regular intervals.
• With regards to the accumulation of debris and scrap near the shore which are from the dismantling of the older buildings, they were orginally planned to be transported out of Antarctica by our research vessel Xuelong in this season but not possible due to capacity limitations on board. We will make new evacuation plans for the voyages of Xuelong of next season or if not possible, the season after the next year. The station will take all the measures to put them in good state before transported out of Antarctica and avoid any harmful environment impact.
• We agree to the descriptions of seemly negligence in the management of the hydroponic greenhouse at the station. The station is enhancing training and supervision to ensure the procedures of minimising the risk of non-native species be implemented strictly.
• With regards to the copies of EIA documents of the projects at the station and the management plans of nearby ASPAs, please note that China has sent the EIA documents to the Secretariat via EIES for reference of the parties and it seemed to us that the Treaty doesn't require the EIA documents be prepared at the station for inspection. We think there possibly have some misunderstandings occured in the communication between the inspection team and the station leader. That might explain why the inspection team thought that the station leader was not aware of EIA. We think that the same situation happend during the inquire of the management plans of nearby ASPAs. In fact, all the management plans of those ASPAs have been translated into Chinese and be accessible at
58 the station and that's why the station leader informed the inspection teams that scientists will be given a copy of the management plan and a map, together with the entry permit, if they needed to work inside an ASPA. As Chinese is our mother language, the documents such as Contingency Manual and waste management plan are all prepared in Chinese and in some way be edited and expressed differently from foreign customs which might cause some confusions.
• We appreciate your recommendation of using renewable energy which really mean much to the protection of Antarctic environment. In fact, as the inspction team observed, the solar panels had ever been installed and tried at the station but failed in function because the local natural conditions were not favourable, for example, always strong winds and a lot of rainings or overcasts. We are still exploring other methods in terms of renewable energy use and will be pleasured to exchange and learn from other parties especially those countries which established stations in King George Island.
I would like to thank you again for allowing us to review the draft report and have the opportunity to address some points in it. We have a long time cooperation and friendship with Argentina and Chile colleagues in King George Island and we expect much more in the future.
with best wishes,
Long Wei Division of International Cooperation Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration
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60 Transcription of the comments made by the Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, through the Polish Embassy on Argentina, included in Note 227-1/16 (dated April 5th, 2016), in relation to the joint Antarctic Treaty inspection carried out by Argentina and Chile on 17 February 2016 to the Polish Antarctic Station “Arctowski”
Poland warmly welcomes the inspections of its Antarctic station by other Parties to the Treaty. We would like to thank the authors of the report for the work they had done during the inspection and in preparing meticulous recommendations that will help us in the further development of environmentally sound operations at the Station. The recommendations contained in the final report submitted to the XXXIX Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting in Santiago will be analyzed by the appropriate authorities and implemented. The following comments are intended to supplement the information contained in the inspection report.
• Eight research programs led by Polish scientific institutions were running over the 2015/16 season (one of them in cooperation with the Norwegian Northern Research Institute in Tromsø) concentrating in the areas of climate change, non‐native species, microbiology, hydrology and glaciology. Four long‐term monitoring programs (one of them multinational: US, Argentine, Australia, Poland, Ukraine) are also taking place. Innovative technologies, such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and remote, automated cameras are being used to gather ecological data for research and monitoring. Teams from Brazilian, Chilean and Norwegian scientific institutions were also using the Station as a base for data collection under several research projects. • Non‐native grass Poa annua was initially recorded in 1985/1986 at the main building of Arctowski Station. Since then, small populations were observed around the station, and – since 2009 – on the deglaciated moraines inside ASPA No 128 Western Shore of Admiralty Bay. During 2014/2015 season all P. annua inside ASPA No 128, was mapped and removed. Similar actions were taken outside ASPA No 128, with all P. annua between Arctowski Station and the boundary of ASPA removed (see ‐ IP78 presented by Poland, ATCM XXXVIII ‐ CEP XVIII Meeting, Sofia, 2015). The action was repeated this season, and will be reported to ATCM XXXIX ‐ CEP XIX Meeting in Santiago (2016). • All remarks concerning waste management will be passed to the Station leader with an recommendation of implementing them, and following more closely the established practices. The importance of waste management will be also more fully covered during training that all station personnel and scientists receive before going to Antarctica. • Other recommendation are being analyzed and will be scheduled for a gradual implementation during the coming years.
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