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BIOLOGY DEMYSTIFIED The Hon. Dr. Dale Pierre Layman, Ph.D. McGRAW-HILL New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto [13:35 13/6/ 58 N:/4058 LAY- ebook_copyright 7.5x9.qxd 9/29/03 11:39 AM Page 1 Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as per- mitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-143387-2 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-141040-6. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. 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DOI: 10.1036/0071433872 DOI Page 7.38x9.25 9/23/02 11:02 AM Page 1 Want to learn more? , We hope you enjoy this McGraw-Hill eBook! If you d like more information about this book, its author, or related books and websites, please click here. This book is dedicated to the many good, sincere students I have taught in my biology and life science classes over the years. Much of the material in this book has been tried out on them! [13:35 13/6/03 N:/4058 LAYMAN.751/4058-Prelims.3d] Ref: 4058 Layman: Biology Demystified Prelims Page: 3 1-22 This page intentionally left blank. For more information about this title, click here. CONTENTS Preface xxi PART 1: GETTING READY FOR BIOLOGY 1 CHAPTER 1 The Coming of Biology 3 Biology, organisms, and order 3 Structure and anatomy 4 Gross versus microscopic anatomy 5 Function and physiology 5 Characteristics of living things 6 What did the cavemen knowabout biology? 8 Biological disorder: A reality since ancient times 8 Order beyond the individual organism: The spider and its web 9 Natural history: The search for order begins in earnest 10 The 1800s: Experimental physiology comes of age 12 Quiz 13 CHAPTER 2 Patterns of Life 17 The Pyramid of Life (levels of biological organization) 17 v Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use. [13:35 13/6/03 N:/4058 LAYMAN.751/4058-Prelims.3d] Ref: 4058 Layman: Biology Demystified Prelims Page: 5 1-22 vi CONTENTS The chemical level of organization 20 Organelles 22 Cells to organism: Where the pyramid comes to life 23 Tissues 23 Organs 24 Organ systems 25 Life beyond the organism: Populations, communities, and ecosystems 25 Populations 26 Communities 26 Ecosystems 26 Summary 26 Homeostasis versus ecological relationships 27 Quiz 28 CHAPTER 3 Evolution: From Dawn to Darwin 31 Important theories about the origin of life 31 Spontaneous generation: Life coming out of nowhere 33 The modern theory of biogenesis 33 Dinosaurs help make a fossil record 34 The first living organisms: Tiny green threads without any ‘‘kernels’’ 34 Cells with nuclei: In come the ‘‘kernels’’ 35 Unicellular organisms evolve into multicellular ones 36 Fossil record summary 40 Charles Darwin and the Theory of Evolution 42 [13:35 13/6/03 N:/4058 LAYMAN.751/4058-Prelims.3d] Ref: 4058 Layman: Biology Demystified Prelims Page: 6 1-22 CONTENTS vii Quiz 43 Test: Part 1 47 PART 2: THE UNIVERSAL BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE 53 CHAPTER 4 Chemicals: The Tiniest Blocks 55 Chemical bonds: Builders of order 55 Bonds and order 56 Water and the breakdown of salt: A ‘‘dissolving’’ of order 58 The body-builders: Highly-ordered ‘‘skeletons’’ of carbon atoms 60 Four major types of chemical body-builders 61 Proteins 61 Lipids 61 Carbohydrates 61 Nucleic acids 62 Chemicals for metabolism 62 Different types of energy 62 Free energy, work, and the ATP-ADP cycle 62 Anabolism versus catabolism: ‘‘Building-up’’ versus ‘‘breaking down’’ 63 Chlorophyll and photosynthesis in plants 64 Glycolysis and respiration in heterotrophs 66 Summary 72 Quiz 72 [13:35 13/6/03 N:/4058 LAYMAN.751/4058-Prelims.3d] Ref: 4058 Layman: Biology Demystified Prelims Page: 7 1-22 viii CONTENTS CHAPTER 5 Cells: The ‘‘Little Chambers’’ inPlants and Animals 76 Development of the Cell Theory 77 Normal organelles: Biological order in cells of prokaryotes versus eukaryotes 78 Eukaryote cells: Plant and animal cells 79 Protein synthesis: Copying the codons 81 Abnormal organelles: Biological disorder in cells 83 Transport through the cell membrane 83 Passive transport systems 84 Active transport systems 85 Cell division and the Cell Cycle 85 The Cell Cycle and mitosis 86 Cancer: A severe disorder of mitosis 87 Quiz 88 Test: Part 2 91 PART 3: THE FIVE KINGDOMS OF LIFE, PLUS VIRUSES 97 CHAPTER 6 Bacteria and the ‘‘Homeless’’ Viruses 99 Classifying and ordering: The work of taxonomy 100 The five-kingdom system of classification 100 Finer classification belowthe kingdom level 102 Classifying and ordering bacteria: The ‘‘kings’’ of monera 104 The major types of bacterial shapes 104 [13:35 13/6/03 N:/4058 LAYMAN.751/4058-Prelims.3d] Ref: 4058 Layman: Biology Demystified Prelims Page: 8 1-22 CONTENTS ix Bacterial order versus disorder 105 Bacterial food poisoning and blood infection 106 Viruses: Non-living parasites of cells 107 Viral structure and function 107 The worldwide AIDS epidemic 109 Quiz 109 CHAPTER 7 The Protists: ‘‘First of All’’ 113 Protists ¼ All single-celled eukaryotes 113 ‘‘Where did the first cell organelles come from?’’ 114 Debate about the kingdom 116 The protozoa or ‘‘first animals’’ 117 The rhizopoda or amoebas 117 The algae: Plant-like protists 117 The slime molds: Fungus-like protists 119 Biological disorders: Some parasitic protozoa of humans 120 Quiz 122 CHAPTER 8 The Fungi: Not Just Mushrooms! 125 The basic body plan and reproduction of the fungi 126 The major groups of fungi 128 Phylum Basidiomycetes (the club fungi) 128 Phylum Ascomycetes (the sac fungi) 129 Phylum Zygomycetes (the zygote fungi) 130 Phylum Chytridiomycetes (water-dwelling fungi) 131 The lichens: Where fungi mix with algae 133 [13:35 13/6/03 N:/4058 LAYMAN.751/4058-Prelims.3d] Ref: 4058 Layman: Biology Demystified Prelims Page: 9 1-22 x CONTENTS Parasitic fungi and their victims 134 Fungal parasites of plants 134 Fungal parasites of humans 135 Quiz 135 CHAPTER 9 The Plants: ‘‘Kings and Queens’’ of the World of Green139 The human sole–plant connection 139 Here come the land plants! 140 The two major groups of land plants: Containing ‘‘vessels,’’ or not? 141 An overviewof the bryophytes (nonvascular plants) 142 Living habits and reproduction of the bryophytes 143 An overviewof the tracheophytes (vascular plants) 144 The ferns: Vascular plants without seeds 144 Gymnosperms: Vascular plants with ‘‘naked seeds’’ 145 The life cycle of a pine tree 145 Other types of gymnosperms 148 Angiosperms: Vascular plants with ‘‘flowers’’ 149 The basic anatomy of a flowering plant 150 Reproduction of a flowering plant 152 Monocots versus dicots: Two different kinds of flowering plant embryos 154 Medicinal plants: Plants promoting biological order 155 Poisonous