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Subsurface Constraints of an Active Detachment Fault in Laguna Salada Basin, Baja California, México, from Interpretation of GEOSPHERE; V

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Subsurface Constraints of an Active Detachment Fault in Laguna Salada Basin, Baja California, México, from Interpretation of GEOSPHERE; V Research Paper GEOSPHERE Subsurface constraints of an active detachment fault in Laguna Salada Basin, Baja California, México, from interpretation of GEOSPHERE; v. 12, no. 4 seismic-reflection profiles doi:10.1130/GES01261.1 Mario González-Escobar, Clemente G. Gallardo-Mata*, Arturo Martín, Luis Munguia, and Francisco Suárez-Vidal† 9 figures; 1 supplemental file División de Ciencias de la Tierra, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Baja California C.P. 22860, México CORRESPONDENCE: mgonzale@ cicese.mx ABSTRACT coarse-grained, high-energy alluvial fan deposits prograding over the basin CITATION: González-Escobar, M., Gallardo-Mata, floor from the west in the range front of Sierra Juarez. Seismic facies 1 and C.G., Martín, A., Munguia, L., and Suárez-Vidal, F., 2016, Subsurface constraints of an active detach- The Laguna Salada Basin in northeastern Baja California, México, is an ac- 2 predominate in the east and central portions of seismic profiles where the ment fault in Laguna Salada Basin, Baja California, tive half-graben with subsidence principally controlled by two major faults depocenter accumulates thicker sedimentary sequences. México, from interpretation of seismic-reflection along the eastern basin margin—the Cañada David detachment fault and the profiles: Geosphere, v. 12, no. 4, p. 1283–1299, doi:10.1130/GES01261.1. dextral oblique Laguna Salada fault. Active-source, seismic-reflection data constrain the geometry of the active detachment fault and indicate two struc- INTRODUCTION Received 1 September 2015 tural domains. The south domain is a supradetachment basin controlled by Revision received 14 April 2016 the Cañada David detachment fault. Two seismic profiles indicate the detach- The Laguna Salada Basin (LSB) in northeastern Baja California, México, is Accepted 16 June 2016 ment fault dips 17°–20° west, has a minimum of 10.1 km of slip, and accumu- an ~20-km-wide, ~100-km-long tectonic depression at the northwestern side Published online 8 July 2016 lates a sedimentary wedge more than 2.5 km thick in the west-central part of conterminous with the Gulf of California rift system (Fig. 1). The LSB is struc- this basin domain. This estimation indicates that the subsurface portion of the turally separated from the Salton Trough in southern California by the northern Cañada David detachment accommodates 24% of extension in the western extension of the Laguna Salada fault (LSF), which splits in both left-stepping main plate boundary zone. The north domain is a dilatational stepover (or pull and right-stepping shear strands (Isaacs, 1987) and produces basement ridges apart) controlled by the northwest-trending, west-dipping, dextral-oblique up to ~660 m (Fig. 1). Southward the flat topography of the basin contrasts Laguna Salada fault and the north-trending, dip-slip Cañón Rojo fault, which with the steep relief of bounding ranges of Sierra Juárez to the west and Sierra defines the south boundary of the pull-apart basin domain. The Cañón Rojo Cucapah and El Mayor to the east (Fig. 1). Southward the modern basin be- fault accumulates more than 2 km of subsidence, but geometric consider- comes narrower and connects through a ~5–10-km-wide inlet with the modern ations indicate that the basement in the hanging wall of the Laguna Salada delta plain of the Colorado River and the tidal flats of northern Gulf of California fault projects to a depth of ~3.8 km and intersects the 70° west-dipping La- (Fig. 1). Seasonal flooding of the Colorado River inundates the LagunaSalada guna Salada fault. Several faults cut the west margin of the floodplain lagoon Basin and produces intermittent estuarine conditions now rarely observed due and the hanging wall of both the Cañada David detachment and the Laguna to dams in the upper Colorado River (Cohen and Heges-Jeck, 2001). Salada fault. The largest fault is west dipping and produces ~500 m of vertical On the basis of Quaternary fault scarp along the Laguna Salada fault offset. Its location projects south of the Cañón Rojo fault, and we speculate and gravimetric and magnetic surveys of Kelm (1972), Mueller and Rockwell these two faults may correlate. Seismic facies reflect its sedimentary environ- (1991) interpreted LSB as a “pull-apart” basin controlled by the NW-oriented, ment and processes. Seismic facies 1 is high-amplitude, laterally continuous dextral- oblique Laguna Salada fault. However, structural studies in Sierra El reflectors that represent flooding and prolonged lacustrine conditions. Seis- Mayor (Siem and Gastil, 1994) and the Sierra Juárez range front (Romero- mic facies 2 is high- to low-amplitude, laterally discontinuous reflectors also Espejel, 1997) introduced the concept of rift segmentation controlled by active representing flooding conditions. Seismic facies 3 is low-amplitude, poorly low-angle normal faults and coeval strike-slip faults (Axen, 1995; Axen and contrasted continuous to discontinuous reflectors interpreted as subaerial Fletcher, 1998; Axen et al., 1999). García-Abdeslem et al. (2001) interpreted a distal fan sandstone deposits. Seismic facies 4 is high-amplitude, discontin- strong positive gradient of the Bouguer gravimetric anomaly along the east- uous, imbricated to a chaotic pattern of reflectors. We interpret facies 4 as ern margin as related to a major structural boundary of crustal rocks with density contrasts caused by the dextral oblique Laguna Salada fault and the For permission to copy, contact Copyright *Current address: Servicios Especializados Peñoles S.A. de C.V. Torreón, Coahuila, México Chupamirtos dextral oblique fault (Fig. 2). Two-dimensional (2D) modeling of Permissions, GSA, or [email protected]. †Published posthumously gravity data (García-Abdeslem et al., 2001; Martín-Atienza 2001; Cortés-Arroyo, © 2016 Geological Society of America GEOSPHERE | Volume 12 | Number 4 González-Escobar et al. | Subsurface geological constraints in the Laguna Salada Basin, Baja California, México Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geosphere/article-pdf/12/4/1283/4178207/1283.pdf 1283 by guest on 29 September 2021 Research Paper 116°W 115°30′W 115°W Imperial Imperial faul USA Figure 1. Seismotectonic map of north- 1940(7.1) ern Baja California, Mexico, and southern Valley MEXICO California, USA. The inset map shows 1979(6.5) the major tectonic features of northwest- LSF ern Mexico and the location of the study Mexicali area (i.e., the Laguna Salada Basin— t LSB). Seismic-reflection profiles (owned ′N MGE 49 1875(6.2) 1852(6.5) ′N 49 Valley by Petróleos Mexicanos (PEMEX) were Sierra Cucapah processed and interpreted in this study Sierra Juárez Cerro Prieto (black lines). Red lines correspond to 32°30 1892(>7.2) 32°30 PENINSULAR RANG L Volcano 5 principal faults. Yellow star is the 7.2 Mw 0 A 7 G 6 “El Mayor–Cucapah Earthquake—EMC,” -a U ELS-1 April 2010. Red stars are two historical N Cerro Prieto faul A 57 CRF earthquakes located within the eastern 49 CHF basin margin: the 1892, Mw > 7 and the ELS-2 Colorado River1980(6.4) 1934, Mw 6.5 (Ellsworth, 1990). Red dots 1934(6.5) EMC-2010 (7.2) indicate epicenters of the larger historical CDD Sierra El Mayor earthquakes reported (year and magni- 65 49 tude) by Ellsworth (1990); the yellow and S CDD Indiviso fault E A t green dots are the microseismicity re- L 1915(7.1) ported by García-Abdeslem et al. (2001) for 5 A 0 D {1891(6.0) 7 a local seismic network. The boundary of 6 A - flooding is displayed with white line. The Study Area b modern course of the Colorado River ap- ELS-3 3 DD USA 7 C pears in blue. Abbreviations: LSF—Laguna 49 1934(7.0) MEXICO Salada fault; CRF—Cañón Rojo fault; 32°N B 32°N CHF—Chupamirtos fault; CDD—Cañada NAM A Pac S 1935(5.3) David detachment; SJFZ—Sierra Juárez I N fault zone, Indiviso fault (from Fletcher Sierra 5 et al., 2014); MGE—main gulf escarpment; 0 7 Pac—Pacific plate, NAM—North Amer- Pacific 6 Las Tinajas - Ocean c ican plate; ELS1, ELS2, and ELS3 are ex- { ploration wells by Comisión Federal de SJFZ Sierra Electrici dad. Las Pintas 116°W 115°30′W 115°W 2011) and stratigraphic studies in the Cerro Colorado basin and in three ex- Our study comprises the processing and interpretation of ~115 km of seis- ploratory wells of Comisión Federal de Electricidad (CFE) (Vázquez-Hernández mic-reflection profiles (Figs. 1 and 2) and the correlation of the seismic se- et al., 1996; Dorsey and Martín-Barajas, 1999; Martín-Barajas et al., 2001) are quences with stratigraphy described in three exploratory wells of CFE (Fig. 3). consistent with a northwest-trending, strongly asymmetric depocenter with a We first present the principal structural and stratigraphic characteristics to gain maximum sedimentary fill of ~3 km adjacent to the Laguna Salada fault in the insight about the architecture and the amount of subsidence and extension northwest (Fig. 2). principally in the southern LSB. We then discuss the distribution of seismic Industry seismic data collected by Petróleos Mexicanos (PEMEX) during facies as related to distinct depositional environments within the basin. the early 1980s and three exploratory wells drilled by CFE provide a unique opportunity to further investigate the structure and stratigraphy of LSB, partic- ularly the geometry of an active detachment fault in depth (Axen et al., 1999; TECTONIC AND STRUCTURAL BACKGROUND Fletcher and Spelz, 2009). Although only a few seismic lines were collected by PEMEX in the Laguna Salada Basin (Figs. 1 and 2), the available seismic data Receiver function data (Lewis et al., 2001) and gravity data modeling provide important geometric constraints for the architecture and evolution of (García-Abdeslem et al., 2001) suggest that crust-mantle interface for the La- this active supradetachment basin (Dorsey and Martín-Barajas, 1999).
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