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- ,-I - _ !ANU PF 00 Am ~ANi ,e hil m~ ZANU PF m m News Official Organ ,LZANU PF Depaitment of Information and Publicity, 14Austin Road Volume 26 No.2 199 Registered at the G.P.O. as a Newspaper (incl. sales tax) 7

Zimbabwe News Official Qrgan of ZANU PF =. Contents Editorial ...... ;2/3 .....O ...... OIO...... o...... o ..o o ..... oooo. ooo. oo ooo...... 4 National News Biography: Regional Newi Features: Intn atlonal Ibikig Point: Obituary:' *Precious Docu Under the carapace of regionalism ...... 7 Developmental self-reliance ...... 9 Price bikes aimed at embarrassing ZANU PF in elections ...... 10 The ideology of ZANU PF is mass oriented ...... 12 1995 election manifesto released, ...... 13 Lessons from the ZANU PF primary elections ...... 13 Gaps in the list of candidates ...... 13 ZANU PF primary elections end on a high note ...... 14 Those independent rebhls ...... 14 The past painful to remember ...... 17. Unrest imperils g9vernment efforts to clean up SA police ...... 18 Summary of the operations and mismanagement of the United n1ations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara ...... 19 Details of the Mwanza deaths given ...... 20 The refugee programme in Zimbabwe ...... 22 Savimbi says he is alive and in good healt ...... 22 Modernisation desecrates Chinhoyi shrine ...... 23 Opportunity knocks on the door of rural businesses ...... 24 News: Six officials face flak for Gandhi assassination ...... 25 Sheep used in methane study ...... 25 hndianOcean rich in resources - Islands urged to unite ...... 26 Doctors probe asthma, common cold links ...... 27 Sensing trees beneath the clouds ...... 27 US, European business satellite launched ...... 27 I: :. ' Development or disintegration: Which way for Africa? ...... 28 UN has achieved far less than expected ...... 35 Guy Clutton-Brock...... 38 Benson Chasesa is no more ...... 39 The late Cde. Robson Nkomo ...... 39 mnts: Communique of the Regional Summit on Rwanda ...... 40 Continue to promote the re-unification of China ...... 41 ZIMABW NEWS VOL 2 4O 2 J Zimbabwe News is the official Organ of the ZimbabweAfrican National Union (ZANU PF) and Is produced on the authority of the Central Committee by the Department of Information and Publicity, Jongwe Printig and Publishing Co., No. 14Austin Road, Workington, Harare. World Copyright, Central Committee (ZANU PF). Editorial Council: Cde. N.M. Shamuyarira, Cde. C.C. Chimutengwende, Cde. C. Ndhlovu S. Kachingwe, Cde.A. Sikhosana, Cde. M. Munyati. 1995 Letters

Sditorai ZANU PF victory -is certain The dates for Zimbabwe's fourth general elections have been aunqunced. The elections Will be held on April 8 and 9. il Although we cannot describe in detail how the elections will be held and what the results will be, some certainties are already evident. First, the elections will be held peacefully because ingredients for violence are conspicuous by their. absence. Violence before and during elections is caused by party zealots who think they have to widen their thin margins of victory through physical intimidation. There is no single opposition political part, with even a thin margin for electoral victory. ZANU PF will sweep through the elections with no oppo' sition to speak of and all opposition parties, separately or severally, have the widest margins of failure possible. In fact, both the winner and the losers have long known the results before the start of the race. Why, then should this race be started at all? The holding of the elections is a Constitutional necessity but in reality it is just a formality under present political realities in Zimbabwe. Opposition parties are desperately looking for any cracks in the woodwork, however small, through which they may be able to worm their individual paths into'empty opposition benches in Parliament. The Third Parliament had only three lonely members of the opposition on the benches. ZANU (Ndonga) had only one and ZUM had the other two. There were only about eight opposition parties during the last general elections and there are now 21 of them this time. The increase in the number of opposition parties is not due to the increase in the election platforms but is due to the increase in the number of individuals seeking the title of "MP". This has made the 21 so- called opposition parties no less than a collection of power-hungry individuals and political opportunists. In a situation in which opposition parties are just a collection of power-drunk individuals desperately looking for public employment during these hard times, individual candidates seeking public employment are the only ones with the potential for causing violence. With the help of funds from public enemies, few of these ambitious individuals may be tempted to organise hired thugs for trouble making. The aim will be to give a false picture of instability in order to call for intervention by foreign "observm'). The ignorance of some opposition leaders is reflected in their already discredited calls for foreign "observers". Foreign observers are only necessary in countries where there is already visible evidence of internal instability. The observers have to be invited by the government which seeks international approval for having held the elections in an enabling environment for peace and fairness. The political atmosphere in Zimbabwe has been and is peacefully stable. There is therefore no need for international observers. The international community has on many occasions shown its undoubted confidence in Zimbabwe's ability to lead other troubled nations in the art of maintaining and safeguarding-democracy by inviting.. her to contribute to peace- keeping efforts in Angola, Mozambique, Somalia, Rwanda, Liberia and other places. In addition, the government of Zimbabwe was invited by the international community to send observers to a number of countries during the last five years. For example, Zimbabwe was invited to send election observers to Namibia, Angola, Cambodia, Mozambique, South Africa and Kenya. Tie reputation of this country to safeguard peace and guarantee democratic procedures is well known internationally. It is therefore a demand of the self-frustrated opposition to wish for foreign observers during the forthcoming fourth general elections. President Mugabe and his responsible ministers have assured the country that law enforcement officers will be in full force to ensure orderly and peaceful elections. This assurance was reiterated by the Commissioner of Police and the Minister of Hoine Affairs. it is certain therefore that the fourth general elections will be peacefully held and orderly conducted and opposition parties will lose dismally while ZANU PF will romp home to victory handsomely.(J ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 2, 1995

Editorial Sowing the seeds of democracy Democracy is one of the most difficult systems of government to manage and operate. It is like a delicate plant that has to be watered and nurtured all the time. There are developed countries that have failed to make democracy work. In Zimbabwe, our democracy is still very young - only 15 years old. We are still planting the seeds of democracy and democratic procedures in our society. Next month (April) we are organising and holding the fourth regular general election. That is a record to be commended. Our Party, ZANU PF, is now irrevocably committed to multi-partism, regular elections that are free and fair, and the rule of law. But, for the-plant for democracy to grow, it requires responsible and patriotic opposition parties. The main opposition party should behave like a government- in-waiting. Unfortunately, Zimbabwe opposition parties have no patriotism, no alternative programme, and no contribution to make. The personalities involved, many of them being failed politicians - cannot form or run a government, and they don't even dream of it. A critical and factual press can enhance the democratic process. Unfortunately, some papers and magazines in Zimbabwe, especially the yellow press, is edited by reckless men who have killed every newspaper they have worked on in the past. They have now buried their daily paper and at this rate of muckrackdng, they should kill the weekly before the end of the next 12 months. The public will simply lose confidence - and with them the advertisers too - in a paper that continually reports gross falsehoods and the idiosyncracies of one man. Even our government should ask itself whether it can continue to place its own advertisements in such a paper. We are democrats, but there are clear limits beyond which we can take plain abuse. The judiciary is another institution in our society that should do its utmost to enhance democracy, by promoting the rule of law. Our confidence in this institution was rudely shaken when a former Chief Justice, Mr. Enock Dumbutshena, decided to lead one of the opposition parties. That action demonstrated to us that all the time he was on the bench, he was opposing and strategising against the government. That sortof action does notenhance democracy. Fortunately, his party, the Forum, has been totally rejected by the people of Zimbabwe. It will hardly win a seat in the general election. Foreign governments, and even non-governmental organisations, should not get involved in our elections. One governmental agency that is funding independent candidates, and some opposition parties should be told that it is undermining rather than enhancing Zimbabwean democracy. All Zimbabwean political parties must be home-grown, not dependent on foreign powers, or racists such as . Our people should know that Ian Smith, , and Clive Puzey are seeking for funds abroad to help these discredited opposition parties. Those fundraisers and the recipients have no patriotism and no national interests at heart. ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 2, 1995

Zimbabwe needs an aggressive economic plani Dear Editor I found the -article "Africa Needs 15 Years for Economic Recovery" (The People's Voice: December 23-31, 1994) thought-provoking and interesting. While I agree with the statement, I think that to say "Zimbabwe will experience peace and growth" and leave it at that is too much of a generalisation. I believe that Zimbabwe can achieve economic growth but there are a number of things that we, as a nation, have to do first. Our economic problems are nothing new in the history of the world. Other nations have faced even greater problems but they have since pulled through to establish themselves as industrial and political giants. Notable examples are the United States and Japan. To develop, they adopted as their goals, self-reliance and economic independence. They relied extensively on their own human and capital resources. They adopted strategies aimed at alleviating difficulties in both the short and long terms and worked at them with extra-ordinary national single-mindedness. These strategies usually covered a wide range of fields and succeeded, in their own individual ways, in putting the countries in which they were being carried out, on a more sound economic footing. Examples of the strategies I am talking about include Roosevelt's New Deal and the former USSR's five year plans especially during the period just after the revolution. It is aggressive programmes like these that I call upon our public and private sectors to adopt. At present, dne gets the impression that no one is rekally interested in stimulating growthih this country. Our industrial and political leaders seem contented with the way things are running. They seem quite unaware that ESAP has become synon ymous with indiscriminate Price hikes and retrenchments. The word "retrench" means "reduce, decrease, curtail; economise, cut" but in the Zimbabwean context it has come to lead to and therefore mean unemployment, decrease in living standards, destitution, desperation, increased criminal activity, further economic decay. ESAP is not a solution to economic stagnation. It will not enable us to achieve economic growth. It is the IMF's and the World Bank's way of reclaiming their debts. it benefits the IMF and the World Bank more than it does the worker or the nation's economy as a whole. If anything, it will only lead to the rich becoming richer and the poor becoming poorer. Which is probably why this country's large companies or groups of companies are very happy with it. It is true that during the past four years more imports have come into the country than during the pre- ESAP days but, the question needs to be asked, how many of us can afford the Toyotas, Hyundais, satellite dishes, and computers that have been and still are being advertised so loudly? After ESAP, we are still going to have to restructure our economy. j When we finally decide to put aside the delaying tactics we have been using since independence and finally, decide .to seriously tackle our problems, the first thing we will have to do is to carefully take note of all our problems and'shortcomings as a nation. After that we should then look for practical, pragmatic, and tried solutions. Our problems - which include maladministration on a national level, a high inflation rate, an escalating cost of living, an increase in the number of schoolleavers who cannot hope to get a job anywhere in this country, the increasing number of destitutes and beggars, high interest rates, the unemployment crisis, accommodation problems, transport problems, power shortages et cetera - cannot be solved. There are just as many interesting and equally practical solutions, in both the short and long terms, as there are problems. Basically, the solution lies in pin-pointing a particular need or problem and going all out to solve it. Lit us take the school-leavers as an example. Each year, over a quarter of a million school-leavers are released onto the job market. Most of them will not be able to find any job at all. What we need to do here is to expand our education system as a whole. We should organise our education system in such a way as to breed more scientists, technologists, doctors, engineers et cetera. A person who wants to further ZIMBABWE NEWSVOL: 26 NO..2, 1995 I his/her education should be abletio so without incurring unneccessary. g. penses and frustrations. .i' . '. A good way of going about this wotk be to construct andfacilitate more tech. nical colleges and universities until them is at least one of each in all our major' towns by the year 2000. This move is also more likely to speed up technoo I gy transfer. At present, not all students who gol through the '0' Levels make it to the 'A's, and similarly, not all who go through the 'A' levels make it to univer. sity even though they might have good grades (unless of course they go out of Zimbabwe). This is because there is a shortage of schools which offer 'A' Lev el subjects and also because there are too few universities and technical colleges, in this country. I The expanded education system will serve multiple purposes: it will enable students to further their education it will prevent too large a number of schoolleavers from competing for too few jobs; it will provide part of the answer to the unemployment problem - there will be a greater demand for teachers and lecturers, the construction of the schools itself will provide jobs for a lot of people. These schools, colleges and universities will also help make it easier for people, after earning the'relevant qualificatis, to get jobs. And because each town will have sufficient higher education and specialised training institutions, the strain that is on the country's existing institutions will be reduced. The strain that is on our transport network will also be reduced, And as more and more people spend more time at school the birth rate will decrease. All this should help encourage better economic efficiency. After we have sufficiently expanded our education system, we should then go on and apply the same method with the same relentless aggression to each and every problem that we have. It will take time for the results of this strategy to become apparent but the results will be there and they, will be. more positive than any other economic plan or strategy that this country has used before. Ambrose Musiyiwa, Seke; ,;, . Chitungwiza.

- :I. U[ Dear Editor, Having been to Zimbabwe since 27 January, I have been able to notice a sizea'ble number of Rwandese who arrived in Harare of late. Most of the refugees came from Goma, Bukavu refugee camps of eastern Zaire and Ngara province of Tanzania. It is because of these Rwandese that I write to alert you of the following: 1., Whereas most of the refugees who ran away after the fall of a fascist government that had ruled Rwanda since 1973, are now returning home in big numbers, those who perpetrated genocide are running further away from countries sharing borders with Rwanda. 2. Under the UN Security Council Resolution 955, all those who committed genocide are to be tried by the International Tribunal Court or any other subsidiary court provided under the Rwandese law. 3. It is because of the fear to be tried and the fact that the Innocent refugees who had been intoxicated into fleeing by the killer government are .. returning home, that the perpetrators of the crime against humanity as was carried out in Rwanda, are in flight and Harare is one of the cities they.are trying to turn into a safe haven for themselves. 4. During the one day seminar, organised by the Zimbabwe Chapter of the Global Pan African Movement in Harare, I noticed the arrogance with which some of them tried to justify and defend the genocide that occurred in our country. One such notorious one was Biziyaremye Silver and many others. - Although I cannot, at the moment, .give precise details,'it was quite evident that some Rwandese, purporting to be refugees, are criminals, who are running away from genocide trials. I further felt that these criminals might be taking advantage of the difficulty the government of Zimbabwe might encounter in identifying the criminals. At the moment, no more refugees are leaving the country except those who are afraid of trials. In fact, even those who had fled the country after July 1994, are now returning home because of the stability the present government ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 2, of national unity is restoring. The current situation in the country that encourages refugees to return. Well over 1.5 million of both refugees of the 1960s and 1 990s are returning. Of old refugees, 900 000 have returned and 600 000 of the recent refugees have also returned. We registered an average of 5 000 of returnees every week throughout December 1994 and January 1995. There is no reason whatsoever for any Rwandese to move around the globe seeking asylum unless he/she had a clear involvement in perpetrating genocide. Since these criminals committed a crime against humanity, I feel duty-bound to remind the government of Zimbabwe of its responsibility in restoring the human dignity undermined by the perpetrators of genocide in Rwanda, and do request the government to use its state security institutions to not only deny sanctuary to the criminals but also arrest them and send them back to Rwanda or detain then pending commencement of trials. All the Rwandese refugees are returning to Rwanda. Therefore there, should not be any granting of refugee status to Rwandese with such ease because by so doing, there is great risk ot hosting perpetrators of genocide. When I met the Rwandese community in Harare on Sunday, 29 January, 1995, to brief them on the current situation in the country, I noticed three categories that constitute the community: 0 those who wish to be assisted to return home; * those who needed guarantees ot security on return; and * those who wanted-blanket amnesty as an assurance before they returned. It is quite evident, therefore, that the second and third categories, which appeared to be in the majority, contain either persons who committed crimes or persons who are victims of ethnic intoxication by those who carried out crimes in our country, thereby turn them into victims of apprehension about their future on return. By the end of our discussion, most of those in the second category appeared reassured of their safety on return. It requires continued persuasion on the part of the Zimbabwe government and UNHCR to impress it upon the refugees to return home. The government of Rwanda is very much committed to ending the problem of Rwandese refugees once and for all as a prerequisite to national reconcillation and unity of the Rwandese people. It'has demonstrated the will in practical terms. But it also upholds the fact of principled reconciliation which rests on justice and* trial of those who committed genocide in Rwanda. We do count on the government and the people of the Republic of Zimbabwe in this noble crusade. I further wish to take this opportunity to thank the government of Zimbabwe for its brotherly efforts it has always put in search of peace for Rwanda. Concerned Rwandese. Companies donate to children's home commenorate its first anniver- is the holding company for QV Pha sary in Zimbabwe, Revlon, together cies, also made a generous donati with QV Pharmacies, whose outlets Chinyaradzo Children's Home last stock the company's products, recent- I hope that other companies will t ly donated clothing material and a bread emulate the example shown by the icer worth over $2 000 to Chinyarad- ganisations in giving donations ti W Children's Home in Harare. benefit of the under-privileged in Expressing her gratitude on behalf of the babwe," she said. children's home, the matron, Mrs Stella The Chinyaradzo Children's Sh Mesikano, said that this institution re- which was established in 1962 bl lies to a largeextent on donations such Child Protection Society, provides as this from private individuals and porary residential care for up to 58 companies. children. "I am grateful to both organisations, particularly because CAPS Holdings, which Continued on 11 irmaon to year. ry to se or, the Zim elter, y the ternsmall

Dear Editor The majority of people in Zimbabwe have been led to believe that national leaders do not have any rights which should be respected and this has given birth to violation of national leaders' rights. So called independent papers have declared a war against ZANU PF and the government, and on many occasions violated the rights of our leaders in the name of freedom of the press and democracy. Press freedom should be given its real meaning. Journalists need to be reminded that it does not mean lying about individuals who are in the leadership boat. A number of articles have been published negatively portraying our leaders only to write retractions later apologising to the defamed characters. On one occasion, they alleged that Mrs Tongogara's home in Harare was used as a shebeen but they apologised later when the tarnished widow wanted to sue them. The same daily paper also lied that the former defence forces chief has a number of farms in the country. The Police Commissioner could not be left out of being a victim of irresponsible media and they wrote an article implicating him on farm ownership. These papers are becoming popular at the expense of national leaders and giving press freedom a bad name. Before one sits down to write a news item, the first thing is to establish the truthfulness of the information. The ethnics of journalism should be revisited at all times so that a reporter does not go out of the parameters within which he or she should operate. The practice of lambasting national leaders under the guise of human rights has given rise to law suits by leaders against some newspaper personnel. The case of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Cde. Nathan Shamuyanra, who sued successfully and was paid $15 000 is a typical one. Suing of reporters by high ranking officials is a necessary evil as these individuals do not have any other source of protection except the courts. They are compelled to sue because they cannot afford losing the trust bestowed on them by the citizens. Every avenue to restore their good image should be exhausted. National leaders should be encouraged to sue as this will promote responsibility in our field of journalism. If you see that you are not equipped enough to face the consequences, then avoid being sued by reporting responsibly. It is also sad to note that there are some papers that are out to foster tribal friction between our people especially the Shona and the Ndebele tribes. Instead of commending the co-Vice-President, , for co-operating with the President, Cde. Mugabe, for uniting the two tribes, they concentrate on blaming the Vice President saying he betrayed them. These individuals are fond of situations like those in Rwanda and Somalia where the countries have been torn apart due to tribalism. Independent papers should execute their jobs responsibility if the wrongly interpreted phrase, freedom of the press is to have meaning in Zimbabwe. It should be noted that freedom of the press does exist in Zimbabwe as evidenced by the mushrooming of newspapers which are privately owned. Had that not been the situation, there could be very few papers like in some countries where governments muzzle or order them to close down. Some countries in the western world claim to be champions of human rights and freedom of the press; ironically, the papers have caused much suffering in that part of the world. The degree of patriotism is also seriously lacking in the independent press. Last year, a daily paper published on its front page an article entitled "Mugabe ignored by the British press". It was however later proved wrong. If the writers had no personal ambitions of humiliating the President, the article could not have been written. These papers need to be reminded that when the President goes out, he will be addressed as the President of Zimbabwe not of ZANU PF. Cde Mugabe goes there on behalf of the nation as a whole and should be rendered all the possible sup. port by all citizens. If he manages to attract foreign inves. tors, they will not open companies to employ ZANU PF supporters but anyone irrespective of political affiliation. The late great leader of China, Mao Tse Tung, once said "brothers quarrelling at home will join hands when an outsider attacks". This is the feeling that should prevail in the local media when it comes to international matters. Only irresponsible individuals will be brave enough to do otherwise in exercising their freedom. Another monthly magazine published in its issue- of July 1994 a story in which they made some biased comparisons between Cde Mugabe and his counter, part, Nelson Mandela of South Africa. Their correspondent was so jealousy that he concluded that our President's pivotal role of solving and suggesting solutions to conflicts that have dogged many African states has been taken over by Cde. Mandela. "Mugabe is just going to have to get used to the idea that he is no longer widely considered the elder statesman of the region - that title undoubtedly goes to Mandela, even if he is new to the job." The confused writer went to an extent of saying "Even Deputy Presidents Tha bo Mbeki and De Kierk are likely to have more clout in international capitals outside Africa than Mugabe." The writer should have asked himself several questions such as; how many things has Cde Mugabe done to help the continent as compared to what the three leaders have done; for how long has Cde Mugabe been in power in an independent country; on how many occasions has Cde Mugabe shown that he is an intelligent leader. The writer should be reminded that Mandela is not yet through with his internal crisis such as violence and Cde Mugabe is the author and custodian of a government of national unity, a thing many leaders are adopting. After all, comparing the two presidents is an unnecessary endeavour. Instilling seeds of hatred among people is a devilish thing Continued on 7 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 2 1 EIII_ - n Saturday, December 17, dents, tribalists and all secessionist ten- to some regionalists in Zimbabwe. 1994, Cde. Twoboy Jubane an- dencies in every country since the be- Malawi nounced the formation of the ginning of organised society. In February, 1989, Dr. Kamuzu Banda, 21st opposition party in Zimbabwe. Under cover of imaginery visions of eth- then the President of Malawi and an ethThis opposition party differs from the nic marginalisation, secessionist advo- nic Chewa from the Central Province of other 20 opposition parties in that it cates operate on three levels. First, they that country, decreed that school has set its sights on a federal, and not pour out ethnic propaganda to estrange teachers from each of the country's on a national government, a geographical region from the rest of three provinces should be deployed in The new party's platform is what ob- the unitary state. Second, they create or their respective regions. A year earlier, servers have characterised as the al- invent injustices of the unitary state. Dr. Banda had removed 10 northerners leged marginalisation of Matebeleland. Third, they end up fomenting local from the Malawi National Examinations Allegations of marginalisation are the hatred for people from other regions. Board on the grounds that they were favourite excuse resorted to by dissi- This atavistic paranoia is not confined ethnically influencing the results of national examinations. which can only be done by people who are resistant to civilisation. The same magazine also alleged that the President was not treated as expected while in South Africa, "He was treated like any other leader at Mandela's inauguration" it said. The analysis is biased, aimed at pointing out that Cde Mugabe is an ambitious man who wanted to be treated to a special reception better than other leaders. As I see it, the independent press has never existed in Zimbabwe as they have taken sides with opposition parties. The issue of the Forum Party of Zimbabwe is a dear testimony. When the party was formed, the papers were full of songs of praise describing Forum Party as a "formidable opposition at last". The conclusion was a dubious one influenced by their desperation for a reasonable opposition which is proving impossible to come by up to now. The papers were supposed to take a critical analysis of the Party from leadership, the manifesto and policies. They should have pointed out that Enoch Dumbutshena was not worth to be the president. it should have been made clear to the ordinary man that the Forum Party made a costly blunder by electing the former chief justice the president. It is interesting to note that of late these papers have been busy attacking ZANU PF, saying it was being led by old people. How old is Dumbutshena? The age issue was dismissed in a bid to accom- modate Dumbutshena. . I wrote a letter to the Daily Gazette last year titled "Dumbutshena came late into the race" advising Forum to review its presidential candidate but to my surprise, its Mashonaland chairman, James Dzvova, dismissed the advice. The chairman replied a week later in an artcle headed "Chihwape Misinformed on Forum Party". He did not address main issues I had pointed out such as Dumbutshena's age but resorted to campaigning for the party. As I could not stomach it, I fired back but my article was not published. If these papers are not opposed to the government and to the President in particular, they should write fairly and say the truth always. in fact they should fall in love with the truth. Apologies to individuals after lying about them should be discarded. In preaching about rights, the so called human rights organisations and champions of oppression should not leave out the concept of leaders' rights. If that is not done, it will be a recipe for disaster. Chaos will become the order of the day. The Zimbabwe Union of Journalists (ZUJ) should hold regular seminars for its members to equip them with new values and reminding one another of the ethics of the profession. If this happens, may be a genesis would be marked in Zimbabwes journalism. Paradzai Chihwape. *According to Chijere Chirwa, Dr. Banda "claimed that northern teachers in schools in the centre and south deliberately taught badly so that students in these provinces did less well than those in the north." Chirwa goes on, "This was an unfounded claim. Neither Banda nor his officials in the Ministry of Education could prove it. The logistics of organising such a conspiracy are extremely questionable." (SAPEM, December/January, 1994/5). In Zambia, a Land Bill was presented in Parliament in August, 1994. "All land shall be subject to this Act", the Bill provided, "be administered and controlled by the President for the use, or common benefit, direct or indirect, of the people of Zambia." The Bill only sought to give greater power to the State President over the use and disposal of land. To President Chiluba's chagrin, the Land Bill was rejected in every province except in his own home province of Laapula. The Zambian Minister of Lands, Mr. Chuulu Kalima, went on a tour of the whole country intending to educate the public over the proposed Land Bill. In Western Provinces, angry Lozis attacked him with stones and alleged that the Bill sought to take Barotseland away from the control of the Litunga (Lozi King) and put the control under President Chiluba who is a Bemba. In Chipata, Paramount Chief Mpezeni rejected the Land Bill with a five-minute speech after which he walked out of Chipata Hall followed by all sub-chiefs Continued on 8 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 2, 1995 National leaders should also be afforded their rights Continuedfrom page NS 1) --_Icl 0 11 .1-11-11 V_ Under the carapace of regionalisi Marginabsed by whom? Twoboy Jubane and the other was the EaStel - did not give proof of his imagined which was Shona& teda I marginalisation, at a time when there were o Mayor Joshua Malinga alleged that educational institutions in Matabeleland favoured the Shonas at the expense of the Ndebeles trom the Eastern Province. Lands Minister Kalima was left agape in the empty hall. Reportage Alienating a given ethnicity and then trumpeting developments in that locality in terms of "tribal" peculiarities is a propanganda pastime of the Western press. When a veteran ANC leader, Jacob Zuma was elected to the post of the party's national chairman, Reuter news agency screamed: "NEW ANC NATIONAL CHAIRMAN, A ZULU". Cde. Zuma's impeccable credentials as a former guerrilla leader and provincial minister for Economic Affairs and Tourism were down-played and his Zulu "tribal" origins were given greater prominence. Tribal publicity may lift mediocre politicians to positions of local prominence but, it down-grades those of national calibre like Cde. Jacob Zuma. Downgrading African politics to the level of tribal conflicts and calling African politicians "tribal leaders" serves the interests of imperialism. By making a single tribal statement, Twoboy Jubane has made news for himself as an aspiring politician. However, his political career will not take him far. The new party has come out with a mouthful of tribalism and a head completely empty of any common sense. It is tribalism to say that the people of Matabeleland are being marginalised. When people in Matabeleland, especially those who are grouped in the Zimbabwe Federal Party, complain that the people of Matabeleland are being marginalised they should come out with chapter and verse, events and dates, figures and statistics. Otherwise, their fulminations should be dismissed with the contempt they deserve. Complaints Zimbabweans in other provinces are entitled to knowing the historical date from when the alleged marginalisation was started and by whom? Are we made to understand that the alleged marginalisation began with the colonisation of this country by Cecil John Rhodes or much later? Everyone, including those now making the complaints, knows that the region called Matabeleland consists of two provinces. Is it being alleged that both provinces in the western region are being marginalised? A front-page report in the Daily Gazette of Wednesday, 21 December, 1994, had this to say about people in Karoi, Mashonaland West province: "Severe hunger has forced about 150 families at Pote resettelement scheme to exchange their clothing and property for food in a desperate attempt to avert starvation." Mashonaland West province is the home of President yet families there are starving. in Muzarabani, Mashonaland Central, people are perenially complaining about poor roads, lack of schools, absence of shopping centres and long distances to the nearest hospital. Similar complaints are being voiced in all the provinces from Mudzi in Mashonaland East to Chipinge in Manicaland, from Mwenezi in Masvingo to Mberengwa and Gokwe in the Midlands. Why should only the people of Matabeleland feel they have to form their Zimbabwe Federal Party? The complaints being voiced by founders of Zimbabwe Federal Party as enunciated by Twoboy Jubane have preoccupied the minds of some Ndebelespeaking comrades since the days of the liberation struggle. Prior to events that led to the internal split within ZAPU in 1971, Ndebele-speaking guerrilla commanders had divided ZIPRA into two operational fronts. One was the Western Front which was Ndebele dominated 1 6-member ZIPRA High Corflrft f eventually led Shonaspak .. of ZAPU to split and forM theid the UBERATION of Z1MBAflWE Continuity Present complaints by some Ndei are a continuity of deep-seated ings to revive the legend of LobengLi Khumalo. This Involves allowing Ndebele-speaking Zimbabwfisto an unchecked hegfmonic ?o A other black ehdties Th1 is endless variations of complaints Ing from calling for dmonstration against Shona- speaking residents d Matabeleland to the present call foVf establishment of a federal form of government in Zimbabwe. During the first three months of 194 prvnilgooveror Webhhman MO*1 n caldupon Btulawayc Nd*1 speaking residents to mount pik demonstrations against Shona residetu This was followed by statement ti Mayor of Bulawayo, CouncilOki Malinga, that all insttutio0n ofS' learning in Matabeleland fa...r.. Shona-speaking students against Ndebele- speaking ones. A few weeksa ter maldng this statemet, theuawqo mayor was invited to address the Zimbabwe Nurses Association. Urqmentent, the mayor embarrassed the dignilais present by calling for the of only Ndebe ea i Matabeleland. Dr. , Principal of the Zimbabwe Distance Education Collop (ZDECO), also complained that shons were crowding out Ndebeles in ediic& tional institutions. In Entumbane, a local Member of Parliament, Cde. Eddiswi Ncube, castigated shop-owners for gall ploylng Shonas instead of employf4 Ndebeles. At one time. Mayor Malingi is said to have likened the state of Ndebele-Shona relations to the coni.. between minority Tutsis; and m*#f Hutus in Rwanda. a From these statements by some prominent Ndebeles, it is not surpr1i that some Matebeleland residents hM formed the Zimbabwe Federal Party Mostof the nieembers of this newpurty participated in, or supported, d sskd ConVinued on 9 kBWE NW11VOL: 2W N,1, 12*g n Zimbabwe, as in all African counItries, the people have been fooled lIn to believing what the few rich and their foreign imperialist mentors want them to believe. This tomfoolery relates to a developmental dependency syndrome. The idle rich and the ignorant media they control, have combined to preach the falsehood that the developmental process depends on the "availability of foreign currency" and foreign "investors". The people have swallowed this tomfoolery hook, line and sinker. Foreign currency, foreign investors and foreign aid are only supplementary elements in a country's developmental resources. -The fundamental prerequisites for any country's developmental necessities are: (a) the people themselves, and (b) their country's natural resources, period. These two fundamental prerequisites are, when necessary, supplemented by foreign inputs such as foreign investors' investment capital and foreign aid. Self-reliance A nation is simply a plurality of individuals. Each individual is a building brick in the edifice we call a nation. Being the Under the carapace of regionalism activities before the 1987 PF-ZAPU and ZANU PF Unity Accord. After unity, these former ZAPU members refused to join the unified party but toyed with the idea of forming their own "Super-ZAPU" party. When Dumbutshena formed his Forum Party, they rushed to join him but were soon disillusioned by the presence of Shonas like James Chikerema, James Dzvova and Patrick Kombayi, and left the Forum Party. The Zimbabwe Federal Party may succeed in fooling those gullible enough to be fooled but the majority of the people of Matabeleland are mature enough to refuse being pushed into "a TutsiHutu" type of fratricidal war. Our national ties constituting the central government are too precious and strong enough to keep us all united. [] basic unit, the individual's success or failure in life depends on the individual's own qualifications. An unqualified individual spends the rest of his or her life doing manual work as an employee of other people. Similarly, a nation of unqualified people is at the mercy of other better qualified nations. Zimbabwe has a large percentage of educated and qualified people. Our country could stand on its own anchored upon its educated and qualified people but this is not so. Our people are dangerously dependent on everything foreign including foreign ideas. Most educated Zimbabweans boast of wearing foreign clothes, owning foreign cars and having imported furniture in their houses and even in their offices. The rich among our people go overseas for simple medical treatment or as tourists. They even have foreign bank accounts and boast of the fact. If all the money held in foreign bank accounts by Zimbabweans could be brought back into the country for investment purposes, this country could be selfsufficient in its investment capital requirements. Instead, our rich and unpatriotic people are accusing those of us who hold socialist views of scaring away foreign investment as if every country can only be developed on foreign investments. Like the success of the individual, the success of any country depends upon the self-reliance of its people as a national entity. Self-reliance extends from the individual citizen to the rest of other members of the nation. By self-reliance, we mean the commitment to consume, and be contented with, what one's own coantry can produce. The country should import only what is absolutely necessary for economic development. The people of our country fight for such useless foreign imports as lipstick, prawns, foreign made cigarettes, and foreign clothes. One sees our youth wearing T-shirts with American flags and names of US universities embossed on them. Those who feel Britain is better than America wear Tshirts with the Union Jack! This is a sign of fatalistic self-despising and ignorant nostalgia for every thing foreign. The majority of our youth now go for strange haircuts and climb over each other in competitions for trying to look foreign. Even our radio and television announcers who can't speak French pronounce Paris as Pah'rhee as if their listeners understand French accents. This self-paralysing imitation of every thing foreign has gone as far as referring to American rural music as "country music" as if the USA and its cowboys are part of Zimbabwe. We have our own "country music" which is very different from American cowboy music and to refer to this music as one's own "country music" is a sad and nostalgic longing to make oneself an American when one is living 25 000 kilometres away from the shores of America. Investments The maxim that charity begins at home refers to individuals as much as it refers to nations. In as much as an individual must first invest before enjoying the profits from the investments, a country must first invest before it can enjoy a higher standard of living. Our nation is 'composed of individuals who are in the competitive game of out-doing each other in buying luxurious and expensive foreign-made goods. When our people buy foreign goods, the'. effect is that the nation ultimately pays Continued on 10 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 2, 1995 The people of our country fight for such useless foreign imports as lipstick, prawns, foreign made cigarettes, and foreign clothes. One sees our youth wearing T-shirts with American flags and names of US universities embossed on them. Those who feel Bitam is better than America wear T-shrts with the Union lack! This is a sign of fatalistic seld-despising and ignorant nostalgia for every thing foreign. I 1 ( 1 A ( N

[NationalE Price hikes aimed at embarrassing" 7AI H PF in ala-tinnQ he recent increase by 7 percent in the price of fuels must be the work of persons who want the escalation of prices on every item of public consumption. Frequent overall increases in the prices of basic commodities drive the electorate towards casting protest votes against the ruling Party at election time. Since we are approaching the next general elections, it is reasonable to suspect that those who were responsible to in foreign currency. This drains away reserves for foreign currency. A country whose people exhibit an insatiable appetite for foreign manufactures always exhausts its scarse foreign currency reserves in trying to satisfy this unpatriotic propensity. This ends in problems of failure to muster resources for internal. development projects. True development process can only succeed through mobilisation of available internal resources both financial and human. The interreaction of financial and human resources upon the land and all what is in it is the creation of new values in production processes. The level of this interreaction and its qualitative degree of complexity determine the actual level of a country's stage of development. Less developed countries have a corresponding less qualitative complexity of the interreaction of financial and human resources and more developed countries have a correspondingly more complex degree of interreaction. The process gets deeper into complexity as the country enters into more advanced stages in its development processes. The process of internal mobilisation of resources is aided by foreign resources only as a supplementary measure. Thus foreign loans and foreign investments are not the decisive factor in a country's development plans. Mobilisation of internal resources is the sole decisive factor. In utilising internal resources for development, the people should first be politically aware that their consumption is Siaff Wfrfe advise for the fuel increases aimed at embarrassing ZANU PF at the next general elections. Prices for everything, including those for basic necessities, are already too high for the average Zimbabwean to afford. Family budgets are being stretched to the limits. This economic hardship is being compounded by growing retrenchments, company closures, erratic rainfall which adversely affect agricultural limited by the current level of their stage of develpment. People who are still in the early stages of their development have a correspondingly limited access to a whole range of consumer goods which are commonplace in developed countries. If a developing people begins to imitate the consumption habits of people in developed countries they end up consuming a wider range of goods than they are able to produce or import. This results in people smuggling goods for resale inside the country. This is why our customs warehouses are filled with goods confiscated from smugglers. The economically privileged blacks in our society consist of unpatriotic culprits who are conspicuous consumers of imported luxuries. Some of them, if not most of them, enter into joint ventures with foreign investors who tell them in private meetings to carry out slanderous compaigns against socialism. Their ant-socialist propaganda is based on the reactionary chorus that socialist ideas frighten away foreign investors. Our people have now been fooled into thinking that the development agenda is dependent solely on foreign investors. Developed countries did not reach their levels of development depending on foreign investors. Their nationals were patriotic enough to colonise other countries and take the loot back home to develop their own countries. Since our nationals can not do the same, the only way out is to save by consuming only what is necessary. M ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 2, 416. productivity and infectious ing livestock and poultry. Goverie policies should therefore aim to ate hardships being faced by our ple at every turn of their econom c Price controls are a very central ment in overall strategies aimed at ing staple necessities within the ra of the majority of the people. The ZANU PF government is sw from efforts to try and cushion the pie whose survival is being threate by economic hardships. Proof of this be seen in that some of the worst ed areas are being provided with food, free land tillage, free seeds and tilisers and significant subsidies on oli items. There are also subsidies for th hospitalisation of poor families and edu cation for their children. The ZANU P1 government is doing all these thngs i the revolutionary interest to alleviate th problem of economic hardships amno our people. Burdened shoulders The effect of the recent increases in h prices has been felt throughout the e tire country already. According to sorm economists, fuel price increases will t ger general price rises for both god and services. This means end-consumq will be the ones to suffer. The busines community will just pass their increase costs down the stratified layers of ea nomic intermediators until the bvrdI of increased costs falls on the alread burdened shoulders of working class h milies and peasants. Transporters of people and goods %i have to charge more for their servic Workers will want wage increases I cover increased transport costs. Indu tries which use petrol, diesel, oil an greases will charge more for the manufactured products. Wholesa who buy these products at facto] prices will pass the increased prices orr retailers and both will add their V transport costs to saleable commo Customers will therefore be the vict. of the fuel price increases. When wal increases are made as the result ofC ceding to the demands of labour, hfth increases on goods and services 0 Continued on 11 !

Price hikes aimed at embarrassing ZANU PF in elections Continued from 10 again be made. This is bound to continue worsening the abilities of the general public to manage their disposable incomes. Farmers who use diesel, petrol, oil and greases will want to raise prices for their own farm produce. Prices of everything 'from wheat to wine will eventually go up. Bread and butter will cost more and al consumers will complain. Opposition parties Consumers are the people and, when they start complaining, they always blame the ruling Party and its government. Since those who will be complaining will be the people and that the people are the voters, then the electorate will be the complainants. Complaints over economic hardships are voiced against the policies of the ruling party in every country. In the present run up to the next general election , ZANU PF is being targeted by opposition parties for all sorts of vilifications over the country's economic difficulties. Whenever ZANU PF is being subjected to vilifications over the country's economic difficulties, opposition parties turn the occasion into a field day of political celebrations. whien fuel prices were increased, the general elections were only about three months away. The fuel price increases were therefore timed to bring about a general increase in the prices of all goods and services just before the holding of the general elections. Whoever started the ide-, of fuel price increases must have aimed at making the voters cast a protest vote against ZANU PF candidates. Every government move has its own mover who has his or her own agenda and uses appropriate tactics to see that his or her scheme goes through. It is not speculation to conclude that the initiator of this fuel increase knew before hand that its negative effects would har. vest protest votes against ZANU PF candidates during the forthcoming general elections. Otherwise how could someone want to worsen economic hardships for the electorate at a time calculated to occur just before the elections? Every economist, including a laymen knowledgeable about social developments, will agree that the recent fuel price increases would have caused a general rise in the prices of all goods and The Minister of Transport and Energy, Mr. Dennis Norman - did he deceive the nation by telling it that there would be no fuel price hikes services by the time of the coming general elections. This will be a boon to fragmented opposition parties. The economic hardships which will arise to worsen people's standards of living will be taken as proof of economic mismanagement by the ZANU PF government. World prices Last year's fuel prices on the world market were decreased by about 7,5 percent from US$21 to US$17,5. Instead of doing the same in Zimbabwe, we have done the opposite and raised the price by 7 percent! Political observers suspect that the person or persons who timed the fuel price increases accomplished, knowingly or unknowingly, the work of an agent provocator to serve the interests of opposition parties. However, the increases must have been approved by Cabinet. Even then, Cabinet approval does not confer sanity upon this inappropriate measure. The Companies donate Continued from 5 The majority of the children who are placed at the home are small babies whose mothers have either died in childbirth or are receiving pyschiatric treatment, and whose fathers cannot care for them, primarily because of their young ages. They remain at Chinyaradzo for about two years until they can be cared for adequately by their fathers or other ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 2, 1995 Cabinet can be misdirected by some clever advisers who may be having their own different agenda in the politics of this country. This Magazine has time and again pointed out that some civil servants pursue policies which are directly enimical to the ruling Party's political manifesto. If the civil servants who advised for the fuel price increases and fixed the time for implementation did not take the political implications into consideration, then we can only conclude that they lack political consciousness. Yet, civil servants have to be employed only on their abilities to faithfully interpret the policies of the ruling Party and being able to jealously defend the government of the ruling Party. If their actions and advices lead to the creation of more hardships for the majority of the electorate, then it is time that those who were responsible for employing them should now dismiss them. The Zimbabwe News cans upon the powers that be to lift the fuel price increases announced'recently. Mysteriously, the responsible Minister, Mr. Dennis Norman, said there would not be increases in the price of fuels only a week before the increases were announced. Can we then conclude that Minister Norman intentionally deceived the nation by telling it that there would not be an increase in fuel prices? Or, can we be persuaded to believe that Mr. Dennis Norman did not himself know about the coming increases only a week before they were announced? The reputation of ZANU PF as the only popular political Party with a proven record of unflinchingly defending the interests of the poor majority should be maintained. The increases should be stopped to keep this reputation intact. E to children's, home close relatives. Other children brought into the shelter are those that may be lost or abandoned. These remain in the home until the parents can be traced or a relative found who is willing and able to care for them. Sometimes a suitable foster home is found. All the children are sent to the shelter by the Social Welfare Department in terms of the Children's Protection and Adoption Act. E 11 he ideology of ZANU PF is directed society; equitable distribution oi the and targetted at the improvement land; and generally providing equal opand betterment of the broad mass portunities to all Zimbabwean nationals es of the people of Zimbabwe. That im- and residents. provement has been registered in the ZANU PF socialism accepts a mixed political sphere, and must now be felt economy in which both public and prialso in the economic sphere. vate ownership of the means of producIn the current general election cam- tion co- exist; and a system of economic paign, the opposition parties have been organisation and management in which misrepresenting the ideology of the elements of open enterprise, market Party. They accuse us of following Karl economy and planned economic sysMarx and V.I. Lenin, and they say we tems are combined together, to bring copied the Soviet Union. Nothing could about maximum socio-economic debe further from the truth. We do not fol- velopment for our people." low anybody or copy any particular 1.2 The Statement by the leader country. The ideological framework of our Party ZANU PF's ideological position is very and its practical application, was clearclear. At the Central Committee meeting ly set out by our leader, President and held on September 27th, 1991, it was First Secretary, Cde. R.G. Mugabe, in an resolved that socialism remains its guild- address to the Central Committee meeting philosophy. But socialism within the ing on December 4, 1992, when he said: Zimbabwe context must be based on "Our Party is undoutedly the only politour historical experiences and cultural ically viable organsaton in the country traditions. One such vivid experience still and this is so not fortuitously, but befresh in our memory is the suffering and cause of a number of reasons. Firstly, dispossession of the masses of our peo- we are a Party with a revolutionary pie during the 90 years of colonial record which is characterised by a libercapitalism. But long before and during ation armed struggle that overthrew colonisation, our people had their own colonial settler domination and ushered cultural traditions which place the in- in independence freedom and democraterests of the community well above cy. Secondly, we are a ruling Party that those of the individual. One such exam- haspursued socialist policies that have ple was the ownership of land - it was brought the social benefits of education, never owned by individuals, but by the health and social welfare to the masses community, although individual families of our people, once down-trodden and had the right to use it. Our socialism will discriminated against on racial grounds. take into account those historical expaein andccutu tradhistionralex In our attempts to correct the historical periences and cultural traditions rele- imbalances we inherited, we have aimed vant and applicable to the present Zim- at equity and equality as a matter of babwe. The Economic Plan of the Party principle and morality. Thirdly, we are stipulates that: a conscistpnt Parh in r a d -r - ri. Political pluralism "ZANU PF is a mass party accommodating all progressive forces within the country under a leadership; we promote political pluralism or multiparty democracy; a mixed adherence to human rights principles; full gainful employment; protection of national minorities; and all disadvantaged sections of ciples and policies, even though we accept that policies must be adjusted and adapted to suit situations as circumstances governing those situations change. We are thus forward - looking Party. Fourthly, we are a mass Party, a grassroots organisation that has always accepted that practice of democracy based on majority decisions and majori- ty rule. i-reeoom or expression i iua lowed even though it is quite c abused, even without the Party, luckily by only a few egoistic indih als. Fifthly, we recognise the equalil sexes and have created ample opp( nities for our women to play a fulli Indeed women are the staunchest, ri dependable and most consistent rm bers and supporters of the Party. Si ly, we believe in the unity of our 1 pie, and the establishment of a un ZANU (PF) in December 1987 has yr ed a mammoth organisation which made the other so-called political ties look like political lilliputians. Beci of our vast membership and supr these mini bodies have become so I trated that, where they have not! and geometrically disintegrated like amoeba, they have become so des ate as to reach out for the hand and port of our erstwhile racist white opi sors. But that surely spells their doc Ideological position That statement summarises the r thrust of ZANU PFs ideological posl There are many types of socialism have been introduced and tried in a countries - some have failed, and s have succeeded. But the choice anc periences of others are entirely their business. Zimbabwe's economic pi and political programme is not a ca copy of any other country's progran It is entirely our own product base the historical experience and cultu our people. The statements madi some opposition parties about ouri ogy are false and without any fou tion. First, they do not know anyt about anything, and certainly the not want to think of any altematl capitalism. We have found and del an alternative in the welfare progral outlined in this document. As alr stated, our Welfare programme i fluenced by the experiences and I tion of our people. Foreign ideobl and foreign political programmes no room whatsoever in our thinlOi WWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 2, 1995 election nanifesto released eCharts difficult to road ahead he Election Directorate under the leadership of the National Political Commissar, Cde. M.E. Mahachi, just released the 1995 election ,nlfesto. It is a comprehensive docu6,nent covering many aspects of the nakonal life and the Party policy. MiThe manifesto is divided into three parts. #k The first part outlines the ideological po:stion of the Party. It outlines the main I lements of Zimbabwean socialism that Rideeply rooted in our cultural tradi16stions, and historical experiences. The seRIT ccnd part describes the efforts made by t,,, the Party and Government to develop rt.;the country and its people over the last W2 five years. This section is full of statisir tics on the work and progress of the naDa tion during that period 1990-95. The tz! third part looks at the difficult road i head, and what is being planned for sz the next five years. The next 5 years will see the completion of the 10-year dep velopment programme launched in aii 1990. SThe manifesto picks up a number of issues that are current. One of them is the i indigenisation of the economy. It makes w reference to the Victoria Falls meeting, 'Gaps in the lisi ihere are some important gaps in Lobeng 3 the list of candidates fielded by the constit, Sruling party, ZANU PF on Monday, mate, a March 13, 1995. The names of some tial elec very important politicians are not there. ac Nyat The Chairman of , Dr. Nigeria) PF in H.S.M. Ushewokunze, does not appear Bulawa o on the Harare list. He has been unwell i the last month or two. He may have decided to rest. The name of the Senior A large Minister of Finance, Dr. B.T.G. Chidzero, tions. N is also missing from the Harare list. Since several !August last year he has been in poor those el eath and is now recuperating. women I Bulawayo, Cde. I.M.N. Nkomo, the they rep vice President and Second Secretary, an- to debar nounced that he would not be standing There h f the Lobengula constituency. He the nun prefers to represent a national consti- pecially tcy, and not a localised one such as the ava MBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 2, 1995 the Committee that was set up there, and places indigenisation high on the agenda of Government programmes. Two other issues discussed - but not fully - are the Economic Structural Adjustment Programme (ESAP) and the National Social Security scheme. The document admits the problems that have been brought by ESAP and expresses the hope that the economic situation will improve when investments flow in and exports pick up as a result of the liberalisation of the economy. The manifesto is very strong on land acquisition. It promises an acceleration of the land resettlement programme, and the building of more dams in each district so as to conserve water. Acquisition of farms for rentals will be discouraged. The document commended some of the recommendations contained in the report of the Land Tenure Commission. On education and health, the document stresses the dire need to improve the quality of the expanded social services. More money should, be spent on research, training, and quipment. 0 of candidates ula. After amendments to the ition, he prefers to be a running s Vice-President, in the Presidentions in 1996. Ambassador Isahi (former High Commissioner to is now the candidate for ZANU Lobengula constituency in yo. number of MPs and City Coun'ere defeated in the primary elecearly 50 MPs lost their seats, and more councillors. interestingly, ected were generally men and with more education than those laced, and therefore better able te national issues in Parliament. as also been a large increase in nber of women candidates, esin Harare where they took half ilable seats. 0 irst andforemost the primary elections that were held in all the provinces last month were a great success. They took democracy to the villages and the townships. Our people had an ample opportunity to decide who their Members of Parliament are going to be. It is good for the Member of Parliament to know that they have derived their power, and their seats in Parliament from the people they represent, and not from Harare or from Party Headquarters. But, there are some lessons we should draw from the 1995 experience, if the Party wants to continue with this democratic practice. As it turned out this year, it was the primary elections that involved the participation of so many ordinary people. They were the real elections, because the result of the general elections of April 8 and 9 were a foregone conclusion. The first lesson we should learn is to complete the restructuring exercise. The cells, branches, and districts should be properly structured, documented, and names of office-bearers listed. If and when the Politburo says district officials, and five branch officials should come out to vote in future primary elections, the list of names should be there to guide the election supervisors and monitors. That documentation would prevent anyone from forming fictitious districts (without branches) for the purpose of increasing one's vote. We should not and cannot ignore or brush aside the many complaints from many quarters about this particular issue. The solution is to complete the restructuring of Party organs. The second lesson we should learn is that many candidates are spending large amounts of money on the election trail. We received reports of candidates who distributed grain, mealie-meal, clothing, and even hard cash to those who were going to vote. If this trend Continued on 14 - m x h7~ . Lessons from ZANU PF primary elections. Continued from 13 continued the logical conclusion is that, in future, only those candidates who have financial means will be able to stand for election to Parliament. The Party should keep the door to Parliament open to all Party cadres who have merit and ability even if they may not have the financial means. We know that those with finoncial means are likely to be business tyroons or representatives of big companies who have no intention to better the conditions of those who work for them or produce for them. It is these people'who could easily buy votes. . The third lesson is that those who are defeated should concede defeat honourably, and not cry foul all the time. The democratic process requires that the opposition party, or in this case the defeated candidate, accepts that the victor has established the right to rule, or the right to represent that constituency. if there are ten candidates fighting against each other in one constituency, one must win and nine must loose and those nine must concede defeat and accepts the result. Where there may be genuine complaints they can be directed to the Secretary of the Commissariat Department. he Party organised primary elec- defeated and are now standing as intions to enable the generality of the dependents are rebelling against the Party membership to elect MPs of Party. They are disobeying Party decitheir choice. That exercise was done sions, and defying the highest authorireasonably in all constituencies in the ties of the Party. That kind of behaviour country and supervised by senior Party will not be tolerated. leaders. Before the primaries, the Party has been guilty of cases of indiscipline, made it abundantly clear that those who and total disregard for truth and facts. Stand for the election, and are defeat- The Secretary for Legal Aftairs, Cde. E. ed, will not be allowed to stand as in- Zvobgo reiterated that independent candependents. Furthermore, even those didates will not be allowed to use the who do not stand in the primaries but name ZANU PF. However, our con-espon. want to stand as independents will not dent says, if they do stand on their own, be allowed to do so. All that was made- it should be made clear that they are very clear, rebels who are acting on their own, saving their own selfish interests. No ZANU Therefore, persons like Margaret Dongo, PF members should aid, assist, or enMusabavana, and others, who were courage the rebels in any way. E The ZANU PF primary elections ended on Sunday, March 12, 1995, with polls in Harare province. The elections, which were conducted using the secret ballot for the first time, started on February 24, 1994 and were characterised by stiff competition among contestants. And as nominations for the general elections closed on Monday, March 13, 1995, ZANU PF had 52 unopposed candidates leaving the ruling Party with only four candidates short of majority in the next Parliament The primary elections, however, brought shocks to more than 55 seating Members of Parliament most of whom lost to new comers and in Harare alone, nine MPs saw themselves out of the running* for the general elections, scheduled for April 8 and 9 this year. Some of the seating MPs were disadvantaged by the abolition of their constituencies by the Delimitation Commission which -forced them to contest in areas where they were less familiar. ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO,2,1U6 INational NeN s all, I ZANU PF primary : elections end on a, high note AS the running for the primaries got tough, some candidates, having realised that their chances of winning were slim or having decided to give certain candidates better chances, opted out of the race. Lobbying in some areas was characterised by alleged. vote-buym and in some instances fighting among contestants' supporters. But the biggest problem was the distribution of districts in various constituencies with additional districts allegedly formed in some candidates' strongholds. This led to the postponement and disruption of the polls in virtually all provinces. The matter reached a head in Harare's Sunningdale constituency where Cde. Margeret Dongo boycotted the pol Elections in the constituency were marred by fighting between her supporters and those of the winning candidate, Cde. Vivian Mwashita. Cde. Dongo has now registered to contest the general elections in the area as an independent, going against the Party's rules. Protests Elections in a number of constituencies in Harare were interrupted with protest by some candidates and alleged some irregularities. In Glen View, the polls had to be abandoned after allegations that proper Party procedures had not been, followed. However, despite this, Cde. Thomas Mapanzure finally emerged the winner, beating Elias Svowera Mukiva, Allan Ndoro, Mufudza and Masango. Tampers also flared at Zimbabwe Hall in Highfleld as rival supporters taunted and threatened each other. Rivals mainly between Highfield West MP, Cde. Richard Shambambeva-Nyandoro and Cde. Idah Mashonganyika. However, Cde. Nyandoro got the upper hand despite protests from Cde. Mashonganyika. Such incidents were also rife in other parts of the province. But of interest in the elections was the performance of Continued on 1-5

SZANU PF primar elections end on a high note Continued from 14 new comers who beat a handful of seattg MPs. Those who lost included Cdes , Irene Mugabe, , Patrick Marime, William Mushonga, Smith Marara, Goodson Masango, Joel Mufudza and Margaret Dongo. However, the most senior government official to lose in the primaries was Cde. Tichaendepi Masaya, Minister of State for Finance, who lost his Nyanga seat to Cte. Freddie Saruchera. He was joined by fellow Parliamentarians Cdes. Nevi.son Nyashanu and Victoria Chitepo, Buhera West and North respectively, who were beaten by new comer Dzimbabwe Senderayi in the race for the Buhera West constituency. Some of the seating Members of Parliament who lost during the primaries country-wide included: Cdes. Edson Ncube (Mpopoma), Mashava Mugwagwa (Chegutu West), Lot Senda (Bulawayo South), Rashie Musungo (Marondera West), Kenneth Bute (Goromonzi), Gibson Munyoro (Makoni East), Eliah Masiyane (Gwanda North), Tsungirirai Hungwe qvishavane), Donald Nyamaropa (Shamva), Ketina Mudamburi (Chivi North), George Mudukuti (Masvingo North), Henry Pote (Chiredzi Central), Titus Maluleke (Chiredzi North), Urayayi Jeremiah Chisasa (Zaka East), Moton Malianga (), Joseph Kaparadza (Mt. Darwin), Great Makaya (Bikita), Ephraim Chafesuka (Muzarabani), Mpande Siachimbo (Binga), Mtolild Sibanda (Tsholotsho), Micah Bhebhe (Bubi- Umguza), Richard Katsande (Mutoko South), Balson Mupezeni (Mudzi), Don Chipango (Zvimba), Mayford Mavere (Kadoma West), Felix Kwenda (Karoi), Benson Mbowa (Gokwe North), Marongwe (Gokwe East), Steven Vuma (Silobela), Abigail Vera, Ndebele, M. Rosenfels, T. Nylkadzino, Mkwananzi, Dexter Chavunduka (Makoni' North), Zororo Duri, M. Chivende and Byron Hove (Mberengwa West). Following is the full list of candidates who will represent the Party in the forthcoming general elections scheduled for early April this year. HARARE PROVINCE Constituency Candidate Budiriro Gladys Hokoyo Mufakose Sabina Thembani Mabvuku Pamela Tungamirai Harare North Hatfield Irene Zindi 'Harare, South Vivian Mwashita Harare Central Florence Chitauro Harare East Tirivanhu Mudariki Highfield Richard-Shambambeva-Nyandoro St. Mary's Joseph Macheka Chitungwiza West Chitungwiza East Edward Njekesa Dzivaresekwa Edson Wadyewhata Glen Norah Thomas Mapenzure Mbare East Mbare West Ephraim Masawi Kuwadzana Zebron Chawaipira Glen View Clive Chimbi Kambuzuma Oliver Chidawu Zengeza Christopher Chigumba MATEBELELAND SOUTH PROVINCE Bulilimamangwe Noth Richard Ndlovu Umzingwane Insiza hulilimamangwe South Simon Moyo Beitbridge Matobo Sydney Joseph Gwanda Abednigo Ncube MATEBELELAND NORTH Tsholotsho Cain Mathema Hwange West Allan Elliot Hwange East Chris Sibanda Bubi-Umguza Binga Andrew Mutanga Lupane Jubane Danny Mukando Nkayi John Maluzo Ndlovu ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 2, 1995 BULAWAYO PROVINCE Bulawayo North Mpopoma Sikhanyiso Ndlovu Pumula Magwegwe Norman Zikhali Nkulumane Luveve Angeline Masuku Makokoba , Pelandaba Bulawayo South Zenzo Nsimbi Lobengula Isaac Nyathi MANICALAND PROVINCE Makoni East Mutare North Oppah Rushesha Mutare West Shephard Mukwekwezeko Mutare South Lazarus Nzarayebani Nyanga Freddie Saruchera Buhera West Dzimbahwe Senderayi Ch!pinge North Chitima Makoni North Tendayi'Mberi Kumbirai Kangai Makoni West Mutare Central Moses Mvenge Chief Musikavanhu Chimanimani Michael Mataure Mutasa Misheck Chinamsa MASHONALAND EAST PROVINCE Mudzi Christopher Musa Uzumba-Maramba-Pfungwa Oliah Kabayanjiri Marondera West John Tsimba Wedza Chikomba Tapfumanei Mujuru Mutoko South Murewa South Alois Mangwende Mutoko North Memory Chinomona Marondera East Goromonzi Seke Livingstone Manhombo Murewa North

MASVINGO PROVINCE Bikita Chivi North Chivi South Masvingo Central Masvingo South Masvingo North Gutu South Gutu North Bikita East Chiredzi South Chiredzi North Zaka East Zaka West Mwenezi Kennedy Matimba William Gumbochuma Paradza Mandebvu Dzikamai Mavhalre Shuvai Mahofa Gabriel Machinga Aaron Baloyi Pikelele Eliot Chauke Vincent Mawere Jepfta Chindanya Zephania Matchaba-Hove MASHONALAND CENTRAL PROVINCE Muzarabani Mt. Darwin Mazowe East Shamva Bindura Guruve North Guruve South Mazowe West Rushinga Chirumanzu James Makamba Chen Chimutengwende Canisius Dengu Paul Herbert Mazikana Chinduri Chininga Christopher Kuruneri Yunis Patel IIDLANDS PROVINCE Innocent Chikiyi Gokwe North Gokwe East Gokwe Central Gokwe South Kwekwe Central Kwekwe.North Kwekwe West Mberengwa West Gweru Mberengwa East Mkoba Vungu Shurugwi Zvishavane Leonard Munotengwa Cletus Zharare George Marange Vitalls Tamukane Matura Peter Hewlett Margaret Mslmbe Joramu Gumbo Richard Hoye Josphat Shumba Ernest Tongogara Enias Mabodza David Ruzive MASHONALAND WEST PROVINCE Kadoma West Makonde Chegutu East Zvimba South Chegutu West Zvimba North Mhondoro Hurungwe West Hurungwe East Kariba Kadoma East Chinhoyi Kadoma Central Jacobus de Wet Ariston Chambati Charles Ndlovu Mavis Chidzonga Marko 'Madiro Ngonidzashe Kakora Shumbayaonda Chandengenda Frederick Mugangavari Enos Chikowore ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 2. 1995 Subscription Form For ZIMBABWE NEWS Please send: C 12 issues (1 Year) Z$15 06issues (six months) Z$7.50 CA subscription form for other countries than Zimbabwe to the undermentioned person:Name: ...... (Please Print) A d d re ss : ...... Signature:...... The Rates Include Postage and Handling. enclose my cheque/postal order for the arnount indicated above. Mail to: The Circulation Manager The People's Voice 14.4 Union Avenue Harare Zimbabwe N ation'll Ne %,s he man sat on a couch in the living room of his Four Winds home, physically fit and as energetic as ever, showing no signs of having seen and experienced too much suffering. However, there was some trace of his bitterness against the perpetrators of injustice in this country, the colonialists. Cde. Welshman Hadane Mabhena was born in 1930 at Zinyangeni in the Nkayi District of Matabeleland North. He is the last of six children born to Mr. James Makuni Hadane and his wife Salukazana Mabhena nee Nkomo. Cde. James Hadane, Cde. Mabhena's father, worked as a domestic worker for Rev. Greenfield of the London Missionary Society. From his meagre earnings, he educated his children. Cde. Welshman Mabhena is grateful to his parents for having laid a solid base on which he would build his life. Cde. Welshman Mabhena talks of his school days with pride because of his achievements. He did his sub 'A' to Std 4 at Zinyangeni. He moved to Nyathi where he studied up to Standard Six which he completed in 1943. The school authorities liked Mabhena because of his involvement in sports activities. He was a good athlete excelling in the 220, 440 metre races, potato race, the hurdle race, the sack race and long jump. Apart from these, Cde. Mabhena was a member of the school choir because he liked music and was a member of the school debating society. He however, hated cricket because he saw a cricket ball knock someone cold and he decided he would not play cricket. From Nyathi Cde. Mabhena went to South Africa's Tigerkloof to study a course in leather work. This was a four year course which he did in three years. Cde. Mabhena studied for hisjunior Certificate course with Rapid Results and passed both the same year. While at Tigerkloof Cde. Mabhena joined the schools debating society and represented his school at places like Kimberly and Vryburg among others. On learning of Cde. Mabhena's success, the headmaster of Nyathi asked Cde. Mabhena to come and teach at Nyathi. Mabhena resumed his sports activities. It was when he joined the tennis club that he met and played with Cde. Robert Mugabe and others. Cde. Mabhena married his wife Mrs Rebecca Mabhena in 1951 who is a former student of Robert Mugabe. How did Mabhena get into politics? He had this to say: "I got my political influence from my father when, as a little boy my father and Mr. Masotsha Ndlovu were involved in civil disobedience campaigns, using their organisation called ICU. (Industrial and Commercial Union). This experience was a fore runner of his own political activities in years to come. While in South Africa, Cde. Mabhena was with the Rev. Amos Mzilethi who introduced him to the South African Institute of Race Relations which gave him literature of a political nature like the newspaper called "llanga" and this cultivated some interest in politics in him. Back home, Cde. Mabhena quickly joined the ANC which was based in Matabeleland, while the youth league was based in Mashonaland and led by Cde. James Chikerema. Cde. Mabhena was elected to the position of secretary of the district whose area stretched from Nyathi to Hwange. Most teachers in this area became members of the ANC which was then led by Rev. T.D. Samkange and his son Stanlake was the secretary. He moved to Harare in 1951 where he taught at Harare West school when the Federation of and Nyasaland was formed. Cde. Mabhena was among those who opposed it vigorously, to the extent that in 1954 Cde. Mabhena resigned from'teaching in order to mobi- Cde. Welshman Mabhena lise the masses against the Federation. The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland was a combination of three states viz Southern Rhodesia now Zimbabwe, Northern Rhodesia now Zambia and Nyasaland now Malawi and the Prime Minister was Sir Roy Welensky. In 1957, the youth league and the ANC merged to become the ANC led by Cde. Joshua Nkomo with Cde. James Chikerema as his deputy. The ANC was banned in 1959 and a few months later the National Democratic Party (NDP) was formed in 1960, and Mabhena was elected again to the position of chairman for the Nkayi district. This time the mobilisation of the people intensified and the NDP got banned. When ZAPU was formed in 1961 Cde. Mabhena became regional revenue inspector for the party. He was arrested in October 1962 for alleged possession of explosives and was sent to prison for 5 years, together with his colleagues Cde. Bobylock Manyoka and Solomon Mabika, they were the first persons sent to prison for alleged possession of machine guns. When her husband was arrested, Mrs Rebecca Mabhen uiecame the breadwinner for her farniy. She was a teacher who turned to nursing with the help of the missionaries and supplemented her wages by engaging in agriculture. Cde. Mabhena was released from prison only to be detained at Gonakudzingwa in 1967 where he stayed up to 1975. In 1976, he was transferred to Wha Wha until his release in 1979 at the concl, Continued on 18 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 2, 1995 The past painf uI to remember enous unrest in the South African Police is imperiling government efforts to restore the reputation of the security forces, tarnished by their past zeal in apartheid's service as well as by ineffiency and current indiscipline. The troubles pitting policemen erupted in a police station in Soweto, the sprawling black township adjoining Johannesburg, when black police mutinied to get some white officers sacked for being racists. The incident ended in blood, when riot police, who are heartly loathed in the black townships, opened fire on the protesting policemen, killing one who was unarmed and wounding others. At the behest of the vociforous police and prisons civic rights union representing the lowest black ranks, similar protests were staged at three posts in Port Elizabeth and at Langa near Cape Town, where invading demonstrators took the station chief hostage. Calm was restored when they won the transfer of white superiors accused of racism. During early February, police at Hayview President Nelson Mandela has threatened to use power to discipline the meni bers of South African police. went on strike to press for promotions and improved conditions. The Soweto unrest was followed by a manhunt for an officer said to have sided with the riot squad. He narrowly escaped a lynching by fellow police then The past painful to remember Continued from 17 sion of the Lanchaster House talks. While in detention Cde. Mabhena furthered his education and he passed his '0' Level and 'A' Level, studied bookkeeping with and became a fellow of the Institute of Bookkeepers. He studied with the University of South Africa (UNISA) for the B. Com. Admin. up to third year and managed to pass one subject in third year. After his release, he could not continue because of pressure of work. After his release jom detention, Cde. Mabhena was pdhdcally active again in Zimbabwe becoming vice secretary of PF ZAPU and later secretary of PF ZAPU. He had been chairman of Nkayi District and chairman of Matabeleland North Authority. In 1984 Cde. Mabhena became MP for Nkayi but in 1985, He and Cde. Stephen Nkomo were arrested but later released. When unity between PF ZAPU and ZANU PF was effected, Cde. Mabhena was part of a unity task force deployed by President Mugabe to conscientise people on the Unity Accord. Mabhena was appointed deputy speaker in 1990 and became Parliamentary chairman of committees. In 1991, he was appointed governor and resident minister for Matabeleland North in 1993. "I am committed to the success of the Unity Accord but would like to warn civil servants against failing to implement government policy in as far as decetntralisation and economic reforms are roncerned." But is he a tribalist? 'I am not a tribalist, I point out situations which must be investigated but the press have it all wrong." His wife said "My husband is a straight forward man, he does not hide anything nor does he want to see any one suffer." she said. "Those people who call me tribaiist, are afraid of the truth." Mabhena said. When other colleagues saved him, the 5tar newspaper reported, and has since left the police station in fear for his life. As the movement spiralled with wildcal strikes, President Nelson Mandela warned that his patience was running out. "if they (the striking policemen) con tinued to disobey the law, I have no alternative but to use all the power in my command to ensure the law of the country is respected," Mandela told journalists. White police in Soweto meanwhile retaliated by claiming they were facing increasing hostility, both verbal and physical, from their black colleagues and 200 of the 350 white policemen ir the township were demanding transfers The wave of disruption coincided awk wardly with the naming of a new polict chief, General George Fivaz, a whit( officer whose appointment was widel) welcomed. Calling himself a clean policeman, Fiva; affirmed his intention of seeing that th 112 000-strong force made a clear breal with the past and become more servio oriented. His immediate task will be to restore dik cipline in a badly paid and poorl, trained force which has insufficient mel and equipment and incapable of stery ming a record crimewave. Continued on 19 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 2, 1995 A was created in September iftor a ceasefire in the war been raging between MorocPopular Front for the Liberauia el Hamra and Rio Oro, beti as the POLISARIO, since the ithdrew from the area and luct a referendum on the fue area. The referendum, origi- I nrest imperils overnment efforts to clean up SA police Continued from 18 rfikt his first press conference, the police reneral did not mince his words, insistOfg: "It is not acceptable for policemen o strike. It is not acceptable for police ,6ifficials to toyi-toyi (war dance) in kitreets, brandishing their firearms. h leither was it acceptable that police inr onvenienced the public or broke the d iaw., k tougher task he also set himself is to riake an unloved force efficient and m espected. wfhe outcry over 3 500 police asking for 0.nmunity from any prosecution for their Activities in apartheid times makes the Aoint. Many were involved in destabiligation operations and death squads. The ,press regularly publishes their names, ,iuelling public indignation. , Another case raising doubts over police 'determination to shed light on murky events concerning 17 men named in an independent official report on torture in %ithe Triangle industrial zone of the Vaal 0ijust south of Johannesburg. 1They were still in their jobs, following publication of another report drawn up by a superior. 08lunders are commonplace, according I to press reports, the latest including the death of a suspect shot in the back in dOPort Elizabeth and the wounding of an eight-year-old boy in East London who was shot, police said, as he tried to escape arrest. s nally supposed to take place in 1992, is meant to decide whether Western Sahara would become an independent state or a part of Morocco. The next-tothe latest referendum date was February 14, 1995, and even His Majesty, King Hassam If of Morocco said he was 100 percent certain it would take place on that date. The referendum has since been pushed back to sometime in November, 1995. The first step in conducting the referendum was to take applications from would- be-voters and answer questions at the United Nations offices in writing in order to establish their eligibility to vote. In 1993, MINURSO delegated the task of identifying voters to the parties. The Moroccans registered their people in their own centres in Western Sahara and the POLISARIO did the same in Southern Algeria. MINURSO merely received whatever registration information the parties chose to provide. MINURSO identification Commission received complaints from Saharawis coming for identification that some of them who had been identified were not on the final lists and that those who had been identified were denied entry to MINURSO identification centre at all. Nobody was allowed near the United Nations centres without Moroccan government's approval. This was the same reason why MINURSO was unsuccessful in inviting Saharawis to fill out voter application at their centre. The Identification Commission, conducts hearings and makes findings on who qualifies to vote, of which this process has been continuously and is currently stalled in MINURSO. The process will take time because there are about 250 000 people eligible to vote, including those living in remote parts of Algeria, Mauritania or in The Canaries, Spain or France. Some political experts say that Morocco doesn't want the referendum because the risks outweigh any possible gain. On the other hand, Morocco cannot afford to appear to be the villain of the piece and will find means to slow the process down until everyone is sick of it. The Identification process was supposed to begin on June 15, 1994, but the start was delayed two and a half months at a cost of millions of dollars, while the United Nations, the POLISARIO and Morocco negotiated over what to call the OAU representatives who were to come to observe the identification. The Moroccans had walked out of the OAU years ago. when it (OAU) recognised the Saharawi Arabic Democratic Republic created by the POLISARIO and now said they did not want OAU people in Western Sahara. The POLISARIO insisted on the presence of the OAU and in the end a compromise was reached on what to call them and they were permitted to enter. The irony is that this had all been worked out in 1993, and there was no need to reinvent the wheel in 1994 except delay for the sake of delay. After going through the Identification Commission one is given a receipt later to be turned in for voter's card. In Laayoune the Saharawis returning from the identification centres were forced to give their receipts to Moroccans. This problem was reported at MINURSO offices but United Nations in New York was never informed. The identification process began in earnest on August 28, 1994, simultaneously in Western Sahara and Southern Algeria. One can say that surely, as of this date, MINURSO ceased to be a United Nations-run operation and became the instrument for Morocco's domination of the identification process. MINURSO was not allowed to advertise the registration of voters and the night before registration MINURSO chief of mission was directed to remove all United Nations flags from the United Nations building where the identification was to take place. Taps were found on local and all internationall lines at MINURSO headquarters. The taps went to a local Moroccan line. Mail and MINURSO personnel were regularly searched and United Nations New York was never informed. United Nations planes are directed to fly empContinued on 20 0ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 2, 1995 he new democratic government of Malawi is opening up the skeletons of Dr. Kamuzu Banda's 30-year rule. The worst of these is the alleged murder of three cabinet ministers and one Member of Parliament on May 18, 1983 on Thambani Road in Mwanza District. The Malawi government has now appointed a commission of inquiry into the Mwanza murders, and the Commission is headed by a legal mind, Mr. H.M. Mteqha. Presenting his report to President Muluzi in Lilongwe recently, Mr. Mteqha related in great detail how the four men met death on that fateful day. His full statement was as follows:"Your Excellency will recall that on 24th June, 1994, Your Excellency appointed a commission of inquiry to look into the circumstances surrounding the deaths of three cabinet ministers, namely: Messrs Dick Tennyson Matenje, Aaron Elliot Gadama and John Twaibu Sangala, and one Member of Parliament, Mr. David Donasiano Chiwanga and to report to you, Sir, its findings. "On behalf of the Commission, I have the honour to present our report together with the report of the verbatim proceedings. But before I do so, Sir, please allow me to say a few words. Misrnanagement of UN missions Continued from 19 ty and at great expense from Laayoune across the desert to the POLISARIO camps at Tindouf in order to demonstrate their control of the process. Many people from the Middle East and the Maghreb and old Arab-handa say the Moroccan influence in MINURSO is too far ingrained to be excised. MINURSO, they say as a credible institution, is not salvageable. Mr. Ruddy thinks otherwise, in that the United Nations .should put a good management team to clean out and reestablish MINURSO's credibility within the Security Council and throughout the international community. [] "I would like to take this opportunity, on behalf of the Commission, to thank you very much for appointing us to this Commission. I would also like to take this opportunity to thank my fellow Commissioners for working tirelessly for a period of over six months. Some of the members sacrificed their jobs and businesses, and indeed others fell by the wayside. Mention should also be made in respect of witnesses. Your Commission interviewed over 160 witnesses, who, without their co-operation, this report would not have been made. Sight should also not be lost of the effort put in by. the secretaries, interpreters, editor and other supporting staff. I am very grateful to all these people. "Your Excellency, the proceedings were ndt always peaceful. Commissioners argued vehemently on several points, but I am pleased to report to you, Sir, that we are the best of friends. Special squad "Our findings, Sir, are that the four gentlemen were killed by members of the Police Mobile Force (PMF) and Special Operations Squad of the Malawi Police Force on the night of 18th/1 9th May, 1983 along Thambani Road in Mwanza. The Special Operations Squad was put in place around 1977 by the then Inspector General. The duties of this squad were somehow clandestine and its in-charge reported personally to the Inspector General. The squad no longer exists in the Police Force. "On the 17th May, 1983, there was a one-day sitting of Parliament in Zomba which the four gentlemen attended. After the sitting of Parliament, all Cabinet ministers and Members of Parliament were sfpposed to attend a briefing by Mr. Matenle, as Secretary General of the Malawi Congress Party, at Kwacha International Conference Centre on the forthcoming general elections. "Whilst Parliament was in session, Special Branch police officers were instructed by the Inspector General to arrest the four gentlemen soon after Parliament was closed. Consequently, road blocks were set up at Likangala Bridge on the Zomba- Blantyre road and at Skinner's on the Zomba-Lilongwe road. --Dr. H.K. Banda allegedly ordere killing of the four politicians thr the police inspector general. "Early in the afternoon, after Parlia had closed, Messrs Gadami and S Ia were arrested at Likangala B road block as they were travelll Blantyre in one car. They were taken to Eastern Region Police ] quarters, Zomba. Later on, Mr. Ma who was driving his official Malaw gress Party car, was stopped and ed at the same Likangala Bridge block. He too was taken to Ea Region Police Headquarters. At at p.m., Mr. Chiwanga was arrest, Bwaila Bridge, along the Zomba-BlI road, within the Municipality of Z( He too was taken to Eastern I9 Police Headquarters. "While at the Eastern Region Headquarters, the four gentlemel kept in separate rooms so that should not communicate with other. Incarcerated "Later that night, one by one, th gentlemen were taken to Mikuyu Continued on 21 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 2, I

Ohle the four gentlemen were still in ,lice custody at John Abegg Special ianch Sub-office, the Commissioner of %lice, Southern Region, was instructed ry the Inspector General of Police to isie a press release to be aired by the i54alawi Broadcasting Corporation that fur gentlemen were missing and ri iat anybody who saw or knew of their ,~e hereabouts should report to the rMarest police station. The press release rvas accordingly prepared and aired on 4K at 10.05 p.m. that evening and %Xpeated at 06.05 a.m. the following Aay. By the time the first announcement ,as being made on MBC, the authoriSies knew very well that the four gen'eren were not missing, but were in ~iolecustody and were, at the time, be' ng driven by the Police to the site of the ncident in Mwanza. Crime 'Later than evening, the four gentlemen oYe hooded and handcuffed. They were Placed in a Police vehicle and driven to ,lie scene of theincident along ThamMi Road in Mwanza District, which ad earlier that morning been surveyed and i~entified by some police officers Om the PMF and the Special Operaf ons Squad. The policemen who took these gentlemen to the pre-selected site of the alleged accident came from the President Bakili Muluzi ordered investiga same Police Mobile Force and the Special Operations Squad. "Among the vehicles taken to the scene by the Police was Mr. Matenje's official MCP car, which was a Blte Peugeot 505. Upon arrival at the scene, the four gentlemen were taken out of the vehicle and placed at different places on the edge of the road. A set of policemen were assigned to each of the four gentlemen. The four gentlemen were simultaneously struck to death by policemen using hammers (mallets), crowbars and some other sharp objects. According to the policemen who took part in the killing, no guns were used. This was so because according to the instructions from their authorities, the deaths were to appear as if they had resulted from a road accident. "After the four gentlemen were confirmed dead, they were placed in Mr. Matenje's official MCP car. The car was pushed over the edge of the road into tions into the Mwanza deaths a nearby ravine. Fortunately, after the car had moved on its wheels some 20 metres down the slope, it stopped and rested against a small tree. The policemen left the scene hurriedly believing that the car had plunged into the ravines as was planned. "When the second radio announcement was being made at 06.05 a.m. on 19th May, 1983, the four gentlemen were lying dead in the car along Thambani Road. Bodies discovered "The bodies were discovered between 7 a.m. and 8 a.m. on 19th May, 1983 by some unsuspecting Mwanza District Hospital staff who had gone to the area to fetch some firewood. "Your Excellency, there is no doubt that the four gentlemen were murdered by the Police on instructions from the authorities. I have the honour, Your Excellency, to hand this report to you, Sir." El ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 2, 1995

The refugee programme in onflicts in the former Yugoslavia, Ethopia, Somalia, Angola and Mozambique forced the nationals of these countries to flee their own countries and settle elsewhere where there is peace. Zimbabwe is among the countles that became host to these refugees. Urban refugees In 1994 there were 433 urban refugees (non-Mozambicans) from various parts of Africa and the former Yugoslavia. The majority were Angolans fleeing from the renewed conflict in Angola, seconded by Ethiopians, Somalis and Yugoslavs. With the signing of the Rome Peace Accords in 1992, the peace process in Mozambique started. Consequently, in June 1993 the repatriation of Mozambican refugees from Zimbabwe began in phases. However, refugees from Mozambique continued to trickle in and there is need to look after them. Nongovernmental organisations continue to assist refugees and this humanitarian gesture is most welcome and should continue. Repatriation As already mentioned, repatriation began in June 1993. This followed the Tripartite Agreement between the Zimbabwe government, Mozambican government and the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) the same year. The first exercise which was witnessed in person by the Minister of Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare, Cde. Nkomo took place on 1 June 1993 at Nyangombe Refugee Camp. A total of 254 refugees from this camp were voluntarily repatriated to Honde Village in the Barwe District of Mozambique. In 1994, 90 000 refugees were to be repatriated back to Mozambique leaving Zimbabwe with 30 000 who are due to be repatriated this year. Spontaneously settled refugees It is estimated that there are about 100 000 or more refugees in this category mostly around the border areas and in other communities around Zimbabwe. It is hoped that after the organised repatriation exercise of camp registered refugees this year, the UNHCR will immediately embark on the repatriation of this target population who will have registered separately. Again, as in other exercises, the repatriation will be Zimbabwe on a voluntary basis. Those refugees ment and the UNHCR. Though who opt not to go back to Mozambique camps are 'closed camps' having i will have to apply for the normal fenced during the height of the Mo2 naturalisation with the Department of bican conflict which had spilled over Immigration. Zimbabwe, the refugee camps hay spontaneous self-repatriation ways remained open in terms of the from camps movement of refugees in and out. F In the midst of the UNHCR organised ing was done to assist in the phy voluntary repatriation, an undetermined protection of the refugees as well a! large numbers of refugees have opted camp staff. to leave on their own without as- An exercise by government is under sistance. A population verification exer- and near completion in assessing cise is near completion in all camps. It possible future use of the refugee ca is jointly being performed by govern- after the repatriation exercise. UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi n an interview with RTP International on 10 January 1995, UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi broke the silence regarding his health and said that he was in good health and had neither been wounded nor paralysed contrary to press reports which cast doubts about his state. He said he had never undergone any surgery in Morocco, as had been announced in Saint Thomas and Principe, neither had he been attended to by French surgeons. Dr. Savimbi indicated his willingness to meet Angolan President Jose Eduardo dos Santos but qualified that this will depend on the way the meeting is organised. He said, "It is important for the process. It is important to calm our minds, our uncertanties. I am available to meet him. He established a condition which, for the time being, is not acceptable". President Jose Eduardo dos Santos Angola The unacceptable condition was that the meeting should take place in Angola He however, added that this does not meg it can't be done. Regarding the reported attempts on hi1 life, Dr. Savimbi said he had considered that it was better to meet dos Santos in Luanda and not other regional cap' tals such as Kinshasa, Lusaka or Harare because dos Santos would then N responsible in the event that dos Santos kept the plan to kill him. He would not accept a meeting abroad as th would make another Head of State responsible for his death. He lamented that there was no reactio from the international community when UNITA leaders such as Salupeto, Chitunt da and Alicerses were murdered in Luanda. 0 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 2, 1995

Modernisation desecrates Chinhoyi shrine By Chemist Mafuba hinhoyi Caves, a shrine 100 kilometres northwest of the Zim.. babwean capital, Harare, boasts of a formidable legend which has been built up over centuries. Perhaps the famous mythology surrounding what was traditionally called Chirorodziva, which means the pool of the fallen, centred around a white baboon which was said to be the keeper of the shrine located in Zimbabwe's Mashonaland West province. This baboon's main function is said to Lhave been to direct the people of Chief Shinhoyi where to take cover in the Sshrine in the event of an attack by an enemy. In the 19th century, before Zimbabwe was colonised by British settlers, the Matabele warriors used to launch sporadic raids into Mashonaland in search of slaves and to plunder livestock. When the raiders went into the caves all they would be able to hear were the playing of drums and the bellowing of cows and other sounds of normal life, but they could not detect where these were coming from. And the raiders would not be able to find their quarry. The baboon is said to have been still there when the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Management started to turn the shrine into a recreational park in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Since the developers did not know the significance of this white baboon, they sought to shoot it, but the bullets, instead of crossing the pool, would fall into the water. They hired a local gunner to do the job for them thinking that his ancestral spirits would lead him to victory. When he took aim, the baboon is said to have asked him: "Do you really want to kill me?" When he heard the baboon speaking to him, the gunner then fled, and for the rest of his life, he went mad and behaved like a baboon till his death in the 1960s, so the legend goes. Legend also has it that this white baboon, when it saw that the settlers were determined to kill it, the animal asked for the Run and shot itself dead. After this incident, the desecration of the shrine set in and was accelerated by the construction of roads around the caves and the installation of electricity inside it. While several white men who had tried to go into the caves during the old days are said to have perished inside, subaqua diving clubs recently turned the shrine into their playground. Recent exploration of the caves by a sub-aqua research group has shown that the depth of the water in the "Sleeping pool" varies between 88 and 91 metres. Several underwater passages have been found in the cave leading from the sleeping pool, but all those explored so far lead back to the pool. The research group suspects that the water in the cave is connected with an even bigger body of water as the temperature in the sleeping pool never varies from 22 degrees celsius. The information gathered so far indicates that probably further caverns remain to be discovered. What is known by traditional leaders, however, is that the people of Chief Chinhoyi never used to die of hunger during drought spells. Inside one of the caves is said to have been a very big Muwonde or fig tree where people used to go and ask for food. The food would be brought out mysteriously for them to feast. The entrance to this particular cave is said to have long back been sealed with a block of cement, and a fireplace put in its place. Enock Mishi, a 71 -year-old herbalist, is convinced that the shrine is a designated place for ancestral spirits of the local mediums. "In 1975, I picked up a stone and tried to throw it across the pond," he said. "It fell in the middle. I am convinced that this shrine is a holy place." "This is no longer the case," countered a university graduate mining engineer, Lovemore Fuyane. "I threw a stone recently and it sailed across." This explains why in 1990 a film about a stolen treasure was shot at Chirorodziva, where the huge diamond called 'The Star Of Africa' was to be found. Mashonaland West Governor, Dr Igntius Chombo. In the early 1970s, the first battle between white settler army and nationalist freedom fighters which was to signal the launching of the Second Chimurenga war of liberation, which led to Zimbabwe's independence from Britain in 1980, had been meant to have been fought at Chirorodziva. The spirit mediums had told guerrilla fighters that in this theatre of war, they would be invincible to enemy forces. The soldiers, perhaps, with the strange happenings at this shrine in mind, lured the seven freedom fighters to a bare patch some 15 kilometres along the road to Harare, and engaged them in the open. "Therefore," says provincial governor, Cde. , "the second war of liberation started here." He described efforts which are being made to have the Chinhoyi Caves regain its former glory. "We have asked quarry blasters to leave, and sub-aqua clubs to use other holiday resorts. They have all wound up their operations and moved elsewhere." And after several decades, traditional leaders in the Chinhoyi area held their rainmaking ceremony again at Chirorodziva in 1994, indicating that the shrine could assume its original status. l ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 2, 1995

Opportunity knocks on the door of rural businesses anks, observed one cynic, lend to people who are rich enough to prove they do- not need the money. People on very low incomes do not have that luxury. Banks do not usually want to know them. The poor have no assets and cannot prove they can repay their loan. And yet millions of people who are poor have ideas for starting'businesses. They want to be self-sufficient, and improve their living standards. They may have seen a need for a product or a service that would benefit both them and their community. But they do not have the money to start a business activity, and cannot borrow it. So they remain poor. But some organisations are proving that the poor are creditworthy. A United Kingdom- based charity, Opportunity Trust, works with partners in over 20'developing countries to lend money to help people set up small businesses. The charity creates income opportunities with the poor, working with the poor, rather than for them. Revolving fund Working with sister organisations based in Australia and the United States, it runs a "revolving" fund, that lends money at commercial rates of interest to people who cannot get bank loans., When the money is repaid, it "revolves" to other people. In 1993, Opportunity lent £5,46 million (Z$76.44 million) for 16 767 loans. Two-thirds of those who borrowed money were women. Most loans were between £200 (Z$2 800) and £400 (Z$5 600) - but some were as low as £10 (Z$140). Some of the people who come to Opportunity's partners to borrow money are illiterate - but that does not stifle their ambition to start an economic activity that will help them be self-sufficient. Opportunity was set up in 1974 by a New Zealander, David Bassau. A Christian, Bassau took seriously the command of Christ to serve the poor. Although based on Christian beliefs, Opportunity ensures that its loans are available to all.,"Access to capital is central to sustainable development," said Mr. Bassau. I pohn madatey Earthquake survivor When Luz Martinez of El Salvador watched helplessly as her home was destroyed by an earthquake, the future looked bleak. Raising five children on her own, and with no -home, was a daunting task. But she received a loan of £75 (Z$1 050) from Opportunity's local partner. Martinez used the money to buy vegetables, eggs, snacks and candles for sale within her community. Her first night's sales yielded a profit of £1,50 (Z$22), a small amount perhaps but one which had a "significant impact on her self-confidence and sense of hope", said Opportunity official Lucy Charrington. The business thrived - and Luz Martinez repaid her loan ahead of schedule. After losing his job in Soweto, South Africa, in 1992, William Mokou - a skilled carpenter, bricklayer and electrician did not have the capital to earn enough to care for his family. A loan of £995 from Opportunity's partner in South Africa enabled him to develop a business that was soon employing four people. This is another valuable aspect of the work. Not only are businesses set up, but new jobs are created. In 1993, more than 17000 new jobs ,were created through Opportunity's loans. The impact of the organisation's work is considerable in other ways. In Bangladesh, for example, its partner, the Bridge Foundation, works on behalf of slaves. After two years work in six villages, nearly a third of the slave families are now free. With small loans for livestock, tools and materials, people have income and freedom. Dentist chair In 1993 Opportunity made its first loan to Bulgaria. Dentist Nicola Yanushav was struggling to run a practice but could not afford a basic dental chair. The Opportunity loan made that possible, and he is now able to provide his patienti with a better standard of care. "Now I feel like a whole person, doing \what I was meant to do in life," he says. In Britain, Opportunity raises money from the public for its work, and also receives funds from the Overseas De- velopment Administration, the British government department in charge of Britain's aid programme. Opportunity establishes its partner agencies in developing countries very carefully. It makes 'contact with local businessmen in a developing country to assess the viability of setting up a partner agency. It now has 42 partner agencies in 22 countries. And Its work has received wide acclaim. The Institute of Development Policy and Management of the University of Manchester looked at Opportunity's work in a number of Asian countries, and praised its "network of very wellmanaged partners who are having a s nificant impact on poverty through investing in poor entrepreneurs in a sustainable way". "It's a business approach to development and it is a clear success," says opportunity's director William Day. For bankers and accountants with an eye to the bottom line, the key fact about Opportunity's work is that the rate of repayments on its loans was 94 percent in 1993, reasonable by any banking standards. "The poor have as many skills as anyone else", says Lucy Charrington. '"ey often just don't get a chance to use them. The repayment rate shows that the poor can be trusted to pay back their loans like anyone else." Zimbabwe News camies up-to-date news on political, economic and social aspects So subsribe NOW ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 2, 1995

Six officials face flak for Gandhi assassination he Indian government has proposed to take action against six former officials for failing to provide adequate security for assassinated premier Rajiv Gandhi, a newspaper has reported. Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao's cabinet has accepted a recommendation by a group of ministers to initiate disciplinary action against the retired six officials, The Pioneer quoted highly placed sources as saying. Government officials were not available for comment. Gandhi was blown up by a woman suicide bomber at an election rally in the southern state of Tamil Nadu on May 21, 1991 when he was poised to return to power. The Pioneer said the six officials included former cabinet secretary Vinod Pande, a former security official, two retired officials of the Home Ministry and arm livestock could be major contributors to the destruction of the earth's ozone layer, if British research is proved correct. But this devastating discovery could be controlled. Sheep fed grass silage-based diets supplemented with sugar beet pulp produce less methane gas than those offered a starch supplement, according to British researchers. Work by Angela Moss at the ADAS (Agricultural Development Advisory Service) Feed Evaluation Unit, Drayton, Warwickshire, who studied the effect of different diets on methane -gas production, showed that forages supplemented with a small amount of concentrate produced more methane than The late Indian premier, Rajiv Gandhi would be expected if individual feeds were offered by themselves. Cattle are major methane emitters and, in one year, individual cows can produce the same amount of greenhouse gas "equivalent" as a car, pollution experts claim. "This is significant as methane is 30 times more potent as a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide," said Mrs Moss, whose FEU research is linked to the Scottish Office and the Rowett Research Insitute, Aberdeen, Scotland. Silage-based diets supplemented with different types of concentrates are being fed to growing cattle at the Rowett, and to sheep at the FEU, Drayton. The question being two ex-directors of the intelligence bureau. Indian investigators say Gandhi was assassinated by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), which is campaigning for a Tamil homeland in Sri Lanka. The LTTE has denied the charge. Gandhi was one of the most protected world leaders and was guarded by the elite Special Protection Group (SPG). But the SPG cover was withdrawn after his Congress Party lost general elections in November, 1989. He was staging a comeback when he was assassinated. The Pioneer said the government ministers who examined the security lapses found sufficient evidence of dereliction of duty which resulted in the removal of SPG cover to Rajiv Gandhi. "The failure is attributable to the intelligence agencies, the Ministry of Home Affairs .. and the cabinet secretary, who is the most senior civil servant," the ministers reportedly said in a note to government. ZIANA-AFP 0 asked is: "Can sheep tell us how much methane is produced by cows?" Results to date tend to show that cattle produce more methane than sheep per kg (or lb) of dry matter intake. It pays to advertise in the Zimbabwe News Magazine ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 2, 1995 mall island nations like Mauritius, SSeychelles, Reunion, Comoros and other countries of the Indian Ocean Rim must face the crucial question of whether in the wake of the new regionalism which has emerged, they can afford to be isolated, or be part of very small regional blocs only. Increasingly, the world is being divided into three major trading blocs - the EU, NAFTA and APEC, centred around Europe, Japan and the US. This is the likely shape of the world economic architecture. Moreover, these trading blocs also encompass the Pacific and the Atlantic oceans. The Indian Ocean is thus becoming increasingly conspicuous as the only region without an official organisation to promote economic co-operation. Our countries are running the risk of being marginalised. It is evident that the global trend compels us to give serious considerations to the possibility of evolving an important economic alliance similar to APEC in the Indian Ocean region. The Indian Ocean region has huge economic potential, although the ocean itself is one of the smallest, spanning an area between 16 million and 30 million square miles. About one third of the world's population live in the countries of the Indian Ocean perimeter and the area is rich in minerals, oil and other raw materials. It contains more than two thirds of the world's oil reserves, 60 per cent of uranium, 40 per cent of gold and 98 per cent of the world's supply of diamonds. I am informed that if the oil deposits of the African coast, Indonesia and the Gulf region are added, the oil wealth of the Indian Ocean region may work out to around three fourths of the world total. It is estimated that besides oil, this area abounds in 20 out of the 10 raw materials of strategic importance imported by the western countries, for example uranium, thorium, coal, copper, bauxite, asbestos and phosphate. lute and rubber are two other major products of the Indian Ocean Rim countries which are exported to the west. Moreover, one fifth of the world's arable land lies in this area producing rich crop of wheat, rice, cotton, tea and coffee. The Indian Ocean is believed to be quite rich in marine resources too. The continental shelves of the Indian Ocean are reported to contain enormous mineral deposits. Oceanographic surveys have revealed that the narrow shelf south of Sumatra, the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea is rich in oil, tin, gold and sea food. This is the huge potential that we should exploit for the benefit of our people. Of the countries of the region which are likely to join the economic alliance, India, South Africa, Pakistan, Singapore, Australia and Indonesia can be said to possess a strong industrial base. However, the developed countries dominate the foreign trade of the Indian Ocean countries and intra-regional trade constitutes a very small portion of it - not more than 20 per cent. The formidable economic potential of the region and the new fervour for regionalism have stirred the interest of some countries like India, Australia, South Africa and also Mauritius in the concept of an Indian Ocean Rim Association. India has voiced its keen interests in the establishment of such an Association with the objective of developing closer links between countries of the region for promoting the social and economic development of the area. In fact, it was the Federation of Indian Exports Organisation that first proposed the setting up of an economic association of the Indian Ocean Rim countries. During a visit to New Dehli earlied this year, the South African Foreign Minister expressed his country's interest in enhanced co-operation among the Indian Ocean countries when he stated that I time has arrived for the leading economies of the Indian Ocean Rim to harness the great potential that exists in the Rim, which has not yet been exploited.' The Australian Foreign Affairs Minister, Senator Gareth Evans, expressed simi- lar views when he stated that.. .' Strategically the end of the Cold War has brought about a fundamental reevaluation of traditional association and relationship. Increasingly, the trend is towards new regional arrangements enhancing trade interest. We in Australia are immensely interested in exploring what might now be possible in this respect ... in the Indian Ocean.' In Mauritius, the idea of an Indian Ocean Rim Association was first mooted in 1991. Thus, there is deep interest in the concept, especially in the countries which would form the three extreme points of the big triangle of co-operation: India in the north, South Africa in the west, and Australia in the east. According to the initial Indian proposal, the Indian Ocean Rim would include India, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Seychelles, Mauritius, Madagascar, Comoros, Reunion and Mozambique. However, other countries in the Eastern and Southern parts of Africa, the Gulf region bordering the Indian Ocean, the South East Asia region and Australia could form part of the bloc. Economic co-operation among littoral countries of the Indian Ocean is not an entirely new development and the establishment of an economic alliance in the Rim will benefit from an existing network of co- operation at various levels. In fact, co-operation between countries of the Indian Ocean dates back to the early fifties when the Pan-Indian Ocean Science organisation was set up to debate scientific issues of common interest. There was also established in 1960 an organisation grouping historians and archivists which met in Madagascar to debate on the frontier of the Indian Ocean. Moreover, countries of the region have developed strong historical, cultural and economic ties over the years. For example, many of the small islands in our immediate region have citizens whose ancestors originate from India, China, Pakistan and from the African states. The Indian Ocean Rim countries also have a di- aspora of Asians and South African business community. 0 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 2, 1995 itional News

Do'' C" tots eW!Igg 1t prea M ONDON: Links between the common cold and the onset of asthma are to be investigated at Keele University in northern England. Dr. Monica Spiteri, senior lecturer in respiratory medicine at the University and a hospital consultant in chest diseases, will carry out her research with the financial backing of the £18 000 (about Z$234 000) TV fames Fellowship award of the British Medical Association. Dr. Spiteri will probe the mystery as to why the symptoms of the common cold disappear after a few days in most healthy people, but persist in others and ONDON: A British instrument on board Europe's ERS-1 remote sensing satellite is providing a means of overcoming the problem of carrying out an urgent inventory of the earth's existing forest areas. The synthetic aperture radar or SAR, which forms the heart of the ERS-1 payload, is proving to be a viable alternative to optical and infrared imagers on other satellites that have difficulty in seeing through cloud that almost permanently hangs over large parts of the world's tropical rainforests. By contrast, the British instrument can generate images at microwave frequencies and is able to penetrate cloud and operate effectively day or night. Approximately seven percent of the earth's surface, almost a quarter of the continental landmass, is still covered by extensive forest areas. Next to the oceans, these forests constitute the most important ecosystem of our planet because not only are they a source of commodities and food but they also have a regulating effect on the earth's climate lead to the onset of asthma. She will be looking at why the rhinovirus, the main cause of the common cold, causes longterm bronchial inflammation in some people and not in others. She will try to reproduce the symptoms in the laboratory before beginning clinical testing on volunteer patients in April next year. Dr. Spiteri says that more information on how the virus interacts with cells lining the bronchial tubes in some people and not in others, may help to identify people at risk at an early stage and lead to the development of methods of preventing it happening. - LPS El and its water and nutrient cycle. The problem is that the earth's natural forest cover is being decimated at an alarming rate. Against this background, an inventory of the earth's existing forest areas or at least the tropical rainforests is vital. But with a total surface of roughly 36 million square kilometres, the only solution is satellite-based global Earth observation. Dr. J.P. Malingreau from the joint Research Centre in Ispra, northern Italy, commented: "The ERS-1 SAR has undoubtedly supplied new information for the monitoring of tropical rainsforests. For its optimal use, we now have to investigate its employment for various forest types, terrains and deforestation patterns. With ERS-2, we intend to continue even further. "By evaluating different images obtained during subsequent passages of the satellite, it was not only possible to monitor deforestation activities but also to quantify the biomass growing in these clearings." - LPS S ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 2, 1995 US, European busihess satelh'e launched British-built US$227 million satellite that will provide business communication for the United States and Europe has been successfully launched by Atlas rocket from the Kennedy Spacecraft Centre in Florida. According to the London Press Service, ORION 1 was built for Orion Satellite Corporation of Rockville, USA, at the AngloFrench Matra Marconi Space facility in Stevenage, near London. Work on it started in 1992 and by February last year, the fully integrated communication payload had been incorporated in the satellite. Operational tests were carried out in Toulouse, south-west France, before the spacecraft was shipped to Florida in October. ORION 1 started its journey into a super synchronous orbit 122 000 kilometres above the earth's surface on 29 November when it successfully separated from its Atlas launcher rocket and came under the command of Matra Marconi's new spacecraft control centre at Stevenage, It was being manoeuvred towards its geosynchronous orbit, which was to be attained by 10 December, 1994. It is expected to have a 12 year operational life. After guiding the satellite into its final orbit, a team from the Stevenage control centre will complete in-orbits tests before handling it over to the Orion Satellite Corporation at the end of February. The newcomer will provide translantic and local low-cost, high capability business communication services, catering for such diverse usage as business television, data transfer and electronic news gathering. Matra Marconi Space, a joint venture company wholly owned by GEC n Britain an the Lagardere Group of rance, says the satellite's design features many industry firsts. These include the world's first all solid state Ku-band repeater with each of the 34 band channels using solid state amplifiers. To allow the contours of the earth coverage beam to be controlled effectively, special high performance antennas have been developed. El 27: Development or disintegration: which way for Africa? By U~ve Friesecke Uwe Freisecke delivered the following paper to a conference co-sponsored by the International Caucus of Labour Committees and the Schiller Institute in Eltville, Germany, on December 11. 1994. During the last four years, we have become witnesses to the most awful human disaster on the African continent. Not only were the people of Africa suffering from the notorious effects of economic under-development, like scarcity of food, breakdown of health systems, and the spread of old and new diseases, but we have seen a violent fall into the abyss of barbarism, that has taken on a new dimension. If nothing is done to reverse current trends in Africa, then the first half of the 1990s will have been the beginning of a true apocalypse in Africa in the 21 st century, and the modem community of states will add another terrible chapter to the history of failures of human civilisations. Liberia collapsed and disintegrated. Mozambique lived through a war that took the lives of 1 to 1.5 million people. Somalia lost tens of thousands in war during 1990-91 and between 500 000 and one million during the famine of 1992. Last year, Rwanda turned into a killing field, claiming probably more than 500 000 victims within a 100-day period. While the media attention was focused on Somalia and Rwanda, the most brutal war continued in Angola and killed more than 500 000 people in the last two years. Most of our western governments were and still are quite indifferent to this human suffering. The United Nations did not only fail utterly in their missions, but in most situations they played - just as in Bosnia - an active part in instigating and furthering the disaster. The majority of the general public in our countries looks the other way, goes on with their business as usual, and is quite content with the fact that leading policy circles have written off large parts of Africa as terroe incognitae. Ahmadu Bellow, the Sardauna of Sokoto and premier of Northern Nigeria. morality of our western world, which for the last 25 years has followed a policy that condemned the people of the developing sector in general, and of Africa in particular, to endure injustices that are crying out to heaven. Because the reasons for today's disaster in Africa lie neither in the natural conditions of cli mate, soil, or any lack of natural riches nor in specific cultural or social weak nesses. For each and every case, the rea son can be found in the two dominent sets of western strategic policy vis-a-vis Africa: 1. International Monetary Fund/World Bank radical free trade economic policy; and 2. Nineteenth century style colonial geopolitics. (Up until 1990, the Soviet Union followed its own colonial geopolitics in Africa and thereby added greatly to the destruction of the continent). The calamity of Africa at the end of the This is not to generally absolve those 20th century is an indictment of the im- Africans from responsibility and guilt who committed crimes against their brothers and sisters, or who corrupted themselves for the interests of the modem-day colonial powers and who lend themselves to their manipulation for the purpose of divide, rule and destroy. But where is the power over the world economy and strategic affairs wielded? From Kigali, Mogadishu, Luanda or Monrovia? Is that power not located in London, Paris, Bonn, New York and Washington? So let us set the policy right in those circles; then needed changes inside Africa will be accomplished relatively easily. . Africa's hopes in the 1960s On March 6, 1957, the Gold Coast was being released into independence and became Ghana. Three and a half years later, on October 1, 1960, Nigeria attained its independence. Let us quote Sir Ahmadu Bello, the Sardauna of Sokoto and premier of Northern Nigeria, as he welcomed independence and prayed for peace: "The attainment of our national independence is the most important event in the political event in the political history of this country. I am most happy and proud, as every other Nigerian should be that we have reached this state in peace, and hope that peace will continue to prevail throughout the life of our independent nation. What we have achieved today is the result of the combined efforts and co- operation of all the people of this country. For all my fellow Nigerians, I therefore send hearty congratulations. May God give us the strength and determination to be of service to our nation in order to make our independence a success." independence was the crowning of the decades-long struggle of men and women in West Africa, who were strongly influenced by the ideas of freedom and Continued on 29 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 2, 1995

Development or disintegration: which way for Africa? Domingos was a small itinerant trader in Morrumbala district of Zambezia province in Mozamabique and moved around with bicycles. He was attacked by armed RENAMO bandits and his nose, lips and left hand were cut off. Continued from 28 justice inherent in the philosophy of the American system, which also became the foundation for the American civil rights movement of Dr. Martin Luther King in the '60s. Both Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe, one of the foundation fathers of independent Nigeria and its first president, who recently turned 90 years of age, and Dr. Kwame Nkrumah, the hero of Ghana's independence, had been educated in the United States. "Zik of Africa," as Dr. Azikiwe was called, came to the United States in 1925 as a young student. He was educated at Lincoln, Howard, Columbia universities, and the University of Pennylvania. When he went back to West Africa, he met Kwame Nkrumah in Accra and inspired him to also go to the United States. So Nkrumah was enrolled in September' 1935 at Lincoln University. To capture the spirit of 1960, let us again Jisten to the Sardauna of Sokoto, Ahmadu Bello, from his independence day message to the people of northern Nigeria on October 8, 1960: "Let us now reflect on what it means for Nigeria to be independent. Although independence means freedom, it is not the freedom of the jungle where might is right. We are not free to molest others less strong than ourselves or to trample on their rights simply because we are in a position of authority over them. Independence brings with it heavier and new responsibilities. We are now entitled, over the whole of Nigeria, to make our own decisions, right or wrong, as to how our affairs should be conducted. This is a right which we had always possessed and which we lost only temporarily for a brief period of our history. Both the British government and ourselves consider it fit now for us to resume this age-old right. We owe it as a duty to ourselves and to the future to prove ourselves worthy of its restoration. "The eyes of the world are on Nigeria now and there are many friends who hope that we shall be the leading nation in Africa. Let me say with all the emphasis at my command that we shall never attain this goal if there is suspicion and mistrust among the people of Nigeria. Such an attitude cannot benefit anyone and can too easily lead to strife, as has been the painful experience of other independent nations in Africa and elsewhere. "I appeal to the people of this region to work for the success of the Nigerian Federation. Let us approach our common problems in a spirit of co-operation and give and take. It is of the utmost importance that all of us Nigerians, whatever our region, should work together aid pay less attention to differences of tribe or religion ... The government of which I am the head is solemnly pledged to support the Independence Constitution of Nigeria and to protect the federation against all divisionist forces within and outside the country. We require the support of everyone of you in order to carry out our pledge and we also need the co- operation of all other Nigerians. "I pray God Almighty for the peace and prosperity for the Federation of Nigeria and all of its peoples." Continued on 30 29 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 2, 1995

Development or disintegration: which way for Africa? Continued from 29 Development Those were the days when, all over Africa, plans were being made to open up schools and hospitals, to build roads expand railways, to develop industry and modern, mechanised agriculture. Nkrumah would call on his ministers and tell them to be prepared to fly young women from all parts of Africa into Accra to train them as secretaries and thereby help other former colonies to acquire needed manpower skills. Those were the days when President Kennedy launched his Peace Corps, and young volunteers would arrive enthusiastically in northern Nigeria to help. In March 1962, Ahmadu Bello, who was a strong admirer of President Kennedy, announced his Six Year Development Plan for the north, saying: "I hope that Honourable Members realise that the most important document laid before the House during this session is the government's White Paper on the Development Plan, which contains the government's programme for the next six years, 1962-68. Total expenditure proposed by the government during this period is £292 million. This is the biggest programme ever planned for this Region. In drawing up this programme the government has taken into account the pressing need for this region to catch up quickly with even the most economically and socially developed countries in Africa and to free ourselves as far as possible from dependence on outside forces so that the independence of Nigeria can quickly stand on the secure foundatiorts of economic stability." This budget had as its largest single item of expenditure, the £4.59 million for the Ministry of Education. New primary and secondary schools are set up and Ahmadu Bello University is opened on October 11, 1962 as the University of Northern Nigeria. The Northern Regional Development Corp (NRDC), which already was set up before independence, functioned as the main vehicle for promoting industry and modem agriculture in the north of Nigeria. Thousands of loans ranging from £30 to £4 000 were made to small businessmen. Large projects in textile, sugar, building, oil processing, etc were also set up; Kaduna, for example, became a centre of the textile industry. Ghana's first president, Dr Kwame Nkrumah The NRDC functioned as a major catalyst in agricultural projects, which by 1963 included the following: 1 . agricultural resettlement schemes 2. agricultural production projects 3. agricultural infrastructure projects 4. irrigation and water supplies projects 5. palm products developments. 6. tsetse fly control projects. A second agricultural school was built for £240 000. The question of water resources received major attention. In September 1964 a new ministry, the Ministry of Water Resources, was being established. On the occasion, the Sardauna said: "Many new methods and new techniques have been introduced for water conservation ... Once we are able to do this, we can do everything humanly possible. We are not static and stagnant as some people think, but we are progressive and moving fast- With a continued encouragement to farmers, northern Nigeria will become the granary of Africa." Even at thi early stage of independence, three largeiscale irrigation schemes in the north were planned, but they were, only implemented later during the oil boom: the Chad Basin Development Authority, implemented in 1973 in Borno, the Hadejia-jama' are River Basin Authority in 1974 in Kano, and the Sokoto Rima River Basin Authority, implemented in 1974 in Sokoto. The Sardauna favoured the extension of railways. He envisaged a rail link between northern Nigeria and Sudan, which would be to the benefit of Nigeria's neighbours Niger, Chad and Cameroon. He explored the idea of a transSaharan highway, linking Kano and Algiers. And today, 30 years later, those plans still wait for their realisation. There can be no question today, that the newly independent nations were striving for rapid economic development as a condition for freedom, justice and the general welfare and happiness of their peoples. At the time, those aspirations of the developing sector were widely supported in the industrial countries. But history took a different turn. Spirit of independence's early days is killed On November 22, 1963, John F. Kennedy was assassinated. One year before that, in Europe, on October 27, 1962, Italian industrialist Enrico Mattei was killed in a plane crash. By the middle of the decade, West Africa's political stability was destroyed after Central Africa, in January 1961, had witnessed the assassination of Congo Republic's (today, Zaire) first prime minister, Patrice Lumumba. In the early hours of January 15, 1966, Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu, who was an instructor in small arms at the Nigerian Defence Academy in Kaduna, assembled a group of soldiers whom he had been training in night exercises, and began the first Nigerian coup. The Sardauna of Sokoto and prime minister of the north region, Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Bello, together with his senior wife, was killed on the spot. in the west of Nigeria, Premier Chief Akintola was killed. In Lagos, then the capital of Nigeria, the federal prime minister, Alhaji Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, and his finance minister, Chief Festus OkotieEbohare, were killed. Also killed were a number of senior officers, the majority of them from the north. Major Nzeogwu, like many other Nigerian officers, attended the British military academy at Sandhurst, and became the first Nigerian to be trained in military intellgence. In Ghana only a month later, on February 24, 1966, the armed forces staged a coup to overthrow President Nkrumah, while he was on the way to China on a peace mission to try and end the Vietnam War. Continued on 31 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 2, 1995

Development or disintegration: which way for Africa? One of Nigeria's founding fathers and its first president, Nnaudi Azikiwe Continued from 30 Thus, in 1966, a good part of the political leadership of West Africa was either killed or ousted from power. Consequently, Nigeria, the strongest nation of the continent, only barely escaped complete destruction as a nation, after it had plunged into the depths of the Biafra civil war, which raged from May 1967 to January 1970. The young General Yakubu Gowon, as Nigeria's president between 1966 and 1975, saved the unity of the nation. Many positive achievements, such as the build-up of infrastructure, were accomplished in the following years under presidents Murtala Muhammed (July 1975-February 1976), General Olesegun Obasanjo (February 1976-October 1979), Shehu Shagari (October 1979-December 1983) and General Muhammadu Buhari (January 1984-August 1985), which were mainly due to the extra-ordinary earnings from the export of petroleum. Nigerians of the Obasanjo and Shagari administrations also played an important role during the debate about the new world economic order in the second half of the '70s. But neither Nigeria nor Ghana has recovered from the loss of 1966. They were not allowed to conclude the journey into the lands of freedom, justice and general happiness for their people, which they had so optimistically started out for on Independence Day. Nigeria in the 1980s and early 1990s was far from projecting the political leadership role and moral authority for Africa that it had had in the early years of independence - a leadership role typified by the late Sardauna, Sir Ahmadu Bello. Prospects for a new world economic order are destroyed In response to unbearable pressures on African and other developing sector economies from the oil price rise, the deteriorating terms of trade, and the beginning debt crisis, a debate began within the Non-Aligned Movement about the need for a new, just world economic order. This went back to ideas formulated by Pope Paul VI's encyclical Populorum Progressio in 1967, which advanced the concept that "peace means development". This debate was sparked in April 1975, when American economist Lyndon LaRouche put forward his proposal to replace the bankrupt Bretton Woods institutions, the IMF and World Bank, with an International Development Bank (IDB) to reorganise the world monetary sys- tem in favour of generating billions of dollars of Hamiltonian credit to advance the physical economy of the developing sector and end the depression in the industrial sector. Such a call for new world economic order was adopted in the 1976 Colombo Resolution of the NonAligned Movement and put into the debate of the United Nations General Assembly in 1977 and 1978. In Africa, the 16th Ordinary Session of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) held in Monrovia, Liberia, in 1979 called in its declaration for the "establishment of a new international economic order" and prepared the document which was finally adopted at the Secqnd Extraordinary Session of the Assembly of the Heads of State and Government of the OAU in April 1980 in Lagos, Nigeria as the "Lagos Plan of Action for the Economic Development of Africa." This plan was clearly designed to break the strangulation of African economies and set off the rapid development of infrastructure, advanced agriculture and industry, with special emphasis on the development of science and technology, including nuclear technology within Africa. The plan calls for the establishment of an Continued on 32 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 2, 1995

Development or disintegration: which way for Afric a Former Nigerian leaders - prominent Nigerians want their country to take the first responsibility on African issues. Continued from 31 African Economic Community by the year 2000. Nothing of this plan has been realised. Instead, throughout the continent, economies collapsed, and the suffering of the peoples increased. Even once relatively, prosperous economies like Nigeria's, whose citizens around 1980 enjoyed a decent standard of living, went into a deep and prolonged economic crisis with no end in sight. Other, weaker countries like Zambia or Tanzania just collapsed into unchecked mass poverty; still others disintegrated, like Somalia, Liberia, and, lately, Rwanda. A special case is Zaire, which is still there as a facade, but inside it whole areas have become empty. What happened to Africa during the' 1 980s? The wisdom of western economic policy formulated in Chicago and Harvard and ever so loudly preached in western capitals took its course and "SAPed" Africa's economies! That is what destroyed the continent! Almost all countries in Africa were forced to apply the Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) of the IMF and the World Bank, and none, including the IMF's showcases in Ghana and Zimbabwe, has worked for the betterment of the countries involved. As a direct consequence of SAPs and the unchecked debt crisis, schools have been closed.and hospitals shut down. Infrastructure collapsed and the formal economy disappeared in favour of expansion of the informal economy. Devaluation Agriculture and irrigation projects suffered, because the devaluation of the currencies caused the price for inputs to go out of reach for the ordinary farmer. Ten years ago in Nigeria, a tractor would cost 25 000 naira at the rate of one naira to the dollar; today the same tractor costs one million naira at the rate of 70-100 naira to the dollar on the black market. A water pump that cost 50 000 naira in 1984, today costs almost two million naira. Most devastating has been the effect of the IMF programmes on local manufacturing industries. In February 1986, there were 1 317 manufacturing industries in the metropolitan area of Kano. By the end of 1993, fewer than 75 manufacturing industries were in operation. Interest payments of sub-Saharan African countriss on almost $200 billion of debt amount to approximately $1 billion a month. UNICEF calculated that, as a result of this debt crisis, an additional half-million children die every year. Continued on 33 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 2. 1995

Development or disintegration: which way for Africa? Continued from 32 Let us listen to Africans again as they kjge the IMF/World Bank policy. The Institute for African Alternatives (IFAA) from Nigeria last recently responded to the renewed claim of the IMF/World Bank that their'SAP policy is the only hope for the economic development of African countries, with the following declaration: ."s is the propaganda of the IMF and the World Bank in their drive for the rectlonisation 'of Africa for a new colonialism. We-reject it very firmly and totally"SAP is a disastrous failure all over Afri*ca and the IMF must be ashamed of its role in it. After some 15 years of massive adjustment, the IMF and the World Bank cannot boast of a single success story in Africa, except tiny Mauritius Island. Their claim that Ghana is a success is contested by informed Ghanaians. Thousands of Ghanaians can still not return to make a successful living at home and their currency, the cedi, (has fallen) to around 2 000 to the dollar. The SAP in Nigeria has similarly debased the naira from one to the dollar to around 100 to the dollar on the black market. "The catastrophic effects of SAP in African countries include the death of millions, especially children and women; drastic fall in real income; widespread hunger, malnutrition and stunted growth, excessive and pauperising inflation; collapse of social services and falling enrolment at all levels of education; huge and rising unemployment; massive destruction of national currencies from excessive and persistent currency ..devaluation; declining export earnings; sharply rising inequalities; destruction of the public services from inhuman jetrenchment; the de-industrialisation of African countries; widespread repression needed to impose SAP on unwilling populations; the undermining of the state and threatened social disintegration from rising aimes and drug pushing permitted by greatly weakened states.-Nigeria and some other African countries have fallen from middle income to low income under SAP by World Bank ranking. Captial flight .... "Between 1988 and 1989 alone Africa recorded a net outflow of capital to the IMF and the World Bank of $2.7 billion. The so-called gains of SAP shown with dubious growth rates of GDP are clearly minor when compared to these serious negative effects of SAP and the crushing burden of dubious foreign debts. Only a tiny minority of Africans and their collaborators in the multinational corporations enjoy these gains of SAP; the majority of Africans only have losses and tears from the adjustment of their stomachs... "African countries should demand the immediate cancellation of all foreign debts. This is part of the reparations payment due to Africa - among other things - for 15 years of the destruction of our countries when our economies have been used as guinea pigs in the costly economic experiment called SAP, which the IMF and World Bank imposed on Africa. "We are nobody's fools. If the IMF people deny these statements, then we challenge them to public debate on SAP anywhere in Africa. If the IMF has nothing serious to say, it should shut up and not blackmail and threaten our countries each year when our annual budgets are being prepared. The sovereignty of our countries includes the right to design our budgets and economic policies in the best interest of our countries." And let nobody be fooled by the rhetoric of the IMF or the World Bank, Governments in Africa are being blackmailed to accept IMF policy. In the Sumrnmer of 1985, the IMF demanded from the Buhari government of Nigeria to devalue the naira, literally overnight, by 60 percent. General Buhari refused. One week later United States President Ronald Reagan sent the infamous Vernon Walters to Nigeria to talk to him "soldier to soldier". General Buhari still refused. One month later, Buhari was removed from power in a coup, which established Ibrahim Babangida as president, who subsequentially devalued the naira by 60 percent and more, apd who in the following -years implemented the IMF's structural adjustment programme, lock, stock and barrel. The IMF/World Bank structures are the continuation of colonial rule by which Africa is looted for its raw materials and at the same time is prevented from developing an independent modem agroindustrial economy. In large parts of the continent, this unchecked looting process has driven the relative potential population density below the actual population density, and, therefore, has set the conditions for the type of apocalyptic developments which we are witnessing. In Somalia, as well as in Rwanda, the IMF was absolutely instrumenta in creating the conditions for the disaster to happen. In both cases the governments were pushed up against the wall and at critical moments cut off from any further funding, so that the state institutions simply collapsed and opened the way to violence, destruction and anarchy. The nation-state is the solution It has become very fashionable to blame the problems of Africa on the lack of democracy and the existence of dictatorially ruled nation-states. According to this theory, the colonial oppressors forced -this alien European concept of the nation-state onto pre-colonial societies during the 19th century, regardless of any consideration for ethnic unity, which supposedly had characterised those societies before the European advent. The "anti- democratic, reactionary idea" of the nation-state turned out to be the "Black Man's Burden" after independence, as one of the historians, Britain's Basil Davidson, called it in his latest book. For many of our fellow citizens, who know how to think in "politically correct" terms, this sounds logical. If only the borders of Africa could-be redrawn, and every ethnic group given its democratic right to self-determination, then peace would break out forever and the evils of nationalisim be overcome. (Nigeria alone has more than 250 languages as a reflection of ethnic differentiation!) Let us ask an African, again, how he sees this problem. Yusufa bala Usman from the Department of History at Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, in 1992 wrote a paper on "The National Question in Nigerian History", in which he makes a passionate plea for Nigerian national unity and debunks the romantic view of the pre-colonial Nigeria. He argues the foll9wing against "Three Fairy Tales". "The first fairy tale is made up of the story that before the British colonial conquest, each tribe, ethnic group or nationality in this country, lived largely on its Continued on 34 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 2, 1995

Development or d Continued from 33 own, in its own sovereign kingdoms, city states,' chiefdoms or village confederations under its natural rulers. According' to this gale, these ethnic groups may have ore or more sovereign polities, whose rulers had brotherly relations with one another... The story making up this fairy tale narrates the rise of the Fulani, who are said to have established a Muslim state ruled from Sokoto, which alongside Borno, fell into what even before the British conquest could be identified as the 'Far North' alongside a 'Middle Belt' and a 'South'. But the gist of the fairy tale is that the political entities which provided the building blocks of colonial Nigeria under the British were basically ethnic polities or in other words relatively distinct and monolithic tribes under natural rulers. "'The second fairy tale is made up of the story of how the British conquered these ethnic polities by using superior military firepower and by.gimmicks and tricks. The gist of this tale is that our precolonial polities were overwhelmed and defeated by superior European military technology. "The third fairy tale is that the independence of this country was won by these ethnic groups, now grouped into three regions, producing political parties and political leaders, namely the NCNC (National Council of Nigerian Citizens) from, among the Ibos, the Action Group from the Yoruba and NPC from the HaussaFulani who led the struggle for independence." According to Usman, the reality of Nigerian history is quite different. He argues that, from all available evidence, ethnic solidarity as conceived in most of today's political discussions was not an important factor in establishing polities. The sovereign kingdoms, chiefdoms, and city-states were not ethnic entities. Usman argues that there were no Haussa-Fulani, Yoruba, or other distinguished ethnic polities which could be resurrected today, because the ethnic groups like the Yoruba during the 19th century belonged to different sovereign polities. He also disregards religion as a building factor for separate political entities. Precolonial polities Against the second fairy tale, Usman concludes with the following argument: isintegration: whici "The main point here is that the relative ease (with) which the pre-colonial polities of Nigeria were conquered by the British was not primarily due to the maximum gun. These polities, when faced with European penetration, invasion, and conquest, suffered from fatal internal weakenesses which made the task of imperialism relatively easy. In fact the evidence is that they were largely and increasingly unviable, and whether the British had invaded or not, they were likely to be replaced." Usman points out that it would be a dangerous illusion to try to dismember Nigeria in an attempt to bring those 19th century polities back. On the third fairy tale, Usman sets the record straight and reminds us that it is an historical fact that Nigeria's independence was won by movements, and organisations which were part of a broad pan-West African and pan-African movement for freedom and independence..He says, it was not the rights of' some pre-colonial polity that were restored with Nigerian independence, but that Nigerian citizenship and Nigerian territory were restored to the people who were formerly colonial subjects to the British. Usman concludes: "It was a part and parcel of the West African and African movement for independence that we regained our sovereignty, the right to be citizens and the rights over our territory and its resources. It is only by' ever deepening our absorption within this movement that we can ensure our individual and collective survival in the 21st century." This debate is of utmost importance for the future of Africa. Contrary to the fashionable propaganda referred to before, it is the sovereign nation-state which is the means to overcome ethnic divisions, because the citizen is uplifted to locate his identity in the good for the country and not for any ethnically or religiously defined group. To demand so called "democratic rights" in terms of ethnic group interests, means to break up the already very weakened nations in Africa and destroy the possibility that some stronger countries could take the lead in resisting the ever-deepening neocolonial looting of the continent. This is the significance of the ongoing campaign against Nigeria. Fraudulent claims of an ambitious individual for the / ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 2. 1995 h way for Africa? presidency, who made his money at the 4 goodwill of the military, are being used by outside interests to stir up passions along regional and ethnic divisions and are designed to paralyse the government in the face of urgent tasks inside the country and in the regional and in-. ternational context. So far, the government was able to confront the attempts for this destabilisation successfully, among other factors, because it focused the debate in the country through the National Constitutional Conference (NCC) not just on the question of which type of institutional arrangements will be best for ruling Nigeria, but also because the delegates first debated and resolved the question of the nation. For some weeks they struggled with the question whether unity should be kept or not. In the end, the delegates from all different parts of the country reached agreement that unity was Nigeria's most precious good and that nobody was prepared to pay the ppce of giving it up in favor of so-called special interests. This reflects a quality for political leadership and statecraft in Nigeria that is based in the tradition. of the fight for independence and which is carried forward by people who were the very young generations in those days. To exemplify this, let us listen to Chief 0jukwu, the former leader of Biafra, who was recently asked: "What is your vision of Nigeria?" He answered: "The Nigeria I see must be a Nigeria that has a worldview. A Nigeria that contributes, not just consumes. A Nigeria that takes its full ,responsibility of statehood. A Nigeria that is justifiedly - and I use the world 'justifiedly' - jealous of her own sovereignty, actually where our primordial instincts will be subsumed in the new nation. I look for a Nigeria certainly that will not just be the biggest and most populous in Africa. No, I would like to see a Nigeria that takes also the first responsibility on African issues. I would like to see a Nigeria that would be the first, whenever there are refugees moving about in Africa and people are starving. I want Nigeria to be the first, before others come in and help. I want a Nigeria that is at peace, because only in peace can we develop. I would like a Nigeria, Continued on 37 [SPecial Report

This year, October 24 will be celebrated as the 50th birthday of the United Nations Organisation (UNO). World leaders are already preparing their speeches in praise of UNO's fancied achievements. Yet, the UNO has achieved far less than humanity expected from it. The United Nations was formed to act as an international mediator over a wide range of developments influencing the cause of peace, economic development and social stability within and among all nations. Since its founding half a century ago more people have been killed in an endless number of wars than the combined casualty figures of World War I and World War II. in the field of economic development, more people are dying from hunger and diseases than ever before. Some countries have become so poor that their diplomatic missions abroad are manned by officers who subsist on begging from well-wishers in the host countries. Social stability within and among nations has become an abstract dream of the UNO founders. Out of 185 UNmember countries, 137 are facing problems of internal instability and 51 of these are being seriously destabilised. Civil wars have erupted in every continent yet the UNO is there facing its own problems of incapacity to act. Conflict resolution Whenever and wherever the UNO has been mandated to manage conflict resolution, its operations have been indecisive and in some areas, its forces have pulled out before the establishment of durable peace. The UNO did this in Korea in 1954, in Zaire in the early 1960s, and in recent years it has done the same in Angola, Somalia, Rwanda, Bosnia and other places. The ineffectiveness of UNO operations arise from its structural lop-sidedness in favour of the unilateral dictatorship of the big powers. The big powers have an exclusive and effective authority entrenched into the hierarchy of the Security Council, the most powerful organ of the United Nations. There are five big countries with the power of veto over any UNO resolution. These big powers are: the United States, Britain, France, Russia and China. At the present mo- UN Secretary-General, Boutros Boutroj Ghali (left) at the Earth Summit in Brazil ment, there are moves to add Germany and Japan to the exclusive club of Security Council permanent members. The argument in favour of Germany and Japan is based on the strength of their economies. When the authority of a world body such as the United Nations is entrusted only to the few nations in command of economic or military power, then the rest of humanity are reduced to docile subjects under the command of the few who have the power. This is the major flaw in the United Nations' system. Up to now and for the foreseeable future, the power of the United States has been the deciding factor in all UNO operations. We may take only recent events to illustrate this point. 1) Last year, the Security Council passed a resolution setting October 15 as the deadline for the military junta in Haiti to hand over power to President Aristide. When the deadline expired with the Cedras Junta still in power, the United States sent its invasion troops without even seeking the authority of Dr. Boutros Boutros-Ghali, the UNO Secretary-General. Dr. Boutros Ghali later told journalists that he had got the information about the US invasion of Haiti from Ms Madelaine Albright, the US representative at the United Nations. This diplomatic disregard for UNO authority by big powers reflect their cal- culated aim to make the United Nations' Secretary-General a junior civil servant of the United States government. 2) At the time of the Security Council resolution on Haiti, another resolution was passed placing an arms embargo against the government of Bosnia as a condition for Serbs to agree to a peace plan. As in Haiti, the same deadline date was set for Bosnian Serbs. The deadline expired without a positive response from Bosnian Serbs. The United States unilaterally lifted the arms embargo without seeking the authority of either the UN Secretary- General or the Security Council. The United States has bulldozed its way through UNO instrumentalities and other member countries were brow beaten to follow the US lead in imposing economic sanctions against Iraq and Libya. Only against Cuba have some countries ignored the determination of the United States to continue its 38-year old trade embargo. In the case of Cuba, the international statesmanship and the positive influence of Fidel Castro's personality have combined to attract trade with other countries more than anything else, inspite of US objections. Cause and effect International public opinion has been moulded to view UN activities as being Continued on 36 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 2, 1995 im "Ilkn Po¥llin

UN has achieved far less than expected Continued from 35 confined to peace-keeping efforts. Peace cannot be kept where there is no peace to keep. The major UNO function is to facilitate the creation of an enabling environment for economic development and social security among member states. Accomplishment of this important function is synonymous with putting in place the required infrastructural atmosphere for economic development and lasting peace among all men and women. It is not accidental that all civil wars and political conflicts of modern times are rooted in the prevalence of hunger and social inequality in the affected regions of the world. Closer examination reveals that various conditions of mass poverty and social inequality occur as the result of economic exploitation of man by man. Exploitation of man by man can only come about when the exploited sections of the people are no longer in control of the forces upon which their livelihood is dependent. The United Nations should therefore have based its economic development policies on a popular platform for the prevention of the exploitation of the majority of its members by the few developed ones. This philosophic stance should have been prefixed by an open ideological commitment to struggle against the exploitation of man by man within each member state. - Yugoslav soldiers near the town of Osikej to bring peace to the territory. Instead, the United States has forced upon the United Nations the adoption of capitalist exploitative policies within some organs and agencies of the world body. As a result, these capitalist policies have ruined African countries like Zambia where strategies for economic development have become tactics for the survival of the population. Zambia now has the highest per capita external debt in the world. The country will never be able to repay the debt unless it is cancelled. Zambia's external debt now stands at US$12 billion (Z$96 billion) and 45 per- A United Nations soldier in Somalia - their mission was a dismal failure. in eastern Croatia - the UN has failed cent of it is owed to the IMF alone. In other words, every Zambian man, woman and child owes a debt of US$900 (Z$7 200). If we consider that per capita Zambian income is only Z$2 500, it means Zambia needs its total income for three years without itself consuming anything in order to repay its external debt. If we consider only its earnings from exports, Zambia will have to accmulate earnings for over 7 years without getting more loans in order to repay its foreign debt. United Nations' organs and agencies continue to call upon Zambia to privatise through Structural Adjustment Programme prescribed by the IMF and the World Bank - international financial institutions controlled by the United States and other developed capitalist countries. Because Zambia is powerless to resist the dictatorship of these capitalist institutions, it must find a way to lay blame for its economic difficulties on somebody else. Zambia has selected Zimbabwe as its scapegoat. Zimbabwean exports to Zambia are being banned under various flimsy excuses and Zimbabwean transporters to and through Zambia are being subjected to the payment of excessive toll charges without notice. Zimbabwean travellers to Zambia (except those living near the border) are being required to show proof of possession of large sums of money in traveller's cheques. Considerations of pan-African nationalism have largely been at play in preventing an open rift between Zambia and Continued on 37 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 2, 1995

I Continued from 36 Zimbabwe. Were a conflict to break out between the two sister countries, public opinion would blame both sides yet both the causes and effects were the machinations of developed capitalist countries. The United Nations is witnessing - these developments while standing on the side of developed capitalist countries. Irrelevance The big capitalist countries do not only control UNO organs and agencies, they - also direct them to engage in irt relevances when it comes to tackling development priorities for Third World countries, especially in Africa. In 1971, the United Nations established UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organisation). At the time, it was hoped that UNIDO would spearhead the indus- trialisation of the Third World. I attended the first meeting of UNIDO in Vienna, Austria, as an observer delegate representing the Zimbabwe national liberation movement and shared the hope that UNIDO would play a positive role in the industrialisation of an independent Zimbabwe. Now, 15 years after Zimbabwe's independence, UNIDO's office in Harare is doing nothing towards the industrialisation of the country. Instead, it is funding the so-called "National Cleaner Production Centre". The centre is a joint project with another UNO agency, the United Nations Environment Protection (UNEP). Their biggest project so far has been the holding of the Southern African International Conference on Environmental Management II (SAICEM 11) at Vic- SAICEM I1 was not concerned with industrialisation but with "cleaner production, pollution prevention and waste minimisation" in production processes. The people of this Southern African region are not threatened with the production of toxic matter. All toxic matter is being churned out in the region by Transnational Corporations (TNCs) belonging to developed capitalist countries. Pollution prevention conferences should be held in capitalist countries to teach factory owners the dangers of churning out toxic matter. All industrial technology in this region is imported from the developed capitalist countries and it is from there that all lessons for safer production methods should start. What UNIDO should be doing here is to spearhead industrialisation on the basis of preventinR the exploitation of man by man. 0 A US marine leads Haitian refugees at the McCalla camp after lean Bertrande Aristide was toppled. Development or disintegration: which way for Africa? Continued from 34 finally, which all black men on the earth would point at with pride. This is what we would like to be like. Whenever that happens, obviously Nigeria would be a 'better place." So, the nation-state is not the problem in Africa: It is the solution. The problem is the degeneration of the international order which denies the sovereign nation-state the right to exist. Since the Gulf War, increasingly, the in- ternational order has lost the moral standard for civilised behaviour among nations. International relations are being determined by the arbitrariness of power, not by the standards of justice and the ideals of the common good for the family of man. The only way for Africa into the 21 st century, which would at last give its people justice, is to pick up the fight for real economic development that was so optimistically launched in the 1960s and then trustrated and sabotaged by the stupidity and arrogance of power in the West. To conclude, let me turn to an African friend again and ask him what we should do. It is Adamo Cirom, who, as a young man, stood at the side of Ahmadu Bello, the Sardauna, and who today is the honourable minister of agriculture in Nigeria. I asked, "ExcellenContinued on 43 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 2, 1995

President and First Secretary, Cde. R.G. Mugabe, attended a memorial service for the late Guy Clutton-Brock in London on Tuesday, March 14, 1995. Guy was declared a national hero by Zimbabwe. President Mugabe praised the national hero and recounted the critical role he played in the struggle for independence, and against racism. Guy Clutton-Brock, pioneer of nonracialism in Rhodesia, died in Denbigh, North Wales, on January 29 aged 88. He was born on April 5, 1906. Expelled by Ian Smith's rebel regime in Southern Rhodesia in 1971 and the first man to have his citizenship withdrawn, Guy Clutton-Brock was a foundermember and treasurer of the Cold Comfort Farm Society, a non-racial cooperative community that - until it was closed down by the Smith regime - had come to symbolise the efforts to encourage non-racial progress in the selfgoverning colony. The Smith regime's determined efforts to curtail the Cold Comfort Farm activities and Clutton-Brock's stubbom refusal to be intimidated - either by arrest and detention or the frequent searching of the premises and confiscation of documents - evoked much sympathy and admiration in Britain and in Africa. An early supporter of African nationalism, he was one of the first white members of the African National Congress in Southern Rhodesia and, although a committed pacifist, was on several occasions detained without trial by the regime. Arthur Guy Clutton-Brock was the son of a Surrey stockbroker. He was educated at Rugby and Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he read history. He contemplated ordination and went to Ripon Hall, Oxford, but took up boy's club work instead. He entered the Bor stal service in 1933. Three years later he was selected as principal probation officer for the Metropolitan Area. During the Second World War, he was head of the Oxford House settlement in Bethnal Green, London, which he turned into a self-financing and thriving community centre for the East End poor. In 1944, he was appointed by the Control Commission in Germany to direct work among starving and homeless young people and in 1946 toured the war ruins for Christian Reconstruction in Europe. The late Arthur Guy Clutton-Brock The experience convinced him of the need for direct involvement in agriculture and in 1947 he returned to England and worked for three years - first as an agricultural labourer in Pembrokeshire and then as a market gardener near Shrewsbury. During this time he was also a member of the Home Secretary's advisory committee on the treatment of offenders. In 1949, Clutton-Brock emigrated to Rhodesia to become an agricultural demonstrator at St. Faith's Mission, a farm of 10 000 acres with two villages, a school and a maternity centre near Rusape, 100 miles east of Harare. He found a community in crisis. The land, badly eroded by decades of over-use by smallholdings, was unable to support a community of 700. Clutton-Brock overcame the problems by instituting an African-European cooperative. The manager, the herdsman and the tractor driver were Africans; the farm bursar and stockman were Europeans. The village council, with a majority of its members elected democratically, controlled the co- operative's various commercial ventures. It was a remarkable experiment at that time and within five years similar communities - known as inter-racial societies - were being created elsewhere in Rhodesia. Clutton-Brock became a Rhodesian ZIMBA Obituary PMI GUY-CLUTTONN Continued on 39 BWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 2.1995 citizen in 1951 and earlier on found himself in sympathy with the aspirations of African nationalism. He joined the ANC in 1958 - one of the few whites to do so. A year later he wrote a letter to the Times in which he said it was "a fundamental fallacy to create an artificial distinction between 'the African' and 'his ambitious nationalist leaders." "Nationalism" he said, "could no-longer be written off as an imported exotic growth or as the carefully propagated doctrine of a few selfish agitators". It was "the most powerful force at work in Africa today". Such views were not welcomed by the authorities and when the ANC was banned in 1959, Clutton-Brock, together with almost 500 others, was detained without trial. His detention provoked parliamentary expressions of concern in Britain and editorial demands that the Southern Rhodesian authorities furnish more information on their grounds for detaining him. Instead, the Rhodesian authorities offered him a free passage to Britain if he would relinquish his citizenship and promise never to return. This he refused to do and after a month's detention he was released. He became chairman of the Southern Rhodesia Detainees Legal Aid and Welfare Committee. In 1960, Clutton-Brock went to Botswana, returning permanently to Rhode sia in 1964. The following year, he became one of the founder members and the treasurer of the Cold Comfort Farm Society. Supported by the World Council of Churches and others, the society purchased an 88-acre smallholding on a hillside eight miles from Harare in what was designated 'European land'. The farm had belonged to Lord Acton, who became one of the society's trustees together with a former Bishop of Matabeleland, the Right Rev. Kenneth Skelton. It had about 40 members, 25 Africans and 15 Europeans and, since it was in a 'European' area, the trustees had to appoint a European to hold a controlling vote. Clutton-Brock was duly appointed.

M 0h Iti t0 Benson Chaes i The deputy mayor of Marondera, Councillor Benson Chasesa died on January 2, 1995 at Marondera General Hospital after a long illness. Councillor Benson Chasesa had served for six successive years as deputy mayor of the town. Continued from 38 Nine years later, however, the law was changed so that it stipulated that the controlling interest in a body of persons should be deemed to rest with the majority of its members. This meant that Cold Comfort Farm was adjudged by the government to be run by Africans in a European area and therefore illegal. In January 1971, police raided the farm. The society was declared an unlawful organisation and alleged to be a front for terrorist activity. One of Clutton-Brock's colleagues Comrade Didymus Mutasa, Senior Minister of National Affairs, Employment Creation and Cooperatives, was detained without trial for two years. Clutton-Brock by this time aged 64, was declared a prohibited immigrant and deported. He retired to North Wales where he remained a passionate believer in a non-racial solution to Africa's problems. His commitment was fully recognised in Zimbabwe. Government declared him the country's first white 'national hero'. This is an honour conferred on those who fought for freedom and independence, and those who rendered exceptional service for the benefit of others. Guy Clutton-Brock is survived by his wife Molly, and a married daughter, Sally. He was cremated in Wales on February 2, 1995. His lifelong friend, Didymus Mutasa, was there to represent the government of Zimbabwe and the Party, ZANU PF. He will not be buried at the National Heroes' Acre, but his name will be listed among the heroes of the liberation struggle in Zimbabwe. His two books 'Down In Nyasaland' and 'Cold Comfort Confronted' are available in the library at ZANU PF Headquarters. I] He did his primary education in Marondera and secondary education at Saint Annes Goto in Wedza. Councillor Chasesa started his political career in 1978. After the attainment of independence in 1980, Councillor Chasesa was sponsored by the Party, the former ZANU (PF) to undergo training in agriculture, building, business management and mass communication. Because of his tireless work in strengtheing the Party, Cde. Chasesa was in 1987 employed as a driver and later promoted to the post of administrative secretary for the Mashonaland East province. He served in that capacity un- The late Cde. Robson Nkomo was born at Lower Gweru Mission on 7 June 1945. During the days of the nationalist struggle for independence, he joined the National Democratic Party (NDP) as a youth and later ZAPU in 1962 when he was elected zone youth chairman of Harare township (National) and subsequently became section youth secretary of the People's Caretaker Council in 1963 when ZAPU was banned. The late Cde. Robson Nkomo worked underground and helped in the recruiting of cadres for the national liberation struggle from the mid-sixties to the early seventies. He was actively involved in the campaigns for the rejection of the Pearce Commission proposals on the Rhodesian settlement after which he was elected branch secretary of the African National Council from 1972-74. From 1975- 1977 he was the district til 1989. He joined the Ministry of Political Affairs from 1990 to 1992. When the ministry was disbanded, he started a small business. During this period, he was employed by the Party as senior promotions officer responsible for social services at the provincial headquarters in Marondera until his untimely death. Cde. Chasesa is survived by one child. The late deputy mayor had served as a councillor from 1987. He was succeeded as deputy mayor by Alderman Never Mutapanduwa, 66, who has been with the council for the past ten years. E publicity secretary (Youth Wing) of the then African National Council (Zimbabwe) in Glen Norah district. At the advent of Zimbabwe's independence in 1980, the late Cde. Robson Nkomo was elected Harare provincial youth secretary of the PF-ZAPU party, a post he held up to 1984. During the Party elections of the same year, he was elected a provincial committee member and later held the post of provincial deputy secretary of PF-ZAPU from 1985 to the time when he was made a provincial task force member to help cement the Unity Accord signed by the leaders of the former ZANU (PF) and PF-ZAPU in 1987 From 1989 to 1990 the late Cde. Robson Nkomo was elected a provincial committee member of the united ZANU PF and later nominated a member of the National Consultative Assembly in 1990. He died this year and is survived by two wives and eight children. l ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 2, 1995

Communique of the Regional Summit on Rwanda, Nairobi, 7th January, 1995 t the invitation of the President of the Republic of Kenya, His Excellency Daniel Toroitich Arap Moi, their Excellencies Presidents Sylvestre Ntibantunganya of Burundi, Pasteur Bizimungu of Rwanda, Ali Hassan Mwinyi of Tanzania, Yoweri Kaguta Museveni of Uganda, Frederick Chiluba of Zambia, and Prime Minister Kengo Wa Dondo of Zaire met in Nairobi on 7th January, 1995. Also in attendence was the Special Representatives of the United Nations Secretary-General in Rwanda. The summit deliberated on the situation in Rwanda with particular emphasis on the question of refugees and displaced persons in the region and agreed as follows:1. Affirm their support to the establishment and operationalisation of the international tribunal on Rwanda. President Ali Hassan Mwinyi oJ Tanzania 2. Separation of suspected perpetrators of genocide from the innocent refugees. Separation of intimidators within the refugee camps. 3. Establishment of safe corridors from refugee camps to the Rwanda border. 4. Acceptance of the esbalishment of safe corridors and transit points in- President Daniel Arap Moi of Kenya Mr. Yoweri Museveni of Uganda President Frederick Chiluba of Zambia side Rwanda. 5. Commend the government of Rwanda for efforts and steps so far taken to establish broad based government administration and urge them to deepen the effort in the spirit of the Arusha Peace Accord and further urge the government and army of Rwanda to put in place additional confidence building measures to encourage voluntary return of refugees. 6. Thank the international commum ty for the support and urge in creased economic support for re habilitation and reconstruction o Rwanda. The heads of state expressed gratitudi to His Excellency President Moi and thi government and people of the Republi of Kenya, for the warm and fratea reception and hospitality extended t, their delegations during their stay Nairobi. H.E. Daniel Toroitich Arap Moi Presider of the Republic of Kenya H.E. Sylvestre Ntibantunganya President of the Republic of Burundi H.E. Pasteur Bizimungu President of the Republic of Rwanda H.E. Ali Hassan Mwinyi President of the United Republic i Tanzania H.E. Yoweri Kaguta Museveni President of the Republic of Uganda H.E. Frederick Chiluba President of the Republic of Zambia H.E. Kengo Wa Dondo Prime Minister of the Republic of Za State House,. NAIROBI 7th January, 1995. ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 2,

Continue to promote the reunification of China w the elebration of the 1995 New Year's Day, the people of all ~ gow I China are now seeing in the spring festival. On the occasion of this traditional festival of the Chinese nation, it is of great significance he Taiwan compatriots in Beijing and other personages concerned to be Wed here to discuss the future of the relations between the two sides of Taiwan Strits and the great cause of the peaceful reunification of the hemu On behalf of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of ia and the State Council, I should like to take this opportunity to wish our &Aon compatriots in Taiwan a happy new year and the best of luck. cation and could not but lead to the eventual settlement of the question by the use of force. After Taiwan is reunified with the Mainland, China will pursue the policy of "One Country, Two Systems". The main part of the country will stick to the socialist system, while Taiwan will retain its current system. Reunification does not mean that the main- mera Is an integral part of China. A 11med years ago on April 17, 1895, a Japanese imperialists, by waging against the corrupt government #tie Qing Dynasty, forced the latter *sign the Shimonoseki Treaty of naOnal betrayal and humiliation. Under the Treaty, Japan seized Taiwan and * Penghu Islands, subjecting the 0oeof Taiwan to ts colonial rle for ha century. The Chinese people wil n forget this humiliating chapter of their history. Fifty years ago, tbgete with the people of other Countries, the Chinese people defeatad the Japanese imperialists. October 26, 194S saw the return of Taiwan and the Penghu islands to China and maked the end of Japan's colonial rule over our compatriots in Taiwan. However, for reasons everybody knows, Taiwan has been severed from the Chinese mainland since 1949. It fI ns the sacred mission and lofty I"lf the entir Chinese people to achieve the reunification of the mothmand and promote the all-round revltadsation of the Chinese nation. Orc the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress issued its "Mag to the Taiwan Compatriots" In January 1979, we have formulated the basic principles of peaceful reunification and "one Country, Two Systems" and a series of policies towards Tiwan. Comrade Deng Xiaoping, the ch architect of China's reform and " to the outside world, is also hInventor of the great concept of 'VOe Country, Two System". With foresight and seelding truth from facts, he put forward a series of important theories and ideas concerning the settlement of the Taiwan question which relect the distinct features of the dam, and defined the guiding prindpl for the peaceful reunification of the motherland. Cde. Deng Xiaoping Reunification Comrade Deng Xiaoping has pointed out that the most important issue is the reunification of the motherland. All descendants of the Chinese nation wish to see China reunified. It is against the will of the Chinese nation to see it divided. There is only one China, and Taiwan is a part of China. We will never allow there to be "Two Chinas" or "One China, One Taiwan". We firmly oppose the "Independence of Taiwan". There are only two ways to settle the Taiwan question: one is by peaceful means and the other is by non-peaceful means. The way the Taiwan question is to be settled is China's internal affair, and brooks no foreign interference. We consistently stand for achieving reunification by peaceful means and through negotiations. But we shall not undertake not to use force. Such commitment would only make it impossible to achieve peaceful reunifi- land will swallow up Taiwan, nor does it mean that Taiwan will swallow up the mainland. After Taiwan's re-unification with the mainland, its social and economic systems will not change, nor will its way of life and its non- governmental relations with foreign countries, which means that foreign investments in Taiwan and the non-governmental exchanges between Taiwan and other countries will not be affected. As a special administrative region, Taiwan will exercise a high degree of autonomy and enjoy legislative and independent judicial power, including that of final adjudication. It may also retain its armed forces and administer its party, governmental and military systems by itself. The central government will not station troops or send administrative personnel there. What is more. a number of posts Continued on 42 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 2, 1995

N-' Reunification o Continued from 41 in the central government will be made available to Taiwan. Over the past decade and more, under the guidance of the basic principles of peaceful reunification and "One Country, Two Systems" and through the concerted efforts of the compatriots on both sides of the Taiwan Straits and in Hong Kong and Macao and Chinese residing abroad, visits back and forth by individuals and exchanges in science, technology, culture, academic affairs, sports and other fields have expanded" vigorously. A situation in which the bconomies of the two sides promote, complement and benefit each other is taking shape. The establishment of direct links between the two sides for postal, air, and shipping services at an early date not only represents the strong desire of vast numbers of compatriots in Taiwan, particularly industrialists and businessmen, but has also become the actual requirement for future economic development in Taiwan. Progress has been registered in the negotiations on specific issues, and the "Wang DaohanKoo Chenfu Talks" represent an important, -historic step forward in the relations between the two sides. Peace threatened However, what the entire Chinese people should watch out for is the growing separatist tendency and the increasingly rampant activities of the forces working for the "Independence of Taiwan" on the island in recent years. Certain foreign forces have further meddled in the issue of Taiwan, interfering in China's internal affairs. All this not only impedes the process of China's peaceful reunification but also threatens peace, stability and development in the Asia-Pacific region. The current international situation is stil complex and volatile, but in general, it is Moving towards relaxation. All countries in the world are working out their economic strategies which face the future and taking it as a task of primary importance to increase their overall national strength so as to take up their proper places in the world in the next century. We are pleased to see that the economies of both sides are growing. In 1997 and 1999 China will resume its exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong and Macao respectively, which will be happy events for the Chinese people of all ethnic groups, including our compatriots in Taiwan. The Chinese nation has experienced many vicissitudes and hardships, and now it is high time to accomplish the reunification of the motherland and bring about its all-round rejuvenation. This means an opportunity for both Taiwan and the entire Chinese nation. Here, I should like to state the following views and propositions on a number of important questions that have a bearing on the development of relations between the two sides and the promotion of the peaceful reunification of the motherland: 1. Adherence to ihe principle of "One China" is the basis and premise for peaceful reunification. China's sovereignty and territory must never be allowed to suffer split. We must firmly oppose any words or actions aimed at creating an "Independent Taiwan" and the propositions "Split the country and rule under separate regimes", 'Two Chinas over a certain period of time", et cetera, which are in contravention of the principles of "One China". 2. We ,do not challenge the development of non-governmental economic and cultural ties by Taiwan with other countries. Under the principle of "One China" and inaccordance with the charters of the relevant international organisations, Taiwan has become a member of the Asian Development bank, the AsiaPacific Economic Cooperation Forum and other international economic organisatiofis in the name of "Chinese Taipei". However, we oppose Tawan's actii.ities in expanding its living space internationally which are aimed at creating "Two Chinas" or "One China, One Taiwan". All patriotic compatriots in Taiwan and other people of insight understand that instead of solving the problems, such activities can only help the forces working for the independence of Taiwan undermine the process of peaceful reunification more unscrupulously. Only after the peaceful reunification is accompushed can the Taiwan compatriots and other Chinese people of all ethnic groups truly and fully share the dignity and honour attained by our ?reat motherland internationally. f China, Negotiationls 3. It has been our consistent stand to hold negotiations with the Taiwan authorities on the peaceful reunfication of the motherland. Representatives from the various poltical parties and mass organisations on both sides of the Taiwan Straits can be invited to participate in such talks. I said in my report at the Fourteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China held in October, 1992, "on the premise that there is only one China, we are prepared to talk with the Taiwan authorities about any matter", including the form that official neoations should take, a form that would be acceptable to both sides, By "on the premise that there is only one China, we are prepared to talk with the Taiwan authorities about any matter", we mean naturally that all matters of concern to the Taiwan authorities are included. We have proposed time and again that negotiations should be held on officially ending the state of hostility between the two sides and accomplishing peaceful reuni cation step by step. Here again I solemnly propose that such negotiations be held. I suggest that, as the firdt step, negotiations should be held and an agreement reached on officially ending the state of host ty between the two sides in accordance with the principle that there is only one China. On this basis, the two sides should undertake jointly to safeguard China's sovereignty and territorial integrity and map out plans for the future development of their relations. As regards the name, place and form of these political talks, a solution acceptable to both sides can certainly be found so long as consultations on an equal footing can be held at an ear. ly date. 4. We should strive for the peaceful reunification of the motherland since Chinese should not fight fellow Chinese. Our not undertaking to give up the use of force is not direct. ed against our compatriots in Taiwan but against the schemes of foreign forces to interfere with China's reunification and to bring about the independence of Taiwan. We are fullv confident that our compatriots in Continued on 43 ZIMBABWE NFWS VIL. 2A Nn 2 1995

Reunification of China Continued from 42 Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao and ,, those residing overseas would understand our principled position. 5., In face of the development of the world economy in the twenty-first ,century, great efforts should be made to expand the economic exchanges and cooperation between the two sides of the Taiwan Straits so as to achieve prosperity on both sides to the benefit of the entire Chinese nation. We hold that political differences should not affect or interfere with the economic cooperation between the two sides. We shall continue to implement over a long period of time the policy of encouraging industrialists and businessmen from Taiwan to invest in the Mainland and enforce the Law of the People's Republic of China for Protecting Investment of the Compatriots of Taiwan. Whatever the circumstances may be, we shall safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of industrialists and businessmen from Taiwan. We should continue to expand contacts and exchanges between our compatriots on both sides so as to increase mutual understanding and trust. Since the direct links for postal, air and shipping services and trade between the two sides are the objective requirements for their economic development and contacts in various fields, and since they are in the interests of the peopie on both sides, it is absolutely necessary to adopt practical measures to speed up the establishment of such direct links. Efforts should be made to promote negotiations on certain specific issues between the two sides. We are in favour of. conducting this kind of negotiations on the basis of reciprocity and mutual benefit and signing nongovernmental agreements on the protection of the rights and interests of industrialists and businessmen from Taiwan. Chinese traditions 6. The splendid culture of five thousand years created by the sons and daughters of all ethnic groups of China has become ties keeping the entire Chinese people close at heart and constitutes an important basis for the peaceful reunification of the motherland. People on both sides of the Taiwan Straits should inherit and carry forward the fine traditions of the Chinese culture. 7. The 21 million compatriots in Taiwan, whether born there or in other provinces, are all Chinese and our own flesh and blood. We should fully respect their life style and their wish to be the masters of our country and protect all their legitimate rights and interests. The relevant departments of our Party and the government including the agencies stationed abroad should strengthen dose ties with compatriots from Taiwan, listen to their views and dernands, be concerned with and take into account their interests and make every effort to help them solve their problems. We hope that Taiwan Island enjoys social stability, economic growth and affluence. We also hope that all political parties in Taiwan will adopt a sensible, forward- looking and constructive attitude and promote the expansion of relations between the two sides. All parties and personages of all circles in Taiwan are welcome to exchange views with us on relations between the two sides and on peaceful reunification and are also welcome to pay a visit and tour places. All personages from various circles who have contributed to the reunification of China will go down in history for their deeds. 8, Leaders of the Taiwan authorities are welcome to pay visits in appropriate capacities. We are also ready to accept invitations from the Taiwan side to visit Taiwan. We can discuss state affairs, or exchange ideas on certain questions first. Even a simple visit to the other side will be useful. The affairs of Chinese people should be handled by ourselves, something that does not take an international occasion to accomplish. Separated across the Straits, our people eagerly look forward to meeting each other. They. should be able to exchange visits, instead of being kept from seeing each other all their lives. Our compatriots in Hong Kong and Macao and those residing overseas have made dedicated efforts'to promote the relations between the two sides, reunification of the country and the revitalisation of the Chinese nation. Their contribution commands recognition. We hope that they will make new contributions in this regard. The reunification of the motherland is the common aspiration of the Chinese people. The patriotic compatriots do not wish to see reunification delayed indefinitely. The great revolutionary forerunner of the Chinese nation Dr. Sun Yatsen once said: "Reunification is the hope of the entire nationals in China. If reunification can be achieved, the people of the whole country will enjoy a happy lie. If it cannot be achieved, the people will suffer. We appeal to all Chinese to unite and hold high the great banner of patriotism, uphold reunification, oppose secession, spare no effort to promote the expansion of relations between the two sides and facilitate the accomplishment of the reunification of the motherland. in the course of the development of the Chinese nation*in the modem world, such a glorious day will surely come." 0 Which way for Africa? Continued from 37 cy, do you have a message for the United States and Europe?" Answer: "You know, it used to be the conventional wisdom for countries to abstain from interfering in each other's affairs... Especially since the destruction of the Soviet Union, a certain international arrogance has risen and is widely telling everybody what to do to solve their problems . . . When we ,choose a path to solve our problems, I think that a certain amount of respect .ought to be attached to what we do". Now let us fight to return international relations to those principles of mutual respect and to the principle of the inalieniable rights of men. Then, I am confident, Africa will find those leaders who are going to steer their nations and people into a happier future in the 21st century than Africa experienced in those 120 years that are drawing near their end now. 0 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 2, 1995 .

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