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Effects of Extraction of Marine Sediments on the Marine Ecosystem

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Effects of Extraction of Marine Sediments on the Marine Ecosystem ICES COOPERATIVE RESEARCH REPORT RAPPORT DES RECHERCHES COLLECTIVES NO. 247 Effects of Extraction of Marine Sediments on the Marine Ecosystem Edited by The Working Group on the Effects of Extraction of Marine Sediments on the Marine Ecosystem ISSN 2707-7144 ISBN 978-87-7482-416-9 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Conseil International pour l’Exploration de la Mer Palægade 2–4 DK-1261 Copenhagen K Denmark November 2001 https://doi.org/10.17895/ices.pub.5384 TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................ 1 BACKGROUND................................................................................................................................................................ 1 1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................................... 3 2 AGGREGATE DREDGING, COASTAL ENGINEERING AND RELATED ACTIVITIES.................................. 6 2.1 Extraction of Marine Sediment ....................................................................................................................... 6 2.1.1 Status of marine aggregate extraction industry................................................................................. 6 2.1.1.1 Belgium............................................................................................................................ 6 2.1.1.2 Canada ............................................................................................................................. 6 2.1.1.3 Denmark........................................................................................................................... 7 2.1.1.4 Finland ............................................................................................................................. 7 2.1.1.5 France............................................................................................................................... 7 2.1.1.6 Germany........................................................................................................................... 8 2.1.1.7 Ireland .............................................................................................................................. 8 2.1.1.8 The Netherlands............................................................................................................... 8 2.1.1.9 Norway............................................................................................................................. 8 2.1.1.10 Poland .............................................................................................................................. 8 2.1.1.11 Russia............................................................................................................................... 9 2.1.1.12 Sweden............................................................................................................................. 9 2.1.1.13 United Kingdom............................................................................................................... 9 2.1.1.14 United States of America ................................................................................................. 9 2.1.2 Monitoring/research.......................................................................................................................... 9 2.1.2.1 Belgium............................................................................................................................ 9 2.1.2.2 Canada ........................................................................................................................... 10 2.1.2.3 Denmark.........................................................................................................................10 2.1.2.4 Finland ........................................................................................................................... 10 2.1.2.5 Germany.........................................................................................................................10 2.1.2.6 The Netherlands............................................................................................................. 10 2.1.2.7 Poland ............................................................................................................................ 11 2.1.2.8 Sweden........................................................................................................................... 11 2.1.2.9 United Kingdom............................................................................................................. 11 2.1.2.10 United States of America ............................................................................................... 11 2.1.3 Supply and demand for marine aggregates ..................................................................................... 11 2.2 Uses of Marine Sediments ............................................................................................................................ 12 2.2.1 Concreting/construction/cement production ................................................................................... 13 2.2.2 Contract fill/reclamation ................................................................................................................. 13 2.2.3 Coastal protection ........................................................................................................................... 13 2.2.4 Other uses ....................................................................................................................................... 13 2.2.5 Conclusions..................................................................................................................................... 14 2.2.6 Recommendations........................................................................................................................... 14 3 THE EFFECTS OF EXTRACTION ACTIVITIES ON LIVING RESOURCES AND FISHERIES...................... 14 3.1 The Natural Environment of Marine Aggregates.......................................................................................... 14 3.2 Regional Variability of Marine Aggregate Fauna and Flora......................................................................... 15 3.2.1 Fauna............................................................................................................................................... 15 3.2.2 Flora................................................................................................................................................ 16 3.3 Environmental Effects of Dredging .............................................................................................................. 16 3.4 Nature of the Physical Effects....................................................................................................................... 17 3.4.1 Substrate removal and alteration of the bottom topography ........................................................... 17 3.4.2 Impact of turbidity plumes.............................................................................................................. 17 3.4.3 Nature of chemical impacts............................................................................................................. 18 3.5 Nature of the Biological Effects.................................................................................................................... 18 3.5.1 The “role” of macrobenthos............................................................................................................ 19 3.6 Case Studies of the Environmental Responses to the Effects of Dredging ................................................... 19 3.6.1 CNEXO experimental study site (France) ...................................................................................... 19 3.6.2 Dieppe recolonisation study (France) ............................................................................................. 20 3.6.3 North Norfolk experimental dredge site (United Kingdom) ........................................................... 21 3.6.4 Klaverbank study (Netherlands) ..................................................................................................... 21 3.6.5 RIACON Project (Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, Belgium, and Spain) ................................... 21 3.6.6 Kriegers Flak (Denmark) ................................................................................................................ 22 i 3.7 Summary of Impacts and Ecological Response ............................................................................................ 22 4 MANAGEMENT..................................................................................................................................................... 22 4.1 Regulatory Policies ....................................................................................................................................... 22 4.1.1 Resource management/planning ..................................................................................................... 22 4.1.2 Update of legislation and review procedures .................................................................................. 23 4.2 Guidelines for the Preparation of an Environmental Impact Assessment Evaluating
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