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Kriegers Flak Offshore Wind Farm Kriegers Flak Offshore Wind Farm Marine Mammals EIA - Technical Report June 2015 a Energinet.dk This report is prepared for Energinet.dk as part of the EIA for Kriegers Flak Offshore Wind Farm. The report is prepared by Danish Center for Environment and Energy (DCE) at Aarhus University and DHI in collaboration with NIRAS. www.niras.dk Kriegers Flak Offshore Wind Farm MARINE MAMMALS Investigations and preparation of environmental impact assessment for Kriegers Flak DCE - Aarhus University, Roskilde DHI, Hørsholm June 2015 MARINE MAMMALS Investigations and preparation of environmental im- pact assessment for Kriegers Flak Offshore Wind Farm Report commissioned by Energinet.dk June 2015. Final version. Completed by: Rune Dietz1 Anders Galatius1 Lonnie Mikkelsen1 Jacob Nabe-Nielsen1 Frank F. Rigét1 Henriette Schack2 Henrik Skov2 Signe Sveegaard1 Jonas Teilmann1 Frank Thomsen2 1Danish Centre for Environment and Energy (DCE) - Aarhus University, Roskilde 2DHI, Hørsholm Quality assurance, DCE: Jesper R. Fredshavn Table of contents 1 Summary ......................................................................................................................... 4 2 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 8 2.1 Purpose of this report ............................................................................................................ 8 3 Project description ........................................................................................................ 10 3.1 Kriegers Flak ......................................................................................................................... 10 3.2 Wind Farm Layout ............................................................................................................... 12 3.3 Wind turbines at Kriegers Flak ............................................................................................. 14 3.4 Installation of wind turbines ................................................................................................ 16 3.5 Foundations ......................................................................................................................... 16 3.6 Submarine cables ................................................................................................................. 27 3.7 Wind farm inspection and maintenance ............................................................................. 27 3.8 Wind farm decommissioning ............................................................................................... 28 4 Description of activities that could result in an impact on marine mammals ................. 30 4.1 Factors affecting marine mammals ..................................................................................... 30 4.2 General effects of noise of marine mammals ...................................................................... 32 4.3 Affecting factors during construction .................................................................................. 33 4.4 Affecting factors during operation ...................................................................................... 37 5 Methods ........................................................................................................................ 41 5.1 Satellite Tagging of Harbour Porpoises................................................................................ 41 5.2 GPS tracking of harbour and grey seals ............................................................................... 41 5.3 Modelling ............................................................................................................................. 46 5.4 Modelling porpoise distribution .......................................................................................... 49 5.5 Acoustical data from harbour porpoises ............................................................................. 51 5.6 Modelling the distribution and habitat use of seals ............................................................ 53 6 Existing conditions ......................................................................................................... 58 6.1 Biology of the harbour porpoise .......................................................................................... 58 1 6.2 Distribution of the harbour porpoise – review of existing knowledge ................................ 62 6.3 Distribution of harbour porpoises – new results ................................................................. 73 6.4 Modelling porpoise distribution from satellite positions .................................................... 78 6.5 Biology of the harbour seal ................................................................................................. 85 6.6 Abundance of the harbour seal ........................................................................................... 90 6.7 Biology of the grey seal ....................................................................................................... 93 6.8 Abundance of the grey seal ................................................................................................. 96 6.9 GPS tracking of seals ............................................................................................................ 97 6.10 Modelling the distribution and habitat use of seals .......................................................... 109 6.11 Population sizes relevant for the impact assessment ....................................................... 115 7 Assessment of effects in the construction period......................................................... 117 7.1 Likely effects of construction on harbour porpoises ......................................................... 117 7.2 Likely effect of construction on seals ................................................................................ 131 8 Assessment of effects in the operation period ............................................................. 150 8.1 Likely effects of operation on porpoises ........................................................................... 150 8.2 Likely effects of operation on seals ................................................................................... 153 9 Assessment of effects of the decommissioning ............................................................ 160 10 Uncertainties ............................................................................................................... 163 11 Cumulative effects ....................................................................................................... 165 12 Mitigation measures .................................................................................................... 167 12.1 The construction phase ..................................................................................................... 167 13 Conclusion and recommendations ............................................................................... 170 14 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... 173 15 References ................................................................................................................... 174 2 APPENDICES Appendix 1: Partial serial autocorrelation functions of daily DPM values recorded at the three SAMBAH stations. Autocorrelation coefficients and associated confidence intervals (red lines) are shown for 50 days. Lags indicate k-1 days. The two longest continuous daily record series are included for station 8005 and 8007, whereas only one long time series was recorded at station 1001. ............................................................................................................................................. 187 Appendix 2: Setting for the SAS Argos-Filter v7.03 ....................................................................... 188 Appendix 3: Correlation of environmental variables used in MaxEnt modelling ......................... 188 Appendix 4: Maps of environmental variables used in MaxEnt modelling. ................................. 189 Appendix 5: Harbour seals tagged at Måkläppen, Falsterbo during the autumn 2012 in connection with the Kriegers Flak EIA. Lines shows the movements of the individual seals, green polygon shows the 95% kernel home range of all 10 harbour seals and the white polygons shows the Kriegers Flak concession area. ...................................................................................................... 193 Appendix 6: Grey seals tracked in the Baltic and around Kriegers Flak between 2009 and 2013 made available for the Kriegers Flak EIA. Lines shows the movements of the individual seals, yellow polygon shows the 95% kernel home range of all 11 grey seals and the white polygons shows the Kriegers Flak concession area. ..................................................................................... 200 3 1 Summary Energinet.dk has commissioned NIRAS and subcontractors to conduct the environmental impact assessment (EIA) for the construction and operation of the largest offshore wind farm, called Kriegers Flak, in Denmark to date. The preliminary study area of 180 km2 around the projected wind farm is located approximately 15 km east of the east coast of Zealand, in the South-western part of the Baltic bordering the EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone) of Sweden and Germany. The exact
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