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Sardinella Tawilis, Bombon Sardine Errata Version Assessment By: Hata, H., Santos, M., Di Dario, F., Munroe, T.A., Torres, F., Quilang, J.P

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Sardinella Tawilis, Bombon Sardine Errata Version Assessment By: Hata, H., Santos, M., Di Dario, F., Munroe, T.A., Torres, F., Quilang, J.P The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ ISSN 2307-8235 (online) IUCN 2008: T98836352A143839946 Scope: Global Language: English Sardinella tawilis, Bombon Sardine Errata version Assessment by: Hata, H., Santos, M., Di Dario, F., Munroe, T.A., Torres, F., Quilang, J.P. View on www.iucnredlist.org Citation: Hata, H., Santos, M., Di Dario, F., Munroe, T.A., Torres, F., Quilang, J.P. 2018. Sardinella tawilis (errata version published in 2019). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T98836352A143839946. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018- 2.RLTS.T98836352A98886655.en Copyright: © 2018 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale, reposting or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission from the copyright holder. For further details see Terms of Use. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN Red List Partners are: Arizona State University; BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; and Zoological Society of London. If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown in this document, please provide us with feedback so that we can correct or extend the information provided. THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ Taxonomy Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Animalia Chordata Actinopterygii Clupeiformes Clupeidae Taxon Name: Sardinella tawilis (Herre, 1927) Synonym(s): • Harengula tawilis Herre, 1927 Common Name(s): • English: Bombon Sardine, Freshwater Sardinella Taxonomic Source(s): Eschmeyer, W.N., Fricke, R. and Van der Laan, R. (eds). 2016. Catalog of Fishes: genera, species, references. Updated 1 July 2016. Available at: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp. (Accessed: 1 July 2016). Taxonomic Notes: Sardinella tawilis is the only freshwater species of Sardinella and is closely related to the marine sister- species, S. hualiensis (Willette et. al. 2014). A recent genetic study indicates that S. tawilis diverged from S. hualiensis in the late Pleistocene, prior to the formation of Taal Lake in the 18th century (Willette et al. 2014). Assessment Information Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered A2bd; B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) ver 3.1 Year Published: 2018 Date Assessed: February 28, 2017 Justification: Sardinella tawilis, a freshwater, lacustrine species, is endemic to a single lake location in the Philippines (Taal Lake). Its Area of Occupancy (AOO) is less than 244 km2 and its Extent of Occurrence (EOO) is 297 km2. Within Lake Taal, there are major threats to fish diversity and this species due to overexploitation, pollution and competition and/or predation with introduced fishes, resulting in continuing declines in habitat quality and number of mature individuals. It therefore qualifies for Endangered under criterion B1ab(iii,v) and B2ab(iii,v). Furthermore, catches of this species have declined significantly since at least 1998, and it is estimated that harvest has declined by about 49% over the past 10 years (more than three generation lengths). Fishing effort using illegal gears which target this species in the lake is increasing, but at this time the rate of increase has not been quantified specifically, so it is inferred that the population has declined by at least 50% over the past 10 years, which qualifies it for Endangered under criterion A2bd. Therefore, S. tawilis is listed as Endangered under A2bd, B1ab(iii,v), B2ab(iii,v). This species, and Taal Lake, are considered high priorities for conservation by the Philippine government. © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Sardinella tawilis – published in 2018. 1 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T98836352A98886655.en Geographic Range Range Description: This species is endemic to a single location in the Philippines: Lake Taal (formerly Lake Bombon: Whitehead 1985, Papa et al. 2008). The area of the hydroshed which Lake Taal is within is estimated as 258 km2. Since there is a large island (Volcano Island) within this lake, the AOO of this aquatic species is less than 258 km2. The lake has a surface area of 244 km2 (Mutia et al. 2001, Papa et al. 2008). Its EOO, which is calculated as the area of the minimum convex polygon drawn around the hydroshed of the lake, is estimated at 297 km2. The deepest depth of the lake is 200 m, but this species likely occurs only in the upper 50 m. Based on the major threats to this species (ongoing pollution and invasive species), S. tawilis occupies a single location. Country Occurrence: Native: Philippines © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Sardinella tawilis – published in 2018. 2 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T98836352A98886655.en Distribution Map Sardinella tawilis © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Sardinella tawilis – published in 2018. 3 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T98836352A98886655.en Population This species is the most dominant fish species caught in Taal Lake. Since 1998, there has been a steady decline in the catch of this commercially important fish attributed to overfishing, illegal use of active fishing gears such as motorized push net and ring net, proliferation of fish cages, and deterioration of water quality (Mamaril 2001, Mutia et al. 2004, Mutia et al. 2011, Quilang et al. 2011, Mutia 2015). The introduction of several species of non-native piscivores (e.g., Oreochromis niloticus, Sarotherodon melanthoron) for commercial purposes has contributed to the decline of Sardinella tawilis stocks (Villanueva et al. 1996, Mamaril 2001, Mutia 2015). A survey conducted from 1996 to 1999 recorded 27 fish species from 32 families in the lake, which is much lower than records from the 1920s that recorded 101 species from 32 families. Given this, about 87% of fish species had disappeared by 1996, which coincided with the same period that aquaculture began (Mutia et al. 2001). Harvest of this species has been declining since about 1998, when harvest was about 1,672 mt (Mutia et al. 2011). Given the maximum age of this species (3 years), the generation length is less than 3 years, and thus the time window over which declines should be measured is 10 years (2007-2017). Data are not available for every year since 1998, so an exponential regression was run on the data that we do have. The harvest in 2005 was estimated to be about 240 mt, and the last year for which we have data (2010) was about 107 mt: (Mutia et al. 2011), resulting in an decline of approximately 80 % over the past 10 years (2007-2017). However, the harvest appears to be relatively stable since 2011 (M. Santos pers. comm. 2017). If the 107 mt harvest estimated in 2010 is applied to 2017, the resulting decline would be about 49% over the past 10 years (2007-2017). In general, total fishing effort has decreased since 1998, measured by the number of fisherfolk, boats, and gear types used which has decreased by 16%, 7% and 39%, respectively (Mutia et al. in press). Although there are some management measures in place (e.g., restricting gears), it is inferred that the fishing effort for this species is increasing; the use of illegal active gears (e.g., motorized push net, beach seine and ring net) which largely target this species has been increasing in the most recent 14 years available (1998 - 2011), while catch of this species has declined. The rate of increase of fishing effort is unknown; however, when effort is stable, catch can be a reasonable proxy for the population, and we would infer that the population decreased by about 49% over the past 10 years. With an increase in effort, it is likely that the population is declining faster than the catch, and we therefore infer that the population has declined by at least 50%, which qualifies for Endangered under criterion A2. Despite records of a decline in fishery landings, this species remained a dominant species taken in Lake Taal fisheries year round (represented 39.2 % of total production in 2010); high reported catches are mostly attributable to the illegal use of active fishing gears (e.g., motorized push net, beach seine and ring net) during months of peak abundance (Mutia et al. 2011). Current Population Trend: Decreasing Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information) This is a freshwater, lacustrine species. It is the only species of Sardinella known to occur exclusively in freshwater. Taal Lake is an oligotrophic lake with a maximum depth of 180 m that drains through the Pansipit River into Balayan Bay to the southwest (Papa et al. 2008). This species feeds mainly on copepods and small amounts of cladocerans and rotifers (Papa et al. 2008). Peak spawning is between © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Sardinella tawilis – published in 2018. 4 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T98836352A98886655.en either March and May or May and July (Aypa et al. 1991, Joson-Pagulayan 1999). In general, sexual maturity is obtained at 11.2 cm total length (TL: male) and 11.6 cm TL (female); however, it was observed that individuals can mature as early as 8.5 cm TL (Mutia 2015). Spawning females produce approximately 18,000 eggs per spawning season (Mutia 2015). Its body weight ranged from 4.6 g to 35.9 g and its maximum total length is about 15.6 cm (Mutia 2015).
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