The Spanish Monarchy and the Creation of the Viceroyalty of New Granada (1717–1739) Early American History Series The American Colonies, 1500–1830 Series Editors Jaap Jacobs (University of St. Andrews) L. H. Roper (State University of New York – New Paltz) Bertrand Van Ruymbeke (Université de Paris VIII – St. Denis and Institut Universitaire de France) Editorial Board Trevor Burnard (The University of Melbourne, AUS) Leslie Choquette (Assumption College, U.S.A.) Jon Parmenter (Cornell University, U.S.A.) Claudia Schnurmann (Universität Hamburg, Germany) Simon Middleton (University of Sheffield, U.K.) VOLUME 6 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/eahs The Spanish Monarchy and the Creation of the Viceroyalty of New Granada (1717–1739) The Politics of Early Bourbon Reform in Spain and Spanish America By Francisco A. 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Contents Acknowledgements ix List of Map and Figures xii List of Abbreviations xiii Introduction 1 0.1 Reform under the Early Bourbons 5 0.2 The Structure of the Spanish Monarchy 11 0.3 The Creation of the Viceroyalty of New Granada 14 0.4 Organization of this Book 20 1 The Viceregal Institution in the Spanish World under the Habsburgs 23 1.1 Aragonese and Columbine Precedents 24 1.2 The King’s Justice: The Role of the Audiencia in the Peninsula and the Indies 28 1.3 The Creation of the Spanish American Viceregal Offices 31 1.4 Institutional Development of the Viceregal Office under the Habsburgs 34 1.5 The King’s Alter Nos: The Viceroy as Physical Representation of the King 40 1.6 The Political Dynamics of the Viceregal Office in the Seventeenth Century 45 2 Northern South America at the Turn of the Eighteenth Century 53 2.1 Northern South America and the Spanish Atlantic Empire 54 2.2 Governor Diego de los Ríos and the French Occupation of Cartagena in 1697 61 2.3 The Overthrow of President Meneses 67 2.4 Contraband and Political Infighting in Panama City and Quito during the War of the Spanish Succession 77 3 Reform under the First Bourbon: The Dawn of the Administrative Monarchy 86 3.1 The Character of Reform under Philip V 88 3.2 Reform beyond the Central Institutions of the Monarchy: The Kingdoms of the Crown of Aragon 98 3.3 A New Understanding of the Purpose of Government: Royal Authority and Economic Development 102 vi contents 4 Giulio Alberoni, Reform through the Vía Reservada and the First Creation of the Viceroyalty of New Granada 112 4.1 Giulio Alberoni’s Rise to Power and the Decline of the Council of the Indies 113 4.2 The Viceroyalty of New Granada and Alberoni’s Program of American Reforms 125 5 Two Architects and Faulty Foundations? Explaining the Suppression of the First Viceroyalty of New Granada 141 5.1 Two Architects for One Building: The Men Charged with Implementing the Creation of the New Viceroyalty 144 5.2 ‘A Fatuous Viceroy’? Jorge de Villalonga’s Formal Entry into Santa Fe de Bogotá 150 5.3 Court Politics in Madrid and the Suppression of the First Viceroyalty of New Granada 161 6 The Viceroy’s Subjects: New Granada under the First Viceroyalty 172 6.1 Peripheral Antipathy: Quiteño Politics and Jorge de Villalonga 173 6.2 The Coveted Status of Viceregal Capital: Cartagena v. Santa Fe 179 6.3 Villalonga’s Retinue and New Granadan Society 184 7 The End of Reform? José Patiño and New Granada’s Government between 1724 and 1739 195 7.1 Patiño’s Ministry and the Second Wave of Early Bourbon Reformism 196 7.2 The Militarization of Provincial Government on South America’s Caribbean Coast 203 7.3 Atlantic Trade and Defense under Patiño 216 8 The Council of Indies and the War of Jenkins’ Ear: The Second Creation of the Viceroyalty of New Granada 224 8.1 “The Council Must Have Been Confused”: The Spanish Court and the Politics of the Second Creation of the Viceroyalty of New Granada 226 8.2 A Viceroy’s Magic Touch: The Discourse of Economic Development and the Calls for the Creation of a Viceroyalty in New Granada 236 8.3 Choosing a New Viceroy: Sebastián de Eslava and the Defense of New Granada 248 Contents vii Conclusion 259 Appendix I Chronology of Philip V’s Secretaries of State (1701–1746) 267 Appendix II Councilors of the Indies (1700–1746) by Date of Appointment 276 Appendix III Members of the Chamber of the Indies (1700–1746) by Date of Appointment 286 Appendix IV Presidents of the Council and Chamber of the Indies (1700–1746) by Date of Appointment 288 Archival Sources 290 Bibliography 292 Index 311 Acknowledgements Parts of this book began life as chapters of a doctoral thesis in history writ- ten at the University of Warwick between 2007 and 2010 titled “Politics, politi- cal culture and policy making: the reform of viceregal rule in the Spanish World under Philip V”. I am extremely grateful to Anthony McFarlane and Guy Thomson who supervised the thesis, providing invaluable guidance and encouragement while I was their student and ever since. Fellow PhD stu- dents in Latin American history Helen Cowie, Deborah Toner and Andrea Cadelo Buitrago provided camaraderie and a stimulating working environ- ment, particularly through the Latin American History Reading Group that we ran together. In the final stages of the dissertation and the two years I spent at Warwick afterwards, as an IAS-Santander Early Career Fellow and a Teaching Fellow in Latin American History, I had the opportunity of working along two Spanish Postdoctoral Fellows who became close friends and colleagues: Ainara Vázquez Varela and Jordi Roca Vernet. I am profoundly thankful to both of them for their interest in my work and their encouragement. To Ainara, more- over, I am grateful for her help co-organizing the international symposium, “Spanish America in the Early Eighteenth Century”, which gave birth to our co- edited volume Early Bourbon Spanish America: New Perspectives on a Forgotten Era (1700–1759) (Brill, 2013); also for her generosity, sharing with me her work and her sources and taking the time to read and comment on several parts of the thesis and on later work that went into this book. Rebecca Earle and Christopher Storrs examined my thesis. I am particularly indebted to Chris, not only for his comments and his suggestions on my dissertation, but for his support and encouragement in the years since, including an invitation to give a paper to the University of Dundee’s History Research Seminar in September 2014 which helped me figure out the final shape the book would take. Between finishing my thesis in 2010 and the completion of the book I have benefited from meeting and collaborating with a number of outstanding col- leagues who work on different aspects of the Early Bourbon Spanish World. Iván Escamilla, Silvia Espelt-Bombín, Víctor Gayol, Iñaki Rivas Ibáñez, Núria Sala i Vila, and Pablo Vázquez Gestal have been generous with their work and their time and have, in a variety of ways, influenced how I think about the period. To Christoph Rosenmüller I am grateful for his comments on my work, his invitations to collaborate in other forums and his invaluable insights, both in a book, which I once reviewed too harshly, and in later work and discussions. To Aaron Alejandro Olivas I am deeply indebted for his outstanding generos- ity with his own sources and his valuable suggestions of places where to look x acknowledgements for relevant material; his contribution to the volume Ainara and I co-edited in 2013 had a more profound influence in my understanding of early modern Spanish American societies than he knows. Allan Kuethe took an interest in my work early on and has provided invaluable advice and encouragement ever since. Allan has also been very generous with his time and with his own work, for which I am extremely grateful. Finally, I would like to express my deep gratitude to Adrian Pearce. His doctoral thesis was extremely influential in my own work, and his recent book, based on that thesis—The Origins of Bourbon Reform in Spanish South America, 1700–1763 (Palgrave MacMillan, 2014)—, an insightful and sophisticated synthesis of the period, provided the stimulus I needed to finish the present book.